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He S, Zhang L, Yu S, Yu W, Yu Y, Huang J, Li H. Association between Tumor Necrosis factor-Alpha( TNF-a) polymorphisms and Schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022; 26:294-302. [PMID: 35188044 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.2009879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have explored associations between Tumour Necrosis factor-Alpha (TNF-a) polymorphisms and Schizophrenia. Their results were controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the association between TNF-a - 308 G/A(rs1800629), -1031T/C(rs1799964), -863C/A(rs1800630) and -857 C/T (rs1799724) polymorphisms and Schizophrenia. METHODS All the studies that investigated the association between TNF-a polymorphisms and Schizophrenia published before 15 October 2020 were included in. The literature were comprehensively searched and identified in 2 English databases and 2 Chinese databases. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS For -1031 T/C polymorphism, at the overall analysis, significantly decreased Schizophrenia risk was found in T allele in the allele model (p = 0.006, OR = 0.88) and increased Schizophrenia risk was found in TC + CC genotype in the dominant model (p = 0.005, OR = 1.17). Similarly, the same results were obtained when pooled analyses were included in high-quality studies (allele model: p = 0.005, OR = 0.86; dominant model: p = 0.007, OR = 1.20). In addition, when stratified by ethnicity, the results showed that in allele model, the T allele decreased Schizophrenia risk in East Asian (p = 0.031, OR = 0.90). CONCLUSION The association may most likely result from less-credible, rather than from true associations or biological factors on the TNF-a - 1031 T/C polymorphism with Schizophrenia risk.KeypointsFor -1031T/C polymorphism, at the overall analysis, significantly decreased schizophrenia risk was found in T allele in the allele model, and increased schizophrenia risk was found in TC + CC genotype in the dominant model.In allele model, the T allele decreased schizophrenia risk in East Asian when stratified by ethnicity, and in the dominant model, TC + CC genotype increased schizophrenia risk in East Asian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi He
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Suzhou City, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafang Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pehlivan S, Oyaci Y, Tuncel FC, Aytac HM. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: an association study in Turkish population. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid or plasma of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients has been documented over the last decade. We aim to examine the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-4 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in SCZ and BD patients by comparing them with healthy controls.
Methods
Two hundred and thirty-four unrelated patients (127 patients with SCZ, 107 patients with BD) and 204 healthy controls were included. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders was used to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, the polymerase chain reaction technique was used to investigate IL-1RA and IL-4 VNTR polymorphisms.
Results
Our results showed that the distributions of IL-1RA and IL-4 genotype and the allele frequencies of SCZ or BD patients were not significantly different from the healthy control group. IL-1RA allele 2 homozygous genotype and IL-1RA allele 2 frequencies were non-significantly higher among SCZ patients than in controls.
Conclusions
Our study indicates that the IL-1RA and IL-4 VNTR polymorphisms are not considered risk factors for developing SCZ and BD among Turkish patients.
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Pairing of neonatal phencyclidine exposure and acute adolescent stress in male rats as a novel developmental model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113308. [PMID: 33872663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying schizophrenia is essential for the identification of biological markers and developing new therapeutic targets. The development of behaviorally faithful, predictive animal models is crucial to this endeavor. We have developed a novel two-hit paradigm designed to recapitulate in rodents the developmental process leading to appearance of human schizophrenia symptomatology. The model pairs neonatal administration of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) open-channel blocker phencyclidine (PCP 10 mg/kg) to male rats at 7, 9 and 11 days of age, with later adolescent exposure (34 days of age) to a single prolonged stress paradigm consisting of 2 h restraint, followed by 20 min of forced swimming. Four experimental groups were examined: vehicle and no stress (VEH-NS), vehicle plus stress (VEH-S), PCP and no stress (PCP-NS), and PCP plus stress (PCP-S). Only pairing of neonatal PCP with single prolonged adolescent stress caused deficits in novel object recognition memory and increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze task, without altering locomotor activity. In a separate cohort of animals, the PCP-S group showed significant reduction in magnitude of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses following a single pair of theta-burst stimuli (TBS), while LTP was diminished in both PCP treated groups when elicited by a second pair of TBS. These results suggest that the combination of neonatal PCP and acute adolescent stress are necessary for lasting cognitive impairment and anxiety-like phenotype, and that these behavioral impairments may be due to deficits in LTP in hippocampus, and perhaps elsewhere in the brain.
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Wang YY, Hsu SH, Tsai HY, Cheng MC. Genetic analysis of the NR2E1 gene as a candidate gene of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113386. [PMID: 32805587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NR2E1 is implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis and considered as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. We resequenced all the exons of NR2E1 in 547 patients with schizophrenia and 567 controls from Taiwan. We identified five common SNPs with no association with patients with schizophrenia. Further haplotype-based association analysis showed that two haplotypes within NR2E1 were correlated with the schizophrenia risk. Four rare mutations located at untranslated regions were identified in patients with schizophrenia but not in our control sample. The present study suggests that NR2E1 is likely to play a significant role in conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yuan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien County, 981, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien County, 981, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yao Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien County, 981, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien County, 981, Taiwan.
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5
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Poltavskaya EG, Fedorenko OY, Vyalova NM, Kornetova EG, Bokhan NA, Loonen AJM, Ivanova SA. Genetic polymorphisms of PIP5K2A and course of schizophrenia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:171. [PMID: 33092542 PMCID: PMC7579868 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia is a severe highly heritable mental disorder. The clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia is expressed in the difference in the leading symptoms and course of the disease. Identifying the genetic variants that affect clinical heterogeneity may ultimately reveal the genetic basis of the features of schizophrenia and suggest novel treatment targets. PIP5K2A (Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 5-Kinase Type II Alpha) has been investigated as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Methods In this work, we studied the possible association between eleven polymorphic variants of PIP5K2A and the clinical features of schizophrenia in a population of 384 white Siberian patients with schizophrenia. Genotyping was carried out on QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System with a TaqMan Validate SNP Genotyping Assay (Applied Biosystems, USA). Results PIP5K2A rs8341 (χ2 = 6.559, p = 0.038) and rs946961 (χ2 = 5.976, p = 0.049) showed significant association with course of schizophrenia (continuous or episodic). The rs8341*CT (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.04–2.54) and rs946961*CC (OR = 5.17, 95% CI: 1.20–22.21) genotypes were associated with a continuous type of course, while the rs8341*TT genotype (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29–0.97) was associated with an episodic type of course of schizophrenia. Therefore rs8341*TT genotype presumably has protective effect against the more severe continuous course of schizophrenia compared to the episodic one. Conclusions Our experimental data confirm that PIP5K2A is a genetic factor influencing the type of course of schizophrenia in Siberian population. Disturbances in the phosphatidylinositol pathways may be a possible reason for the transition to a more severe continuous course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya G Poltavskaya
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014.
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya M Vyalova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University Hospital, Moscowsky Trakt, 2, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GGZ Westelijk Noord-Brabant, Hoofdlaan 8, 4661 AA, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, Tomsk, Russian Federation, 634014.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University Hospital, Moscowsky Trakt, 2, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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Molecular Variants in Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptors and Their Implications in Mental and Metabolic Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:239-255. [PMID: 31643000 PMCID: PMC7028809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the pathophysiological implications of genetic variants in the human trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) superfamily. Genes coding for trace amine-associated receptors (taars) represent a multigene family of G-protein-coupled receptors, clustered to a small genomic region of 108 kb located in chromosome 6q23, which has been consistently identified by linkage analyses as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and affective disorders. Most TAARs are expressed in brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition. TAARs are activated by endogenous trace amines and thyronamines, and evidence for a modulatory action on other monaminergic systems has been reported. Therefore, linkage analyses were followed by fine mapping association studies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, none of these reports has received sufficient universal replication, so their status remains uncertain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in taars have emerged as susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies investigating migraine and brain development, but none of the detected variants reached the threshold for genome-wide significance. In the last decade, technological advances enabled single-gene or whole-exome sequencing, thus allowing the detection of rare genetic variants, which may have a greater impact on the risk of complex disorders. Using these approaches, several taars (especially taar1) variants have been detected in patients with mental and metabolic disorders, and in some cases, defective receptor function has been demonstrated in vitro. Finally, with the use of transcriptomic and peptidomic techniques, dysregulations of TAARs (especially TAAR6) have been identified in brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
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7
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Promoter Polymorphisms of TNF-α Gene as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:248-254. [PMID: 30268704 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The latest data showed a link between mental disorders and altered immune function. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with numerous changes in the immunological system. The TNF-α gene is a strong candidate for schizophrenia susceptibility. The focus of this paper were the -1031 T/C, -863 C/A, -857 C/T, -308 G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNF-α gene. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 401 patients with schizophrenia and 606 healthy subjects. The connections between tested SNPs and clinical variables (PANSS, age of onset, a family history, and suicide attempts) were also examined. RESULTS The presence of genotypes: the C/C at -1031 T/C; the C/C at -863 C/A; the G/G at -308 G/A in the TNF-α gene was associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia in men. The presence of A allele at -308 G/A increased a risk of schizophrenia in women. Three haplotypes were associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia in men but not women. We did not reveal any associated tested SNPs with intensity of schizophrenia symptoms. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in addition to -308 G/A, other promoter polymorphisms of TNF-α gene are associated with schizophrenia susceptibility depending on the sex. Tested SNPs are not associated with the psychopathology of schizophrenia.
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Aliseychik MP, Andreeva TV, Rogaev EI. Immunogenetic Factors of Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of HLA Class II. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1104-1116. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Srinivas L, Vellichirammal NN, Alex AM, Nair C, Nair IV, Banerjee M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their epistatic interactions in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:105. [PMID: 27177030 PMCID: PMC4866417 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In schizophrenia, genetic background may provide a substrate for intrinsic maldevelopment of the brain through environmental influences, by recruiting neurotrophic factors and cytokines, to trigger the changes that lead to impaired neuronal functions. Cytokines being the key regulators of immune/inflammatory reactions are also known to influence the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. Therefore, functional polymorphisms in cytokine genes may result in imbalances in the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Methods We screened polymorphisms in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes using a case-control association study in a South Indian population. The role of allele, genotype, haplotype, and diplotypes of these cytokine genes and their epistatic interactions were assessed in contributing to the risk of developing schizophrenia. Meta-analysis for the reported associations was also monitored for global significance. Results The pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in IL1Ars1800587, IL6rs1800796, TNFArs361525, and IFNGrs2069718 were associated with schizophrenia. The study also provides significant evidence for strong epistatic interactions among pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL6 and IFNG in the development of schizophrenia. In silico analysis suggested that associated risk variants were indicative of altered transcriptional activity with higher production of IL1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-ɤ cytokines. Meta-analysis indicated heterogeneity among study population while IL1Ars1800587 was found to be globally significant. Conclusions It is important to identify the nature of inflammatory response that can be amplified by the environment, to influence either Th1 response or Th2 response. The associated functional variants in the study are involved with increased expression resulting in higher production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The interaction of immunological stressors with these high producer alleles of pro-inflammatory cytokines may suggest that even a lower threshold may be sufficient to induce a resultant chronic effect on the psycho-social and environmental stressors that may result in the development and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Understanding environmental factors that influence the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokine genes or their interaction can possibly help in dissecting the phenotypic variation and therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0569-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy Srinivas
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Neetha N Vellichirammal
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Ann Mary Alex
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | | | - Indu V Nair
- Mental Health Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Moinak Banerjee
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India.
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Wang S, Lu H, Ni J, Zhang J, Tang W, Lu W, Cai J, Zhang C. An evaluation of association between common variants in C4BPB/C4BPA genes and schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2015; 590:189-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Stringer S, Kahn RS, de Witte LD, Ophoff RA, Derks EM. Genetic liability for schizophrenia predicts risk of immune disorders. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:347-52. [PMID: 25266548 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients and their parents have an increased risk of immune disorders compared to population controls and their parents. This may be explained by genetic overlap in the pathogenesis of both types of disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and three immune disorders and to compare with the overlap between schizophrenia and two disorders not primarily characterized by immune dysregulation: bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes. METHODS We performed a polygenic risk score analysis using results from the schizophrenia Psychiatric GWAS consortium (PGC) (8922 cases and 9528 controls) and five Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) case samples as target cases: bipolar disorder (n=1998), type 1 diabetes (n=2000), Crohn's diseases (n=2005), rheumatoid arthritis (n=1999), and type 2 diabetes (n=1999). The WTCCC British Birth Cohort and National Blood Service samples (n=3004) were used as target controls. Additionally, we tested whether schizophrenia polygenic risk scores significantly differed between patients with immune disorder, bipolar disorder, and type 2 diabetes respectively. RESULTS Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia significantly predicted disease status in all three immune disorder samples (Nagelkerke-R(2) 1.1%-1.3%; p<0.05). The polygenic risk of schizophrenia in patients with immune disorders was significantly lower than in patients with bipolar disorder (Nagelkerke-R(2) 6.0%; p<0.05), but higher than in type 2 diabetes patients (Nagelkerke-R(2) 0.5%; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic factors are shared between schizophrenia and immune disorders. This contributes to an accumulating body of evidence that immune processes may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stringer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; University California Los Angeles, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eske M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Lu T, Yan H, Ruan Y, Wang L, Zhang D, Yue W, Lu L. Replication of association between schizophrenia and chromosome 6p21-6p22.1 polymorphisms in Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56732. [PMID: 23437227 PMCID: PMC3578928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 6p21-p22.1, spanning the extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, is a highly polymorphic, gene-dense region. It has been identified as a susceptibility locus of schizophrenia in Europeans, Japanese, and Chinese. In our previous two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS), polymorphisms of zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 4 (ZKSCAN4), nuclear factor-κB-activating protein-like (NKAPL), and piggyBac transposable element derived 1 (PGBD1), localized to chromosome 6p21-p22.1, were strongly associated with schizophrenia. To further investigate the association between polymorphisms at this locus and schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population, we selected eight other single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed in or near these genes for a case-control association study in an independent sample of 902 cases and 1,091 healthy controls in an attempt to replicate the GWAS results. Four of these eight SNPs (rs12214383, rs1150724, rs3800324, and rs1997660) displayed a nominal difference in allele frequencies between the case and control groups. The association between two of these SNPs and schizophrenia were significant even after Bonferroni correction (rs12000: allele A>G, P = 2.50E-04, odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-1.45; rs1150722: allele C>T, P = 4.28E-05, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.41-0.73). Haplotype ATTGACGC, comprising these eight SNPs (rs2235359, rs2185955, rs12214383, rs12000, rs1150724, rs1150722, rs3800324, and rs1997660), was significantly associated with schizophrenia (P = 6.60E-05). We also performed a combined study of this replication sample and the first-stage GWAS sample. The combined study revealed that rs12000 and rs1150722 were still strongly associated with schizophrenia (rs12000: allele G>A, P(combined) = 0.0019, OR = 0.81; rs1150722: allele G>A, P(combined) = 3.00E-04, OR = 0.61). These results support our findings that locus 6p21-p22.1 is significantly associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population and encourage further studies of the functions of these genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Ruan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (WY)
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (WY)
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Abstract
Recent research has overcome the old paradigms of the brain as an immunologically privileged organ, and of the exclusive role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides as signal transducers in the central nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that the signal proteins of the immune system - the cytokines - are also involved in modulation of behavior and induction of psychiatric symptoms. This article gives an overview on the nature of cytokines and the proposed mechanisms of immune-to-brain interaction. The role of cytokines in psychiatric symptoms, syndromes, and disorders like sickness behavior, major depression, and schizophrenia are discussed together with recent immunogenetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Schwarz
- Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Levinson DF, Shi J, Wang K, Oh S, Riley B, Pulver AE, Wildenauer DB, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, Gejman PV, Owen MJ, Kendler KS, Nestadt G, Schwab SG, Mallet J, Nertney D, Sanders AR, Williams NM, Wormley B, Lasseter VK, Albus M, Godard-Bauché S, Alexander M, Duan J, O'Donovan MC, Walsh D, O'Neill A, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos D, Maier W, Lerer B, Campion D, Cohen D, Jay M, Fanous A, Eichhammer P, Silverman JM, Norton N, Zhang N, Hakonarson H, Gao C, Citri A, Hansen M, Ripke S, Dudbridge F, Holmans PA. Genome-wide association study of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:963-73. [PMID: 22885689 PMCID: PMC6927206 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of multiply affected families to investigate the association of schizophrenia to common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare copy number variants (CNVs). METHOD The family sample included 2,461 individuals from 631 pedigrees (581 in the primary European-ancestry analyses). Association was tested for single SNPs and genetic pathways. Polygenic scores based on family study results were used to predict case-control status in the Schizophrenia Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) data set, and consistency of direction of effect with the family study was determined for top SNPs in the PGC GWAS analysis. Within-family segregation was examined for schizophrenia-associated rare CNVs. RESULTS No genome-wide significant associations were observed for single SNPs or for pathways. PGC case and control subjects had significantly different genome-wide polygenic scores (computed by weighting their genotypes by log-odds ratios from the family study) (best p=10(-17), explaining 0.4% of the variance). Family study and PGC analyses had consistent directions for 37 of the 58 independent best PGC SNPs (p=0.024). The overall frequency of CNVs in regions with reported associations with schizophrenia (chromosomes 1q21.1, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, and 22q11.2 and the neurexin-1 gene [NRXN1]) was similar to previous case-control studies. NRXN1 deletions and 16p11.2 duplications (both of which were transmitted from parents) and 22q11.2 deletions (de novo in four cases) did not segregate with schizophrenia in families. CONCLUSIONS Many common SNPs are likely to contribute to schizophrenia risk, with substantial overlap in genetic risk factors between multiply affected families and cases in large case-control studies. Our findings are consistent with a role for specific CNVs in disease pathogenesis, but the partial segregation of some CNVs with schizophrenia suggests that researchers should exercise caution in using them for predictive genetic testing until their effects in diverse populations have been fully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., USA.
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15
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Kitazawa M, Ohnuma T, Takebayashi Y, Shibata N, Baba H, Ohi K, Yasuda Y, Nakamura Y, Aleksic B, Yoshimi A, Okochi T, Ikeda M, Naitoh H, Hashimoto R, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Takeda M, Arai H. No associations found between the genes situated at 6p22.1, HIST1H2BJ, PRSS16, and PGBD1 in Japanese patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:456-64. [PMID: 22488895 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent GWAS demonstrated an association between candidate genes located at region 6p22.1 and schizophrenia. This region has been reported to house certain candidate SNPs, which may be associated with schizophrenia at HIST1H2BJ, PRSS16, and PGBD1. These genes may presumably be associated with pathophysiology in schizophrenia, namely epigenetics and psychoneuroimmunology. A three-step study was undertaken to focus on these genes with the following aims: (1) whether these genes may be associated in Japanese patients with schizophrenia by performing a 1st stage case-control study (514 cases and 706 controls) using Japanese tagging SNPs; (2) if the genetic regions of interest for the disease from the 1st stage of analyses were found, re-sequencing was performed to search for new mutations; (3) finally, a replication study was undertaken to confirm positive findings from the 1st stage were reconfirmed using a larger number of subjects (2,583 cases and 2,903 controls) during a 2nd stage multicenter replication study in Japan. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan PCR method for the selected nine tagging SNPs. Although three SNPs situated at the 3' side of PGBD1; rs3800324, rs3800327, and rs2142730, and two-window haplotypes between rs3800327 and rs2142730 showed positive associations with schizophrenia, these associations did not have enough power to sustain significance during the 2nd stage replication study. In addition, re-sequencing for exons 5 and 6 situated at this region did not express any new mutations for schizophrenia. Taken together these results indicate that the genes HIST1H2BJ, PRSS16, and PGBD1 were not associated with Japanese patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kitazawa
- Juntendo University Schizophrenia Projects, Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Wu JQ, Wang X, Beveridge NJ, Tooney PA, Scott RJ, Carr VJ, Cairns MJ. Transcriptome sequencing revealed significant alteration of cortical promoter usage and splicing in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36351. [PMID: 22558445 PMCID: PMC3338678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While hybridization based analysis of the cortical transcriptome has provided important insight into the neuropathology of schizophrenia, it represents a restricted view of disease-associated gene activity based on predetermined probes. By contrast, sequencing technology can provide un-biased analysis of transcription at nucleotide resolution. Here we use this approach to investigate schizophrenia-associated cortical gene expression. Methodology/Principal Findings The data was generated from 76 bp reads of RNA-Seq, aligned to the reference genome and assembled into transcripts for quantification of exons, splice variants and alternative promoters in postmortem superior temporal gyrus (STG/BA22) from 9 male subjects with schizophrenia and 9 matched non-psychiatric controls. Differentially expressed genes were then subjected to further sequence and functional group analysis. The output, amounting to more than 38 Gb of sequence, revealed significant alteration of gene expression including many previously shown to be associated with schizophrenia. Gene ontology enrichment analysis followed by functional map construction identified three functional clusters highly relevant to schizophrenia including neurotransmission related functions, synaptic vesicle trafficking, and neural development. Significantly, more than 2000 genes displayed schizophrenia-associated alternative promoter usage and more than 1000 genes showed differential splicing (FDR<0.05). Both types of transcriptional isoforms were exemplified by reads aligned to the neurodevelopmentally significant doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) gene. Conclusions This study provided the first deep and un-biased analysis of schizophrenia-associated transcriptional diversity within the STG, and revealed variants with important implications for the complex pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie J. Beveridge
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A. Tooney
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Claes S, Tang YL, Gillespie CF, Cubells JF. Human genetics of schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Gysin R, Kraftsik R, Boulat O, Bovet P, Conus P, Comte-Krieger E, Polari A, Steullet P, Preisig M, Teichmann T, Cuénod M, Do KQ. Genetic dysregulation of glutathione synthesis predicts alteration of plasma thiol redox status in schizophrenia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2003-10. [PMID: 20673128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown an association between schizophrenia and a GAG trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphism in the catalytic subunit (GCLC) of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the key enzyme for glutathione (GSH) synthesis. The present study was aimed at analyzing the influence of a GSH dysregulation of genetic origin on plasma thiols (total cysteine, homocysteine, and cysteine-glycine) and other free amino acid levels as well as fibroblast cultures GSH levels. Plasma thiols levels were also compared between patients and controls. As compared with patients with a low-risk GCLC GAG TNR genotype, patients with a high-risk genotype, having an impaired GSH synthesis, displayed a decrease of fibroblast GSH and plasma total cysteine levels, and an increase of the oxidized form of cysteine (cystine) content. Increased levels of plasma free serine, glutamine, citrulline, and arginine were also observed in the high-risk genotype. Taken together, the high-risk genotypes were associated with a subgroup of schizophrenia characterized by altered plasma thiols and free amino acid levels that reflect a dysregulation of redox control and an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. This altered pattern potentially contributes to the development of a biomarker profile useful for early diagnosis and monitoring the effectiveness of novel drugs targeting redox dysregulation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Gysin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tang B, Thornton-Wells T, Askland KD. Comparative linkage meta-analysis reveals regionally-distinct, disparate genetic architectures: application to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19073. [PMID: 21559500 PMCID: PMC3084739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New high-throughput, population-based methods and next-generation sequencing capabilities hold great promise in the quest for common and rare variant discovery and in the search for ”missing heritability.” However, the optimal analytic strategies for approaching such data are still actively debated, representing the latest rate-limiting step in genetic progress. Since it is likely a majority of common variants of modest effect have been identified through the application of tagSNP-based microarray platforms (i.e., GWAS), alternative approaches robust to detection of low-frequency (1–5% MAF) and rare (<1%) variants are of great importance. Of direct relevance, we have available an accumulated wealth of linkage data collected through traditional genetic methods over several decades, the full value of which has not been exhausted. To that end, we compare results from two different linkage meta-analysis methods—GSMA and MSP—applied to the same set of 13 bipolar disorder and 16 schizophrenia GWLS datasets. Interestingly, we find that the two methods implicate distinct, largely non-overlapping, genomic regions. Furthermore, based on the statistical methods themselves and our contextualization of these results within the larger genetic literatures, our findings suggest, for each disorder, distinct genetic architectures may reside within disparate genomic regions. Thus, comparative linkage meta-analysis (CLMA) may be used to optimize low-frequency and rare variant discovery in the modern genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Tang
- Biostatistics Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Tricia Thornton-Wells
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kathleen D. Askland
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Genetic variations in dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin-binding protein-1) are one of the most commonly reported variations associated with schizophrenia. As schizophrenia could be regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from abnormalities of synaptic connectivity, we attempted to clarify the function of dysbindin-1 in neuronal development. We examined the developmental change of dysbindin-1 in rat brain by western blotting and found that a 50 kDa isoform is highly expressed during the embryonic stage, whereas a 40 kDa one is detected at postnatal day 11 and increased thereafter. Immunofluorescent analyses revealed that dysbindin-1 is enriched at the spine-like structure of primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We identified WAVE2, but not N-WASP, as a binding partner for dysbindin-1. We also found that Abi-1, a binding molecule for WAVE2 involved in spine morphogenesis, interacts with dysbindin-1. Although dysbindin-1, WAVE2 and Abi-1 form a ternary complex, dysbindin-1 promoted the binding of WAVE2 to Abi-1. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of dysbindin-1 led to the generation of abnormally elongated immature dendritic protrusions. The present results indicate possible functions of dysbindin-1 at the postsynapse in the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis through the interaction with WAVE2 and Abi-1.
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21
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Coon H, Villalobos ME, Robison RJ, Camp NJ, Cannon DS, Allen-Brady K, Miller JS, McMahon WM. Genome-wide linkage using the Social Responsiveness Scale in Utah autism pedigrees. Mol Autism 2010; 1:8. [PMID: 20678250 PMCID: PMC2913945 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are phenotypically heterogeneous, characterized by impairments in the development of communication and social behaviour and the presence of repetitive behaviour and restricted interests. Dissecting the genetic complexity of ASD may require phenotypic data reflecting more detail than is offered by a categorical clinical diagnosis. Such data are available from the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) which is a continuous, quantitative measure of social ability giving scores that range from significant impairment to above average ability. METHODS We present genome-wide results for 64 multiplex and extended families ranging from two to nine generations. SRS scores were available from 518 genotyped pedigree subjects, including affected and unaffected relatives. Genotypes from the Illumina 6 k single nucleotide polymorphism panel were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done using MCLINK, a software package that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to perform multilocus linkage analysis on large extended pedigrees. RESULTS When analysed as a qualitative trait, linkage occurred in the same locations as in our previous affected-only genome scan of these families, with findings on chromosomes 7q31.1-q32.3 [heterogeneity logarithm of the odds (HLOD) = 2.91], 15q13.3 (HLOD = 3.64), and 13q12.3 (HLOD = 2.23). Additional positive qualitative results were seen on chromosomes 6 and 10 in regions that may be of interest for other neuropsychiatric disorders. When analysed as a quantitative trait, results replicated a peak found in an independent sample using quantitative SRS scores on chromosome 11p15.1-p15.4 (HLOD = 2.77). Additional positive quantitative results were seen on chromosomes 7, 9, and 19. CONCLUSIONS The SRS linkage peaks reported here substantially overlap with peaks found in our previous affected-only genome scan of clinical diagnosis. In addition, we replicated a previous SRS peak in an independent sample. These results suggest the SRS is a robust and useful phenotype measure for genetic linkage studies of ASD. Finally, analyses of SRS scores revealed linkage peaks overlapping with evidence from other studies of neuropsychiatric diseases. The information available from the SRS itself may, therefore, reveal locations for autism susceptibility genes that would not otherwise be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Coon
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michele E Villalobos
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Reid J Robison
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Nicola J Camp
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Dale S Cannon
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Kristina Allen-Brady
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Judith S Miller
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - William M McMahon
- Utah Autism Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 206, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Mead CLR, Kuzyk MA, Moradian A, Wilson GM, Holt RA, Morin GB. Cytosolic protein interactions of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene dysbindin. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1491-503. [PMID: 20236384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and western blot analysis we investigated cytosolic protein interactions of the schizophrenia susceptibility gene dysbindin in mammalian cells. We identified novel interactions with members of the exocyst, dynactin and chaperonin containing T-complex protein complexes, and we confirmed interactions reported previously with all members of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 and the adaptor-related protein complex 3. We report interactions between dysbindin and the exocyst and dynactin complex that confirm a link between two important schizophrenia susceptibility genes: dysbindin and disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1. To expand upon this network of interacting proteins we also investigated protein interactions for members of the exocyst and dynactin complexes in mammalian cells. Our results are consistent with the notion that impairment of aspects of the synaptic vesicle life cycle may be a pathogenic mechanism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carri-Lyn R Mead
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Thiselton D, Maher B, Webb B, Bigdeli T, O’Neill F, Walsh D, Kendler K, Riley B. Association analysis of the PIP4K2A gene on chromosome 10p12 and schizophrenia in the Irish study of high density schizophrenia families (ISHDSF) and the Irish case-control study of schizophrenia (ICCSS). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:323-31. [PMID: 19475563 PMCID: PMC4011176 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies support pharmacological evidence that phosphoinositide signaling is perturbed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-kinase type-II alpha (PIP4K2A) gene is located on chromosome 10p12. This region has been implicated in both diseases by linkage, and PIP4K2A directly by association. Given linkage evidence in the Irish Study of High Density Schizophrenia Families (ISHDSF) to a region including 10p12, we performed an association study between genetic variants at PIP4K2A and disease. No association was detected through single-marker or haplotype analysis of the whole sample. However, stratification into families positive and negative for the ISHDSF schizophrenia high-risk haplotype (HRH) in the DTNBP1 gene and re-analysis for linkage showed reduced amplitude of the 10p12 linkage peak in the DTNBP1 HRH positive families. Association analysis of the stratified sample showed a trend toward association of PIP4K2A SNPs rs1417374 and rs1409395 with schizophrenia in the DTNBP1 HRH positive families. Despite this apparent paradox, our data may therefore suggest involvement of PIP4K2A in schizophrenia in those families for whom genetic variation in DTNBP1 appears also to be a risk factor. This trend appears to arise from under-transmission of common alleles to female cases. Follow-up association analysis in a large Irish schizophrenia case-control sample (ICCSS) showed significant association with disease of a haplotype comprising these same SNPs rs1417374-rs1409395, again more so in affected females, and in cases with negative family history of the disease. This study supports a minor role for PIP4K2A in schizophrenia etiology in the Irish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.L. Thiselton
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Correspondence to D.L. Thiselton, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioural Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Biotech 1/Suite 110, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0424
| | - B.S. Maher
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - B.T. Webb
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - T.B. Bigdeli
- Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - F.A. O’Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, The Queens University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - D. Walsh
- The Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K.S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - B.P. Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Lin SH, Liu CM, Liu YL, Fann CSJ, Hsiao PC, Wu JY, Hung SI, Chen CH, Wu HM, Jou YS, Liu SK, Hwang TJ, Hsieh MH, Chang CC, Yang WC, Lin JJ, Chou FHC, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG, Chen WJ. Clustering by neurocognition for fine mapping of the schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosome 6p. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:785-94. [PMID: 19694819 PMCID: PMC4286260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 6p is one of the most commonly implicated regions in the genome-wide linkage scans of schizophrenia, whereas further association studies for markers in this region were inconsistent likely due to heterogeneity. This study aimed to identify more homogeneous subgroups of families for fine mapping on regions around markers D6S296 and D6S309 (both in 6p24.3) as well as D6S274 (in 6p22.3) by means of similarity in neurocognitive functioning. A total of 160 families of patients with schizophrenia comprising at least two affected siblings who had data for eight neurocognitive test variables of the continuous performance test (CPT) and the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) were subjected to cluster analysis with data visualization using the test scores of both affected siblings. Family clusters derived were then used separately in family-based association tests for 64 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering the region of 6p24.3 and 6p22.3. Three clusters were derived from the family-based clustering, with deficit cluster 1 representing deficit on the CPT, deficit cluster 2 representing deficit on both the CPT and the WCST, and a third cluster of nondeficit. After adjustment using false discovery rate for multiple testing, SNP rs13873 and haplotype rs1225934-rs13873 on BMP6-TXNDC5 genes were significantly associated with schizophrenia for the deficit cluster 1 but not for the deficit cluster 2 or nondeficit cluster. Our results provide further evidence that the BMP6-TXNDC5 locus on 6p24.3 may play a role in the selective impairments on sustained attention of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genetic Epidemiology Core Laboratory, Division of Genomic Medicine, Research Center for Medical Excellence, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Chang Hsiao
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genetic Epidemiology Core Laboratory, Division of Genomic Medicine, Research Center for Medical Excellence, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- National Genotyping Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ming Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shan Jou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi K. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung J. Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H. Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Chih Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jia Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, and Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genetic Epidemiology Core Laboratory, Division of Genomic Medicine, Research Center for Medical Excellence, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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El-Missiry A, Aboraya AS, Manseur H, Manchester J, France C, Border K. An Update on the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia with a Special Reference to Clinically Important Risk Factors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-009-9241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Holmans PA, Riley B, Pulver AE, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Gejman PV, Mowry BJ, Laurent C, Kendler KS, Nestadt G, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Sanders AR, Nertney D, Mallet J, Wormley B, Lasseter VK, O'Donovan MC, Duan J, Albus M, Alexander M, Godard S, Ribble R, Liang KY, Norton N, Maier W, Papadimitriou G, Walsh D, Jay M, O'Neill A, Lerer FB, Dikeos D, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Levinson DF. Genomewide linkage scan of schizophrenia in a large multicenter pedigree sample using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:786-95. [PMID: 19223858 PMCID: PMC2714870 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A genomewide linkage scan was carried out in eight clinical samples of informative schizophrenia families. After all quality control checks, the analysis of 707 European-ancestry families included 1615 affected and 1602 unaffected genotyped individuals, and the analysis of all 807 families included 1900 affected and 1839 unaffected individuals. Multipoint linkage analysis with correction for marker-marker linkage disequilibrium was carried out with 5861 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Illumina version 4.0 linkage map). Suggestive evidence for linkage (European families) was observed on chromosomes 8p21, 8q24.1, 9q34 and 12q24.1 in nonparametric and/or parametric analyses. In a logistic regression allele-sharing analysis of linkage allowing for intersite heterogeneity, genomewide significant evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 10p12. Significant heterogeneity was also observed on chromosome 22q11.1. Evidence for linkage across family sets and analyses was most consistent on chromosome 8p21, with a one-LOD support interval that does not include the candidate gene NRG1, suggesting that one or more other susceptibility loci might exist in the region. In this era of genomewide association and deep resequencing studies, consensus linkage regions deserve continued attention, given that linkage signals can be produced by many types of genomic variation, including any combination of multiple common or rare SNPs or copy number variants in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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27
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Ng MYM, Levinson DF, Faraone SV, Suarez BK, DeLisi LE, Arinami T, Riley B, Paunio T, Pulver AE, Irmansyah, Holmans PA, Escamilla M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Laurent C, Mowry BJ, Brzustowicz LM, Maziade M, Sklar P, Garver DL, Abecasis GR, Lerer B, Fallin MD, Gurling HMD, Gejman PV, Lindholm E, Moises HW, Byerley W, Wijsman EM, Forabosco P, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG, Okazaki Y, Kendler KS, Wormley B, Fanous A, Walsh D, O’Neill FA, Peltonen L, Nestadt G, Lasseter VK, Liang KY, Papadimitriou GM, Dikeos DG, Schwab SG, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Norton N, Hare E, Raventos H, Nicolini H, Albus M, Maier W, Nimgaonkar VL, Terenius L, Mallet J, Jay M, Godard S, Nertney D, Alexander M, Crowe RR, Silverman JM, Bassett AS, Roy MA, Mérette C, Pato CN, Pato MT, Roos JL, Kohn Y, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Curtis D, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Sanders AR, Duan J, Jazin E, Myles-Worsley M, Karayiorgou M, Lewis CM. Meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide linkage studies of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:774-85. [PMID: 19349958 PMCID: PMC2715392 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) was carried out on 32 independent genome-wide linkage scan analyses that included 3255 pedigrees with 7413 genotyped cases affected with schizophrenia (SCZ) or related disorders. The primary GSMA divided the autosomes into 120 bins, rank-ordered the bins within each study according to the most positive linkage result in each bin, summed these ranks (weighted for study size) for each bin across studies and determined the empirical probability of a given summed rank (P(SR)) by simulation. Suggestive evidence for linkage was observed in two single bins, on chromosomes 5q (142-168 Mb) and 2q (103-134 Mb). Genome-wide evidence for linkage was detected on chromosome 2q (119-152 Mb) when bin boundaries were shifted to the middle of the previous bins. The primary analysis met empirical criteria for 'aggregate' genome-wide significance, indicating that some or all of 10 bins are likely to contain loci linked to SCZ, including regions of chromosomes 1, 2q, 3q, 4q, 5q, 8p and 10q. In a secondary analysis of 22 studies of European-ancestry samples, suggestive evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 8p (16-33 Mb). Although the newer genome-wide association methodology has greater power to detect weak associations to single common DNA sequence variants, linkage analysis can detect diverse genetic effects that segregate in families, including multiple rare variants within one locus or several weakly associated loci in the same region. Therefore, the regions supported by this meta-analysis deserve close attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MYM Ng
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
| | - DF Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - SV Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - BK Suarez
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - LE DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, The New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - T Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - B Riley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Paunio
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - AE Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irmansyah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - PA Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Escamilla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - DB Wildenauer
- Center for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - NM Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Laurent
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - BJ Mowry
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research and University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - LM Brzustowicz
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - M Maziade
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - P Sklar
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - DL Garver
- VA Medical Center, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - GR Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - MD Fallin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - HMD Gurling
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - PV Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - E Lindholm
- Department of Development & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - W Byerley
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - EM Wijsman
- Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Forabosco
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
| | - MT Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology & Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H-G Hwu
- National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y Okazaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - KS Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B Wormley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A Fanous
- Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D Walsh
- The Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland
| | - FA O’Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L Peltonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Broad Institute, MIT, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - VK Lasseter
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - KY Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - GM Papadimitriou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, and University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - DG Dikeos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens Medical School, and University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - SG Schwab
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - MJ Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - MC O’Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Norton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Hare
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Raventos
- School of Biology and CIBCM, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - H Nicolini
- Carracci Medical Group and Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Albus
- State Mental Hospital, Haar, Germany
| | - W Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - VL Nimgaonkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Mallet
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - M Jay
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Godard
- INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - D Nertney
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research and University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - RR Crowe
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - JM Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - AS Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M-A Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - C Mérette
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval University & Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - CN Pato
- Center for Genomic Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - MT Pato
- Center for Genomic Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Louw Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pretoria, Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Y Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Amann-Zalcenstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Kalsi
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - A McQuillin
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - D Curtis
- Department of Psychological Medicine, St Bartholomew’s and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - J Brynjolfson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Sigmundsson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H Petursson
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - AR Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute and Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - E Jazin
- Department of Development & Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Myles-Worsley
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M Karayiorgou
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - CM Lewis
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK
- King’s College London, MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Roth TL, Lubin FD, Sodhi M, Kleinman JE. Epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:869-77. [PMID: 19559755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research suggests that both an individual's genes and the environment underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Molecular mechanisms mediating the interplay between genes and the environment are likely to have a significant role in the onset of the disorder. Recent work indicates that epigenetic mechanisms, or the chemical markings of the DNA and the surrounding histone proteins, remain labile through the lifespan and can be altered by environmental factors. Thus, epigenetic mechanisms are an attractive molecular hypothesis for environmental contributions to schizophrenia. In this review, we first present an overview of schizophrenia and discuss the role of nature versus nurture in its pathology, where 'nature' is considered to be inherited or genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, and 'nurture' is proposed to exert its effects through epigenetic mechanisms. Second, we define DNA methylation and discuss the evidence for its role in schizophrenia. Third, we define posttranslational histone modifications and discuss their place in schizophrenia. This research is likely to lead to the development of epigenetic therapy, which holds the promise of alleviating cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Roth
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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29
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Genetic overlap among intelligence and other candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:527-34. [PMID: 19013556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strategy to improve genetic studies of schizophrenia involves the use of endophenotypes. Information on overlapping genetic contributions among endophenotypes may provide additional power, reveal biological pathways, and have practical implications for genetic research. Several cognitive endophenotypes, including intelligence, are likely to be modulated by overlapping genetic influences. METHODS We quantified potential genetic and environmental correlations among endophenotypes for schizophrenia, including sensorimotor gating, openness, verbal fluency, early visual perception, spatial working memory, and intelligence, using variance component models in 35 patients and 145 relatives from 25 multigenerational Dutch families multiply affected with schizophrenia. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between spatial working memory and intelligence (.45), verbal fluency and intelligence (.36), verbal fluency and spatial working memory (.20), and early visual perception and spatial working memory (.19). A strong genetic correlation (.75) accounted for 76% of the variance shared between spatial working memory and intelligence. Significant environmental correlations were found between verbal fluency and openness (.50) and between verbal fluency and spatial working memory (.58). Sensorimotor gating and openness showed few genetic or environmental correlations with other endophenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that intelligence strongly overlaps genetically with a known cognitive endophenotype for schizophrenia. Intelligence may thus be a promising endophenotype for genetic research in schizophrenia, even though the underlying genetic mechanism may still be complex. In contrast, sensorimotor gating and openness appear to represent separate genetic entities with simpler inheritance patterns and may therefore augment the detection of separate genetic pathways contributing to schizophrenia.
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Chen Q, Wang X, O’Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Chen X. Is the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) gene a candidate for schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 2008; 106:200-7. [PMID: 18799291 PMCID: PMC2729541 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : The histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1, HINT1, hydrolyzes adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate substrates such as AMP-morpholidate. The human HINT1 gene is located on chromosome 5q31.2, a region implicated in linkage studies of schizophrenia. HINT1 had been shown to have different expression in postmortem brains between schizophrenia patients and unaffected controls. It was also found to be associated with the dysregulation of postsynaptic dopamine transmission, thus suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases. METHODS : In this work, we studied 8 SNPs around the HINT1 gene region using the Irish study of high density schizophrenia families (ISHDSF, 1350 subjects and 273 pedigrees) and the Irish case control study of schizophrenia (ICCSS, 655 affected subjects and 626 controls). The expression level of HINT1 was compared between the postmortem brain cDNAs from schizophrenic patients and unaffected controls provided by the Stanley Medical Research Institute. RESULTS : We found nominally significant differences in allele frequencies in several SNPs for both ISHDSF and ICCSS samples in sex-stratified analyses. However, the sex effect differed between the two samples. In expression studies, no significant difference in expression was observed between patients and controls. However, significant interactions amongst sex, diagnosis and rs3864283 genotypes were observed. CONCLUSION : Data from both association and expression studies suggested that variants at HINT1 may be associated with schizophrenia and the associations may be sex-specific. However, the markers showing associations were in high LD to the SPEC2/PDZ-GEF2/ACSL6 locus reported previously in the same samples. This made it difficult to separate the association signals amongst these genes. Other independent studies may be necessary to distinguish these candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Francis A. O’Neill
- The Department of Psychiatry, The Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298,Corresponding author: X. Chen, , Telephone: 804 828 8124, Fax: 804 828 1471
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Gruber O, Falkai P, Schneider-Axmann T, Schwab SG, Wagner M, Maier W. Neuregulin-1 haplotype HAP(ICE) is associated with lower hippocampal volumes in schizophrenic patients and in non-affected family members. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 43:1-6. [PMID: 18291420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene on chromosome 8p has been suggested as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. The exact way in which genetic variation in NRG1 might impact on this susceptibility for the disorder is a focus of current research. The present study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between a putative NRG1 at-risk haplotype (HAP(ICE)) and hippocampal volumes in schizophrenic patients and their healthy first-degree relatives. We genotyped 30 schizophrenic patients and 52 non-affected family members with regard to the presence or absence of the NRG1 haplotype HAP(ICE). Structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine hippocampal brain volumes in the same subjects. Patients and relatives carrying haplotype HAP(ICE) both had smaller relative hippocampal volumes as compared to patients or relatives who did not carry this haplotype. These findings provide first direct evidence for a link between NRG1 genetic variation and hippocampal volume reductions in schizophrenic patients and non-affected relatives. This preliminary evidence may help to guide further research into the pathophysiological pathways that underlie this genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany.
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Developmental disruptions in neural connectivity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Dev Psychopathol 2008; 20:1297-327. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457940800062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSchizophrenia has been thought of as a disorder of reduced functional and structural connectivity. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and small animal imaging have advanced our ability to investigate this hypothesis. Moreover, the power of longitudinal designs possible with these noninvasive techniques enable the study of not just how connectivity is disrupted in schizophrenia, but when this disruption emerges during development. This article reviews genetic and neurodevelopmental influences on structural and functional connectivity in human populations with or at risk for schizophrenia and in animal models of the disorder. We conclude that the weight of evidence across these diverse lines of inquiry points to a developmental disruption of neural connectivity in schizophrenia and that this disrupted connectivity likely involves susceptibility genes that affect processes involved in establishing intra- and interregional connectivity.
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33
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No support for an association with TAAR6 and schizophrenia in a linked population of European ancestry. Psychiatr Genet 2008; 18:208-10. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283050aba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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DTNBP1 haplotype influences baseline assessment scores of schizophrenic in-patients. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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van Neerven S, Kampmann E, Mey J. RAR/RXR and PPAR/RXR signaling in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:433-51. [PMID: 18554773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are important signals in brain development. They regulate gene transcription by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and, as was discovered recently, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Traditional ligands of PPAR are best known for their functions in lipid metabolism and inflammation. RAR and PPAR are ligand-activated transcription factors, which share members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) family as heterodimeric partners. Both signal transduction pathways have recently been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Since inflammatory processes contribute to various neurodegenerative diseases, the anti-inflammatory activity of retinoids and PPARgamma agonists recommends them as potential therapeutic targets. In addition, genetic linkage studies, transgenic mouse models and experiments with vitamin A deprivation provide evidence that retinoic acid signaling is directly involved in physiology and pathology of motoneurons, of the basal ganglia and of cognitive functions. The activation of PPAR/RXR and RAR/RXR transcription factors has therefore been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in disorders of the central nervous system.
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QTLs identified for P3 amplitude in a non-clinical sample: importance of neurodevelopmental and neurotransmitter genes. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:864-73. [PMID: 17949694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The P3(00) event-related potential is an index of processing capacity (P3 amplitude) and stimulus evaluation (P3 latency) as well as a phenotypic marker of various forms of psychopathology where P3 abnormalities have been reported. METHODS A genome-wide linkage scan of 400-761 autosomal markers, at an average spacing of 5-10 centimorgans (cM), was completed in 647 twins/siblings (306 families mostly comprising dizygotic twins), mean age 16.3, range 15.4-20.1 years, for whom P3 amplitude and latency data were available. RESULTS Significant linkage for P3 amplitude was observed on chromosome 7q for the central recording site (logarithm-of-odds [LOD] = 3.88, p = .00002) and in the same region for both frontal (LOD = 2.19, p = .0015) and parietal (LOD = 1.67, p = .0053) sites, with multivariate analysis also identifying linkage in this region (LOD = 2.14, p = .0017). Suggestive linkage was also identified on 6p (LOD(max) = 2.49) and 12q (LOD(max) = 2.24), with other promising regions identified on 9q (LOD(max) = 2.14) and 10p (LOD(max) = 2.18). Less striking were the results for P3 latency; LOD > 1.5 were found on chromosomes 1q, 9q, 10q, 12q, and 19p. CONCLUSIONS This is a first step in the identification of genes for normal variation in the P3. Loci identified here for P3 amplitude suggest the possible importance of neurodevelopmental genes in addition to those influencing neurotransmitters, fitting with the evidence that P3 amplitude is sensitive to diverse types of brain abnormalities.
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Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that a large amount of structural variation exists in the human genome. Since 2004, when two landmark studies reported polymorphic levels of copy number variation in phenotypically normal individuals, our understanding of genome-wide levels of copy number variation has grown. This has inspired hypotheses about this class of variation's contribution to complex genetic phenotypes, including the specific hypothesis that structural variation is associated with psychiatric illness. The technology to accurately and efficiently detect polymorphic structural variants is still largely under development, but some examples of genomic imbalance contributing to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder already have been identified. Although much optimism surrounds this burgeoning field, the technical challenges in reliably identifying structural variation mean recent literature should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gladys Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA.
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Differential RNA expression between schizophrenic patients and controls of the dystrobrevin binding protein 1 and neuregulin 1 genes in immortalized lymphocytes. Schizophr Res 2008; 100:281-90. [PMID: 18234478 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes have been related to schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) by several whole-genome linkage and associations studies. Few expression studies in post-mortem brains have also reported a lower or a higher expression of DTNBP1 and NRG1, respectively, in SZ. Since the difficulty to access post-mortem brains, we evaluated RNA expression of DTNBP1 and NRG1 in immortalized lymphocytes of SZ patients and unrelated-family controls. An antipsychotic stimulation was also used to challenge the genetic background of the subjects and enhance differential expression. Immortalized lymphocytes of twelve SZ and twelve controls were grown individually in the presence or not of the antipsychotic olanzapine (Zyprexa; EliLilly). RNA was extracted and pooled in four groups of three SZ and four groups of three controls, and used to probe Agilent 18K microchips. Mean gene expression values were contrasted between SZ and control groups using a T-test. For DTNBP1, RNA expression was lower in SZ than in controls before (-28%; p=0.02) and after (-30%; p=0.01) olanzapine stimulation. Similarly, NRG1 GGF2 isoform showed a lower expression in SZ before (-29%; p=0.04) and after (-33%; p=0.02) olanzapine stimulation. In contrast, NRG1 GGF isoform showed no significant difference between SZ and controls (-7%; p=0.61, +3%; p=0.86, respectively), but was slightly repressed by olanzapine in controls (-8%; p=0.008) but not in SZ (+1%; p=0.91). These results are in agreement with those observed in post-mortem brain when the isoforms involved are considered.
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Beveridge NJ, Tooney PA, Carroll AP, Gardiner E, Bowden N, Scott RJ, Tran N, Dedova I, Cairns MJ. Dysregulation of miRNA 181b in the temporal cortex in schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1156-68. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Laurin N, Ickowicz A, Pathare T, Malone M, Tannock R, Schachar R, Kennedy JL, Barr CL. Investigation of the G protein subunit Galphaolf gene (GNAL) in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:117-24. [PMID: 17166517 PMCID: PMC4930670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine system plays an important role in the regulation of attention and motor behavior, subsequently, several dopamine-related genes have been associated with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Among them are the dopamine receptors D1 and D5 that mediate adenylyl cyclase activation through coupling with G(s)-like proteins. We thus hypothesized that the G(s)-like subunit Galpha(olf), expressed in D1-rich areas of the brain, contributes to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. To evaluate the involvement of the Galpha(olf) gene, GNAL, in ADHD, we examined the inheritance pattern of 12 GNAL polymorphisms in 258 nuclear families ascertained through a proband with ADHD (311 affected children) using the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). Categorical analysis of individual marker alleles demonstrated biased transmission of one polymorphism in GNAL intron 3 (rs2161961; P=0.011). We also observed significant relationships between rs2161961 and dimensional symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (P=0.003 and P=0.008). In addition, because of recent evidence of imprinting at the GNAL locus, secondary analyses were split into maternal and paternal transmissions to assess a contribution of parental effects. We found evidence of strong maternal effect, with preferential transmission of maternal alleles for rs2161961A (P=0.005) and rs8098539A (P=0.035). These preliminary findings suggest a possible contribution of GNAL in the susceptibility to ADHD, with possible involvement of parent-of-origin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Laurin
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Abel Ickowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Tejaswee Pathare
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Molly Malone
- Division of Neurology, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Rosemary Tannock
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont., Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behaviour Programme, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 416 603 5800x2744; fax: +1 416 603 5126. (C.L. Barr)
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The immunological basis of glutamatergic disturbance in schizophrenia: towards an integrated view. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2007:269-80. [PMID: 17982903 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This overview presents a hypothesis to bridge the gap between psychoneuroimmunological findings and recent results from pharmacological, neurochemical and genetic studies in schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, a glutamatergic hypofunction is discussed to be crucially involved in dopaminergic dysfunction. This view is supported by findings of the neuregulin- and dysbindin genes, which have functional impact on the glutamatergic system. Glutamatergic hypofunction is mediated by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonism. The only endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist identified up to now is kynurenic acid (KYN-A). KYN-A also blocks the nicotinergic acetycholine receptor, i.e. increased KYN-A levels can explain psychotic symptoms and cognitive deterioration. KYN-A levels are described to be higher in the CSF and in critical CNS regions of schizophrenics. Another line of evidence suggests that of the immune system in schizophrenic patients is characterized by an imbalance between the type-1 and the type-2 immune responses with a partial inhibition of the type-1 response, while the type-2 response is relatively over-activated. This immune constellation is associated with the inhibition of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), because type-2 cytokines are potent inhibitors of IDO. Due to the inhibition of IDO, tryptophan is predominantly metabolized by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is located in astrocytes, but not in microglia cells. As indicated by increased levels of S100B, astrocytes are activated in schizophrenia. On the other hand, the kynurenine metabolism in astrocytes is restricted to the dead-end arm of KYN-A production. Accordingly, an increased TDO activity and an accumulation of KYN-A in the CNS of schizophrenics have been described. Thus, the immune-mediated glutamatergic-dopaminergic dysregulation may lead to the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. Therapeutic consequences, e.g. the use of antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, which also are able to directly decrease KYN-A, are discussed.
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Grandy DK. Trace amine-associated receptor 1-Family archetype or iconoclast? Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:355-90. [PMID: 17888514 PMCID: PMC2767338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interest has recently been rekindled in receptors that are activated by low molecular weight, noncatecholic, biogenic amines that are typically found as trace constituents of various vertebrate and invertebrate tissues and fluids. The timing of this resurgent focus on receptors activated by the "trace amines" (TA) beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine (TYR), octopamine (OCT), synephrine (SYN), and tryptamine (TRYP) is the direct result of 2 publications that appeared in 2001 describing the cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) referred to by their discoverers Borowsky et al. as TA1 and Bunzow et al. as TA receptor 1 (TAR1). When heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and various eukaryotic cell lines, recombinant rodent and human TAR dose-dependently couple to the stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production. Structure-activity profiling based on this functional response has revealed that in addition to the TA, other biologically active compounds containing a 2-carbon aliphatic side chain linking an amino group to at least 1 benzene ring are potent and efficacious TA receptor agonists with amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine, 3-iodothyronamine, thyronamine, and dopamine (DA) among the most notable. Almost 100 years after the search for TAR began, numerous TA1/TAR1-related sequences, now called TA-associated receptors (TAAR), have been identified in the genome of every species of vertebrate examined to date. Consequently, even though heterologously expressed TAAR1 fits the pharmacological criteria established for a bona fide TAR, a major challenge for those working in the field is to discern the in vivo pharmacology and physiology of each purported member of this extended family of GPCR. Only then will it be possible to establish whether TAAR1 is the family archetype or an iconoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Grandy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L334, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Impaired glutathione synthesis in schizophrenia: convergent genetic and functional evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16621-6. [PMID: 17921251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706778104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex multifactorial brain disorder with a genetic component. Convergent evidence has implicated oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) deficits in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of the present study was to test whether schizophrenia is associated with a deficit of GSH synthesis. Cultured skin fibroblasts from schizophrenia patients and control subjects were challenged with oxidative stress, and parameters of the rate-limiting enzyme for the GSH synthesis, the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), were measured. Stressed cells of patients had a 26% (P = 0.002) decreased GCL activity as compared with controls. This reduction correlated with a 29% (P < 0.001) decreased protein expression of the catalytic GCL subunit (GCLC). Genetic analysis of a trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphism in the GCLC gene showed a significant association with schizophrenia in two independent case-control studies. The most common TNR genotype 7/7 was more frequent in controls [odds ratio (OR) = 0.6, P = 0.003], whereas the rarest TNR genotype 8/8 was three times more frequent in patients (OR = 3.0, P = 0.007). Moreover, subjects with disease-associated genotypes had lower GCLC protein expression (P = 0.017), GCL activity (P = 0.037), and GSH contents (P = 0.004) than subjects with genotypes that were more frequent in controls. Taken together, the study provides genetic and functional evidence that an impaired capacity to synthesize GSH under conditions of oxidative stress is a vulnerability factor for schizophrenia.
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Fanous AH, Neale MC, Gardner CO, Webb BT, Straub RE, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Riley BP, Kendler KS. Significant correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:958-65. [PMID: 17440434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior family and adoption studies have suggested a genetic relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypy. However, this has never been verified using linkage methods. We therefore attempted to test for a correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. The Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families comprises 270 families with at least two members with schizophrenia or poor-outcome schizoaffective disorder (n=637). Non-psychotic relatives were assessed using the structured interview for schizotypy (n=746). A 10-cM multipoint, non-parametric, autosomal genome-wide scan of schizophrenia was performed in Merlin. A scan of a quantitative trait comprising ratings of DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder in non-psychotic relatives was also performed. Schizotypy logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores were regressed onto schizophrenia LOD scores at all loci, with adjustment for spatial autocorrelation. To assess empirical significance, this was also carried out using 1000 null scans of schizotypy. The number of jointly linked loci in the real data was compared to distribution of jointly linked loci in the null scans. No markers were suggestively linked to schizotypy based on strict Lander-Kruglyak criteria. Schizotypy LODs predicted schizophrenia LODs above chance expectation genome wide (empirical P=0.04). Two and four loci yielded nonparametric LOD (NPLs) >1.0 and >0.75, respectively, for both schizophrenia and schizotypy (genome-wide empirical P=0.04 and 0.02, respectively). These results suggest that at least a subset of schizophrenia susceptibility genes also affects schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives. Power may therefore be increased in molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia if they incorporate measures of schizotypy in non-psychotic relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fanous
- Mental Health Service Line, Washington VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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He Z, Li Z, Shi Y, Tang W, Huang K, Ma G, Zhou J, Meng J, Li H, Feng G, He L. The PIP5K2A gene and schizophrenia in the Chinese population--a case-control study. Schizophr Res 2007; 94:359-65. [PMID: 17555944 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Results from a number of molecular and pharmacological studies suggest that the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase IIalpha (PIP5K2A) gene may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. A recent family-based transmission disequilibrium test in the German and Israeli populations found that four single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs1417374, rs10828317, rs746203 and rs8341 in this gene or nearby intergenic regions are significantly associated with schizophrenia. The objective of our study was to investigate whether these four SNPs are also associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Our study found that SNP rs8341 (p=0.0045, Odds Ratio=1.415, 95%CI=1.113-1.799 for the minor allele) and a haplotype (p=0.0039, Odds Ratio=1.440, 95%CI=1.123-1.845) are significantly associated with schizophrenia. Our results confirm that the PIP5K2A gene merits further study as a susceptible gene for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZangDong He
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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Liu CM, Liu YL, Fann CSJ, Yang WC, Wu JY, Hung SI, Chen WJ, Chueh CM, Liu WM, Liu CC, Hsieh MH, Hwang TJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. No association evidence between schizophrenia and dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) in Taiwanese families. Schizophr Res 2007; 93:391-8. [PMID: 17407805 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several linkage studies have shown significant linkage of schizophrenia to chromosome 6p region, which includes the positional candidate genes, Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1). The aim was to examine the association evidence of the candidate gene in 693 Taiwanese families with at least two affected siblings of schizophrenia. We genotyped nine SNPs of this gene with average intermarker distance of 17 kb. Intermarker linkage disequilibrium was calculated with GOLD. Single locus and haplotype association analyses were performed with TRANSMIT program. We found no significant association between schizophrenia and DTNBP1 either through single locus or haplotype analyses. We failed to replicate the association evidence between DTNBP1 and schizophrenia and this gene may not play a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia in this Taiwanese family sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR, Hou C, Burrell GJ, Krasner AJ, Schwartz DB, Gejman PV. DTNBP1 (Dystrobrevin binding protein 1) and schizophrenia: association evidence in the 3' end of the gene. Hum Hered 2007; 64:97-106. [PMID: 17476109 PMCID: PMC2861529 DOI: 10.1159/000101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysbindin (DTNBP1) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia (SZ) through a positional approach. However, a variety of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes, in different parts of the gene, have been reported to be associated in different samples, and a precise molecular mechanism of disease remains to be defined. We have performed an association study with two well-characterized family samples not previously investigated at the DTNBP1 locus. METHODS We examined 646 subjects in 136 families with SZ, largely of European ancestry (EA), genotyping 26 SNPs in DTNBP1. RESULTS Three correlated markers (rs875462, rs760666, and rs7758659) at the 3' region of DTNBP1 showed evidence for association to SZ (p = 0.004), observed in both the EA (p = 0.031) and the African American (AA) subset (p = 0.045) with the same over-transmitted allele. The most significant haplotype in our study was rs7758659-rs3213207 (global p = 0.0015), with rs3213207 being the most frequently reported associated marker in previous studies. A non-conservative missense variant (Pro272Ser) in the 3' region of DTNBP1 that may impair DTNBP1 function was more common in SZ probands (8.2%) than in founders (5%) and in dbSNP (2.1%), but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence for an association of SZ with SNPs at the 3' end of DTNBP1 in the samples studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare & Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill, USA.
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Zinkstok JR, de Wilde O, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Tanck MW, Baas F, Linszen DH. Association between the DTNBP1 gene and intelligence: a case-control study in young patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and unaffected siblings. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:19. [PMID: 17445278 PMCID: PMC1864987 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. There is growing evidence that DTNPB1 contributes to intelligence and cognition. In this study, we investigated association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DTNBP1 gene and intellectual functioning in patients with a first episode of schizophrenia or related psychotic disorder (first-episode psychosis, FEP), their healthy siblings, and unrelated controls. METHODS From all subjects IQ measurements were obtained (verbal IQ [VIQ], performance IQ [PIQ], and full scale IQ [FSIQ]). Seven SNPs in the DTNBP1 gene were genotyped using single base primer extension and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser deionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). RESULTS Mean VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores differed significantly (p < 0.001) between patients, siblings, and controls. Using a family-based and a case-control design, several single SNPs were significantly associated with IQ scores in patients, siblings, and controls. CONCLUSION Although preliminary, our results provide evidence for association between the DTNBP1 gene and intelligence in patients with FEP and their unaffected siblings. Genetic variation in the DTNBP1 gene may increase schizophrenia susceptibility by affecting intellectual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke R Zinkstok
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odette de Wilde
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael W Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Don H Linszen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Morar B, Schwab SG, Albus M, Maier W, Lerer B, Wildenauer DB. Evaluation of association of SNPs in the TNF alpha gene region with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:318-24. [PMID: 17171665 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The association of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) -G308A promoter polymorphism with schizophrenia has complemented clinical findings of increased levels of the TNFalpha cytokine in schizophrenic patients, with some support for a functional consequence of the variant. Our previous studies of genetic causes in schizophrenia supported findings of linkage to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region where the TNFalpha gene is located as well as association with the -G308A promoter polymorphism. While the common G-allele shows association in our sample, association with the A-allele has been reported by other groups. This suggests linkage disequilibrium (LD) rather than direct involvement in the disorder. In order to define LD of DNA variants with the disorder in this area, we analyzed 36 SNPs in a 165-kb region around this polymorphism. We detected nominally significant associations (P < 0.05) of three markers (including the -G308A promoter polymorphism) and multiple haplotypes with schizophrenia in our sample of 204 families (79 sib-pairs and 125 trios). The association is largely restricted to a 30 kb high LD region/block and should assist in the identification of a schizophrenia susceptibility gene within the block or elsewhere in the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morar
- CCRN/WAIMR Neuropsychiatric Genetics Laboratory, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and UWA Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Zucchi R, Chiellini G, Scanlan TS, Grandy DK. Trace amine-associated receptors and their ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:967-78. [PMID: 17088868 PMCID: PMC2014643 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biogenic amines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and histamine) interact with specific families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The term 'trace amines' is used when referring to p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, compounds that are present in mammalian tissues at very low (nanomolar) concentrations. The pharmacological effects of trace amines are usually attributed to their interference with the aminergic pathways, but in 2001 a new gene was identified, that codes for a GPCR responding to p-tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine but not to classical biogenic amines. Several closely related genes were subsequently identified and designated as the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Pharmacological investigations in vitro show that many TAAR subtypes may not respond to p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, tryptamine or octopamine, suggesting the existence of additional endogenous ligands. A novel endogenous thyroid hormone derivative, 3-iodothyronamine, has been found to interact with TAAR1 and possibly other TAAR subtypes. In vivo, micromolar concentrations of 3-iodothyronamine determine functional effects which are opposite to those produced on a longer time scale by thyroid hormones, including reduction in body temperature and decrease in cardiac contractility. Expression of all TAAR subtypes except TAAR1 has been reported in mouse olfactory epithelium, and several volatile amines were shown to interact with specific TAAR subtypes. In addition, there is evidence that TAAR1 is targeted by amphetamines and other psychotropic agents, while genetic linkage studies show a significant association between the TAAR gene family locus and susceptibility to schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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