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Asefi MB, Heidari A, Hajikarim-Hamedani A, Mousavi Z, Ashabi G, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Preconception ethanol exposure changes anxiety, depressive and checking-like behavior and alter the expression levels of MAO-B in male offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 104:107367. [PMID: 38866258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use, which alters the epigenome, increases the probability that it could affect subsequent generations, even if they were never directly exposed to ethanol or even in utero. We explored the effects of parental ethanol exposure before conception on behavioral changes in the offspring. Considering the role of Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its influence on behavior, and taking into account that ethanol exposure could alter MAO-B, we assessed the protein levels in the offspring. Male and female rats were exposed to ethanol for 30 days and then allowed ten days of abstinence. Afterward, they were mated with either control or ethanol-exposed rats. The F1 and F2 male offspring underwent tests to assess behavioral changes. Additionally, the levels of MAO-B in the PFC were evaluated. Results revealed that in the F1, anxiety increased only in the bi-parental ethanol-exposed male offspring in the elevated plus maze test (p < 0.05), while depressive-like behavior rose only in maternal and bi-parental ethanol-exposed offspring (p < 0.01). However, compulsive-like behavior increased in all ethanol-exposed offspring (p < 0.01). No significant phenotypic changes were observed in the F2. The levels of MAO-B in the PFC increased in the maternal (p < 0.05) and bi-parental ethanol-exposed offspring (p < 0.01). Our study demonstrates that parental ethanol exposure, even in the days preceding mating, adversely affects behaviors and induces molecular changes in the brain. Given these findings, it becomes imperative to monitor children exposed to parental (especially maternal) ethanol for the prevention of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Basir Asefi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Heidari
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Teng PN, Barakat W, Tran SM, Tran ZM, Bateman NW, Conrads KA, Wilson KN, Oliver J, Gist G, Hood BL, Zhou M, Maxwell GL, Leggio L, Conrads TP, Lee MR. Brain proteomic atlas of alcohol use disorder in adult males. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:318. [PMID: 37833300 PMCID: PMC10575941 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects transcriptomic, epigenetic and proteomic expression in several organs, including the brain. There has not been a comprehensive analysis of altered protein abundance focusing on the multiple brain regions that undergo neuroadaptations occurring in AUD. We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of human postmortem tissue from brain regions that play key roles in the development and maintenance of AUD, the amygdala (AMG), hippocampus (HIPP), hypothalamus (HYP), nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Brain tissues were from adult males with AUD (n = 11) and matched controls (n = 16). Across the two groups, there were >6000 proteins quantified with differential protein abundance in AUD compared to controls in each of the six brain regions. The region with the greatest number of differentially expressed proteins was the AMG, followed by the HYP. Pathways associated with differentially expressed proteins between groups (fold change > 1.5 and LIMMA p < 0.01) were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In the AMG, adrenergic, opioid, oxytocin, GABA receptor and cytokine pathways were among the most enriched. In the HYP, dopaminergic signaling pathways were the most enriched. Proteins with differential abundance in AUD highlight potential therapeutic targets such as oxytocin, CSNK1D (PF-670462), GABAB receptor and opioid receptors and may lead to the identification of other potential targets. These results improve our understanding of the molecular alterations of AUD across brain regions that are associated with the development and maintenance of AUD. Proteomic data from this study is publicly available at www.lmdomics.org/AUDBrainProteomeAtlas/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Ning Teng
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Waleed Barakat
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophie M Tran
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoe M Tran
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas W Bateman
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Conrads
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katlin N Wilson
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Oliver
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Gist
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian L Hood
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Women's Service Line, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - G Larry Maxwell
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Women's Service Line, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Women's Health Integrated Research Center, Women's Service Line, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA.
| | - Mary R Lee
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Patrick MB, Omar N, Werner CT, Mitra S, Jarome TJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity - A 10 year update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105280. [PMID: 37315660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over 25 years ago, a seminal paper demonstrated that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was involved in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Interest in this topic began to expand around 2008 following another seminal paper showing that UPS-mediated protein degradation controlled the "destabilization" of memories following retrieval, though we remained with only a basic understanding of how the UPS regulated activity- and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, over the last 10 years there has been an explosion of papers on this topic that has significantly changed our understanding of how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling regulates synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Importantly, we now know that the UPS controls much more than protein degradation, is involved in plasticity underlying drugs of abuse and that there are significant sex differences in how ubiquitin-proteasome signaling is used for memory storage processes. Here, we aim to provide a critical 10-year update on the role of ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in synaptic plasticity and memory formation, including updated cellular models of how ubiquitin-proteasome activity could be regulating learning-dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Patrick
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nour Omar
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; National Center for Wellness and Recovery, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
| | - Timothy J Jarome
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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O'Brien NL, Quadri G, Lightley I, Sharp SI, Guerrini I, Smith I, Heydtmann M, Morgan MY, Thomson AD, Bass NJ, McHugh PC, McQuillin A. SLC19A1 Genetic Variation Leads to Altered Thiamine Diphosphate Transport: Implications for the Risk of Developing Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:581-588. [PMID: 35952336 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is commonly associated with chronic alcohol misuse, a condition known to have multiple detrimental effects on thiamine metabolism. This study was conducted to identify genetic variants that may contribute to the development of WKS in individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome through alteration of thiamine transport into cells. METHODS Exome sequencing data from a panel of genes related to alcohol metabolism and thiamine pathways were analysed in a discovery cohort of 29 individuals with WKS to identify possible genetic risk variants associated with its development. Variant frequencies in this discovery cohort were compared with European frequencies in the Genome Aggregation Database browser, and those present at significantly higher frequencies were genotyped in an additional cohort of 87 alcohol-dependent cases with WKS and 197 alcohol-dependent cognitively intact controls. RESULTS Thirty non-synonymous variants were identified in the discovery cohort and, after filtering, 23 were taken forward and genotyped in the case-control cohort. Of these SLC19A1:rs1051266:G was nominally associated with WKS. SLC19A1 encodes the reduced folate carrier, a major transporter for physiological folate in plasma; rs1051266 is reported to impact folate transport. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) efflux was significantly decreased in HEK293 cells, stably transfected with rs1051266:G, under thiamine deficient conditions when compared with the efflux from cells transfected with rs1051266:A (P = 5.7 × 10-11). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the role of genetic variation in the SLC19A1 gene, which may contribute to the development of WKS in vivo through modulation of TPP transport in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh L O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Giorgia Quadri
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Iain Lightley
- Centre for Biomarker Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Irene Guerrini
- Erith Health Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Iain Smith
- Alcohol Related Brain Injury Team, Stirling, UK
| | - Mathis Heydtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary, Cargenbridge, Dumfries, UK
| | - Marsha Y Morgan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, UK
| | - Allan D Thomson
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Patrick C McHugh
- Centre for Biomarker Research, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
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5
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Enculescu C, Kerr ED, Yeo KYB, Schenk G, Fortes MRS, Schulz BL. Proteomics Reveals Profound Metabolic Changes in the Alcohol Use Disorder Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2364-2373. [PMID: 30807102 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in brain metabolism are a hallmark of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Determining how AUD changes the brain proteome is critical for understanding the effects of alcohol consumption on biochemical processes in the brain. We used data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry proteomics to study differences in the abundance of proteins associated with AUD in prefrontal lobe and motor cortex from autopsy brain. AUD had a substantial effect on the overall brain proteome exceeding the inherent differences between brain regions. Proteins associated with glycolysis, trafficking, the cytoskeleton, and excitotoxicity were altered in abundance in AUD. We observed extensive changes in the abundance of key metabolic enzymes, consistent with a switch from glucose to acetate utilization in the AUD brain. We propose that metabolic adaptations allowing efficient acetate utilization contribute to ethanol dependence in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Enculescu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Edward D. Kerr
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - K. Y. Benjamin Yeo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Marina R. S. Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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6
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Kashem MA, Sultana N, Balcar VJ. Exposure of Rat Neural Stem Cells to Ethanol Affects Cell Numbers and Alters Expression of 28 Proteins. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1841-1854. [PMID: 30043189 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing brain cells express many proteins but little is known of how their protein composition responds to chronic exposure to alcohol and/or how such changes might relate to alcohol toxicity. We used cultures derived from embryonic rat brain (previously shown to contain mostly neural stem cells; rat NSC, rNSC), exposed them to ethanol (25-100 mM) for up to 96 h and studied how they reacted. Ethanol (50 and 100 mM) reduced cell numbers indicating either compromised cell proliferation, cytotoxicity or both. Increased lipid peroxidation was consistent with the presence of oxidative stress accompanying alcohol-induced cytotoxicity. Proteomics revealed 28 proteins as altered by ethanol (50 mM for 96 h). Some were constituents of cytoskeleton, others were involved in transcription/translation, signal transduction and oxidative stress. Nucleophosmin (NPM1) and dead-end protein homolog 1 (DND1) were further studied by immunological techniques in cultured neurons and astrocytes (derived from brain tissue at embryonic ages E15 and E20, respectively). In the case of DND1 (but not NPM1) ethanol induced similar pattern of changes in both types of cells. Given the critical role of the protein NPM1 in cell proliferation and differentiation, its reduced expression in the ethanol-exposed rNSC could, in part, explain the lower cells numbers. We conclude that chronic ethanol profoundly alters protein composition of rNSC to the extent that their functioning-including proliferation and survival-would be seriously compromised. Translated to humans, such changes could point the way towards mechanisms underlying the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and/or alcoholism later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Kashem
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building F13, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nilufa Sultana
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building F13, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vladimir J Balcar
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building F13, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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7
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Molecular Neuropathology of Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:78. [PMID: 29615864 PMCID: PMC5869926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem studies reveal structural and molecular alterations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in both the gray and white matter (GM and WM) of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in human subjects with chronic alcohol abuse or dependence. These glial cellular changes appear to parallel and may largely explain structural and functional alterations detected using neuroimaging techniques in subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Moreover, due to the crucial roles of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in neurotransmission and signal conduction, these cells are very likely major players in the molecular mechanisms underpinning alcoholism-related connectivity disturbances between the PFC and relevant interconnecting brain regions. The glia-mediated etiology of alcohol-related brain damage is likely multifactorial since metabolic, hormonal, hepatic and hemodynamic factors as well as direct actions of ethanol or its metabolites have the potential to disrupt distinct aspects of glial neurobiology. Studies in animal models of alcoholism and postmortem human brains have identified astrocyte markers altered in response to significant exposures to ethanol or during alcohol withdrawal, such as gap-junction proteins, glutamate transporters or enzymes related to glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism. Changes in these proteins and their regulatory pathways would not only cause GM neuronal dysfunction, but also disturbances in the ability of WM axons to convey impulses. In addition, alcoholism alters the expression of astrocyte and myelin proteins and of oligodendrocyte transcription factors important for the maintenance and plasticity of myelin sheaths in WM and GM. These changes are concomitant with epigenetic DNA and histone modifications as well as alterations in regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) that likely cause profound disturbances of gene expression and protein translation. Knowledge is also available about interactions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes not only at the Nodes of Ranvier (NR), but also in gap junction-based astrocyte-oligodendrocyte contacts and other forms of cell-to-cell communication now understood to be critical for the maintenance and formation of myelin. Close interactions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes also suggest that therapies for alcoholism based on a specific glial cell type pathology will require a better understanding of molecular interactions between different cell types, as well as considering the possibility of using combined molecular approaches for more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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8
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den Hartog CR, Gilstrap M, Eaton B, Lench DH, Mulholland PJ, Homanics GE, Woodward JJ. Effects of Repeated Ethanol Exposures on NMDA Receptor Expression and Locomotor Sensitization in Mice Expressing Ethanol Resistant NMDA Receptors. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:84. [PMID: 28270746 PMCID: PMC5318453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a large number of preclinical studies suggests that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants or ethanol induces changes in glutamatergic transmission in key brain areas associated with reward and control of behavior. These changes include alterations in the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) that are important for regulating neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptors are inhibited by ethanol and reductions in NMDA-mediated signaling are thought to trigger homestatic responses that limit ethanol's effects on glutamatergic transmission. Following repeated exposures to ethanol, these homeostatic responses may become unstable leading to an altered glutamatergic state that contributes to the escalations in drinking and cognitive deficits observed in alcohol-dependent subjects. An important unanswered question is whether ethanol-induced changes in NMDAR expression are modulated by the intrinsic sensitivity of the receptor to ethanol. In this study, we examined the effects of ethanol on NMDAR subunit expression in cortical (orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal), striatal (dorsal and ventral striatum) and limbic (dorsal hippocampus, basolateral amygdala) areas in mice genetically modified to express ethanol-resistant receptors (F639A mice). These mice have been previously shown to drink more ethanol than their wild-type counterparts and have altered behavioral responses to certain actions of ethanol. Following long-term voluntary drinking, F639A mice showed elevations in GluN2A but not GluN1 or GluN2B expression as compared to wild-type mice. Mice treated with repeated injections with ethanol (2-3.5 g/kg; i.p.) showed changes in NMDAR expression that varied in a complex manner with genotype, brain region, subunit type and exposure protocol all contributing to the observed response. F639A mice, but not wild-type mice, showed enhanced motor activity following repeated ethanol injections and this was associated with differences in NMDAR subunit expression across brain regions thought to be involved in drug sensitization. Overall, while the results of the study suggest that NMDARs with reduced sensitivity to ethanol favor the development of locomotor sensitization, they also show that intrinsic ethanol sensitivity is not the sole determinant underlying changes in NMDAR expression following repeated exposures to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R den Hartog
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Meghin Gilstrap
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bethany Eaton
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Daniel H Lench
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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9
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Zahr NM, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Perspectives on fronto-fugal circuitry from human imaging of alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:189-200. [PMID: 28118989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Descriptions of the cognitive functions affected by alcohol use disorders (AUD) often highlight dysfunction of executive processes such attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Such complex cognitive functions have historically been ascribed to the prefrontal cortex. AUD, however, disrupts extensive areas of the brain. Structural and functional MRI studies suggest a central role for degradation of circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex including nodes in widespread brain regions. This review features fronto-fugal circuits affected by AUD including frontocerebellar, frontolimbic, and frontostriatal networks and their relations to the salient, enduring, and debilitating cognitive and motor deficits reported in AUD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neuroscience Department, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Segobin S, Ritz L, Lannuzel C, Boudehent C, Vabret F, Eustache F, Beaunieux H, Pitel A. Integrity of white matter microstructure in alcoholics with and without Korsakoff's syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2795-808. [PMID: 25873017 PMCID: PMC6869167 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence results in two different clinical forms: "uncomplicated" alcoholism (UA) and Korsakoff's syndrome (KS). Certain brain networks are especially affected in UA and KS: the frontocerebellar circuit (FCC) and the Papez circuit (PC). Our aims were (1) to describe the profile of white matter (WM) microstructure in FCC and PC in the two clinical forms, (2) to identify those UA patients at risk of developing KS using their WM microstructural integrity as a biomarker. Tract-based spatial statistics and nonparametric voxel-based permutation tests were used to compare diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data in 7 KS, 20 UA, and 14 healthy controls. The two patient groups were also pooled together and compared to controls. k-means classifications were then performed on mean fractional anisotropy values of significant clusters across all subjects for two fiber tracts from the FCC (the middle cerebellar peduncle and superior cerebellar peduncle) and two tracts from the PC (fornix and cingulum). We found graded effects of WM microstructural abnormalities in the PC of UA and KS. UA patients classified at risk of developing KS using fiber tracts of the PC from DTI data also had the lowest scores of episodic memory. That finding suggests that WM microstructure could be used as a biomarker for early detection of UA patients at risk of developing KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Segobin
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
| | - Ludivine Ritz
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
| | - Coralie Lannuzel
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
| | - Céline Boudehent
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service D'addictologieCaenFrance
| | - François Vabret
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service D'addictologieCaenFrance
| | - Francis Eustache
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
| | - Hélène Beaunieux
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
| | - Anne‐Lise Pitel
- INSERMCaenFrance
- Université De Caen Basse‐NormandieCaenFrance
- Ecole Pratique Des Hautes EtudesCaenFrance
- Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireCaenFrance
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11
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Massaly N, Francès B, Moulédous L. Roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the effects of drugs of abuse. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:99. [PMID: 25610367 PMCID: PMC4285073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its ability to regulate the abundance of selected proteins the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in neuronal and synaptic plasticity. As a result various stages of learning and memory depend on UPS activity. Drug addiction, another phenomenon that relies on neuroplasticity, shares molecular substrates with memory processes. However, the necessity of proteasome-dependent protein degradation for the development of addiction has been poorly studied. Here we first review evidences from the literature that drugs of abuse regulate the expression and activity of the UPS system in the brain. We then provide a list of proteins which have been shown to be targeted to the proteasome following drug treatment and could thus be involved in neuronal adaptations underlying behaviors associated with drug use and abuse. Finally we describe the few studies that addressed the need for UPS-dependent protein degradation in animal models of addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5169 Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Francès
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5169 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Moulédous
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089 Toulouse, France ; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse, France
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12
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Erdozain AM, Morentin B, Bedford L, King E, Tooth D, Brewer C, Wayne D, Johnson L, Gerdes HK, Wigmore P, Callado LF, Carter WG. Alcohol-related brain damage in humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93586. [PMID: 24699688 PMCID: PMC3974765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic excessive alcohol intoxications evoke cumulative damage to tissues and organs. We examined prefrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area (BA) 9) from 20 human alcoholics and 20 age, gender, and postmortem delay matched control subjects. H & E staining and light microscopy of prefrontal cortex tissue revealed a reduction in the levels of cytoskeleton surrounding the nuclei of cortical and subcortical neurons, and a disruption of subcortical neuron patterning in alcoholic subjects. BA 9 tissue homogenisation and one dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) proteomics of cytosolic proteins identified dramatic reductions in the protein levels of spectrin β II, and α- and β-tubulins in alcoholics, and these were validated and quantitated by Western blotting. We detected a significant increase in α-tubulin acetylation in alcoholics, a non-significant increase in isoaspartate protein damage, but a significant increase in protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase protein levels, the enzyme that triggers isoaspartate damage repair in vivo. There was also a significant reduction in proteasome activity in alcoholics. One dimensional PAGE of membrane-enriched fractions detected a reduction in β-spectrin protein levels, and a significant increase in transmembranous α3 (catalytic) subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase in alcoholic subjects. However, control subjects retained stable oligomeric forms of α-subunit that were diminished in alcoholics. In alcoholics, significant loss of cytosolic α- and β-tubulins were also seen in caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum, but to different levels, indicative of brain regional susceptibility to alcohol-related damage. Collectively, these protein changes provide a molecular basis for some of the neuronal and behavioural abnormalities attributed to alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia M. Erdozain
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain
| | - Benito Morentin
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lynn Bedford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma King
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Tooth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Brewer
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Wayne
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Johnson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Henry K. Gerdes
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Wigmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Matsumoto I, Alexander-Kaufman K, Iwazaki T, Kashem MA, Matsuda-Matsumoto H. CNS proteomes in alcohol and drug abuse and dependence. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:539-52. [PMID: 17705711 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, including alcohol, can induce dependency formation and/or brain damage in brain regions important for cognition. 'High-throughput' approaches, such as cDNA microarray and proteomics, allow the analysis of global expression profiles of genes and proteins. These technologies have recently been applied to human brain tissue from patients with psychiatric illnesses, including substance abuse/dependence and appropriate animal models to help understand the causes and secondary effects of these complex disorders. Although these types of studies have been limited in number and by proteomics techniques that are still in their infancy, several interesting hypotheses have been proposed. Focusing on CNS proteomics, we aim to review and update current knowledge in this rapidly advancing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Matsumoto
- University of Sydney, Discipline of Pathology, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Matsumoto H, Matsumoto I. Alcoholism: protein expression profiles in a human hippocampal model. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:321-31. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Gorini G, Adron Harris R, Dayne Mayfield R. Proteomic approaches and identification of novel therapeutic targets for alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:104-30. [PMID: 23900301 PMCID: PMC3857647 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that gene regulation is far more complex than previously believed and does not completely explain changes at the protein level. Therefore, the direct study of the proteome, considerably different in both complexity and dynamicity to the genome/transcriptome, has provided unique insights to an increasing number of researchers. During the past decade, extraordinary advances in proteomic techniques have changed the way we can analyze the composition, regulation, and function of protein complexes and pathways underlying altered neurobiological conditions. When combined with complementary approaches, these advances provide the contextual information for decoding large data sets into meaningful biologically adaptive processes. Neuroproteomics offers potential breakthroughs in the field of alcohol research by leading to a deeper understanding of how alcohol globally affects protein structure, function, interactions, and networks. The wealth of information gained from these advances can help pinpoint relevant biomarkers for early diagnosis and improved prognosis of alcoholism and identify future pharmacological targets for the treatment of this addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gorini
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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16
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Shaban NZ, El-Kersh MA, El-Rashidy FH, Habashy NH. Protective role of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel and seed oil extracts on diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital-induced hepatic injury in male rats. Food Chem 2013; 141:1587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Qin L, Crews FT. Focal thalamic degeneration from ethanol and thiamine deficiency is associated with neuroimmune gene induction, microglial activation, and lack of monocarboxylic acid transporters. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:657-71. [PMID: 24117525 PMCID: PMC3959259 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Wernicke's encephalopathy-Korsakoff syndrome (WE-KS) is common in alcoholics, caused by thiamine deficiency (TD; vitamin B1) and associated with lesions to the thalamus (THAL). Although TD alone can cause WE, the high incidence in alcoholism suggests that TD and ethanol (EtOH) interact. Methods Mice in control, TD, or EtOH groups alone or combined were studied after 5 or 10 days of treatment. THAL and entorhinal cortex (ENT) histochemistry and mRNA were assessed. Results Combined EtOH-TD treatment for 5 days (EtOH-TD5) showed activated microglia, proinflammatory gene induction and THAL neurodegeneration that was greater than that found with TD alone (TD5), whereas 10 days resulted in marked THAL degeneration and microglial-neuroimmune activation in both groups. In contrast, 10 days of TD did not cause ENT degeneration. Interestingly, in ENT, TD10 activated microglia and astrocytes more than EtOH-TD10. In THAL, multiple astrocytic markers were lost consistent with glial cell loss. TD blocks glucose metabolism more than acetate. Acetate derived from hepatic EtOH metabolism is transported by monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT) into both neurons and astrocytes that use acetyl-CoA synthetase (AcCoAS) to generate cellular energy from acetate. MCT and AcCoAS expression in THAL is lower than ENT prompting the hypothesis that focal THAL degeneration is related to insufficient MCT and AcCoAS in THAL. To test this hypothesis, we administered glycerin triacetate (GTA) to increase blood acetate and found it protected the THAL from TD-induced degeneration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that EtOH potentiates TD-induced THAL degeneration through neuroimmune gene induction. The findings support the hypothesis that TD deficiency inhibits global glucose metabolism and that a reduced ability to process acetate for cellular energy results in THAL focal degeneration in alcoholics contributing to the high incidence of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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McBride WJ, Kimpel MW, McClintick JN, Ding ZM, Hauser SR, Edenberg HJ, Bell RL, Rodd ZA. Changes in gene expression within the ventral tegmental area following repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2013; 47:367-80. [PMID: 23714385 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect changes in gene expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following repeated excessive binge-like ('loss-of-control') alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Adult female P rats (n = 7) were given concurrent access to 10, 20, and 30% EtOH for 4 1-h sessions daily for 10 weeks followed by 2 cycles of 2 weeks of abstinence and 2 weeks of EtOH access. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 h after the 4th daily EtOH-access session at the end of the second 2-week relapse period. A water-control group of female P rats (n = 8) was also sacrificed. RNA was prepared from micro-punch samples of the VTA from individual rats; analyses were conducted with Affymetrix Rat 230.2 GeneChips. Ethanol intakes were 1.2-1.7 g/kg per session, resulting in blood levels >200 mg% at the end of the 4th session. There were 211 unique named genes that significantly differed (FDR = 0.1) between the water and EtOH groups. Bioinformatics analyses indicated alterations in a) transcription factors that reduced excitation-coupled transcription and promoted excitotoxic neuronal damage involving clusters of genes associated with Nfkbia, Fos, and Srebf1, b) genes that reduced cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and increased protein degradation, and c) genes involved in cell-to-cell interactions and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Among the named genes, there were 62 genes that showed differences between alcohol-naïve P and non-preferring (NP) rats, with 43 of the genes changing toward NP-like expression levels following excessive binge-like drinking in the P rats. These genes are involved in a pro-inflammatory response, and enhanced response to glucocorticoids and steroid hormones. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking can change the expression of genes that may alter neuronal function in several ways, some of which may be deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Canales L, Gambrell C, Chen J, Neal RE. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the cerebral cortex proteome in weanling rats. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 39:69-75. [PMID: 23702218 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy impairs neurodevelopment in offspring. Utilizing a rodent model of continuous moderate dose alcohol exposure throughout gestation [gestation day 1 (GD1)-GD22; BAC ~70 mg/dL], the impact of developmental alcohol exposure on juvenile cerebral cortex protein abundances was determined. At weaning, cerebral cortex tissue was collected from pups for 2D SDS-PAGE based proteome analysis with statistical analysis by Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Gestational alcohol exposure increased the abundance of post-translationally modified forms of cytoskeletal proteins and the abundance of proteins within the small molecule biochemistry (includes glucose metabolism) pathway and proteosome processing pathways though ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and chaperones were decreased in abundance. In weanling offspring exposed prenatally to alcohol, alterations in cytoskeletal protein post-translational modifications were noted. Increased abundance of proteins from the small molecule biochemistry pathway, which includes glucose metabolism, and proteosome processing pathways were also noted. Decreased abundances of ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and chaperone protein were noted in the cerebral cortex of these offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Canales
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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20
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Kashem MA, Ahmed S, Sarker R, Ahmed EU, Hargreaves GA, McGregor IS. Long-term daily access to alcohol alters dopamine-related synthesis and signaling proteins in the rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1280-8. [PMID: 22995788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure can adversely affect neuronal morphology, synaptic architecture and associated neuroplasticity. However, the effects of moderate levels of long-term alcohol intake on the brain are a matter of debate. The current study used 2-DE (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) proteomics to examine proteomic changes in the striatum of male Wistar rats after 8 months of continuous access to a standard off-the-shelf beer in their home cages. Alcohol intake under group-housed conditions during this time was around 3-4 g/kg/day, a level below that known to induce physical dependence in rats. After 8 months of access rats were euthanased and 2-DE proteomic analysis of the striatum was conducted. A total of 28 striatal proteins were significantly altered in the beer drinking rats relative to controls. Strikingly, many of these were dopamine (DA)-related proteins, including tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme of DA biosynthesis), pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase (a co-enzyme in DA biosynthesis), DA and cAMP regulating phosphoprotein (a regulator of DA receptors and transporters), protein phosphatase 1 (a signaling protein) and nitric oxide synthase (which modulates DA uptake). Selected protein expression changes were verified using Western blotting. We conclude that long-term moderate alcohol consumption is associated with substantial alterations in the rat striatal proteome, particularly with regard to dopaminergic signaling pathways. This provides potentially important evidence of major neuroadaptations in dopamine systems with daily alcohol consumption at relatively modest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abul Kashem
- Psychopharmacology and Proteomics Laboratory, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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21
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Effects of chronic tramadol exposure on the zebrafish brain: A proteomic study. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3351-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alfonso-Loeches S, Guerri C. Molecular and behavioral aspects of the actions of alcohol on the adult and developing brain. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 48:19-47. [PMID: 21657944 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.580567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is one of the major target organs of alcohol actions. Alcohol abuse can lead to alterations in brain structure and functions and, in some cases, to neurodegeneration. Cognitive deficits and alcohol dependence are highly damaging consequences of alcohol abuse. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to alcohol, and that drinking during gestation can lead to a range of physical, learning and behavioral defects (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), with the most dramatic presentation corresponding to fetal alcohol syndrome. Recent findings also indicate that adolescence is a stage of brain maturation and that heavy drinking at this stage can have a negative impact on brain structure and functions causing important short- and long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences. The effects of alcohol on the brain are not uniform; some brain areas or cell populations are more vulnerable than others. The prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the white matter and glial cells are particularly susceptible to the effects of ethanol. The molecular actions of alcohol on the brain are complex and involve numerous mechanisms and signaling pathways. Some of the mechanisms involved are common for the adult brain and for the developing brain, while others depend on the developmental stage. During brain ontogeny, alcohol causes irreversible alterations to the brain structure. It also impairs several molecular, neurochemical and cellular events taking place during normal brain development, including alterations in both gene expression regulation and the molecules involved in cell-cell interactions, interference with the mitogenic and growth factor response, enhancement of free radical formation and derangements of glial cell functions. However, in both adult and adolescent brains, alcohol damages specific brain areas through mechanisms involving excitotoxicity, free radical formation and neuroinflammatory damage resulting from activation of the innate immune system mediated by TLR4 receptors. Alcohol also acts on specific membrane proteins, such as neurotransmitter receptors (e.g. NMDA, GABA-A), ion channels (e.g. L-type Ca²⁺ channels, GIRKs), and signaling pathways (e.g. PKA and PKC signaling). These effects might underlie the wide variety of behavioral effects induced by ethanol drinking. The neuroadaptive changes affecting neurotransmission systems which are more sensitive to the acute effects of alcohol occur after long-term alcohol consumption. Alcohol-induced maladaptations in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, abnormal plastic changes in the reward-related brain areas and genetic and epigenetic factors may all contribute to alcohol reinforcement and alcohol addiction. This manuscript reviews the mechanisms by which ethanol impacts the adult and the developing brain, and causes both neural impairments and cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. The identification and the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ethanol toxicity might contribute to the development of treatments and/or therapeutic agents that could reduce or eliminate the deleterious effects of alcohol on the brain.
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Wang J, Yuan W, Li MD. Genes and pathways co-associated with the exposure to multiple drugs of abuse, including alcohol, amphetamine/methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, morphine, and/or nicotine: a review of proteomics analyses. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:269-86. [PMID: 21922273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuronal disease. In recent years, proteomics technology has been widely used to assess the protein expression in the brain tissues of both animals and humans exposed to addictive drugs. Through this approach, a large number of proteins potentially involved in the etiology of drug addictions have been identified, which provide a valuable resource to study protein function, biochemical pathways, and networks related to the molecular mechanisms underlying drug dependence. In this article, we summarize the recent application of proteomics to profiling protein expression patterns in animal or human brain tissues after the administration of alcohol, amphetamine/methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, morphine/heroin/butorphanol, or nicotine. From available reports, we compiled a list of 497 proteins associated with exposure to one or more addictive drugs, with 160 being related to exposure to at least two abused drugs. A number of biochemical pathways and biological processes appear to be enriched among these proteins, including synaptic transmission and signaling pathways related to neuronal functions. The data included in this work provide a summary and extension of the proteomics studies on drug addiction. Furthermore, the proteins and biological processes highlighted here may provide valuable insight into the cellular activities and biological processes in neurons in the development of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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24
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Strat YL, Ramoz N, Schumann G, Gorwood P. Molecular genetics of alcohol dependence and related endophenotypes. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:444-51. [PMID: 19506733 PMCID: PMC2691669 DOI: 10.2174/138920208786241252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a worldwide public health problem, and involves both environmental and genetic vulnerability factors. The heritability of alcohol dependence is rather high, ranging between 50% and 60%, although alcohol dependence is a polygenic, complex disorder. Genome-wide scans on large cohorts of multiplex families, including the collaborative study on genetics of alcoholism (COGA), emphasized the role of many chromosome regions and some candidate genes. The genes encoding the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, or those involved in brain reward pathways, have been involved. Since dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in the reward circuit, genes involved in the dopaminergic pathway represent candidates of interest. Furthermore, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter mediates the acute actions of alcohol and is involved in withdrawal symptomatology. Numerous studies showed an association between variants within GABA receptors genes and the risk of alcohol dependence. In accordance with the complexity of the “alcohol dependence” phenotype, another field of research, related to the concept of endophenotypes, received more recent attention. The role of vulnerability genes in alcohol dependence is therefore re-assessed focusing on different phenotypes and endophenotypes. The latter include brain oscillations, EEG alpha and beta variants and alpha power, and amplitude of P300 amplitude elicited from a visual oddball task. Recent enhancement on global characterizations of the genome by high-throughput approach for genotyping of polymorphisms and studies of transcriptomics and proteomics in alcohol dependence is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann L Strat
- INSERM U675, IFR02, Université Paris 7, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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25
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Yakovleva T, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Hauser KF, Bakalkin G. Transcriptional control of maladaptive and protective responses in alcoholics: a role of the NF-κB system. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S29-38. [PMID: 21195164 PMCID: PMC3588165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence and associated cognitive impairment appear to result from maladaptive neuroplasticity in response to chronic alcohol consumption, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The inherent stability of behavioral alterations associated with the addicted state suggests that transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms are operative. NF-κB transcription factors are regulators of synaptic plasticity and inflammation, and responsive to a variety of stimuli including alcohol. These factors are abundant in the brain where they have diverse functions that depend on the composition of the NF-κB complex and cellular context. In neuron cell bodies, NF-κB is constitutively active, and involved in neuronal injury and neuroprotection. However, at the synapse, NF-κB is present in a latent form and upon activation is transported to the cell nucleus. In glia, NF-κB is inducible and regulates inflammatory processes that exacerbate alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Animal studies demonstrate that acute alcohol exposure transiently activates NF-κB, which induces neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegeneration. Postmortem studies of brains of human alcoholics suggest that repeated cycles of alcohol consumption and withdrawal cause adaptive changes in the NF-κB system that may permit the system to better tolerate excessive stimulation. This type of tolerance, ensuring a low degree of responsiveness to applied stimuli, apparently differs from that in the immune system, and may represent a compensatory response that protects brain cells against alcohol neurotoxicity. This view is supported by findings showing preferential downregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression in the affected brain areas in human alcoholics. Although further verification is needed, we speculate that NF-κB-driven neuroinflammation and disruption to neuroplasticity play a significant role in regulating alcohol dependence and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,To whom correspondence may be addressed: Georgy Bakalkin, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden, , Phone: (+46) 18 471 5050, Fax: (+046) 18-50 19 20
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Abstract
One of the sequelae of chronic alcohol abuse is malnutrition. Importantly, a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B(1)) can result in the acute, potentially reversible neurological disorder Wernicke encephalopathy (WE). When WE is recognized, thiamine treatment can elicit a rapid clinical recovery. If WE is left untreated, however, patients can develop Korsakoff syndrome (KS), a severe neurological disorder characterized by anterograde amnesia. Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) describes the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on human brain structure and function in the absence of more discrete and well-characterized neurological concomitants of alcoholism such as WE and KS. Through knowledge of both the well-described changes in brain structure and function that are evident in alcohol-related disorders such as WE and KS and the clinical outcomes associated with these changes, researchers have begun to gain a better understanding of ARBD. This Review examines ARBD from the perspective of WE and KS, exploring the clinical presentations, postmortem brain pathology, in vivo MRI findings and potential molecular mechanisms associated with these conditions. An awareness of the consequences of chronic alcohol consumption on human behavior and brain structure can enable clinicians to improve detection and treatment of ARBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ethanol-induced changes in the expression of proteins related to neurotransmission and metabolism in different regions of the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:428-36. [PMID: 21397625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive description of the damaging effects of chronic alcohol exposure on brain structure, mechanistic explanations for the observed changes are just emerging. To investigate regional brain changes in protein expression levels following chronic ethanol treatment, one rat per sibling pair of male Wistar rats was exposed to intermittent (14 h/day) vaporized ethanol, the other to air for 26 weeks. At the end of 24 weeks of vapor exposure, the ethanol group had blood ethanol levels averaging 450 mg%, had not experienced a protracted (> 16 h) withdrawal from ethanol, and revealed only mild evidence of hepatic steatosis. Extracted brains were micro-dissected to isolate the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal striatum (STR), corpus callosum genu (CCg), CC body (CCb), anterior vermis (AV), and anterior dorsal lateral cerebellum (ADLC) for protein analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Expression levels for 54 protein spots were significantly different between the ethanol- and air-treated groups. Of these 54 proteins, tandem mass spectroscopy successfully identified 39 unique proteins, the levels of which were modified by ethanol treatment: 13 in the PFC, 7 in the STR, 2 in the CCg, 7 in the CCb, 7 in the AV, and 5 in the ADLC. The functions of the proteins altered by chronic ethanol exposure were predominantly associated with neurotransmitter systems in the PFC and cell metabolism in the STR. Stress response proteins were elevated only in the PFC, AV, and ADLC perhaps supporting a role for frontocerebellar circuitry disruption in alcoholism. Of the remaining proteins, some had functions associated with cytoskeletal physiology (e.g., in the CCb) and others with transcription/translation (e.g., in the ADLC). Considered collectively, all but 4 of the 39 proteins identified in the present study have been previously identified in ethanol gene- and/or protein-expression studies lending support for their role in ethanol-related brain alterations.
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Taurines R, Dudley E, Grassl J, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Coogan AN, Thome J. Proteomic research in psychiatry. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:151-96. [PMID: 20142298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe and disabling conditions of largely unknown origin and poorly understood pathophysiology. An accurate diagnosis and treatment of these disorders is often complicated by their aetiological and clinical heterogeneity. In recent years proteomic technologies based on mass spectrometry have been increasingly used, especially in the search for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in neuropsychiatric disorders. Proteomics enable an automated high-throughput protein determination revealing expression levels, post-translational modifications and complex protein-interaction networks. In contrast to other methods such as molecular genetics, proteomics provide the opportunity to determine modifications at the protein level thereby possibly being more closely related to pathophysiological processes underlying the clinical phenomenology of specific psychiatric conditions. In this article we review the theoretical background of proteomics and its most commonly utilized techniques. Furthermore the current impact of proteomic research on diverse psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, drug abuse and autism, is discussed. Proteomic methods are expected to gain crucial significance in psychiatric research and neuropharmacology over the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Taurines
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry, The School of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Molecular targets of alcohol action: Translational research for pharmacotherapy development and screening. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:293-347. [PMID: 21199775 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence are multifaceted disorders with neurobiological, psychological, and environmental components. Research on other complex neuropsychiatric diseases suggests that genetically influenced intermediate characteristics affect the risk for heavy alcohol consumption and its consequences. Diverse therapeutic interventions can be developed through identification of reliable biomarkers for this disorder and new pharmacological targets for its treatment. Advances in the fields of genomics and proteomics offer a number of possible targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches. This brain-focused review highlights studies identifying neurobiological systems associated with these targets and possible pharmacotherapies, summarizing evidence from clinically relevant animal and human studies, as well as sketching improvements and challenges facing the fields of proteomics and genomics. Concluding thoughts on using results from these profiling technologies for medication development are also presented.
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Acosta G, Freidman DP, Grant KA, Hemby SE. Alternative splicing of AMPA subunits in prefrontal cortical fields of cynomolgus monkeys following chronic ethanol self-administration. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:72. [PMID: 22291662 PMCID: PMC3249828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional impairment of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex underlies deficits in executive control that characterize addictive disorders, including alcohol addiction. Previous studies indicate that alcohol alters glutamate neurotransmission and one substrate of these effects may be through the reconfiguration of the subunits constituting ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) complexes. Glutamatergic transmission is integral to cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical communication and alcohol-induced changes in the abundance of the receptor subunits and/or their splice variants may result in critical functional impairments of prefrontal cortex in alcohol dependence. To this end, the effects of chronic ethanol self-administration on glutamate receptor ionotropic AMPA (GRIA) subunit variant and kainate (GRIK) subunit mRNA expression were studied in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of male cynomolgus monkeys. In DLPFC, total AMPA splice variant expression and total kainate receptor subunit expression were significantly decreased in alcohol drinking monkeys. Expression levels of GRIA3 flip and flop and GRIA4 flop mRNAs in this region were positively correlated with daily ethanol intake and blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) averaged over the 6 months prior to necropsy. In OFC, AMPA subunit splice variant expression was reduced in the alcohol treated group. GRIA2 flop mRNA levels in this region were positively correlated with daily ethanol intake and BEC averaged over the 6 months prior to necropsy. Results from these studies provide further evidence of transcriptional regulation of iGluR subunits in the primate brain following chronic alcohol self-administration. Additional studies examining the cellular localization of such effects in the framework of primate prefrontal cortical circuitry are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Acosta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Hashimoto JG, Forquer MR, Tanchuck MA, Finn DA, Wiren KM. Importance of genetic background for risk of relapse shown in altered prefrontal cortex gene expression during abstinence following chronic alcohol intoxication. Neuroscience 2010; 173:57-75. [PMID: 21081154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a relapsing disorder associated with excessive consumption after periods of abstinence. Neuroadaptations in brain structure, plasticity and gene expression occur with chronic intoxication but are poorly characterized. Here we report identification of pathways altered during abstinence in prefrontal cortex, a brain region associated with cognitive dysfunction and damage in alcoholics. To determine the influence of genetic differences, an animal model was employed with widely divergent responses to alcohol withdrawal, the Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR) and Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) lines. Mice were chronically exposed to highly intoxicating concentrations of ethanol and withdrawn, then left abstinent for 21 days. Transcriptional profiling by microarray analyses identified a total of 562 genes as significantly altered during abstinence. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the transcriptional response correlated with genotype/withdrawal phenotype rather than sex. Gene Ontology category overrepresentation analysis identified thyroid hormone metabolism, glutathione metabolism, axon guidance and DNA damage response as targeted classes of genes in low response WSR mice, with acetylation and histone deacetylase complex as highly dimorphic between WSR and WSP mice. Confirmation studies in WSR mice revealed both increased neurotoxicity by histopathologic examination and elevated triidothyronine (T3) levels. Most importantly, relapse drinking was reduced by inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis in dependent WSR mice compared to controls. These findings provide in vivo physiological and behavioral validation of the pathways identified. Combined, these results indicate a fundamentally distinct neuroadaptive response during abstinence in mice genetically selected for divergent withdrawal severity. Identification of pathways altered in abstinence may aid development of novel therapeutics for targeted treatment of relapse in abstinent alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hashimoto
- Research Service, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Johnson S, Tazik S, Lu D, Johnson C, Youdim MBH, Wang J, Rajkowska G, Ou XM. The New Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase, M30, has a Neuroprotective Effect Against Dexamethasone-Induced Brain Cell Apoptosis. Front Neurosci 2010; 4:180. [PMID: 21103012 PMCID: PMC2987595 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress detrimentally affects the brain and body and can lead to or be accompanied by depression. Although stress and depression may contribute to each other, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the effects is unclear. However, there is a correlation between stress and an increase in glucocorticoid secretion which causes a subsequent increase in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during stress. Consequently, MAO inhibitors have been used as traditional antidepressant drugs. Cellular treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (a cellular stressor), has been reported to markedly increase both MAO A and MAO B catalytic activities, as well as apoptosis. This study compares the neuroprotective abilities of M30 (a new generation inhibitor of both MAO A and MAO B) with rasagiline (Azilect®, another new MAO B inhibitor) and selegiline (Deprenyl®, a traditional MAO B inhibitor) in the prevention of dexamethasone-induced brain cell death and MAO activity in human neuroblastoma cells, SH-SY5Y. M30 demonstrated the highest inhibitory effect on MAO A; however, M30 showed the lowest inhibitory effect on MAO B enzymatic activity in comparison to rasagiline and selegiline. Although, M30 exhibited the greatest neuroprotective effect by decreasing cell death rates and apoptotic DNA damage compared to rasagiline and selegiline, these neuroprotective effects of M30 were, overall, similar to rasagiline. Summarily, M30 has a generally greater impact on neuroprotection than the MAO B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagiline. Our results suggest that M30 may have great potential in alleviating disorders involving increases in both MAO A and MAO B, such as stress-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakevia Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, USA
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Ou XM, Stockmeier CA, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Jurjus GJ, Dieter L, Chen K, Lu D, Johnson C, Youdim MB, Austin MC, Luo J, Sawa A, May W, Shih JC. A novel role for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase B cascade in ethanol-induced cellular damage. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:855-63. [PMID: 20022592 PMCID: PMC2854240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a major psychiatric condition at least partly associated with ethanol (EtOH)-induced cell damage. Although brain cell loss has been reported in subjects with alcoholism, the molecular mechanism is unclear. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) reportedly play a role in cellular dysfunction under stressful conditions and might contribute to EtOH-induced cell damage. METHODS Expression of GAPDH and MAO B protein was studied in human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines exposed to physiological concentrations of EtOH. Expression of these proteins was also examined in the prefrontal cortex from human subjects with alcohol dependence and in rats fed with an EtOH diet. Coimmunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, and luciferase assay were used to address nuclear GAPDH-mediated MAO B activation. To test the effects of inactivation, RNA interference and pharmacological intervention were used, and cell damage was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and hydrogen peroxide measurements. RESULTS Ethanol significantly increases levels of GAPDH, especially nuclear GAPDH, and MAO B in neuronal cells as well as in human and rat brains. Nuclear GAPDH interacts with the transcriptional activator, transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene 2 (TIEG2), and augments TIEG2-mediated MAO B transactivation, which results in cell damage in neuronal cells exposed to EtOH. Knockdown expression of GAPDH or treatment with MAO B inhibitors selegiline (deprenyl) and rasagiline (Azilect) can block this cascade. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol-elicited nuclear GAPDH augments TIEG2-mediated MAO B, which might play a role in brain damage in subjects with alcoholism. Compounds that block this cascade are potential candidates for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
| | - Craig A. Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, Departments of Psychiatry (CAS, GJJ and LD) and Psychology (JCO), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Herbert Y. Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - James C. Overholser
- Departments of Psychiatry (CAS, GJJ and LD) and Psychology (JCO), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - George J. Jurjus
- Departments of Psychiatry (CAS, GJJ and LD) and Psychology (JCO), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lesa Dieter
- Departments of Psychiatry (CAS, GJJ and LD) and Psychology (JCO), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Deyin Lu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Chandra Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Moussa B.H. Youdim
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mark C. Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Jia Luo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21287
| | - Warren May
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Jean C. Shih
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Abstract
Alcohol intake at levels posing an acute heath risk is common amongst teenagers. Alcohol abuse is the second most common mental disorder worldwide. The incidence of smoking is decreasing in the Western world but increasing in developing countries and is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Considering the longstanding history of alcohol and tobacco consumption in human societies, it might be surprising that the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol and smoking dependence are still incompletely understood. Effective treatments against the risk of relapse are lacking. Drugs of abuse exert their effect manipulating the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system. In this brain region, alcohol has many potential targets including membranes and several ion channels, while other drugs, for example nicotine, act via specific receptors or binding proteins. Repeated consumption of drugs of abuse mediates adaptive changes within this region, resulting in addiction. The high incidence of alcohol and nicotine co-abuse complicates analysis of the molecular basis of the disease. Gene expression profiling is a useful approach to explore novel drug targets in the brain. Several groups have utilised this technology to reveal drug-sensitive pathways in the mesocorticolimbic system of animal models and in human subjects. These studies are the focus of the present review.
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Ethanol increases TIEG2-MAO B cell death cascade in the prefrontal cortex of ethanol-preferring rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:511-8. [PMID: 20204567 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain cell loss has been reported in subjects with alcoholism. However, the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) reportedly play a role in cellular dysfunction with regards to ethanol exposure. We have recently reported that GAPDH protein expression was increased in the brains of rats fed with ethanol. Furthermore, GAPDH interacts with the transcriptional activator, transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene 2 (TIEG2), to augment TIEG2-mediated MAO B activation, resulting in neuronal cell damage due to ethanol exposure. The current study investigates whether the TIEG2-MAO B cascade is also active in the brains of rats fed with ethanol. Ten ethanol-preferring rats were fed with a liquid diet containing ethanol, with increasing amounts of ethanol up to a final concentration of 6.4% representing a final diet containing 36% of calories for 28 days. Ten control rats were fed the liquid diet without ethanol. The expression of TIEG2 protein, MAO B mRNA levels, MAO B catalytic activity, and the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl 2 and apoptotic protein caspase 3 were determined in the prefrontal cortex of the rats. Ethanol significantly increased protein levels of TIEG2, active caspase 3, MAO B mRNA and enzyme activity, but significantly decreased Bcl 2 protein expression compared to control rats. In summary, ethanol increases the TIEG2-MAO B brain cell death cascade in rat brains, suggesting that the TIEG2-MAO B pathway is a novel pathway for brain cell damage resulting from ethanol exposure, and may contribute to chronic alcohol-induced brain damage.
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McBride WJ, Kimpel MW, Schultz JA, McClintick JN, Edenberg HJ, Bell RL. Changes in gene expression in regions of the extended amygdala of alcohol-preferring rats after binge-like alcohol drinking. Alcohol 2010; 44:171-83. [PMID: 20116196 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine time-course changes in gene expression within two regions of the extended amygdala after binge-like alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Adult male P rats were given 1-h access to 15 and 30% ethanol three times daily for 8 weeks. Rats (n = 10/time point for ethanol and n = 6/time point for water) were killed by decapitation 1, 6, and 24 h after the last drinking episode. RNA was prepared from individual micropunch samples of the nucleus accumbens shell (ACB-shell) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA); analyses were conducted with Affymetrix Rat Genome 230.2 GeneChips. Ethanol intakes were 1.5-2 g/kg for each of the three sessions. There were no genes that were statistically different between the ethanol and water control groups at any individual time point. Therefore, an overall effect, comparing the water control and ethanol groups, was determined. In the ACB-shell and CeA, there were 276 and 402 probe sets for named genes, respectively, that differed between the two groups. There were 1.5-3.6-fold more genes with increased expression than with decreased expression in the ethanol-drinking group, with most differences between 1.1- and 1.2-fold. Among the differences between the ethanol and water control groups were several significant biological processes categories that were in common between the two regions (e.g., synaptic transmission, neurite development); however, within these categories, there were few genes in common between the two regions. Overall, the results indicate that binge-like alcohol drinking by P rats produces region-dependent changes in the expression of genes that could alter transcription, synaptic function, and neuronal plasticity in the ACB-shell and CeA; within each region, different mechanisms may underlie these alterations because there were few common ethanol-responsive genes between the ACB-shell and CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, 46202-4887, USA.
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Day IN, Thompson RJ. UCHL1 (PGP 9.5): Neuronal biomarker and ubiquitin system protein. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:327-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The prefrontal cortex occupies the anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is thought to be one of the most complex anatomical and functional structures of the mammalian brain. Its major role is to integrate and interpret inputs from cortical and sub-cortical structures and use this information to develop purposeful responses that reflect both present and future circumstances. This includes both action-oriented sequences involved in obtaining rewards and inhibition of behaviors that pose undue risk or harm to the individual. Given the central role in initiating and regulating these often complex cognitive and behavioral responses, it is no surprise that alcohol has profound effects on the function of the prefrontal cortex. In this chapter, we review the basic anatomy and physiology of the prefrontal cortex and discuss what is known about the actions of alcohol on the function of this brain region. This includes a review of both the human and animal literature including information on the electrophysiological and behavioral effects that follow acute and chronic exposure to alcohol. The chapter concludes with a discussion of unanswered questions and areas needing further investigation.
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Al-Zahrani MA, Elsayed YA. The impacts of substance abuse and dependence on neuropsychological functions in a sample of patients from Saudi Arabia. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:48. [PMID: 20003358 PMCID: PMC2799426 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lot of studies were directed to explore the relation between drug abuse and neuropsychological functions. Some studies reported that even after a long duration of disappearance of withdrawal or intoxication symptoms, many patients have obvious deterioration of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the substance use disorders and the executive functions. METHODS Two groups were selected for this study. An experimental group consisted of 154 patients and further subdivided according to the substance used into three different subgroups: opioid, amphetamine and alcohol groups which included 49, 56 and 49 patients respectively. The control group was selected matching the experimental group in the demographic characteristics and included 100 healthy persons. Tools used were: Benton visual retention tests, color trail making test, Stroop colors-word test, symbol digit modalities test, the five dots cognitive flexibility test, and TAM verbal flexibility test. All the data were subjected to statistical analysis RESULTS The study showed that the group of drug-dependent subjects performed significantly worse than the comparison group on all measures Also, there were significant differences among the subgroups as the alcoholic group was much worse followed by the amphetamine then the opioids groups. Patients with longer duration of dependence and multiple hospital readmissions were much worse in comparison to patients with shorter duration of dependence and less readmission. CONCLUSION The study confirmed that the functions of specific brain regions underlying cognitive control are significantly impaired in patients of drug addiction. This impairment was significantly related to type of substance, duration of use and number of hospitalization and may contribute to most of behavioral disturbances found in addicts and need much attention during tailoring of treatment programs.
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Bousquet-Dubouch MP, Nguen S, Bouyssié D, Burlet-Schiltz O, French SW, Monsarrat B, Bardag-Gorce F. Chronic ethanol feeding affects proteasome-interacting proteins. Proteomics 2009; 9:3609-22. [PMID: 19609968 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies on alcoholic liver injury mechanisms show a significant inhibition of the proteasome activity. To investigate this phenomenon, we isolated proteasome complexes from the liver of rats fed ethanol chronically, and from the liver of their pair-fed controls, using a non-denaturing multiple centrifugations procedure to preserve proteasome-interacting proteins (PIPs). ICAT and MS/MS spectral counting, further confirmed by Western blot, showed that the levels of several PIPs were significantly decreased in the isolated ethanol proteasome fractions. This was the case of PA28alpha/beta proteasome activator subunits, and of three proteasome-associated deubiquitinases, Rpn11, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 14, and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5. Interestingly, Rpn13 C-terminal end was missing in the ethanol proteasome fraction, which probably altered the linking of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5 to the proteasome. 20S proteasome and most 19S subunits were however not changed but Ecm29, a protein known to stabilize the interactions between the 20S and its activators, was decreased in the isolated ethanol proteasome fractions. It is proposed that ethanol metabolism causes proteasome inhibition by several mechanisms, including by altering PIPs and proteasome regulatory complexes binding to the proteasome.
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Kashem MA, Etages HD, Kopitar-Jerala N, McGregor IS, Matsumoto I. Differential protein expression in the corpus callosum (body) of human alcoholic brain. J Neurochem 2009; 110:486-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Etheridge N, Lewohl JM, Mayfield RD, Harris RA, Dodd PR. Synaptic proteome changes in the superior frontal gyrus and occipital cortex of the alcoholic brain. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:730-742. [PMID: 19924264 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits and behavioral changes that result from chronic alcohol abuse are a consequence of neuropathological changes which alter signal transmission through the neural network. To focus on the changes that occur at the point of connection between the neural network cells, synaptosomal preparations from post-mortem human brain of six chronic alcoholics and six non-alcoholic controls were compared using 2D-DIGE. Functionally affected and spared regions (superior frontal gyrus, SFG, and occipital cortex, OC, respectively) were analyzed from both groups to further investigate the specific pathological response that alcoholism has on the brain. Forty-nine proteins were differentially regulated between the SFG of alcoholics and the SFG of controls and 94 proteins were regulated in the OC with an overlap of 23 proteins. Additionally, the SFG was compared to the OC within each group (alcoholics or controls) to identify region specific differences. A selection were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealing proteins involved in vesicle transport, metabolism, folding and trafficking, and signal transduction, all of which have the potential to influence synaptic activity. A number of proteins identified in this study have been previously related to alcoholism; however, the focus on synaptic proteins has also uncovered novel alcoholism-affected proteins. Further exploration of these proteins will illuminate the mechanisms altering synaptic plasticity, and thus neuronal signaling and response, in the alcoholic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Etheridge
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Intermittent Hypercapnic Hypoxia Induced Protein Changes in the Piglet Hippocampus Identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:2215-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ou XM, Lu D, Johnson C, Chen K, Youdim MBH, Rajkowska G, Shih JC. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-monoamine oxidase B-mediated cell death-induced by ethanol is prevented by rasagiline and 1-R-aminoindan. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:148-59. [PMID: 19526291 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) are effectively used as therapeutic drugs for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their mechanism of action is not clear, since the neuroprotective effect of MAO B inhibitors is associated with the blockage of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-death cascade, rather than the inhibition of MAO B. Here, we provide evidence that GAPDH potentiates the ethanol-induced activity of MAO B and brain cell toxicity. The levels of nuclear GAPDH and MAO B activity are significantly increased in brain-derived cell lines upon 75 mM ethanol-induced cell death. Over-expression of GAPDH in cells enhances ethanol-induced cell death, and also increases the ethanol-induced activation of MAO B. In contrast, the MAO B inhibitors rasagiline and selegiline (0.25 nM) and the rasagiline metabolite, 1-R-aminoindan (1 muM) decreases the ethanol-induced MAO B, prevents nuclear translocation of GAPDH and reduces cell death. In addition, GAPDH interacts with transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene (TIEG2), a transcriptional activator for MAO B, and this interaction is increased in the nucleus by ethanol but reduced by MAO B inhibitors and 1-R-aminoindan. Furthermore, silencing TIEG2 using RNAi significantly reduces GAPDH-induced MAO B upregulation and neurotoxicity. In summary, ethanol-induced cell death, attenuated by MAO B inhibitors, may result from disrupting the movement of GAPDH with the transcriptional activator into the nucleus and secondly inhibit MAO B gene expression. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of rasagiline or 1-R-aminoindan on ethanol-induced cell death mediated by a novel GAPDH-MAO B pathway may provide a new insight in the treatment of neurobiological diseases including alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Ou
- Division of Neurobiology & Behavioral Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (G-109), University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Kashem MA, Sarker R, Des Etages H, Machaalani R, King N, McGregor IS, Matsumoto I. Comparative proteomics in the corpus callosal sub-regions of postmortem human brain. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:483-90. [PMID: 19433127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is a single anatomical region with homologous cytoarchitecture and divided into four sub-regions such as the rostrum, the genu, the body and the splenium. Neuroimaging analysis revealed that susceptibility to clinical neurological diseases of these sub-regions is variable, indicating biochemical and physiological heterogenecity. To understand the biochemical make up of these regions, we compared the protein expression of these three sub-regional areas [the genu, the body and the splenium (n=9)] through 2D proteomics, which is a high-throughput global protein expression analysis technique. Normative proteomic comparison of gels, and analysis of spectra revealed that 17 (identified as 7 proteins), 35 (identified as 20 proteins) and 39 (identified as 21 proteins) protein spots were differentially expressed in the genu vs. the body, the genu vs. the splenium and the body vs. the splenium, respectively. These results suggest that the sub-regions of the CC differ at the level of protein expression. Identified proteins of the different groups belong to several functional classes such as cytoskeletal, metabolic, signaling, oxidative stress and calcium regulation. Interestingly, oxidative stress defense and glucose metabolic pathways of the splenium are quite different from the genu which might be correlated to region specific vulnerability of neuronal illness. Protein expression maps of these regions can be used as a reference source for future studies to investigate the molecular basis of functional differences and degree of pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases of the CC.
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Martins-de-Souza D, Maccarrone G, Reckow S, Falkai P, Schmitt A, Turck CW. Shotgun mass spectrometry analysis of the human thalamus proteome. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1231-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Excessive alcohol use can cause structural and functional abnormalities of the brain and this has significant health, social and economic implications for most countries in the world. Even heavy social drinkers who have no specific neurological or hepatic problems show signs of regional brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Changes are more severe and other brain regions are damaged in patients who have additional vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). Quantitative studies and improvements in neuroimaging have contributed significantly to the documentation of these changes but mechanisms underlying the damage are not understood. A human brain bank targeting alcohol cases has been established in Sydney, Australia, and tissues can be used for structural and molecular studies and to test hypotheses developed from animal models and in vivo studies. The recognition of potentially reversible changes and preventative medical approaches are important public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Harper
- Department of Pathology, University of Sydney and Sydney South West Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia.
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Matsumoto I. Proteomics approach in the study of the pathophysiology of alcohol-related brain damage. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:171-6. [PMID: 19136498 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic, excessive drinking of alcohol can induce brain damage in the regions important for neurocognitive function. Some of the damage are permanent while some are appearantly reversible. It is our aim to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced and/or related brain damage, particularly of that observed in 'medically uncomplicated' (without heptatic cirrhosis or Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome [WKS]) alcoholics. METHODS A high-throughput proteomics technology has been applied to several 'alcohol-sensitive' brain regions from uncomplicated and hepatic cirrhosis-complicated alcoholics to understand the mechanisms of alcohol-related brain damage at the level of protein expression. RESULTS It was clearly demonstrated that each brain region reacts in significantly different manner to chronic alcohol ingestion. Appearant abnormalities in vitamin B1 (thiamine)-related biochemical pathways were observed in several brain regions, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, genu (a frontal part of the corpus callosum) and cerebellar vermis in uncomplicated alcoholics, suggesting that the reduction of this important nutritional component might be associated with brain damage even without the signs of WKS. In addition, in the two different subregions of the corpus callosum (genu and splenium [a posterior part of the corpus callosum]) and the cerebellar vermis, significant differences in protein expression profiles between uncomplicated and complicated alcoholics with hepatic cirrhosis were identified, suggesting that hepatic factors such as ammonia have significant additive influences on brain protein expression, which might lead to the structural changes and/or damage in these brain regions. Furthermore, in the hippocampus, significant change of the level of glutamine synthetase expression was observed, suggesting once again the importance of ammonia as a cause of brain damage in this region. CONCLUSIONS Although our data did not show any evidence of "direct" alcohol effects to induce the alteration of protein expression in association with brain damage, high-throughput neuroproteomics approaches are proven to have a potential to dissect the mechanisms of complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Matsumoto
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Differential effects of ethanol in the nucleus accumbens shell of alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-non-preferring (NP) and Wistar rats: a proteomics study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:304-13. [PMID: 19166871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ethanol injections on protein expression in the nucleus accumbens shell (ACB-sh) of alcohol-preferring (P), alcohol-non-preferring (NP) and Wistar (W) rats. Rats were injected for 5 consecutive days with either saline or 1 g/kg ethanol; 24 h after the last injection, rats were killed and brains obtained. Micro-punch samples of the ACB-sh were homogenized; extracted proteins were subjected to trypsin digestion and analyzed with a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer procedure. Ethanol changed expression levels (1.15-fold or higher) of 128 proteins in NP rats, 22 proteins in P, and 28 proteins in W rats. Few of the changes observed with ethanol treatment for NP rats were observed for P and W rats. Many of the changes occurred in calcium-calmodulin signaling systems, G-protein signaling systems, synaptic structure and histones. Approximately half the changes observed in the ACB-sh of P rats were also observed for W rats. Overall, the results indicate a unique response to ethanol of the ACB-sh of NP rats compared to P and W rats; this unique response may reflect changes in neuronal function in the ACB-sh that could contribute to the low alcohol drinking behavior of the NP line.
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Hargreaves GA, Quinn H, Kashem MA, Matsumoto I, McGregor IS. Proteomic Analysis Demonstrates Adolescent Vulnerability to Lasting Hippocampal Changes Following Chronic Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:86-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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