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Fort TD, Azuma MC, Laux DA, Cain ME. Environmental enrichment and sex, but not n-acetylcysteine, alter extended-access amphetamine self-administration and cue-seeking. Behav Brain Res 2024; 476:115261. [PMID: 39313073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
There are no approved therapeutics for psychostimulant use and recurrence of psychostimulant use. However, in preclinical rodent models environmental enrichment can decrease psychostimulant self-administration of low unit doses and cue-induced amphetamine seeking. We have previously demonstrated that glutamate-dependent therapeutics are able to alter amphetamine seeking to amphetamine-associated cues only in enriched rats. In the current experiment, we will determine if enrichment can attenuate responding and cue-induced amphetamine seeking during extended access to a high dose of intravenous amphetamine. We will also determine if N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutamate dependent therapeutic, can attenuate amphetamine seeking in differentially reared rats. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were reared in enriched, isolated, or standard conditions from postnatal day 21-51. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) during twelve 6-hour sessions. During the abstinence period, NAC (100 mg/kg) or saline was administered daily. Following a cue-induced amphetamine-seeking test, astrocyte densities within regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (ACb) were quantified using immunohistochemistry. Environmental enrichment decreased responding for amphetamine and during the cue-induced amphetamine-seeking test. NAC did not attenuate cue-induced amphetamine seeking or alter astrocyte density. Across all groups, female rats self-administered less amphetamine but responded more during cue-induced amphetamine seeking than male rats. While amphetamine increased astrocyte densities within the ACb and mPFC, it did not alter mPFC astrocyte densities in female rats. The results suggest that enrichment can attenuate responding during extended access to a high dose of amphetamine and the associated cues. Sex alters amphetamine-induced changes to astrocyte densities in a regionally specific matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Fort
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, USA
| | - Miki C Azuma
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, USA
| | - Dylan A Laux
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, USA
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, 1114 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, USA.
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Gawryluk A, Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Charzynska A, Zakrzewska R, Sobolewska A, Kossut M, Liguz-Lecznar M. Mitigation of aging-related plasticity decline through taurine supplementation and environmental enrichment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19546. [PMID: 39174711 PMCID: PMC11341750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging-related biochemical changes in nerve cells lead to dysfunctional synapses and disrupted neuronal circuits, ultimately affecting vital processes such as brain plasticity, learning, and memory. The imbalance between excitation and inhibition in synaptic function during aging contributes to cognitive impairment, emphasizing the importance of compensatory mechanisms. Fear conditioning-related plasticity of the somatosensory barrel cortex, relying on the proper functioning and extensive up regulation of the GABAergic system, in particular interneurons containing somatostatin, is compromised in aging (one-year-old) mice. The present research explores two potential interventions, taurine supplementation, and environmental enrichment, revealing their effectiveness in supporting learning-induced plasticity in the aging mouse brain. They do not act through a mechanism normalizing the Glutamate/GABA balance that is disrupted in aging. Still, they allow for increased somatostatin levels, an effect observed in young animals after learning. These findings highlight the potential of lifestyle interventions and diet supplementation to mitigate age-related cognitive decline by promoting experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gawryluk
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Charzynska
- Laboratory of Language Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Zakrzewska
- Laboratory of Behavioral Methods, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sobolewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kossut
- Science Diplomacy Board, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Liguz-Lecznar
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Prenatal cyanuric acid exposure disrupts cognitive flexibility and mGluR1-mediated hippocampal long-term depression in male rats. Toxicol Lett 2022; 370:74-84. [PMID: 36152796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanuric acid is one of the most widely used classes of industrial chemicals and is now well known as food adulterant and contaminant in pet food and infant formula. Previously, it was reported that animals prenatally exposed to cyanuric acid showed neurotoxic effects that impaired memory consolidating and suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. However, it is not clear if prenatal exposure to cyanuric acid induces deficits in reversal learning and long-term depression (LTD), which is required for the developmental reorganization of synaptic circuits and updating learned behaviors. Here, pregnant rats were i.p. injected with cyanuric acid (20 mg/kg) during the whole of gestation, and male offspring were selected to examine the levels of hippocampal mGluR1 and mGluR2/3 in young adulthood. The LTD at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway was induced by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) and recorded. Reversal learning and hippocampus-dependent learning strategy were tested in Morris-water maze (MWM) and T-maze tasks, respectively. To further confirm the potential mechanism, selective agonists of mGluR1 and mGluR2/3 and antagonists of mGluR were intra-hippocampal infused before behavioral and neuronal recording. We found the levels of alkaline phosphatase were markedly increased in the maternal placenta and fetal brain following prenatal exposure. The expression of mGluR1 but not mGluR2/3 was significantly decreased and mGluR1-mediated LTD was selectively weakened. Prenatal cyanuric acid impaired reversal learning ability, without changing place learning strategy. The mGluR1 agonist could effectively enhance LFS-induced LTD and mitigate reversal learning deficits. Meanwhile, the reductions in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPAR)-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) amplitude and frequency of cyanuric acid offspring were simultaneously alleviated by mGluR1 agonist infusions. Therefore, the results indicate the cognitive and synaptic impairments induced by prenatal cyanuric acid exposure are attributed to the disruption of the hippocampal mGluR1 signaling. Our findings provided the first evidence for the deteriorated effects of cyanuric acid on synaptic depression and advanced cognitive performance.
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Guven EB, Pranic NM, Unal G. The differential effects of brief environmental enrichment following social isolation in rats. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:818-832. [PMID: 35199313 PMCID: PMC8865499 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-00989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) in rodents is associated with a wide range of physiological, affective, and cognitive benefits. A seemingly opposite housing condition, social isolation (SI), is used as a rodent model of stress, negatively affecting several neurobiological mechanisms and hampering cognitive performance. Experimental designs that involve switching between these housing conditions produced mixed results. We evaluated different behavioral and cognitive effects of brief EE following long-term, SI-induced stress. We revealed the influence of enrichment after 30 days of isolation on behavioral despair, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial working memory in adult male Wistar rats and found a substantial anxiolytic effect in the experimental (SI to EE) group. Interestingly, rats exposed to EE also showed increased behavioral despair compared with the control (continuous SI) group. There was no difference in spatial working memory performance at the end of a 5-day water Y-maze (WYM) test. However, the SI to EE animals displayed better memory performance in the first 2 days of the WYM, indicating faster learning. In line with this difference, we recorded significantly more c-Fos-immunopositive (c-Fos+) cells in the retrosplenial and perirhinal cortices of the SI to EE animals. The lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala showed no such difference. These results suggest that brief enrichment following isolation stress leads to differential results in affective and cognitive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Beyza Guven
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Boğaziçi University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Melisa Pranic
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Boğaziçi University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gunes Unal
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Boğaziçi University, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Singh A, Xie Y, Davis A, Wang ZJ. Early social isolation stress increases addiction vulnerability to heroin and alters c-Fos expression in the mesocorticolimbic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1081-1095. [PMID: 34997861 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adverse psychosocial factors during early childhood or adolescence compromise neural structure and brain function, inducing susceptibility for many psychiatric disorders such as substance use disorder. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying early life stress-induced addiction vulnerability is still unclear, especially for opioids. OBJECTIVES To address this, we used a mouse heroin self-administration model to examine how chronic early social isolation (ESI) stress (5 weeks, beginning at weaning) affects the behavioral and neural responses to heroin during adulthood. RESULTS We found that ESI stress did not alter the acquisition for sucrose or heroin self-administration, nor change the motivation for sucrose on a progressive ratio schedule. However, ESI stress induced an upward shift of heroin dose-response curve in female mice and increased motivation and seeking for heroin in both sexes. Furthermore, we examined the neuronal activity (measured by c-Fos expression) within the key brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic system, including the prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, caudate putamen, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that ESI stress dampened c-Fos expression in the PrL, IL, and VTA after 14-day forced abstinence, while augmented the neuronal responses to heroin-predictive context and cue in the IL and NAc core. Moreover, ESI stress disrupted the association between c-Fos expression and attempted infusions during heroin-seeking test in the PrL. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ESI stress leads to increased seeking and motivation for heroin, and this may be associated with distinct changes in neuronal activities in different subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Ashton Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Jacobs B, Rally H, Doyle C, O'Brien L, Tennison M, Marino L. Putative neural consequences of captivity for elephants and cetaceans. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:439-465. [PMID: 34534428 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review assesses the potential neural impact of impoverished, captive environments on large-brained mammals, with a focus on elephants and cetaceans. These species share several characteristics, including being large, wide-ranging, long-lived, cognitively sophisticated, highly social, and large-brained mammals. Although the impact of the captive environment on physical and behavioral health has been well-documented, relatively little attention has been paid to the brain itself. Here, we explore the potential neural consequences of living in captive environments, with a focus on three levels: (1) The effects of environmental impoverishment/enrichment on the brain, emphasizing the negative neural consequences of the captive/impoverished environment; (2) the neural consequences of stress on the brain, with an emphasis on corticolimbic structures; and (3) the neural underpinnings of stereotypies, often observed in captive animals, underscoring dysregulation of the basal ganglia and associated circuitry. To this end, we provide a substantive hypothesis about the negative impact of captivity on the brains of large mammals (e.g., cetaceans and elephants) and how these neural consequences are related to documented evidence for compromised physical and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Jacobs
- Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, 80903, USA
| | - Heather Rally
- Foundation to Support Animal Protection, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Catherine Doyle
- Performing Animal Welfare Society, P.O. Box 849, Galt, CA, 95632, USA
| | - Lester O'Brien
- Palladium Elephant Consulting Inc., 2408 Pinewood Dr. SE, Calgary, AB, T2B1S4, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Tennison
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lori Marino
- Whale Sanctuary Project, Kanab, UT, 84741, USA
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Rico-Barrio I, Peñasco S, Lekunberri L, Serrano M, Egaña-Huguet J, Mimenza A, Soria-Gomez E, Ramos A, Buceta I, Gerrikagoitia I, Mendizabal-Zubiaga J, Elezgarai I, Puente N, Grandes P. Environmental Enrichment Rescues Endocannabinoid-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Lost in Young Adult Male Mice after Ethanol Exposure during Adolescence. Biomedicines 2021; 9:825. [PMID: 34356889 PMCID: PMC8301393 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge drinking (BD) is a serious health concern in adolescents as high ethanol (EtOH) consumption can have cognitive sequelae later in life. Remarkably, an enriched environment (EE) in adulthood significantly recovers memory in mice after adolescent BD, and the endocannabinoid, 2-arachydonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), rescues synaptic plasticity and memory impaired in adult rodents upon adolescent EtOH intake. However, the mechanisms by which EE improves memory are unknown. We investigated this in adolescent male C57BL/6J mice exposed to a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure four days per week for a duration of 4 weeks. After DID, the mice were nurtured under an EE for 2 weeks and were subjected to the Barnes Maze Test performed the last 5 days of withdrawal. The EE rescued memory and restored the EtOH-disrupted endocannabinoid (eCB)-dependent excitatory long-term depression at the dentate medial perforant path synapses (MPP-LTD). This recovery was dependent on both the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and required 2-AG. Also, the EE had a positive effect on mice exposed to water through the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and anandamide (AEA)-dependent MPP long-term potentiation (MPP-LTP). Taken together, EE positively impacts different forms of excitatory synaptic plasticity in water- and EtOH-exposed brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irantzu Rico-Barrio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sara Peñasco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Leire Lekunberri
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maitane Serrano
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Egaña-Huguet
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Amaia Mimenza
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Edgar Soria-Gomez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ianire Buceta
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Mendizabal-Zubiaga
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (I.R.-B.); (L.L.); (M.S.); (J.E.-H.); (A.M.); (E.S.-G.); (A.R.); (I.B.); (I.G.); (J.M.-Z.); (I.E.); (N.P.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Beier F, Löffler M, Nees F, Hausner L, Frölich L, Flor H. Promoting neuroplasticity and neuropsychological functioning in frailty through an app-based sensorimotor training: study protocol for a randomized trial. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:343. [PMID: 34082710 PMCID: PMC8173957 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is characterized by an age-related decline in multiple physiological systems, leading to a high vulnerability to stressors, adverse health outcomes, and low quality of life. Neuroscientific models of pathological aging emphasize the loss of sensorimotor stimulation and reduced neuromodulatory capacities as core processes in age-related cognitive and bodily decline, which may be associated with maladaptive plastic changes in the brain. We plan to increase sensorimotor stimulation in frail persons through a newly developed app-based training program and link the training trials to biological and psychological correlates of age-associated vulnerability and health indices. METHODS We will conduct a randomized trial, applying an app-based sensorimotor home training (N = 30) in people suffering from frailty. An app-based relaxation training will serve as an active control condition (N = 30). Both interventions will last for 90 days each. The sensorimotor training includes unimodal and multimodal sensory discrimination tasks in the visual, auditory, and tactile domain, as well as sensorimotor precision tasks. The tasks will be implemented using an adaptive training algorithm and enriched with motivational components embedded in a virtual training environment. We expect a pre-post reduction of frailty status and associated functional decline related to refinement of representational maps within the sensorimotor system and improved sensorimotor function such as extremity function. Secondary analyses will study the influence of BDNF genotype as moderating variable. Additional outcomes will include measures of perceptual and cognitive functioning, quality of life as well as BDNF serum levels. Measurements will take place before training (baseline), after 60 days (assessment 1), and at the end of the training after 90 days (assessment 2). DISCUSSION In our randomized trial, we aim to characterize a multidimensional concept of frailty and to target maladaptive behaviors and neuroplasticity using an app-based sensorimotor training. This type of intervention might provide further knowledge and new possibilities for preventing decline and preserving function in older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03666039 . Registered 11 September 2018 - Retrospectively registered. Protocol version: Version 4 revised (issue date: 19 May 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beier
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Löffler
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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Garcia EJ, Cain ME. Environmental enrichment and a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR 2/3) agonist suppress amphetamine self-administration: Characterizing baseline differences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 192:172907. [PMID: 32179027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A challenge for developing effective treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) is understanding how environmental variables alter the efficacy of therapeutics. Environmental enrichment (EC) enhances brain development and protects against behaviors associated with drug abuse vulnerability when compared to rats reared in isolation (IC) or standard conditions (SC). EC rearing enhances the expression and function of metabotropic glutamate receptor2/3 (mGlurR2/3) and activating mGluR2/3 reduces psychostimulant self-administration (SA). However, the ability for mGluR2/3 activation to suppress amphetamine (AMP) SA in differentially reared rats is not determined. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis EC reduces AMP (SA) by augmenting mGluR2/3 function. At postnatal day 21, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to EC, IC, or SC environments for 30 days. Then, they acquired AMP SA and were moved to a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. EC, IC, and SC rats were pretreated with LY379268 (vehicle, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg), a selective mGluR2/3 agonist, before PR behavioral sessions. Linear mixed effects analysis determined EC rats had reduced motivation for AMP SA when compared to IC or SC rats and that LY379268 dose-dependently suppressed AMP SA, but there was no evidence of an interaction. Cumming/Gardner-Altman estimation plots illustrate that the 0.3 mg/kg dose suppressed infusions in EC rats while the 1 mg/kg dose suppressed infusions in SC rats. LY379268 was incapable of suppressing the motivation for AMP SA in IC rats. Controlling for baseline differences in differentially reared rats remains a challenge. Normalizing to a baseline introduced error which is illustrated in the precision of the estimated effect size differences. The data indicate that environmental enrichment enhances the ability of a selective mGluR2/3 agonist to suppress AMP SA and indicates the functional status of the mGluR2/3 is formed during development. Therefore, environmental history must be considered when evaluating pharmacological therapeutics particularly those aimed at the mGluR2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Garcia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States of America
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, United States of America.
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10
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Therapeutic efficacy of environmental enrichment for substance use disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 188:172829. [PMID: 31778722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to drug and alcohol is regarded as a major health problem worldwide for which available treatments show limited effectiveness. The biggest challenge remains to enhance the capacities of interventions to reduce craving, prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery. New strategies to meet these challenges are being explored. Findings from preclinical work suggest that environmental enrichment (EE) holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of substance use disorders, as demonstrated in a number of animal models of drug abuse. The EE intervention introduced after drug exposure leads to attenuation of compulsive drug taking, attenuation of the rewarding (and reinforcing) effects of drugs, reductions in control of behavior by drug cues, and, very importantly, relapse prevention. Clinical work also suggests that multidimensional EE interventions (involving physical activity, social interaction, vocational training, recreational and community involvement) might produce similar therapeutic effects, if implemented continuously and rigorously. In this review we survey preclinical and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of EE as a behavioral intervention for substance use disorders and address related challenges. We also review work providing empirical evidence for EE-induced neuroplasticity within the mesocorticolimbic system that is believed to contribute to the seemingly therapeutic effects of EE on drug and alcohol-related behaviors.
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11
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Ponzoni L, Sala C, Verpelli C, Sala M, Braida D. Different attentional dysfunctions in
eEF2K
−/−
, IL1RAPL1
−/−
and
SHANK3Δ11
−/−
mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12563. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ponzoni
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute Milan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
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12
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Garcia EJ, Arndt DL, Cain ME. Dynamic interactions of ceftriaxone and environmental variables suppress amphetamine seeking. Brain Res 2019; 1712:63-72. [PMID: 30716289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extrasynaptic glutamate within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a driver of relapse. Cocaine, ethanol, and methamphetamine reduce the expression of cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT) and primary glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) leading to increased extrasynaptic glutamate. Ceftriaxone (CTX) restores xCT and GLT1 expression and effectively suppresses cocaine and ethanol reinstatement, however, the effects of CTX on amphetamine (AMP) reinstatement are not determined. Rodents were reared in an enriched condition (EC), isolated (IC), or standard condition (SC) and trained in AMP self-administration (0.1 mg/kg/infusion). EC, IC, and SC rats received injections of SAL or CTX (200 mg/kg) after daily extinction sessions. Then rats were tested in cue- and AMP-induced reinstatement tests. We hypothesized that EC rearing would reduce reinstatement by altering GLT1 or xCT expression in the NAc and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In Experiment 2, pair-housed rats received once-daily AMP (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) or SAL for eight days followed by once-daily CTX (200 mg/kg i.p.) or SAL injections for 10 days. CTX treatment reduced cue-induced drug seeking in EC rats but not IC or SC rats. In an AMP-induced reinstatement test, CTX reduced AMP-induced drug seeking in EC and SC rats, but not IC rats. Western blot analyses revealed that AMP self-administration and non-contingent repeated AMP exposure did not downregulate GLT1 or xCT in the NAc or mPFC. Therefore, the ability for EC housing to reduce amphetamine seeking may work through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Garcia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States.
| | - David L Arndt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States
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13
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Mumtaz F, Khan MI, Zubair M, Dehpour AR. Neurobiology and consequences of social isolation stress in animal model-A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1205-1222. [PMID: 30021357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a vital organ, susceptible to alterations under genetic influences and environmental experiences. Social isolation (SI) acts as a stressor which results in alterations in reactivity to stress, social behavior, function of neurochemical and neuroendocrine system, physiological, anatomical and behavioral changes in both animal and humans. During early stages of life, acute or chronic SIS has been proposed to show signs and symptoms of psychiatric and neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy and memory loss. Exposure to social isolation stress induces a variety of endocrinological changes including the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the release of glucocorticoids (GCs), release of catecholamines, activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system, release of Oxytocin and vasopressin. In several regions of the central nervous system (CNS), SIS alters the level of neurotransmitter such as dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, nitrergic system and adrenaline as well as leads to alteration in receptor sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and opioid system. A change in the function of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory factors, neurotrophins and neurotrophicfactors (NTFs), early growth response transcription factor genes (Egr) and C-Fos expression are also involved as a pathophysiological consequences of SIS which induce neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000 Kohat, KPK, Pakistan; Drug Detoxification Health Welfare Research Center, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Macht VA, Reagan LP. Chronic stress from adolescence to aging in the prefrontal cortex: A neuroimmune perspective. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:31-42. [PMID: 29258741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of the organism is a critical variable which influences the magnitude, duration, and reversibility of the effects of chronic stress. Such factors are relevant to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as this brain region is the last to mature, the first to decline, and is highly stress-sensitive. Therefore, this review will examine the intersection between the nervous system and immune system at glutamatergic synapses in the PFC across three developmental periods: adolescence, adulthood, and aging. Glutamatergic synapses are tightly juxtaposed with microglia and astrocytes, and each of these cell types exhibits their own developmental trajectory. Not only does chronic stress differentially impact each of these cell types across development, but chronic stress also alters intercellular communication within this quad-partite synapse. These observations suggest that developmental shifts in both neural and immune function across neurons, microglia, and astrocytes mediate shifting effects of chronic stress on glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
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Characterization of Behavioral, Signaling and Cytokine Alterations in a Rat Neurodevelopmental Model for Schizophrenia, and Their Reversal by the 5-HT 6 Receptor Antagonist SB-399885. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7413-7430. [PMID: 29423817 PMCID: PMC6096968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning social isolation of rats produces neuroanatomical, neurochemical and behavioral alterations resembling some core features of schizophrenia. This study examined the ability of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB-399885 to reverse isolation-induced cognitive deficits, then investigated alterations in hippocampal cell proliferation and hippocampal and frontal cortical expression of selected intracellular signaling molecules and cytokines. Male Lister hooded rats (weaned on post-natal days 21-24 and housed individually or in groups of 3-4) received six i.p. injections of vehicle (1% Tween 80, 1 mL/kg) or SB-399885 (5 or 10 mg/kg) over a 2-week period starting 40 days post-weaning, on the days that locomotor activity, novel object discrimination (NOD), pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle and acquisition, retention and extinction of a conditioned freezing response (CFR) were assessed. Tissue was collected 24 h after the final injection for immunohistochemistry, reverse-phase protein microarray and western blotting. Isolation rearing impaired NOD and cue-mediated CFR, decreased cell proliferation within the dentate gyrus, and elevated hippocampal TNFα levels and Cdc42 expression. SB-399885 reversed the NOD deficit and partially normalized CFR and cell proliferation. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of several members of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK signaling pathways (including TAK1, MKK4 and STAT3). Although JNK and p38 themselves were unaltered at this time point hippocampal TAK1 expression and phosphorylation correlated with visual recognition memory in the NOD task. Continued use of this neurodevelopmental model could further elucidate the neurobiology of schizophrenia and aid assessment of novel therapies for drug-resistant cognitive symptoms.
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16
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The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the prepulse inhibition paradigms for studying schizophrenia: pharmacology, neurodevelopment, and genetics. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:13-27. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Narducci R, Baroncelli L, Sansevero G, Begenisic T, Prontera C, Sale A, Cenni MC, Berardi N, Maffei L. Early impoverished environment delays the maturation of cerebral cortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1187. [PMID: 29352131 PMCID: PMC5775315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of exposure to impoverished environments on brain development is unexplored since most studies investigated how environmental impoverishment affects adult brain. To shed light on the impact of early impoverishment on developmental trajectories of the nervous system, we developed a protocol of environmental impoverishment in which dams and pups lived from birth in a condition of reduced sensory-motor stimulation. Focusing on visual system, we measured two indexes of functional development, that is visual acuity, assessed by using Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs), and VEP latency. In addition, we assessed in the visual cortex levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and myelin maturation, together with the expression of the GABA biosynthetic enzyme GAD67. We found that early impoverishment strongly delays visual acuity and VEP latency development. These functional changes were accompanied by a significant reduction of IGF-1 protein and GAD67 expression, as well as by delayed myelination of nerve fibers, in the visual cortex of impoverished pups. Thus, exposure to impoverished living conditions causes a significant alteration of developmental trajectories leading to a prominent delay of brain maturation. These results underscore the significance of adequate levels of environmental stimulation for the maturation of central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Narducci
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, I-50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Sansevero
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, I-50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Tatjana Begenisic
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concetta Prontera
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sale
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cenni
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Area San Salvi - Pad. 26, I-50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Effects of the Positive Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5, VU-29, on Impairment of Novel Object Recognition Induced by Acute Ethanol and Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 33:607-620. [PMID: 29294238 PMCID: PMC5871646 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is essential for learning and memory processes, and acute and chronic exposures to ethanol (or protracted abstinence) alter glutamatergic transmission. In the current study, we investigated the effects of VU-29, positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor, on the acute ethanol- and ethanol withdrawal-induced impairment of novel object recognition (NOR) task in rats. The influence of VU-29 (30 mg/kg) on memory retrieval was measured (a) at 4-h delay after acute ethanol administration, as well as (b) after acute withdrawal (24 and 48 h) of repeated (2.0 g/kg, once daily for 7 days) ethanol administration. Additionally, the effects of VU-29 on expression of mGlu5 and mGlu2 receptor proteins in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum were determined 48 h after ethanol withdrawal. Our results indicated that VU-29, given before acute ethanol administration, prevented the ethanol-induced impairments in spatial memory retrieval. Furthermore, VU-29 given before the testing session on the first day of abstinence facilitated NOR performance in ethanol-withdrawn rats at 4- and 24-h delay after administration. Our ELISA results show that VU-29 normalized ethanol withdrawal induced increase in expression of mGlu5 receptor protein in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum, as well as expression of mGlu2 receptor protein in the hippocampus. Thus, results from our study indicate that positive modulation of mGlu5 receptor prevented and reversed ethanol-induced memory impairment. Moreover, mGlu5 (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum) and mGlu2 (hippocampus) receptors play an important role in the ethanol-induced recognition memory impairment induced by ethanol withdrawal.
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19
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Marszalek-Grabska M, Gibula-Bruzda E, Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Suder P, Gawel K, Talarek S, Listos J, Kedzierska E, Danysz W, Kotlinska JH. ADX-47273, a mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator, attenuates deficits in cognitive flexibility induced by withdrawal from 'binge-like' ethanol exposure in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:9-16. [PMID: 29030082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to and withdrawal from ethanol induces deficits in spatial reversal learning. Data indicate that metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors are implicated in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. These receptors functionally interact with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and activation of one type results in the activation of the other. We examined whether (S)-(4-fluorophenyl)(3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-piperidin-1-yl (ADX-47273), a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptor, attenuates deficits in reversal learning induced by withdrawal (11-13days) from 'binge-like' ethanol input (5.0g/kg, i.g. for 5days) in the Barnes maze (a spatial learning) task in rats. We additionally examined the effects of ADX-47273 on the expression of the NMDA receptors subunit, GluN2B, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, on the 13th day of ethanol withdrawal. Herein, withdrawal from repeated ethanol administration impaired reversal learning, but not the probe trial. Moreover, ADX-47273 (30mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to the first reversal learning trial for 3days in the Barnes maze, significantly enhanced performance in the ethanol-treated group. The 13th day of ethanol abstinence decreased the expression of the GluN2B subunit in the selected brain regions, but ADX-47273 administration increased it. In conclusion, positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5 receptors recovered spatial reversal learning impairment induced by withdrawal from 'binge-like' ethanol exposure. Such effect seems to be correlated with the mGlu5 receptors mediated potentiation of GluN2B-NMDA receptor mediated responses in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Thus, our results emphasize the role of mGlu5 receptor PAM in the adaptive learning impaired by ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Gibula-Bruzda
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bodzon-Kulakowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Jolanta H Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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20
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Stairs DJ, Ewin SE, Kangiser MM, Pfaff MN. Effects of environmental enrichment on d-amphetamine self-administration following nicotine exposure. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 25:393-401. [PMID: 29048188 PMCID: PMC5654547 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent nicotine exposure has been shown to lead to further psychostimulant use in adulthood. Previous preclinical research in rats has shown that environmental enrichment may protect against drug abuse vulnerability. The current study was designed to examine whether environmental enrichment can block the ability of adolescent nicotine exposure to increase d-amphetamine self-administration in adulthood. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in either enriched conditions (ECs) or isolated conditions (ICs) and then injected with saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, sc) for 7 days during adolescence. In adulthood rats were allowed to self-administer d-amphetamine under a fixed ratio (FR; 0, 0.006, 0.01, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.1 mg/kg/infusion) and progressive ratio (PR; 0, 0.006, 0.06, and 0.1 mg/kg/infusion) schedule of reinforcement. Nicotine-treated IC rats self-administered more d-amphetamine at 0.006, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/kg/infusion doses compared with their saline-treated IC counterparts regardless of the schedule maintaining behavior. This effect of nicotine was reversed in EC rats on a fixed ratio schedule. These findings indicate that environmental enrichment can limit the ability of adolescent nicotine exposure to increase vulnerability to other psychostimulant drugs, such as d-amphetamine. (PsycINFO Database Record
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21
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Szumlinski KK, Lominac KD, Campbell RR, Cohen M, Fultz EK, Brown CN, Miller BW, Quadir SG, Martin D, Thompson AB, von Jonquieres G, Klugmann M, Phillips TJ, Kippin TE. Methamphetamine Addiction Vulnerability: The Glutamate, the Bad, and the Ugly. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:959-970. [PMID: 27890469 PMCID: PMC5391296 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence and severity of methamphetamine (MA) abuse demands greater neurobiological understanding of its etiology. METHODS We conducted immunoblotting and in vivo microdialysis procedures in MA high/low drinking mice, as well as in isogenic C57BL/6J mice that varied in their MA preference/taking, to examine the glutamate underpinnings of MA abuse vulnerability. Neuropharmacological and Homer2 knockdown approaches were also used in C57BL/6J mice to confirm the role for nucleus accumbens (NAC) glutamate/Homer2 expression in MA preference/aversion. RESULTS We identified a hyperglutamatergic state within the NAC as a biochemical trait corresponding with both genetic and idiopathic vulnerability for high MA preference and taking. We also confirmed that subchronic subtoxic MA experience elicits a hyperglutamatergic state within the NAC during protracted withdrawal, characterized by elevated metabotropic glutamate 1/5 receptor function and Homer2 receptor-scaffolding protein expression. A high MA-preferring phenotype was recapitulated by elevating endogenous glutamate within the NAC shell of mice and we reversed MA preference/taking by lowering endogenous glutamate and/or Homer2 expression within this subregion. CONCLUSIONS Our data point to an idiopathic, genetic, or drug-induced hyperglutamatergic state within the NAC as a mediator of MA addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California.
| | - Kevin D Lominac
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Rianne R Campbell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Matan Cohen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Elissa K Fultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Chelsea N Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Bailey W Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Sema G Quadir
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Douglas Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Andrew B Thompson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tod E Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; Neuroscience Research Institute, and Institute for Collaborative Biotechnology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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Galaj E, Shukur A, Manuszak M, Newman K, Ranaldi R. No evidence that environmental enrichment during rearing protects against cocaine behavioral effects but as an intervention reduces an already established cocaine conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Garcia EJ, Haddon TN, Saucier DA, Cain ME. Differential housing and novelty response: Protection and risk from locomotor sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 154:20-30. [PMID: 28108176 PMCID: PMC5370571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High novelty seeking increases the risk for drug experimentation and locomotor sensitization. Locomotor sensitization to psychostimulants is thought to reflect neurological adaptations that promote the transition to compulsive drug taking. Rats reared in enrichment (EC) show less locomotor sensitization when compared to rats reared in isolation (IC) or standard conditions (SC). The current research study was designed to test if novelty response contributed locomotor sensitization and more importantly, if the different housing environments could change the novelty response to protect against the development of locomotor sensitization in both adolescence and adulthood. Experiment 1: rats were tested for their response to novelty using the inescapable novelty test (IEN) and pseudorandomly assigned to enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC) housing conditions for 30days. After housing, they were tested with IEN. Rats were then administered amphetamine (0.5mg/kg) or saline and locomotor activity was measured followed by a sensitization test 14days later. Experiment 2: rats were tested in the IEN test early adulthood and given five administrations of amphetamine (0.3mg/kg) or saline and then either stayed in or switched housing environments for 30days. Rats were then re-tested in the IEN test in late adulthood and administered five more injections of their respective treatments and tested for locomotor sensitization. Results indicate that IC and SC increased the response to novelty. EC housing decreased locomotor response to amphetamine and saline, and SC housing increased the locomotor response to amphetamine. Mediation results indicated that the late adult novelty response fully mediates the locomotor response to amphetamine and saline, while the early adulthood novelty response did not. CONCLUSIONS Differential housing changes novelty and amphetamine locomotor response. Novelty response is altered into adulthood and provides evidence that enrichment can be used to reduce drug vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Garcia
- Kansas State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States.
| | - Tara N Haddon
- Kansas State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States
| | - Donald A Saucier
- Kansas State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States.
| | - Mary E Cain
- Kansas State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States.
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McOmish CE, Demireva EY, Gingrich JA. Developmental expression of mGlu2 and mGlu3 in the mouse brain. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 22:46-53. [PMID: 27818290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic system directs central nervous system (CNS) neuronal activity and may underlie various neuropsychiatric disorders. Glutamate transmits its effects through multiple receptor classes. Class II metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGlu2 and mGlu3, play an important role in regulating synaptic release of different neurotransmitter systems and consequently modulate signaling across several neuronal subtypes. Drugs targeting mGlu2 and mGlu3 are seen as potential therapeutics for various psychiatric and neurological disorders, and defining their expression through development can aid in understanding their distinct function. Here, non-radioactive in situ hybridization was used to detect mGlu2 and mGlu3 mRNA in the CNS of 129SvEv mice at PN1, PN8, PN25, PN40, and PN100. At PN1, mGlu2 and mGlu3 are strongly expressed cortically, most notably in layer III and V. Subcortically, mGlu2 is detected in thalamic nuclei; mGlu3 is highly expressed in the striatum. By PN8, the most notable changes are in hippocampus and cortex, with mGlu2 densely expressed in the dentate gyrus, and showing increased cortical levels especially in medial cortex. At PN8, mGlu3 is observed in cortex and striatum, with highest levels detected in reticular thalamic nucleus. At PN25 patterns of expression approximated those observed across adulthood (PN40 & PN100): mGlu2 expression was high in cortex and dentate gyrus while mGlu3 showed expression in the reticular thalamic nucleus, cortex, and striatum. These studies provide a foundation for future research seeking to parse out the roles of mGlu2 from mGlu3, paving the way for better understanding of how these receptors regulate activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E McOmish
- Molecular Psychiatry, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Elena Y Demireva
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jay A Gingrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Wu ZM, Ding Y, Jia HX, Li L. Different effects of isolation-rearing and neonatal MK-801 treatment on attentional modulations of prepulse inhibition of startle in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3089-102. [PMID: 27370017 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONAL Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is suppression of the startle reflex by a weaker sensory stimulus (prepulse) preceding the startling stimulus. In people with schizophrenia, impairment of attentional modulation of PPI, but not impairment of baseline PPI, is correlated with symptom severity. In rats, both fear conditioning of prepulse and perceptually spatial separation between the conditioned prepulse and a noise masker enhance PPI (the paradigms of attentional modulation of PPI). OBJECTIVES As a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, isolation rearing impairs both baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI in rats. This study examined in Sprague-Dawley male rats whether neonatally blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors specifically affects attentional modulations of PPI during adulthood. RESULTS Both socially reared rats with neonatal exposure to the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and isolation-reared rats exhibited augmented startle responses, but only isolation rearing impaired baseline PPI. Fear conditioning of the prepulse enhanced PPI in socially reared rats, but MK-801-treated rats lost the prepulse feature specificity. Perceptually spatial separation between the conditioned prepulse and a noise masker further enhanced PPI only in normally reared rats. Clozapine administration during adulthood generally weakened startle, enhanced baseline PPI in neonatally interrupted rats, and restored the fear conditioning-induced PPI enhancement in isolation-reared rats with a loss of the prepulse feature specificity. Clozapine administration also abolished both the perceptual separation-induced PPI enhancement in normally reared rats and the fear conditioning-induced PPI enhancement in MK-801-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Isolation rearing impairs both baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI, but neonatally disrupting NMDA receptor-mediated transmissions specifically impair attentional modulations of PPI. Clozapine has limited alleviating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Meng Wu
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mental Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia,Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Xue B, Fitzgerald CA, Jin DZ, Mao LM, Wang JQ. Amphetamine elevates phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the rat forebrain via activating dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Brain Res 2016; 1646:459-466. [PMID: 27338925 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants have an impact on protein synthesis, although underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Eukaryotic initiation factor 2α-subunit (eIF2α) is a key player in initiation of protein translation and is regulated by phosphorylation. While this factor is sensitive to changing synaptic input and is critical for synaptic plasticity, its sensitivity to stimulants is poorly understood. Here we systematically characterized responses of eIF2α to a systemic administration of the stimulant amphetamine (AMPH) in dopamine responsive regions of adult rat brains. Intraperitoneal injection of AMPH at 5mg/kg increased eIF2α phosphorylation at serine 51 in the striatum. This increase was transient. In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), AMPH induced a relatively delayed phosphorylation of the factor. Pretreatment with a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 blocked the AMPH-stimulated eIF2α phosphorylation in both the striatum and mPFC. Similarly, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride reduced the effect of AMPH in the two regions. Two antagonists alone did not alter basal eIF2α phosphorylation. AMPH and two antagonists did not change the amount of total eIF2α proteins in both regions. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of eIF2α to stimulant exposure. AMPH possesses the ability to stimulate eIF2α phosphorylation in striatal and mPFC neurons in vivo in a D1 and D2 receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xue
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Cole A Fitzgerald
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dao-Zhong Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Li-Min Mao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Q Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Sex-specific effects of prenatal chronic mild stress on adult spatial learning capacity and regional glutamate receptor expression profiles. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Buschler A, Manahan-Vaughan D. Metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, mediates enhancements of hippocampal long-term potentiation after environmental enrichment in young and old mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:42-50. [PMID: 27267685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor, mGlu5, is of particular relevance for hippocampal function. It is critically required for the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), regulates neuronal oscillations, maintains the stability of place fields and is required for hippocampus-dependent memory. MGlu5-dysfunctions are associated with profound cognitive deficits in humans, and mGlu5 has been targeted as a putative cognitive enhancer. Cognitive enhancement, by means of environmental enrichment (EE) in rodents, results in improved hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Here, we explored whether mGlu5 contributes to these enhancements. MGlu5-antagonism dose-dependently impaired the early phase of LTP (>4 h) in the CA1 region of young(3-4 month old) mice. Late-LTP (>24 h) was also impaired. LTP (>24 h) elicited in old (10-14 month old) mice displayed reduced sensitivity to mGlu5 antagonism. Short-term potentiation (STP, < 2 h) that was elicited by weaker afferent stimulation was unaffected by mGlu5-antagonism in both age-groups. EE significantly amplified STP (<2 h) in old and young animals, but did not increase the duration of synaptic potentiation, or promote induction of LTP. The improvement in STP was prevented by mGlu5-antagonism, in both young and old animals. These results indicate that modifications of the synapse that underlie improvements of LTP by EE require the contribution of mGlu5. Strikingly, although LTP in old mice does not critically depend on mGlu5, improvements in synaptic potentiation resulting from EE are mGlu5-dependent in old mice. Regarded in light of the known role for mGlu5 in hippocampal function and pathophysiology, these data suggest that mGlu5 regulation of synaptic information storage is pivotal to optimal hippocampal function. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Buschler
- Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denise Manahan-Vaughan
- Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, Bochum, Germany.
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Ze X, Su M, Zhao X, Jiang H, Hong J, Yu X, Liu D, Xu B, Sheng L, Zhou Q, Zhou J, Cui J, Li K, Wang L, Ze Y, Hong F. TiO2 nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity may be involved in dysfunction of glutamate metabolism and its receptor expression in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:655-662. [PMID: 25411160 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been used in environmental management, food, medicine, and industry. But TiO2 NPs have been demonstrated to cross the blood-brain barrier and store up in the brain organization, leading to glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity. However, the neurotoxicity in the brain is not well understood. In this study, mice were exposed to 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 9 months, and the glutamate-glutamine cyclic pathway and expressions of glutamate receptors associated with the hippocampal neurotoxicity were investigated. Our findings showed elevations of glutamate release and phosphate-activated glutaminase activity, and reductions in glutamine and glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus following exposure to TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs significantly inhibited the expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits (including NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in mouse hippocampus. These findings suggest that the imbalance of glutamate metabolism triggered inhibitions of glutamate receptor expression in the TiO2 NP-exposed hippocampus. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 655-662, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mingyu Su
- Suzhou Environmental Monitor Center, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bingqing Xu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Junling Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingwen Cui
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kai Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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McOmish CE, Pavey G, Gibbons A, Hopper S, Udawela M, Scarr E, Dean B. Lower [3H]LY341495 binding to mGlu2/3 receptors in the anterior cingulate of subjects with major depressive disorder but not bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:241-248. [PMID: 26521087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The glutamatergic system has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of major depressive disorders(MDD) and mGlu2/3 receptors play an important role in regulating glutamatergic tone. We therefore measured cortical levels of mGlu2/3 to determine if they were changed in MDD. METHODS Binding parameters for [(3)H]LY341495 (mGlu2/3 antagonist) were determined to allow optimized in situ binding with autoradiography to be completed using a number of CNS regions. Subsequently, density of [(3)H]LY341495 binding was measured in BA24(anterior cingulate cortex), BA17(visual cortex) and BA46(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) from subjects with MDD, Bipolar Disorder(BPD), Schizophrenia(SCZ), and controls, as well as rats treated with imipramine (20mg/kg), fluoxetine (10mg/kg), or vehicle. RESULTS mGlu2/3 are widely expressed throughout the brain with high levels observed in cortex. [(3)H]LY341495 binding was significantly lower in BA24 from subjects with MDD (mean ± SEM=141.3 ± 14.65 fmol/ETE) relative to controls (184.9 ± 7.76 fmol/ETE; Cohen's d=1.005, p<0.05). There were no other differences with diagnoses, and chronic antidepressant treatment in rats had minimal effect on binding. LIMITATIONS Using this approach we are unable to determine whether the change represents fluctuations in mGlu2, mGlu3, or both. Moreover, using postmortem tissue we are unable to dissociate the irrevocable confound of suicidality upon binding levels. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated lower [(3)H]LY341495 binding levels in MDD in BA24-a brain region implicated in depression. Moreover we show that the lower levels are unlikely to be the result of antidepressant treatment. These data suggest that levels of either mGlu2 and/or mGlu3 are affected in the aetiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E McOmish
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Geoff Pavey
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Gibbons
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun Hopper
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madhara Udawela
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Social Isolation Stress Induces Anxious-Depressive-Like Behavior and Alterations of Neuroplasticity-Related Genes in Adult Male Mice. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6212983. [PMID: 26881124 PMCID: PMC4736811 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6212983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a major risk factor in the onset of several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Although several studies have shown that social isolation stress during postweaning period induces behavioral and brain molecular changes, the effects of social isolation on behavior during adulthood have been less characterized. Aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between the behavioral alterations and brain molecular changes induced by chronic social isolation stress in adult male mice. Plasma corticosterone levels and adrenal glands weight were also analyzed. Socially isolated (SI) mice showed higher locomotor activity, spent less time in the open field center, and displayed higher immobility time in the tail suspension test compared to group-housed (GH) mice. SI mice exhibited reduced plasma corticosterone levels and reduced difference between right and left adrenal glands. SI showed lower mRNA levels of the BDNF-7 splice variant, c-Fos, Arc, and Egr-1 in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex compared to GH mice. Finally, SI mice exhibited selectively reduced mGluR1 and mGluR2 levels in the prefrontal cortex. Altogether, these results suggest that anxious- and depressive-like behavior induced by social isolation stress correlates with reduction of several neuroplasticity-related genes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of adult male mice.
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Arndt DL, Johns KC, Dietz ZK, Cain ME. Environmental condition alters amphetamine self-administration: role of the MGluR₅ receptor and schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232. [PMID: 26211759 PMCID: PMC4667709 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests that differential rearing influences the function of a receptor subtype critical for maintaining glutamate homeostasis. Maintaining homeostatic glutamatergic function may be an important protector against drug abuse. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine if differential rearing influences the function of a receptor critical for glutamate homeostasis, which could in turn affect rates of amphetamine self-administration. METHODS Rats were assigned to enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC) conditions. After rearing for 30 days, rats were trained to lever press for sucrose reinforcement before the implantation of indwelling jugular catheters. After reaching stable responding for amphetamine (0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg/infusion), rats were injected with five doses (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) of the mGluR5 antagonist, 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP), 30 min before self-administration sessions. Following fixed-ratio (FR-1) testing, rats were administered identical doses of MTEP on a progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement schedule. RESULTS MTEP (3.0 mg/kg) attenuated FR-1 self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) in IC rats. MTEP also dose-dependently attenuated amphetamine self-administration (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) during FR-1 and PR sessions, with 5.0 mg/kg MTEP attenuating amphetamine self-administration in IC and SC rats and 3.0 mg/kg MTEP attenuating amphetamine self-administration in EC and SC rats. PR results also revealed that IC rats not treated with MTEP were more motivated to self-administer the higher dose of amphetamine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the mGlu5 receptor mediates differences in drug-taking behavior among differentially reared rats. Isolation also decreased sensitivity to MTEP, suggesting that environmental factors alter glutamate homeostasis which subsequently affects sensitivity and motivation to self-administer amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Arndt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA,
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Environmental enrichment improves learning and memory and long-term potentiation in young adult rats through a mechanism requiring mGluR5 signaling and sustained activation of p70s6k. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:126-34. [PMID: 26341144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that mild cognitive impairments identified early in life are predictive of cognitive deficits that develop with age, suggesting that enhancements in cognition at an early age can provide a buffer against age-related cognitive decline. Environmental enrichment has been shown to improve learning and memory in the rodent, but the impact of enrichment on synaptic plasticity and the molecular mechanisms behind enrichment are not completely understood. To address these unresolved issues, we have housed 2-month old rats in environmentally enriched (EE), socially enriched (SE), or standard housing (SC) and conducted tests of learning and memory formation at various time intervals. Here we demonstrate that animals that have been exposed to one month of social or environmental enrichment demonstrate enhanced learning and memory relative to standard housed controls. However, we have found that after 4months EE animals perform better than both SE and SC groups and demonstrate an enhanced hippocampal LTP. Our results demonstrate that this LTP is dependent on mGluR5 signaling, activation of ERK and mTOR signaling cascades, and sustained phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase, thus providing a potential target mechanism for future studies of cognitive enhancement in the rodent.
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Hwa LS, Nathanson AJ, Shimamoto A, Tayeh JK, Wilens AR, Holly EN, Newman EL, DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Aggression and increased glutamate in the mPFC during withdrawal from intermittent alcohol in outbred mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2889-902. [PMID: 25899790 PMCID: PMC4515187 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disrupted social behavior, including occasional aggressive outbursts, is characteristic of withdrawal from long-term alcohol (EtOH) use. Heavy EtOH use and exaggerated responses during withdrawal may be treated using glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists. OBJECTIVES The current experiments explore aggression and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) glutamate as consequences of withdrawal from intermittent access to EtOH and changes in aggression and mPFC glutamate caused by NMDAR antagonists memantine and ketamine. METHODS Swiss male mice underwent withdrawal following 1-8 weeks of intermittent access to 20 % EtOH. Aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors with a conspecific were measured 6-8 h into EtOH withdrawal after memantine or ketamine (0-30 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. In separate mice, extracellular mPFC glutamate after memantine was measured during withdrawal using in vivo microdialysis. RESULTS At 6-8 h withdrawal from EtOH, mice exhibited more convulsions and aggression and decreased social contact compared to age-matched water controls. Memantine, but not ketamine, increased withdrawal aggression at the 5-mg/kg dose in mice with a history of 8 weeks of EtOH but not 1 or 4 weeks of EtOH or in water drinkers. Tonic mPFC glutamate was higher during withdrawal after 8 weeks of EtOH compared to 1 week of EtOH or 8 weeks of water. Five milligrams per kilogram of memantine increased glutamate in 8-week EtOH mice, but also in 1-week EtOH and water drinkers. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal aggressive behavior as a novel symptom of EtOH withdrawal in outbred mice and confirm a role of NMDARs during withdrawal aggression and for disrupted social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S. Hwa
- Tufts University Department of Psychology, Medford, MA 02155
| | | | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Tufts University Department of Psychology, Medford, MA 02155
| | | | | | | | - Emily L. Newman
- Tufts University Department of Psychology, Medford, MA 02155
| | | | - Klaus A. Miczek
- Tufts University Department of Psychology, Medford, MA 02155
- Tufts University Department of Neuroscience, Boston, MA 02111
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Meijers J, Harte JM, Jonker FA, Meynen G. Prison brain? Executive dysfunction in prisoners. Front Psychol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25688221 PMCID: PMC4311616 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the functioning of the brain, particularly executive functions, of the prison population could aid in reducing crime rates through the reduction of recidivism rates. Indeed, reoffending appears to be related to executive dysfunction and it is known that executive functions are crucial for self-regulation. In the current paper, studies to executive functions in regular adult prisoners compared to non-offender controls were reviewed. Seven studies were found. Specific executive functions were found to be impaired in the general prison population, i.e., attention and set-shifting, as well as in separate subgroups of violent (i.e., set-shifting and working memory) and non-violent offenders (i.e., inhibition, working memory and problem solving). We conclude that the limited number of studies is remarkable, considering the high impact of this population on society and elaborate on the implications of these specific impairments that were found. Further empirical research is suggested, measuring executive functioning within subjects over time for a group of detainees as well as a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Meijers
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke M Harte
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A Jonker
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Faculty of Philosophy, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
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Brand SJ, Moller M, Harvey BH. A Review of Biomarkers in Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Dissection of Clinical vs. Preclinical Correlates. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:324-68. [PMID: 26411964 PMCID: PMC4812797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150307004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research efforts aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of mood (depression, bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders, the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of these disorders are still based solely on relatively subjective assessment of symptoms as well as psychometric evaluations. Therefore, biological markers aimed at improving the current classification of psychotic and mood-related disorders, and that will enable patients to be stratified on a biological basis into more homogeneous clinically distinct subgroups, are urgently needed. The attainment of this goal can be facilitated by identifying biomarkers that accurately reflect pathophysiologic processes in these disorders. This review postulates that the field of psychotic and mood disorder research has advanced sufficiently to develop biochemical hypotheses of the etiopathology of the particular illness and to target the same for more effective disease modifying therapy. This implies that a "one-size fits all" paradigm in the treatment of psychotic and mood disorders is not a viable approach, but that a customized regime based on individual biological abnormalities would pave the way forward to more effective treatment. In reviewing the clinical and preclinical literature, this paper discusses the most highly regarded pathophysiologic processes in mood and psychotic disorders, thereby providing a scaffold for the selection of suitable biomarkers for future studies in this field, to develope biomarker panels, as well as to improve diagnosis and to customize treatment regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25762938 PMCID: PMC4332163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of depression. Overlap in the symptoms and genetic risk factors between the two disorders suggests a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. Understanding these shared mechanisms will be important in informing the development of new treatments. Rodent models are powerful tools for understanding gene function as it relates to behavior. Examining rodent models relevant to both schizophrenia and depression reveals a number of common mechanisms. Current models which demonstrate endophenotypes of both schizophrenia and depression are reviewed here, including models of CUB and SUSHI multiple domains 1, PDZ and LIM domain 5, glutamate Delta 1 receptor, diabetic db/db mice, neuropeptide Y, disrupted in schizophrenia 1, and its interacting partners, reelin, maternal immune activation, and social isolation. Neurotransmission, brain connectivity, the immune system, the environment, and metabolism emerge as potential common mechanisms linking these models and potentially explaining comorbid depression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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38
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Darna M, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP. Effect of environmental enrichment on dopamine and serotonin transporters and glutamate neurotransmission in medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Res 2014; 1599:115-25. [PMID: 25536304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) have decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) function and expression in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as increased d-amphetamine-induced glutamate release in nucleus accumbens compared to rats raised in an isolated condition (IC). In these previous studies, DAT function and expression were evaluated using mPFC pooled from four rats for each condition to obtain kinetic parameters due to sparse DAT expression in mPFC. In contrast, accumbal glutamate release was determined using individual rats. The current study extends the previous work and reports on the optimization of DAT and serotonin transporter (SERT) functional assays, as well as cell surface expression assays using both mPFC and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) from individual EC or IC rats. In addition, the effect of d-amphetamine on glutamate release in mPFC and OFC of EC and IC rats was determined using in vivo microdialysis. Results show that environmental enrichment decreased maximal transport velocity (Vmax) for [(3)H]dopamine uptake in mPFC, but increased Vmax for [(3)H]dopamine uptake in OFC. Corresponding changes in DAT cell surface expression were not found. In contrast, Vmax for [(3)H]serotonin uptake and cellular localization of SERT in mPFC and OFC were not different between EC and IC rats. Further, acute d-amphetamine (2mg/kg, s.c.) increased extracellular glutamate concentrations in mPFC of EC rats only and in OFC of IC rats only. Overall, these results suggest that enrichment produces long-lasting alterations in mPFC and OFC DAT function via a trafficking-independent mechanism, as well as differential glutamate release in mPFC and OFC. Rearing-induced modulation of DAT function and glutamate release in prefrontal cortical subregions may contribute to the known protective effects of enrichment on drug abuse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Darna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Ratajczak P, Nowakowska E, Kus K, Danielewicz R, Herman S, Woźniak A. Neuroleptics and enrichment environment treatment in memory disorders and other central nervous system function observed in prenatally stressed rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:526-37. [PMID: 25062975 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114543934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that the most effective method of treatment in schizophrenia is pharmacotherapy, in particular, the use of atypical neuroleptics like aripiprazole (ARI) and olanzapine (OLA). Moreover, studies of many authors have shown that enriched living conditions and tobacco smoke exposure can also affect the cognitive functions that are disturbed in the course of schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to find whether tobacco smoke and enrichment living conditions have the influence on cognitive functions in the newborn offspring of prenatally stressed rats and whether drugs such as ARI (1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) and OLA (0.5 mg/kg ip) in single and chronic treatment modify those functions (Morris water maze). The study (in the same conditions) also analyses immobility time (Porsolt test) and motor activity of animals that received ARI and OLA. It has been shown that ARI and OLA as well as enriched environment reduce cognitive function disorders and modify cognitive functions in rats exposed to tobacco smoke. In turn, current research has shown that nicotine has increased cognitive function disorders compared to the previous study (animals without tobacco smoke exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ratajczak
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - E Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K Kus
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - R Danielewicz
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - S Herman
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Social Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Woźniak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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40
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Hatchard T, Ting JJ, Messier C. Translating the impact of exercise on cognition: methodological issues in animal research. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:177-88. [PMID: 25026095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise and fitness have been proposed as potential factors that promote healthy cognitive aging. Some of the support for this hypothesis has come from animal research. Animal studies are also used to propose the physiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive performance improvement associated with exercise. In the present review and meta-analysis, we discuss several methodological problems that limit the contribution of animal studies to the understanding of the putative effects of exercise on cognitive aging. We suggest that the most likely measure to equate exercise intensity in rodent and humans may be oxygen consumption (VO2) because observed values are surprisingly similar in young and older rodents and humans. For practical reasons, several animal studies use young rodents kept in social isolation. We show that social isolation is associated with an enhanced impact of exercise on cognitive performance but not on some physiological measures thought to mediate the effect of exercise. Surprisingly, two months or more of exercise intervention appeared to be ineffective to promote cognitive performance compared to shorter durations. We argue that impact of exercise in socially isolated animals is explained by an alleviation of environmental impoverishment as much as an effect of physical exercise. It is possible that the introduction of exercise in rodents is partly mediated by environmental changes. It may explain why larger effects are observed for the shorter durations of exercise while much smaller effects are found after longer periods of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hatchard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jaimee J Ting
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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41
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Arndt DL, Arnold JC, Cain ME. The effects of mGluR2/3 activation on acute and repeated amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:257-65. [PMID: 24467371 PMCID: PMC4041831 DOI: 10.1037/a0035273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli play a key role in affecting the likelihood to abuse drugs. Environmental enrichment can reduce that likelihood. The neurotransmitter glutamate contributes to both drug reward and rearing-induced changes in the brain. The current study investigated the effects of the Group-2 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) agonist, LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg), on acute and repeated amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared male rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of 3 environmental conditions postweaning: enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC), where they reared for 30 days. The effect of LY-379268 on acute amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was assessed. Rats were injected with either LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or saline prior to an amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline challenge injection. Rats were also administered amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline injections prior to 5 locomotor sessions. Following a rest period of 14-15 days, the effects of repeated amphetamine exposure were evaluated using LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or saline injections 30 min prior to receiving amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). Results showed that LY-379268 administration dose-dependently attenuated acute amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, with EC rats generally displaying less attenuation than IC or SC rats. After repeated amphetamine administrations, the ability of LY-379268 to attenuate the final expression of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared rats was dose-dependent. The differing effect of LY-379268 observed in EC rats suggests enrichment-induced glutamatergic alterations that may protect against sensitivity to psychostimulants.
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42
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Napolitano A, Shah K, Schubert MI, Porkess V, Fone KCF, Auer DP. In vivo neurometabolic profiling to characterize the effects of social isolation and ketamine-induced NMDA antagonism: a rodent study at 7.0 T. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:566-74. [PMID: 23671195 PMCID: PMC3984514 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Continued efforts are undertaken to develop animal models of schizophrenia with translational value in the quest for much needed novel drugs. Existing models mimic specific neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia, but not its full complexity. Here, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) to assess the metabolic profile in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of two established models, rearing in social isolation and acute N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) antagonism and their combination. Rats reared in social isolation or group housed underwent (1)H-MRS at baseline and dynamically after ketamine challenge (25mg/kg, intraperitoneal) under isoflurane anesthesia. A 7 T animal scanner was used to perform spectra acquisition from the anterior cingulate/medial PFC. LCModel was used for metabolite quantification and effects of rearing and ketamine injection were analyzed. Social isolation did not lead to significant differences in the metabolic profile of the PFC at baseline. Ketamine induced a significant increase in glutamine in both groups with significance specifically reached by the group-housed animals alone. Only rats reared in social isolation showed a significant 11% γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decrease. This study provides preliminary evidence that social interactions in early life predict the glutamatergic and GABAergic response to acute NMDA-R blockade. The similarity between the prefrontal GABA reduction in patients with schizophrenia and in rats reared as social isolates after challenge with ketamine suggests good potential translational value of this combined animal model for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Napolitano
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +39 06 68592437, fax: +39 06 68593856, e-mail:
| | - Khalid Shah
- Division of Radiological and Imaging Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mirjam I. Schubert
- Division of Radiological and Imaging Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Veronica Porkess
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin C. F. Fone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dorothee P. Auer
- Division of Radiological and Imaging Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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43
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Norepinephrine drives persistent activity in prefrontal cortex via synergistic α1 and α2 adrenoceptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66122. [PMID: 23785477 PMCID: PMC3681776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increase delay-related firing and enhance working memory, whereas stress-related or pathologically high levels of norepinephrine are believed to inhibit working memory via α1 adrenoceptors. However, it has been shown that activation of Gq-coupled and phospholipase C-linked receptors can induce persistent firing, a cellular correlate of working memory, in cortical pyramidal neurons. Therefore, despite its importance in stress and cognition, the exact role of norepinephrine in modulating PFC activity remains elusive. Using electrophysiology and optogenetics, we report here that norepinephrine induces persistent firing in pyramidal neurons of the PFC independent of recurrent fast synaptic excitation. This persistent excitatory effect involves presynaptic α1 adrenoceptors facilitating glutamate release and subsequent activation of postsynaptic mGluR5 receptors, and is enhanced by postsynaptic α2 adrenoceptors inhibiting HCN channel activity. Activation of α2 adrenoceptors or inhibition of HCN channels also enhances cholinergic persistent responses in pyramidal neurons, providing a mechanism of crosstalk between noradrenergic and cholinergic inputs. The present study describes a novel cellular basis for the noradrenergic control of cortical information processing and supports a synergistic combination of intrinsic and network mechanisms for the expression of mnemonic properties in pyramidal neurons.
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44
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Bardo MT, Neisewander JL, Kelly TH. Individual differences and social influences on the neurobehavioral pharmacology of abused drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:255-90. [PMID: 23343975 PMCID: PMC3565917 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of drugs with biologic targets is a critical area of research, particularly for the development of medications to treat substance use disorders. In addition to understanding these drug-target interactions, however, there is a need to understand more fully the psychosocial influences that moderate these interactions. The first section of this review introduces some examples from human behavioral pharmacology that illustrate the clinical importance of this research. The second section covers preclinical evidence to characterize some of the key individual differences that alter drug sensitivity and abuse vulnerability, related primarily to differences in response to novelty and impulsivity. Evidence is presented to indicate that critical neuropharmacological mechanisms associated with these individual differences involve integrated neurocircuits underlying stress, reward, and behavioral inhibitory processes. The third section covers social influences on drug abuse vulnerability, including effects experienced during infancy, adolescence, and young adulthood, such as maternal separation, housing conditions, and social interactions (defeat, play, and social rank). Some of the same neurocircuits involved in individual differences also are altered by social influences, although the precise neurochemical and cellular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated fully. Finally, some speculation is offered about the implications of this research for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, BBSRB Room 447, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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45
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Hall FS, Perona MTG. Have studies of the developmental regulation of behavioral phenotypes revealed the mechanisms of gene-environment interactions? Physiol Behav 2012; 107:623-40. [PMID: 22643448 PMCID: PMC3447116 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the recent convergence of our long-standing knowledge of the regulation of behavioral phenotypes by developmental experience with recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms regulating gene expression. This review supports a particular perspective on the developmental regulation of behavioral phenotypes: That the role of common developmental experiences (e.g. maternal interactions, peer interactions, exposure to a complex environment, etc.) is to fit individuals to the circumstances of their lives within bounds determined by long-standing (evolutionary) mechanisms that have shaped responses to critical and fundamental types of experience via those aspects of gene structure that regulate gene expression. The phenotype of a given species is not absolute for a given genotype but rather variable within bounds that is determined by mechanisms regulated by experience (e.g. epigenetic mechanisms). This phenotypic variation is not necessarily random, or evenly distributed along a continuum of description or measurement, but often highly disjointed, producing distinct, even opposing, phenotypes. The potentiality for these varying phenotypes is itself the product of evolution, the potential for alternative phenotypes itself conveying evolutionary advantage. Examples of such phenotypic variation, resulting from environmental or experiential influences, have a long history of study in neurobiology, and a number of these will be discussed in this review: neurodevelopmental experiences that produce phenotypic variation in visual perception, cognitive function, and emotional behavior. Although other examples will be discussed, particular emphasis will be made on the role of social behavior on neurodevelopment and phenotypic determination. It will be argued that an important purpose of some aspects of social behavior is regulation of neurobehavioral phenotypes by experience via genetic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassel Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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46
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Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a012120. [PMID: 22983224 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
More than 70% of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. At the adolescent stage the brain has not completed its maturation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), the brain area responsible for executive functions and attention performance, is one of the last brain areas to mature and is still developing during adolescence. Smoking during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in later life. In addition, adolescent smokers suffer from attention deficits, which aggravate with the years of smoking. Recent studies in rodents reveal the molecular changes induced by adolescent nicotine exposure that alter the functioning of synapses in the PFC and that underlie the lasting effects on cognitive function. Here we provide an overview of these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Schaefers ATU. Rearing conditions and domestication background determine regulation of hippocampal cell proliferation and survival in adulthood-laboratory CD1 and C57Bl/6 mice versus wild house mice. Neuroscience 2012; 228:120-7. [PMID: 23079634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain development is sensitive to an individual's interaction with its environment. Deprivation of natural environmental stimulation especially in the phase after weaning has long-lasting consequences on neuroplasticity. However, previous findings concerning the effects of rearing environment on adult hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis in rodents remain contradictory. To address the question, whether the variability of hippocampal plasticity in response to environmental conditions is a unique feature at least in mice, the present study examined the effects of social and physical deprivation during brain development on hippocampal cell production and survival in adults of three mouse strains (Mus musculus) with different domestication background: outbred CD1, inbred C57Bl/6 and the F2-descendants of wild-caught house mice. Wheel running increased cell proliferation rates in the dentate gyrus of CD1 and C57Bl/6 mice reared under socially and physically deprived conditions, but not from enriched conditions. In wild house mice, neither the rearing conditions nor the wheel-running challenge did affect proliferative activity. This indicates, on the one hand, that wild house mice are more robust in their regulation of hippocampal cell proliferation against environmental influences and, on the other hand, that domestication and rearing background of laboratory animals impact neuroplastic potentials and responsiveness to external stimuli in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T U Schaefers
- Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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48
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Nicotine exposure during adolescence leads to short- and long-term changes in spike timing-dependent plasticity in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10484-93. [PMID: 22855798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5502-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period of brain development during which maturation of areas involved in cognitive functioning, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is still ongoing. Tobacco smoking during this age can compromise the normal course of prefrontal development and lead to cognitive impairments in later life. Recently, we reported that nicotine exposure during adolescence results in a short-term increase and lasting reduction in synaptic mGluR2 levels in the rat mPFC, causing attention deficits during adulthood. It is unknown how changed synaptic mGluR2 levels after adolescent nicotine exposure affect the ability of mPFC synapses to undergo long-term synaptic plasticity. Here, we addressed this question. To model nicotine exposure, adolescent (P34-P43) or adult (P60-P69) rats were treated with nicotine injections three times per day for 10 d. We found that, both during acute activation of nicotinic receptors in the adolescent mPFC as well as immediately following nicotine treatment during adolescence, long-term plasticity in response to timed presynaptic and postsynaptic activity (tLTP) was strongly reduced. In contrast, in the mPFC of adult rats 5 weeks after they received nicotine treatment during adolescence, but not during adulthood, tLTP was increased. Short- and long-term adaptation of mPFC synaptic plasticity after adolescent nicotine exposure could be explained by changed mGluR2 signaling. Blocking mGluR2s augmented tLTP, whereas activating mGluR2s reduced tLTP. Our findings suggest neuronal mechanisms by which exposure to nicotine during adolescence alters the rules for spike timing-dependent plasticity in prefrontal networks that may explain the observed deficits in cognitive performance in later life.
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49
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Ago Y, Yano K, Araki R, Hiramatsu N, Kita Y, Kawasaki T, Onoe H, Chaki S, Nakazato A, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor antagonists improve behavioral and prefrontal dopaminergic alterations in the chronic corticosterone-induced depression model in mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 65:29-38. [PMID: 23022081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor antagonists have an antidepressant-like effect, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. This study examined the effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists in chronic corticosterone-treated mice which could be used as an animal model of depression. In the forced swim test, the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists MGS0039 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and LY341495 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p) significantly reduced the increased immobility time of mice pretreated with corticosterone (20 mg/kg, s.c.) for 21 days, while desipramine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. The antidepressant-like effect of LY341495 was not blocked by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist NBQX (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic administration of LY341495 did not affect basal release of glutamate, dopamine or serotonin in the prefrontal cortex of the control or chronic corticosterone-treated mice. Chronic corticosterone markedly enhanced high K(+)-induced release of dopamine, but not serotonin or glutamate, in the prefrontal cortex. This neurochemical change was blocked by systemic administration of MGS0039 and LY341495, but not desipramine or fluoxetine. These results suggest that chronic corticosterone-treated mice could be used as an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. This study also suggests that the prefrontal dopaminergic system is involved in the antidepressant-like effect of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists in the chronic corticosterone-induced depression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Ago
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Nicotine exposure during adolescence alters the rules for prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity during adulthood. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2012; 4:3. [PMID: 22876231 PMCID: PMC3410598 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of adolescents report to have smoked a cigarette at least once. Adolescence is a critical period of brain development during which maturation of areas involved in cognitive functioning, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is still ongoing. Tobacco smoking during this age may compromise the normal course of prefrontal development and lead to cognitive impairments in later life. In addition, adolescent smokers suffer from attention deficits, which progress with the years of smoking. Recent studies in rodents reveal the molecular changes induced by adolescent nicotine exposure that alter the functioning of synapses in the PFC and underlie the lasting effects on cognitive function. In particular, the expression and function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are changed and this has an impact on short- and long-term plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the PFC and ultimately on the attention performance. Here, we review and discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands
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