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Waraky A, Östlund A, Nilsson T, Weichenhan D, Lutsik P, Bähr M, Hey J, Tunali G, Adamsson J, Jacobsson S, Morsy MHA, Li S, Fogelstrand L, Plass C, Palmqvist L. Aberrant MNX1 expression associated with t(7;12)(q36;p13) pediatric acute myeloid leukemia induces the disease through altering histone methylation. Haematologica 2024; 109:725-739. [PMID: 37317878 PMCID: PMC10905087 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.282255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children have inferior outcome, such as AML with translocation t(7;12)(q36;p13) leading to an MNX1::ETV6 fusion along with high expression of MNX1. We have identified the transforming event in this AML and possible ways of treatment. Retroviral expression of MNX1 was able to induce AML in mice, with similar gene expression and pathway enrichment to t(7;12) AML patient data. Importantly, this leukemia was only induced in immune incompetent mice using fetal but not adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The restriction in transforming capacity to cells from fetal liver is in alignment with t(7;12)(q36;p13) AML being mostly seen in infants. Expression of MNX1 led to increased histone 3 lysine 4 mono-, di- and trimethylation, reduction in H3K27me3, accompanied with changes in genome-wide chromatin accessibility and genome expression, likely mediated through MNX1 interaction with the methionine cycle and methyltransferases. MNX1 expression increased DNA damage, depletion of the Lin-/Sca1+/c-Kit+ population and skewing toward the myeloid lineage. These effects, together with leukemia development, were prevented by pre-treatment with the S-adenosylmethionine analog Sinefungin. In conclusion, we have shown the importance of MNX1 in development of AML with t(7;12), supporting a rationale for targeting MNX1 and downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Waraky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, and; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - Anders Östlund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg
| | - Tina Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Marion Bähr
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Joschka Hey
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Gürcan Tunali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg
| | - Jenni Adamsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg
| | - Susanna Jacobsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | | | - Susann Li
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, and; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, and; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg.
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2
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Filipek-Gorzała J, Kwiecińska P, Szade A, Szade K. The dark side of stemness - the role of hematopoietic stem cells in development of blood malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1308709. [PMID: 38440231 PMCID: PMC10910019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1308709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce all blood cells throughout the life of the organism. However, the high self-renewal and longevity of HSCs predispose them to accumulate mutations. The acquired mutations drive preleukemic clonal hematopoiesis, which is frequent among elderly people. The preleukemic state, although often asymptomatic, increases the risk of blood cancers. Nevertheless, the direct role of preleukemic HSCs is well-evidenced in adult myeloid leukemia (AML), while their contribution to other hematopoietic malignancies remains less understood. Here, we review the evidence supporting the role of preleukemic HSCs in different types of blood cancers, as well as present the alternative models of malignant evolution. Finally, we discuss the clinical importance of preleukemic HSCs in choosing the therapeutic strategies and provide the perspective on further studies on biology of preleukemic HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Filipek-Gorzała
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kwiecińska
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Szade
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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3
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Kundu S, Sarkar S, Acharya Chowdhury A. Anti-Leukemic Attributes of Natural Compounds Targeting Autophagy: A Closer Look into the Molecular Mechanisms. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:236-251. [PMID: 38263604 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2306682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Leukemia is a heterogeneous clonal cancer that affects millions of individuals around the world. Despite substantial breakthroughs in cancer treatment, traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain ineffective, and therapeutic resistance still stands as a big obstacle. As a result, there is an increasing attention being paid currently toward the potency of natural compounds as a complementary or alternative therapy for leukemia. Autophagy, a conserved cellular process where damaged or defective cytosolic components and macromolecules are destroyed and recycled, plays a dual role in promoting or suppressing the continuance of cancer at different junctures of its development. Current studies have reported that autophagy has a cardinal function in the genesis and progression of leukemia, making it a promising target for novel treatments. In this review, we have explored the effectiveness of certain natural compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, tanshinone IIA, quercetin, tetrandrine, parthenolide, berberine, pristimerin, and alantolactone, that modulate autophagy and regulate its associated signaling cascades at a molecular level in different types of leukemia. They have been shown to have synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy, emphasizing their potential as supplementary medicines. However, additional research is required to fully comprehend their mechanisms of action and to maximize their role in clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Kundu
- Department of Biosciences, JIS University, Kolkata, India
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4
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Atre T, Farrokhi A, Jo S, Salitra S, Duque-Afonso J, Cleary ML, Rolf N, Reid GSD. Age and ligand specificity influence the outcome of pathogen engagement on preleukemic and leukemic B-cell precursor populations. Blood Adv 2023; 7:7087-7099. [PMID: 37824841 PMCID: PMC10694525 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Common infections have long been proposed to play a role in the development of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, epidemiologic studies report contradictory effects of infection exposure on subsequent B-ALL risk, and no specific pathogen has been definitively linked to the disease. A unifying mechanism to explain the divergent outcomes could inform disease prevention strategies. We previously reported that the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligand Poly(I:C) exerted effects on B-ALL cells that were distinct from those observed with other nucleic acid-based PRR ligands. Here, using multiple double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) moieties, we show that the overall outcome of exposure to Poly(I:C) reflects the balance of opposing responses induced by its ligation to endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors. This PRR response biology is shared between mouse and human B-ALL and can increase leukemia-initiating cell burden in vivo during the preleukemia phase of B-ALL, primarily through tumor necrosis factor α signaling. The age of the responding immune system further influences the impact of dsRNA exposure on B-ALL cells in both mouse and human settings. Overall, our study demonstrates that potentially proleukemic and antileukemic effects can each be generated by the stimulation of pathogen recognition pathways and indicates a mechanistic explanation for the contrasting epidemiologic associations reported for infection exposure and B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaya Atre
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sumin Jo
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Salitra
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gregor S. D. Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Krishnan V. The RUNX Family of Proteins, DNA Repair, and Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081106. [PMID: 37190015 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The RUNX family of transcription factors, including RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3, are key regulators of development and can function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that the dysregulation of RUNX genes can promote genomic instability in both leukemia and solid cancers by impairing DNA repair mechanisms. RUNX proteins control the cellular response to DNA damage by regulating the p53, Fanconi anemia, and oxidative stress repair pathways through transcriptional or non-transcriptional mechanisms. This review highlights the importance of RUNX-dependent DNA repair regulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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6
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Villegas-Ruíz V, Medina-Vera I, Arellano-Perdomo P, Castillo-Villanueva A, Galván-Diaz CA, Paredes-Aguilera R, Rivera-Luna R, Juárez-Méndez S. Low Expression of BRCA1 as a Potential Relapse Predictor in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:e167-e173. [PMID: 36730467 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood hematological malignancy worldwide. Treatment outcomes have improved dramatically in recent years; despite this, relapse is still a problem, and the potential molecular explanation for this remains an important field of study. We performed microarray and single-cell RNA-Seq data mining, and we selected significant data with a P -value<0.05. We validated BRCA1 gene expression by means of quantitative (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.) We performed statistical analysis and considered a P -value<0.05 significant. We identified the overexpression of breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1; P -value=2.52 -134 ), by means of microarray analysis. Moreover, the normal distribution of BRCA1 expression in healthy bone marrow. In addition, we confirmed the increases in BRCA1 expression using real-time (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and determined that it was significantly reduced in patients with relapse ( P -values=0.026). Finally, we identified that the expression of the BRCA1 gene could predict early relapse ( P -values=0.01). We determined that low expression of BRCA1 was associated with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse and could be a potential molecular prognostic marker.
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Mercher T. ETS Fight Club on Microsatellite Enhancers. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:2-4. [PMID: 36538046 PMCID: PMC9816819 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood Cancer Discovery, Kodgule, Goldman, Monovichet al. cleverly analyzed the transcription regulatory elements to investigate why the second copy of ETV6 is often lost in ETV6::RUNX1-translocated in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). It turns out that ETV6 suppresses the enhancer activity of GGAA microsatellite repeats, preventing ERG from subverting them to activate aberrant oncogene transcription. See related article by Kodgule, Goldman, Monovich et al., p. 34 (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Program PEDIAC, Villejuif, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Corresponding Author: Thomas Mercher, U1170, INSERM, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, Paris 94800, France. Phone: 33-6-34-61-10-58; E-mail:
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8
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G. SD, Ahmed F, Mundada MC, Khera R, Nambaru L, Mallavarapu K, Boyella PK, Patil V, Laddha PS, Rajappa SJ. Retrospective Study of B Lymphoblastic Leukemia to Assess the Prevalence of TEL/AML1 in South India: A Study of 214 Cases and Review of Literature. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), a recurrent and an invisible chromosomal abnormality, resulting in TEL/AML1 gene fusion, associated with good prognosis, has been described to be a common abnormality, in children with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).
Objectives The initial observation of very few TEL/AML1 positive patients at this center on testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) led to study the prevalence of the abnormality, compare with the global distribution, and evaluate clinical, pathological, molecular, and cytogenetic features in TEL/AML1 positive patients.
Materials and Methods A retrospective study of all B-ALL patients tested for TEL/AML1 gene fusion during the period January 2009 to November 2020 was undertaken. Clinicopathological, molecular, cytogenetic, treatment, and follow-up details were collected. All publications dealing with TEL/AML1 gene rearrangement were reviewed post Google and PubMed search.
Results TEL/AML1gene rearrangement was assessed by FISH in 178 patients and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 36 patients and detected as the sole abnormality in 8.4% patients with additional genetic abnormalities noted on FISH evaluation. Normal karyotype was noted in 14/18 (77.7%) of these patients and 2 had complex karyotype. Complete blood count revealed hemoglobin to range from 35 to 116 g/L (median: 74 g/L), white blood count: 1.01–110×109/L (median: 7.8×109/L), platelet counts: 10–115×109/L (median: 42×109/L), blast count in peripheral smear: 0–98% (median: 41%). Immunophenotyping demonstrated 94.4% were CD34 positive, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated antigen (CALLA) positive with aberrant expression of CD13, CD33, CD56, singly or in combination in 58.8%.
Conclusion TEL/AML1 fusion is rare in Indian patients with B-ALL and appears to be much rarer in our region. The detection of relevant specific abnormalities is of fundamental importance in B-ALL patients and these geographic variations can be used in defining management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Devi G.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Faiq Ahmed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manasi C. Mundada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rachna Khera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lavanya Nambaru
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Krishnamohan Mallavarapu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Boyella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Veerandra Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pallavi Suresh Laddha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Senthil J. Rajappa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Walker HF, Droop AP, McDonald GLK, Kucko S, Berney DM, Mann VM, Simms MS, Maitland NJ. ETS transcription factor ELF3 (ESE-1) is a cell cycle regulator in benign and malignant prostate. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1365-1387. [PMID: 35472129 PMCID: PMC9249341 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the role of ELF3, an ETS family member in normal prostate growth and prostate cancer. Silencing ELF3 in both benign prostate (BPH-1) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines resulted in decreased colony forming ability, inhibition of cell migration and reduced cell viability due to cell cycle arrest, establishing ELF3 as a cell cycle regulator. Increased ELF3 expression in more advanced prostate tumours was shown by immunostaining of tissue microarrays and from analysis of gene expression and genetic alteration studies. This study indicates that ELF3 functions as part of normal prostate epithelial growth but also as a potential oncogene in advanced prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K. Archer
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Fiona M. Frame
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Hannah F. Walker
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | | | | | - Samuel Kucko
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
| | - Daniel M. Berney
- Department of Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonUK
| | - Vincent M. Mann
- Cancer Research UnitDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonUK
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10
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Nations CC, Pavani G, French DL, Gadue P. Modeling genetic platelet disorders with human pluripotent stem cells: mega-progress but wanting more on our plate(let). Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28:308-314. [PMID: 34397590 PMCID: PMC8371829 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Megakaryocytes are rare hematopoietic cells that play an instrumental role in hemostasis, and other important biological processes such as immunity and wound healing. With the advent of cell reprogramming technologies and advances in differentiation protocols, it is now possible to obtain megakaryocytes from any pluripotent stem cell (PSC) via hematopoietic induction. Here, we review recent advances in PSC-derived megakaryocyte (iMK) technology, focusing on platform validation, disease modeling and current limitations. RECENT FINDINGS A comprehensive study confirmed that iMK can recapitulate many transcriptional and functional aspects of megakaryocyte and platelet biology, including variables associated with complex genetic traits such as sex and race. These findings were corroborated by several pathological models in which iMKs revealed molecular mechanisms behind inherited platelet disorders and assessed the efficacy of novel pharmacological interventions. However, current differentiation protocols generate primarily embryonic iMK, limiting the clinical and translational potential of this system. SUMMARY iMK are strong candidates to model pathologic mutations involved in platelet defects and develop innovative therapeutic strategies. Future efforts on generating definitive hematopoietic progenitors would improve current platelet generation protocols and expand our capacity to model neonatal and adult megakaryocyte disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriana C Nations
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Giulia Pavani
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Gadue
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Zahnreich S, Schmidberger H. Childhood Cancer: Occurrence, Treatment and Risk of Second Primary Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112607. [PMID: 34073340 PMCID: PMC8198981 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents the leading cause of disease-related death and treatment-associated morbidity in children with an increasing trend in recent decades worldwide. Nevertheless, the 5-year survival of childhood cancer patients has been raised impressively to more than 80% during the past decades, primarily attributed to improved diagnostic technologies and multiagent cytotoxic regimens. This strong benefit of more efficient tumor control and prolonged survival is compromised by an increased risk of adverse and fatal late sequelae. Long-term survivors of pediatric tumors are at the utmost risk for non-carcinogenic late effects such as cardiomyopathies, neurotoxicity, or pneumopathies, as well as the development of secondary primary malignancies as the most detrimental consequence of genotoxic chemo- and radiotherapy. Promising approaches to reducing the risk of adverse late effects in childhood cancer survivors include high precision irradiation techniques like proton radiotherapy or non-genotoxic targeted therapies and immune-based treatments. However, to date, these therapies are rarely used to treat pediatric cancer patients and survival rates, as well as incidences of late effects, have changed little over the past two decades in this population. Here we provide an overview of the epidemiology and etiology of childhood cancers, current developments for their treatment, and therapy-related adverse late health consequences with a special focus on second primary malignancies.
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12
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Dander E, Palmi C, D’Amico G, Cazzaniga G. The Bone Marrow Niche in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: The Role of Microenvironment from Pre-Leukemia to Overt Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094426. [PMID: 33922612 PMCID: PMC8122951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic lesions predisposing to pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) arise in utero, generating a clinically silent pre-leukemic phase. We here reviewed the role of the surrounding bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in the persistence and transformation of pre-leukemic clones into fully leukemic cells. In this context, inflammation has been highlighted as a crucial microenvironmental stimulus able to promote genetic instability, leading to the disease manifestation. Moreover, we focused on the cross-talk between the bulk of leukemic cells with the surrounding microenvironment, which creates a “corrupted” BM malignant niche, unfavorable for healthy hematopoietic precursors. In detail, several cell subsets, including stromal, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and immune cells, composing the peculiar leukemic niche, can actively interact with B-ALL blasts. Through deregulated molecular pathways they are able to influence leukemia development, survival, chemoresistance, migratory and invasive properties. The concept that the pre-leukemic and leukemic cell survival and evolution are strictly dependent both on genetic lesions and on the external signals coming from the microenvironment paves the way to a new idea of dual targeting therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dander
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-(0)-39-2332229 (E.D. & C.P.); Fax: +39-(0)39-2332167 (E.D. & C.P.)
| | - Chiara Palmi
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (C.P.); Tel.: +39-(0)-39-2332229 (E.D. & C.P.); Fax: +39-(0)39-2332167 (E.D. & C.P.)
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13
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Sharma G, Boby E, Nidhi T, Jain A, Singh J, Singh A, Chattopadhyay P, Bakhshi S, Chopra A, Palanichamy JK. Diagnostic Utility of IGF2BP1 and Its Targets as Potential Biomarkers in ETV6-RUNX1 Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:588101. [PMID: 33708624 PMCID: PMC7940665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.588101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 85% of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) are of B-cell origin and characterized by the presence of different translocations including BCR-ABL1, ETV6-RUNX1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL fusion proteins. The current clinical investigations used to identify ETV6-RUNX1 translocation include FISH and fusion transcript specific PCR. In the current study we assessed the utility of IGF2BP1, an oncofetal RNA binding protein, that is over expressed specifically in ETV6-RUNX1 translocation positive B-ALL to be used as a diagnostic marker in the clinic. Further, public transcriptomic and Crosslinked Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) datasets were analyzed to identify the putative targets of IGF2BP1. We also studied the utility of using the mRNA expression of two such targets, MYC and EGFL7 as potential diagnostic markers separately or in conjunction with IGF2BP1. We observed that the expression of IGF2BP1 alone measured by RT-qPCR is highly sensitive and specific to be used as a potential biomarker for the presence of ETV6-RUNX1 translocation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Elza Boby
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thakur Nidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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14
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Klco JM, Mullighan CG. Advances in germline predisposition to acute leukaemias and myeloid neoplasms. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:122-137. [PMID: 33328584 PMCID: PMC8404376 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although much work has focused on the elucidation of somatic alterations that drive the development of acute leukaemias and other haematopoietic diseases, it has become increasingly recognized that germline mutations are common in many of these neoplasms. In this Review, we highlight the different genetic pathways impacted by germline mutations that can ultimately lead to the development of familial and sporadic haematological malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Many of the genes disrupted by somatic mutations in these diseases (for example, TP53, RUNX1, IKZF1 and ETV6) are the same as those that harbour germline mutations in children and adolescents who develop these malignancies. Moreover, the presumption that familial leukaemias only present in childhood is no longer true, in large part due to the numerous studies demonstrating germline DDX41 mutations in adults with MDS and AML. Lastly, we highlight how different cooperating events can influence the ultimate phenotype in these different familial leukaemia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology and the Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology and the Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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15
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Eniafe J, Jiang S. MicroRNA-99 family in cancer and immunity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1635. [PMID: 33230974 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA (miR)-99 family comprising miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 is an evolutionarily conserved family with existence dating prior to the bilaterians. Members are typically oncogenic in leukemia while their functional roles in other cancers alternate between that of a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter. Targets of the miR-99 family rank in the lists of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, thereby illustrating the dual role of this miR family as oncogenic miRs (oncomiRs) and tumor suppressing miRs (TSmiRs) in different cellular contexts. In addition to their functional roles in cancers, miR-99 family is implicated in the modulation of macrophage inflammatory responses and T-cell subsets biology, thereby exerting critical roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, establishment of peripheral tolerance as well as resolution of an inflammatory reaction. Here, we review emerging knowledge of this miR family and discuss remaining concerns linked to their activities. A better dissection of the functional roles of miR-99 family members in cancer and immunity will help in the development of novel miR-99-based therapeutics for the treatment of human cancer and immune-related diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Eniafe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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16
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Fischer U, Yang JJ, Ikawa T, Hein D, Vicente-Dueñas C, Borkhardt A, Sánchez-García I. Cell Fate Decisions: The Role of Transcription Factors in Early B-cell Development and Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:224-233. [PMID: 33392513 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells are an integral part of the adaptive immune system and regulate innate immunity. Derived from hematopoietic stem cells they mature through a series of cell fate decisions. Complex transcriptional circuits form and dissipate dynamically during these lineage restrictions. Genomic aberrations of involved transcription factors underlie various B-cell disorders. Acquired somatic aberrations are associated with cancer, whereas germline variations predispose to both malignant and non-malignant diseases. We review the opposing role of transcription factors during B-cell development in health and disease. We focus on early B-cell leukemia and discuss novel causative gene-environment cooperations and their implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun J Yang
- Hematological Malignancies Programme, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Daniel Hein
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isidro Sánchez-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca
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17
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Milan T, Canaj H, Villeneuve C, Ghosh A, Barabé F, Cellot S, Wilhelm BT. Pediatric leukemia: Moving toward more accurate models. Exp Hematol 2019; 74:1-12. [PMID: 31154068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a complex genetic disease caused by errors in differentiation, growth, and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells in either lymphoid or myeloid lineages. Large-scale genomic characterization of thousands of leukemia patients has produced a tremendous amount of data that have enabled a better understanding of the differences between adult and pediatric patients. For instance, although phenotypically similar, pediatric and adult myeloid leukemia patients differ in their mutational profiles, typically involving either chromosomal translocations or recurrent single-base-pair mutations, respectively. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of this cancer, continual efforts have been made to develop more contextually and biologically relevant experimental models. Leukemic cell lines, for example, provide an inexpensive and tractable model but often fail to recapitulate critical aspects of tumor biology. Likewise, murine leukemia models of leukemia have been highly informative but also do not entirely reproduce the human disease. More recent advances in the development of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) or human models of leukemias are poised to provide a more comprehensive, and biologically relevant, approach to directly assess the impact of the in vivo environment on human samples. In this review, the advantages and limitations of the various current models used to functionally define the genetic requirements of leukemogenesis are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Milan
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hera Canaj
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe Villeneuve
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Aditi Ghosh
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Barabé
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie du CHUL, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada; CHU de Québec Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Cellot
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian T Wilhelm
- Laboratory for High Throughput Biology, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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18
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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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19
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Xu LS, Francis A, Turkistany S, Shukla D, Wong A, Batista CR, DeKoter RP. ETV6-RUNX1 interacts with a region in SPIB intron 1 to regulate gene expression in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2019; 73:50-63.e2. [PMID: 30986496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently occurring genetic abnormality in pediatric B-lymphocyte-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the t(12;21) chromosomal translocation that results in a ETV6-RUNX1 (also known as TEL-AML1) fusion gene. Expression of ETV6-RUNX1 induces a preleukemic condition leading to acquisition of secondary driver mutations, but the mechanism is poorly understood. SPI-B (encoded by SPIB) is an important transcriptional activator of B-cell development and differentiation. We hypothesized that SPIB is directly transcriptionally repressed by ETV6-RUNX1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified a regulatory region in the first intron of SPIB that interacts with ETV6-RUNX1. Mutation of the RUNX1 binding site in SPIB intron 1 prevented transcriptional repression in transient transfection assays. Next, we sought to determine to what extent gene expression in REH cells can be altered by ectopic SPI-B expression. SPI-B expression was forced using CRISPR-mediated gene activation and also using a retroviral vector. Forced expression of SPI-B resulted in altered gene expression and, at high levels, impaired cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Finally, we identified CARD11 and CDKN1A (encoding p21) as transcriptional targets of SPI-B involved in regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Taken together, this study identifies SPIB as an important target of ETV6-RUNX1 in regulation of B-cell gene expression in t(12;21) leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/genetics
- CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/biosynthesis
- CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Guanylate Cyclase/biosynthesis
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Humans
- Introns
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Response Elements
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Li S Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Francis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Devanshi Shukla
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Wong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Carolina R Batista
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney P DeKoter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Division of Genetics and Development, Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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20
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Zhu C, Wu L, Lv Y, Guan J, Bai X, Lin J, Liu T, Yang X, Robson SC, Sang X, Xue C, Zhao H. The fusion landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1214-1225. [PMID: 30903738 PMCID: PMC6487730 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are already advanced at the time of diagnosis, which limits treatment options. Challenges in early‐stage diagnosis may be due to the genetic complexity of HCC. Gene fusion plays a critical function in tumorigenesis and cancer progression in multiple cancers, yet the identities of fusion genes as potential diagnostic markers in HCC have not been investigated. Here, we employed STAR‐Fusion and identified 43 recurrent fusion events in our own and four public RNA‐seq datasets. We identified 2354 different gene fusions in two hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐HCC patients. Validation analysis against the four RNA‐seq datasets revealed that only 1.8% (43/2354) were recurrent fusions. Comparison with the four fusion databases demonstrated that 19 recurrent fusions were not previously annotated to diseases and three were annotated as disease‐related fusion events. Finally, we validated six of the novel fusion events, including RP11‐476K15.1‐CTD‐2015H3.2, by RT‐PCR and Sanger sequencing of 14 pairs of HBV‐related HCC samples. In summary, our study provides new insights into gene fusions in HCC and may contribute to the development of anti‐HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpei Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liangcai Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Lv
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,My Health Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Service Centre of Tianjin Chentang Science and Technology Commercial District, China
| | - Jinxia Guan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,My Health Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Service Centre of Tianjin Chentang Science and Technology Commercial District, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhen Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- My Health Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Service Centre of Tianjin Chentang Science and Technology Commercial District, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghai Xue
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,My Health Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Service Centre of Tianjin Chentang Science and Technology Commercial District, China.,Joint Laboratory of Large-scale Medical Data Pattern Mining and Application, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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21
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Debaize L, Jakobczyk H, Avner S, Gaudichon J, Rio AG, Sérandour AA, Dorsheimer L, Chalmel F, Carroll JS, Zörnig M, Rieger MA, Delalande O, Salbert G, Galibert MD, Gandemer V, Troadec MB. Interplay between transcription regulators RUNX1 and FUBP1 activates an enhancer of the oncogene c-KIT and amplifies cell proliferation. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:11214-11228. [PMID: 30500954 PMCID: PMC6265458 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a well-known master regulator of hematopoietic lineages but its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. Here, we found that RUNX1 localizes on active chromatin together with Far Upstream Binding Protein 1 (FUBP1) in human B-cell precursor lymphoblasts, and that both factors interact in the same transcriptional regulatory complex. RUNX1 and FUBP1 chromatin localization identified c-KIT as a common target gene. We characterized two regulatory regions, at +700 bp and +30 kb within the first intron of c-KIT, bound by both RUNX1 and FUBP1, and that present active histone marks. Based on these regions, we proposed a novel FUBP1 FUSE-like DNA-binding sequence on the +30 kb enhancer. We demonstrated that FUBP1 and RUNX1 cooperate for the regulation of the expression of the oncogene c-KIT. Notably, upregulation of c-KIT expression by FUBP1 and RUNX1 promotes cell proliferation and renders cells more resistant to the c-KIT inhibitor imatinib mesylate, a common therapeutic drug. These results reveal a new mechanism of action of RUNX1 that implicates FUBP1, as a facilitator, to trigger transcriptional regulation of c-KIT and to regulate cell proliferation. Deregulation of this regulatory mechanism may explain some oncogenic function of RUNX1 and FUBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Debaize
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Avner
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jérémie Gaudichon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Rio
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien A Sérandour
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
- Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lena Dorsheimer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) – UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Martin Zörnig
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olivier Delalande
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Salbert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Génétique Somatique des Cancers, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of pediatric oncohematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 35203 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) – UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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22
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Polak R, Bierings MB, van der Leije CS, Sanders MA, Roovers O, Marchante JRM, Boer JM, Cornelissen JJ, Pieters R, den Boer ML, Buitenhuis M. Autophagy inhibition as a potential future targeted therapy for ETV6-RUNX1-driven B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:738-748. [PMID: 30381299 PMCID: PMC6442983 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(12;21), resulting in the ETV6-RUNX1 (or TEL-AML1) fusion protein, is present in 25% of pediatric patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is considered a first hit in leukemogenesis. A targeted therapy approach is not available for children with this subtype of leukemia. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia, we performed gene expression profiling of healthy hematopoietic progenitors in which we ectopically expressed ETV6-RUNX1. We reveal an ETV6-RUNX1-driven transcriptional network that induces proliferation, survival and cellular homeostasis. In addition, Vps34, an important regulator of autophagy, was found to be induced by ETV6-RUNX1 and up-regulated in ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemic patient cells. We show that induction of Vps34 was transcriptionally regulated by ETV6-RUNX1 and correlated with high levels of autophagy. Knockdown of Vps34 in ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines severely reduced proliferation and survival. Inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine, a well-tolerated autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell viability in both ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines and primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples, and selectively sensitized primary ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemia samples to L asparaginase. These findings reveal a causal relationship between ETV6-RUNX1 and autophagy, and provide pre-clinical evidence for the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Roovers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - João R M Marchante
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Judith M Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Jan J Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam .,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Neveu B, Caron M, Lagacé K, Richer C, Sinnett D. Genome wide mapping of ETV6 binding sites in pre-B leukemic cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15526. [PMID: 30341373 PMCID: PMC6195514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the transcriptional repressor ETV6 are associated with hematological malignancies. Notably, the t(12;21) translocation leading to an ETV6-AML1 fusion gene is the most common genetic alteration found in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, most of these patients also lack ETV6 expression, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. To gain insights on ETV6 DNA-binding specificity and genome wide transcriptional regulation capacities, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments coupled to deep sequencing in a t(12;21)-positive pre-B leukemic cell line. This strategy led to the identification of ETV6-bound regions that were further associated to gene expression. ETV6 binding is mostly cell type-specific as only few regions are shared with other blood cell subtypes. Peaks localization and motif enrichment analyses revealed that this unique binding profile could be associated with the ETV6-AML1 fusion protein specific to the t(12;21) background. This study underscores the complexity of ETV6 binding and uncovers ETV6 transcriptional network in pre-B leukemia cells bearing the recurrent t(12;21) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neveu
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Karine Lagacé
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Chantal Richer
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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Chebihi ZT, Belkhayat A, Chadli E, Hilal L, Skhoun H, Hessissen L, El Khorassani M, El Kababri M, Kili A, Khattab M, Bakri Y, Dakka N. Cytogenetic Profile of Moroccan Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Analysis of 155 Cases With a Review of the Literature. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:e241-e248. [PMID: 29748040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children, with a peak incidence at 2 to 3 years of age and accounting for almost 30% of all cancers in this age group. It is well established that the identification of cytogenetic abnormalities is highly relevant for the prognosis of and therapeutic decisions in ALL. The purpose of the present study was to define the frequency of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities of ALL in Moroccan patients referred exclusively to the BIOLAB Laboratory of the Children's Hospital of Rabat during a 4-year period and compare our findings to the reported data. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed conventional karyotyping of 155 ALL cases, with a successful cell culture rate of 94%. RESULTS We identified chromosomal abnormalities in 66% of the total studied cases, of which 70% revealed important recurrent abnormalities with high prognostic value, such as hyperdiploidy, hypodiploidy, t(9;22), t(8;14), t(1;19), and MLL rearrangements. In total agreement with the reported data, most of the patients (56%) in the present study were aged 1 to 5 years, with a male predominance, and B-ALL was the most common blast phenotype (85%). CONCLUSION The frequency of most chromosomal rearrangements successfully identified in our study and their lineage correlated with those reported in the published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Takki Chebihi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; BIOLAB Laboratory, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | | | - Latifa Hilal
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hanaa Skhoun
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Laila Hessissen
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Khorassani
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Maria El Kababri
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amina Kili
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Khattab
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Neuropilin-1/CD304 Expression by Flow Cytometry in Pediatric Precursor B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Minimal Residual Disease and Potential Prognostic Marker. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 40:200-207. [PMID: 29200164 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is used for quantification of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) through discriminating leukemic B-lymphoblasts from normal B-cell precursor counterparts "hematogones." Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)/CD304 is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor implicated in the progression of hematological malignancies. We evaluated NRP-1/CD304 as MRD and prognostic marker in pediatric precursor B-ALL using FCM. Seventy children with precursor B-ALL and 40 control children were enrolled. CD304 percentage and fluorescence intensity were significantly higher in precursor B-ALL at diagnosis compared with controls. In total, 28 of 70 (40%) precursor B-ALL patients at diagnosis were CD304 (group A), whereas 42/70 (60%) patients were CD304 (group B). Group A showed higher incidence of lymphadenopathy and TEL-AML1 fusion gene than group B. CD304 was reevaluated in group A patients at day 28 postinduction chemotherapy which revealed 12/28 (42.9%) patients with persistent CD304 expression (MRD; group A1) and 16/28 (57.1%) patients who turned CD304 (MRD; group A2). At diagnosis, group A1 showed lower incidence of TEL-AML1 fusion gene and higher risk stratification than group A2. NRP-1/CD304 expression by FCM is efficient in discriminating leukemic B-lymphoblasts from hematogones, a stable leukemia-associated phenotype for MRD monitoring, and a putative poor prognostic marker in pediatric precursor B-ALL.
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Pathogenesis of ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mechanisms underlying its relapse. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35445-35459. [PMID: 28418909 PMCID: PMC5471068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6/RUNX1 (E/R) is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Multiple lines of evidence imply a “two-hit” model for the molecular pathogenesis of E/R-positive ALL, whereby E/R rearrangement is followed by a series of secondary mutations that trigger overt leukemia. The cellular framework in which E/R arises and the maintenance of a pre-leukemic condition by E/R are fundamental to the mechanism that underlies leukemogenesis. Accordingly, a variety of studies have focused on the relationship between the clones giving rise to the primary and recurrent E/R-positive ALL. We review here the most recent insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying E/R-positive ALL, as well as the molecular abnormalities prevailing at relapse.
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Jeha S, Pui CH. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Maternal iAMP21 acute lymphoblastic leukemia detected on prenatal cell-free DNA genetic screening. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1491-1494. [PMID: 29296790 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
cfDNA sequencing for fetal aneuploidy may detect chromosomal abnormalities representative of maternal malignancy.Maternal malignancy must be considered when abnormal cfDNA sequencing for fetal aneuploidy is associated with normal fetal karyotype.
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29
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Debaize L, Jakobczyk H, Rio AG, Gandemer V, Troadec MB. Optimization of proximity ligation assay (PLA) for detection of protein interactions and fusion proteins in non-adherent cells: application to pre-B lymphocytes. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:27. [PMID: 28736577 PMCID: PMC5520345 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic abnormalities, including chromosomal translocations, are described for many hematological malignancies. From the clinical perspective, detection of chromosomal abnormalities is relevant not only for diagnostic and treatment purposes but also for prognostic risk assessment. From the translational research perspective, the identification of fusion proteins and protein interactions has allowed crucial breakthroughs in understanding the pathogenesis of malignancies and consequently major achievements in targeted therapy. METHODS We describe the optimization of the Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) to ascertain the presence of fusion proteins, and protein interactions in non-adherent pre-B cells. PLA is an innovative method of protein-protein colocalization detection by molecular biology that combines the advantages of microscopy with the advantages of molecular biology precision, enabling detection of protein proximity theoretically ranging from 0 to 40 nm. RESULTS We propose an optimized PLA procedure. We overcome the issue of maintaining non-adherent hematological cells by traditional cytocentrifugation and optimized buffers, by changing incubation times, and modifying washing steps. Further, we provide convincing negative and positive controls, and demonstrate that optimized PLA procedure is sensitive to total protein level. The optimized PLA procedure allows the detection of fusion proteins and protein interactions on non-adherent cells. CONCLUSION The optimized PLA procedure described here can be readily applied to various non-adherent hematological cells, from cell lines to patients' cells. The optimized PLA protocol enables detection of fusion proteins and their subcellular expression, and protein interactions in non-adherent cells. Therefore, the optimized PLA protocol provides a new tool that can be adopted in a wide range of applications in the biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Debaize
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Rio
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
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Abstract
RUNX1 is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors and is indispensable for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. RUNX1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Germ line mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving RUNX1 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, that is, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. More recent studies suggest that the wild-type RUNX1 is required for growth and survival of certain types of leukemia cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of our understanding about the role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies.
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Stem cells and the role of ETS transcription factors in the differentiation hierarchy of normal and malignant prostate epithelium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:68-83. [PMID: 27185499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the UK and accounts for a quarter of all new cases. Although treatment of localised cancer can be successful, there is no cure for patients presenting with invasive prostate cancer and there are less treatment options. They are generally treated with androgen-ablation therapies but eventually the tumours become hormone resistant and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for which there are no further successful or curative treatments. This highlights the need for new treatment strategies. In order to prevent prostate cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, all the cell populations in a heterogeneous prostate tumour must be targeted, including the rare cancer stem cell (CSC) population. The ETS transcription factor family members are now recognised as a common feature in multiple cancers including prostate cancer; with aberrant expression, loss of tumour suppressor function, inactivating mutations and the formation of fusion genes observed. Most notably, the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and in prostate CSCs. However, the role of other ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer is less well understood. This review will describe the prostate epithelial cell hierarchy and discuss the evidence behind prostate CSCs and their inherent resistance to conventional cancer therapies. The known and proposed roles of the ETS family of transcription factors in prostate epithelial cell differentiation and regulation of the CSC phenotype will be discussed, as well as how they might be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Archer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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Clinical Relevance of RUNX1 and CBFB Alterations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Hematological Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:175-199. [PMID: 28299658 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocation t(8;21), leading to a fusion between the RUNX1 gene and the RUNX1T1 locus, was the first chromosomal translocation identified in cancer. Since the first description of this balanced rearrangement in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1973, RUNX1 translocations and point mutations have been found in various myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. In this chapter, we summarize the currently available data on the clinical relevance of core binding factor gene alterations in hematological disorders. In the first section, we discuss the prognostic implications of the core binding factor translocations RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and CBFB-MYH11 in AML patients. We provide an overview of the cooperating genetic events in patients with CBF-rearranged AML and their clinical implications, and review current treatment approaches for CBF AML and the utility of minimal residual disease monitoring. In the next sections, we summarize the available data on rare RUNX1 rearrangements in various hematologic neoplasms and the role of RUNX1 translocations in therapy-related myeloid neoplasia. The final three sections of the chapter cover the spectrum and clinical significance of RUNX1 point mutations in AML and myelodysplastic syndromes, in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy, and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Sundaresh A, Williams O. Mechanism of ETV6-RUNX1 Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:201-216. [PMID: 28299659 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is the most frequently occurring single genetic abnormality in pediatric leukemia. This translocation results in the fusion of the ETV6 and RUNX1 genes. Since its discovery in the 1990s, the function of the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene has attracted intense interest. In this chapter, we will summarize current knowledge on the clinical significance of ETV6-RUNX1, the experimental models used to unravel its function in leukemogenesis, the identification of co-operating mutations and the mechanisms responsible for their acquisition, the function of the encoded transcription factor and finally, the future therapeutic approaches available to mitigate the associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sundaresh
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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34
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Daga A, Ansari A, Pandya M, Shah K, Patel S, Rawal R, Umrania V. Significant Role of Segmental Duplications and SIDD Sites in Chromosomal Translocations of Hematological Malignancies: A Multi-parametric Bioinformatic Analysis. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 10:467-475. [PMID: 27896663 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent non-random chromosomal translocations are hallmark characteristics of leukemogenesis, and however, molecular mechanisms underlying these rearrangements are less explored. The fundamental question is, why and how chromosomes break and reunite so precisely in the genome. Meticulous understanding of mechanism leading to chromosomal rearrangement can be achieved by characterizing breakpoints. To address this hypothesis, a novel multi-parametric computational approach for characterization of major leukemic translocations within and around breakpoint region was performed. To best of our knowledge, this bioinformatic analysis is unique in finding the presence of segmental duplications (SDs) flanking breakpoints of all major leukemic translocation. Breakpoint islands (BpIs) were analyzed for stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) sites along with other complex genomic architecture and physicochemical properties. Our study distinctly emphasizes on the probable correlative role of SDs, SIDD sites and various genomic features in the occurrence of breakpoints. Further, it also highlights potential features which may be playing a crucial role in causing double-strand breaks, leading to translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Daga
- Department of Microbiology, MVM Science College, Saurashtra University, Near Under Bridge, Kalawad Road, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360007, India
| | - Afzal Ansari
- BIT Virtual Institute of Bioinformatics (GCRI Node), GSBTM, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- BIT Virtual Institute of Bioinformatics (GCRI Node), Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacogenomics, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Medha Pandya
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364022, India
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364022, India
| | - Krupa Shah
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Rakesh Rawal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Campus, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
| | - Valentina Umrania
- Department of Microbiology, MVM Science College, Saurashtra University, Near Under Bridge, Kalawad Road, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360007, India
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Organista-Nava J, Gómez-Gómez Y, Illades-Aguiar B, Leyva-Vázquez MA. Regulation of the miRNA expression by TEL/AML1, BCR/ABL, MLL/AF4 and TCF3/PBX1 oncoproteins in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1226-32. [PMID: 27431573 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs that play important regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. miRNAs act in diverse biological processes including development, cell growth, apoptosis, and hematopoiesis. The miRNA expression is associated with specific cytogenetic changes and can also be used to discriminate between the different subtypes of leukemia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with common translocations, it is shown that the miRNAs have the potential to be used for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. We reviewed the roles of miRNA here with emphasis on their function in human leukemia and the mechanisms of the TEL/AML1, BCR/ABL, MLL/AF4 and TCF3/PBX1 oncoproteins on miRNAs expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Organista-Nava
- Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yazmín Gómez-Gómez
- Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, D.F., Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
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Bauer E, Schlederer M, Scheicher R, Horvath J, Aigner P, Schiefer AI, Kain R, Regele H, Hoermann G, Steiner G, Kenner L, Sexl V, Villunger A, Moriggl R, Stoiber D. Cooperation of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 enhances immunoglobulin production and accelerates glomerulonephritis in transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12191-205. [PMID: 26919255 PMCID: PMC4914278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(12;21) translocation generating the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene represents the most frequent chromosomal rearrangement in childhood leukemia. Presence of ETV6/RUNX1 alone is usually not sufficient for leukemia onset, and additional genetic alterations have to occur in ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells to cause transformation. We have previously generated an ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic mouse model where the expression of the fusion gene is restricted to CD19-positive B cells. Since BCL2 family members have been proposed to play a role in leukemogenesis, we investigated combined effects of ETV6/RUNX1 with exogenous expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 by crossing ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic animals with Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. Strikingly, co-expression of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 resulted in significantly shorter disease latency in mice, indicating oncogene cooperativity. This was associated with faster development of follicular B cell lymphoma and exacerbated immune complex glomerulonephritis. ETV6/RUNX1-BCL2 double transgenic animals displayed increased B cell numbers and immunoglobulin titers compared to Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. This led to pronounced deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli followed by accelerated development of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Thus, our study reveals a previously unrecognized synergism between ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 impacting on malignant disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaqueline Horvath
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Aigner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Steiner
- Cluster Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Limsuwanachot N, Siriboonpiputtana T, Karntisawiwat K, Chareonsirisuthigul T, Chuncharunee S, Rerkamnuaychoke B. Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Common Fusion Transcripts in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:677-84. [PMID: 26925663 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous disease which requires a risk-stratified approach for appropriate treatment. Specific chromosomal translocations within leukemic blasts are important prognostic factors that allow identification of relevant subgroups. In this study, we developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay for detection of the 4 most frequent translocations in ALL (BCR-ABL, TEL-AML1, MLL-AF4, and E2A- PBX1). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 214 diagnosed ALL samples from both adult and pediatric ALL and 14 cases of CML patients (154 bone marrow and 74 peripheral blood samples) were assessed for specific chromosomal translocations by cytogenetic and multiplex RT-PCR assays. RESULTS The results showed that 46 cases of ALL and CML (20.2%) contained the fusion transcripts. Within the positive ALL patients, the most prevalent cryptic translocation observed was mBCR-ABL (p190) at 8.41%. In addition, other genetic rearrangements detected by the multiplex PCR were 4.21% TEL-AML1 and 2.34% E2A-PBX1, whereas MLL-AF4 exhibited negative results in all tested samples. Moreover, MBCR-ABL was detected in all 14 CML samples. In 16 samples of normal karyotype ALL (n=9), ALL with no cytogentic result (n=4) and CML with no Philadelphia chromosome (n=3), fusion transcripts were detected. CONCLUSIONS Multiplex RT-PCR provides a rapid, simple and highly sensitive method to detect fusion transcripts for prognostic and risk stratification of ALL and CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Limsuwanachot
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :
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Prakash G, Kaur A, Malhotra P, Khadwal A, Sharma P, Suri V, Varma N, Varma S. Current Role of Genetics in Hematologic Malignancies. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:18-31. [PMID: 26855503 PMCID: PMC4733682 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly changing field of genetic technology and its application in the management of hematological malignancies has brought significant improvement in treatment and outcome of these disorders. Today, genetics plays pivotal role in diagnosis and prognostication of most hematologic neoplasms. The utilization of genetic tests in deciding specific treatment of various hematologic malignancies as well as for evaluation of depth of treatment response is rapidly advancing. Therefore, it is imperative for practitioners working in the field of hemato-oncology to have sufficient understanding of the basic concepts of genetics in order to comprehend upcoming molecular research in this area and to translate the same for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Prakash
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- />Medical Geneticist, Sarai Building, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, 160030 India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Vikas Suri
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Varma
- />Department of Hematology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subhash Varma
- />Clinical Hematology and BMT Division, Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Linkage between the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia and thrombopoiesis. Blood 2016; 127:1234-41. [PMID: 26787737 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-607903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a status in which platelet numbers are reduced. Imbalance between the homeostatic regulation of platelet generation and destruction is 1 potential cause of thrombocytopenia. In adults, platelet generation is a 2-stage process entailing the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature megakaryocytes (MKs; known as megakaryopoiesis) and release of platelets from MKs (known as thrombopoiesis or platelet biogenesis). Until recently, information about the genetic defects responsible for congenital thrombocytopenia was only available for a few forms of the disease. However, investigations over the past 15 years have identified mutations in genes encoding >20 different proteins that are responsible for these disorders, which has advanced our understanding of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms can be categorized as (1) defects in MK lineage commitment and differentiation, (2) defects in MK maturation, and (3) defect in platelet release. Using these developmental stage categories, we here update recently described mechanisms underlying megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis and discuss the association between platelet generation systems and thrombocytopenia.
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Janczar K, Janczar S, Pastorczak A, Mycko K, Paige AJW, Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Wagrowska-Danilewicz M, Danilewicz M, Mlynarski W. Preserved global histone H4 acetylation linked to ETV6-RUNX1 fusion and PAX5 deletions is associated with favorable outcome in pediatric B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1455-61. [PMID: 26520622 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer executed by a number of complex processes the most important of which converge on DNA methylation and histone protein modifications. Epigenetic marks are potentially reversible and thus promising drug targets. In the setting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) they have been associated with clinicopathological features including risk of relapse or molecular subgroups of the disease. Here, using immunocytochemistry of bone marrow smears from diagnosis, we studied global histone H4 acetylation, whose loss was previously linked to treatment failure in adults with ALL, in pediatric patients. We demonstrate that preserved global histone H4 acetylation is significantly associated with favorable outcome (RFS, EFS, OS) in children with B cell progenitor (BCP) ALL, recapitulating the findings from adult populations. Further, for the first time we demonstrate differential histone H4 acetylation in molecular subclasses of BCP-ALL including cases with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene or PAX5 deletion or deletions in genes linked to B cell development. We conclude global histone H4 acetylation is a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janczar
- Department of Nephropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - S Janczar
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Pastorczak
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - K Mycko
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - A J W Paige
- Department of Life Science, University of Bedfordshire, UK
| | - B Zalewska-Szewczyk
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - M Danilewicz
- Department of Nephropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - W Mlynarski
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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41
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de Laurentiis A, Hiscott J, Alcalay M. The TEL-AML1 fusion protein of acute lymphoblastic leukemia modulates IRF3 activity during early B-cell differentiation. Oncogene 2015; 34:6018-28. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Iqbal Z. Molecular genetic studies on 167 pediatric ALL patients from different areas of Pakistan confirm a low frequency of the favorable prognosis fusion oncogene TEL-AML1 (t 12; 21) in underdeveloped countries of the region. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:3541-6. [PMID: 24870754 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.8.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
TEL-AML1 fusion oncogene (t 12; 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This translocation is associated with a good prognosis and rarely shows chemotherapeutic resistance to 3-drug based remission induction phase of treatment as well as overall treatment. Thus, the higher the frequency of this fusion oncogene, the easier to manage childhood ALL in a given region with less intensive chemotherapy. Although global frequency of TEL-AML1 has been reported to be 20-30%, a very low frequency has been found in some geographical regions, including one study from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan and others from India. The objective of present study was to investigate if this low frequency of TEL- AML1 in pediatric ALL is only in Lahore region or similar situation exists at other representative oncology centers of Pakistan. A total of 167 pediatric ALL patients were recruited from major pediatric oncology centers situated in Lahore, Faisalabad, Peshawar and Islamabad. Patients were tested for TEL-AML1 using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Only 17 out of 167 (10.2%) patients were found to be TEL-AML1 positive. TEL-AML1+ALL patients had favorable prognosis, most of them (82.4%, 14/17) showing early remission and good overall survival. Thus, our findings indicate an overall low frequency of TEL-AML1 in Pakistan pediatric ALL patients, in accordance with lower representation of this prognostically important genetic abnormality in other less developed countries, specifically in south Asia, thus associating it with poor living standards in these ethnic groups. It also indicates ethnic and geographical differences in the distribution of this prognostically important genetic abnormality among childhood ALL patients, which may have a significant bearing on ALL management strategies in different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- CAMS, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail : , ,
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43
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Posttranslational modifications of RUNX1 as potential anticancer targets. Oncogene 2014; 34:3483-92. [PMID: 25263451 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is a master regulator of hematopoiesis. Disruption of RUNX1 activity has been implicated in the development of hematopoietic neoplasms. Recent studies also highlight the importance of RUNX1 in solid tumors both as a tumor promoter and a suppressor. Given its central role in cancer development, RUNX1 is an excellent candidate for targeted therapy. A potential strategy to target RUNX1 is through modulation of its posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Numerous studies have shown that RUNX1 activity is regulated by PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination. These PTMs regulate RUNX1 activity either positively or negatively by altering RUNX1-mediated transcription, promoting protein degradation and affecting protein interactions. In this review, we first summarize the available data on the context- and dosage-dependent roles of RUNX1 in various types of neoplasms. We then provide a comprehensive overview of RUNX1 PTMs from biochemical and biologic perspectives. Finally, we discuss how aberrant PTMs of RUNX1 might contribute to tumorigenesis and also strategies to develop anticancer therapies targeting RUNX1 PTMs.
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44
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Palmi C, Fazio G, Savino AM, Procter J, Howell L, Cazzaniga V, Vieri M, Longinotti G, Brunati I, Andrè V, Della Mina P, Villa A, Greaves M, Biondi A, D'Amico G, Ford A, Cazzaniga G. Cytoskeletal regulatory gene expression and migratory properties of B-cell progenitors are affected by the ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1796-806. [PMID: 25061103 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0056-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion is a frequent initiating event in childhood leukemia, its role in leukemogenesis is only partly understood. The main impact of the fusion itself is to generate and sustain a clone of clinically silent preleukemic B-cell progenitors (BCP). Additional oncogenic hits, occurring even several years later, are required for overt disease. The understanding of the features and interactions of ETV6-RUNX1-positive cells during this "latency" period may explain how these silent cells can persist and whether they could be prone to additional genetic changes. In this study, two in vitro murine models were used to investigate whether ETV6-RUNX1 alters the cellular adhesion and migration properties of BCP. ETV6-RUNX1-expressing cells showed a significant defect in the chemotactic response to CXCL12, caused by a block in CXCR4 signaling, as demonstrated by inhibition of CXCL12-associated calcium flux and lack of ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, the induction of ETV6-RUNX1 caused changes in the expression of cell-surface adhesion molecules. The expression of genes regulating the cytoskeleton was also affected, resulting in a block of CDC42 signaling. The abnormalities described here could alter the interaction of ETV6-RUNX1 preleukemic BCP with the microenvironment and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. IMPLICATIONS Alterations in the expression of cytoskeletal regulatory genes and migration properties of BCP represent early events in the evolution of the disease, from the preleukemic phase to the clinical onset, and suggest new strategies for effective eradication of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Angela M Savino
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Julia Procter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Howell
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Margherita Vieri
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Longinotti
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Brunati
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Andrè
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Pamela Della Mina
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonello Villa
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Consortium, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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45
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Stem cell programs are retained in human leukemic lymphoblasts. Oncogene 2014; 34:2083-93. [PMID: 24909160 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic lymphoblasts within different immunophenotypic populations possess stem cell properties. However, whether or not the self-renewal program is retained from stem cells or conferred on progenitors by leukemogenic molecules remains unknown. We have addressed the issue in the context of TEL-AML1-associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by profiling a refined program edited from genes essential for self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and B-cell development. Bioinformatic analysis shows that ALL populations are loosely clustered and close to the normal population that contains stem and primitive progenitor cells. This finding indicates that immunophenotypes do not reflect maturation stages in ALL and that the self-renewal program may be retained from stem cells. Results of assessing 'first hit' function of TEL-AML1 in different populations of normal cells demonstrate the molecular model. Therefore, the current study shows a leukemogenic scenario of human ALL in which programs of stem cells are sustained in distinct fractions by leukemogenic mutations.
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46
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Kaindl U, Morak M, Portsmouth C, Mecklenbräuker A, Kauer M, Zeginigg M, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Blocking ETV6/RUNX1-induced MDM2 overexpression by Nutlin-3 reactivates p53 signaling in childhood leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:600-8. [PMID: 24240203 PMCID: PMC3948158 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ETV6/RUNX1 (E/R) is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is responsible for the initiation of leukemia but also indispensable for disease maintenance and propagation, although its function in these latter processes is less clear. We therefore investigated the effects of the perceived p53 pathway alterations in model cell lines and primary leukemias and, in particular, how E/R upregulates MDM2, the predominant negative regulator of p53. We found that E/R transactivates MDM2 in both p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) HCT116 cells by binding to promoter-inherent RUNX1 motifs, which indicates that this activation occurs in a direct and p53-independent manner. Treatment of E/R-positive leukemic cell lines with Nutlin-3, a small molecule that inhibits the MDM2/p53 interaction, arrests their cell cycle and induces apoptosis. These phenomena concur with a p53-induced expression of p21, pro-apoptotic BAX and PUMA, as well as caspase 3 activation and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage. The addition of DNA-damaging and p53-activating chemotherapeutic drugs intensifies apoptosis. Moreover, Nutlin-3 exposure leads to an analogous p53 accumulation and apoptotic surge in E/R-positive primary leukemic cells. Our findings clarify the role of p53 signaling in E/R-positive leukemias and outline the potential basis for its therapeutic exploitation in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kaindl
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Morak
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Portsmouth
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mecklenbräuker
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kauer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Zeginigg
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Attarbaschi
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - O A Haas
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- St Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Panzer-Grümayer
- St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Wang CX, Wang X, Liu HB, Zhou ZH. Aberrant DNA methylation and epigenetic inactivation of hMSH2 decrease overall survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients via modulating cell cycle and apoptosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:355-62. [PMID: 24528056 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered regulation of many transcription factors has been shown to play important roles in the development of leukemia. hMSH2 can modulate the activity of some important transcription factors and is known to be a regulator of hematopoietic differentiation. Herein, we investigated epigenetic regulation of hMSH2 and its influence on cell growth and overall survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. METHODS hMSH2 promoter methylation status was assessed by COBRA and pyrosequencing in 60 ALL patients and 30 healthy volunteers. mRNA and protein expression levels of hMSH2, PCNA, CyclinD1, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The influence of hMSH2 on cell proliferation and survival was assessed in transient and stable expression systems. RESULTS mRNA and protein expression of hMSH2 and Bcl-2 was decreased, and that of PCNA, CyclinD1 and Bax was increased in ALL patients as compared to healthy volunteers (P<0.05). hMSH2 was inactivated in ALL patients through promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, hMSH2 hypermethylation was found in relapsed ALL patients (85.7% of all cases). The median survival of patients with hMSH2 methylation was shorter than that of patients without hMSH2 methylation (log-rank test, P=0.0035). Over-expression of hMSH2 in cell lines resulted in a significant reduction in growth and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that aberrant DNA methylation and epigenetic inactivation of hMSH2 play an important role in the development of ALL through altering cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China E-mail :
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48
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Meissner B, Bartram T, Eckert C, Trka J, Panzer-Grümayer R, Hermanova I, Ellinghaus E, Franke A, Möricke A, Schrauder A, Teigler-Schlegel A, Dörge P, von Stackelberg A, Basso G, Bartram CR, Kirschner-Schwabe R, Bornhäuser B, Bourquin JP, Cazzaniga G, Hauer J, Attarbaschi A, Izraeli S, Zaliova M, Cario G, Zimmermann M, Avigad S, Sokalska-Duhme M, Metzler M, Schrappe M, Koehler R, Te Kronnie G, Stanulla M. Frequent and sex-biased deletion of SLX4IP by illegitimate V(D)J-mediated recombination in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:590-601. [PMID: 24045615 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for ∼25% of pediatric malignancies. Of interest, the incidence of ALL is observed ∼20% higher in males relative to females. The mechanism behind the phenomenon of sex-specific differences is presently not understood. Employing genome-wide genetic aberration screening in 19 ALL samples, one of the most recurrent lesions identified was monoallelic deletion of the 5' region of SLX4IP. We characterized this deletion by conventional molecular genetic techniques and analyzed its interrelationships with biological and clinical characteristics using specimens and data from 993 pediatric patients enrolled into trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000. Deletion of SLX4IP was detected in ∼30% of patients. Breakpoints within SLX4IP were defined to recurrent positions and revealed junctions with typical characteristics of illegitimate V(D)J-mediated recombination. In initial and validation analyses, SLX4IP deletions were significantly associated with male gender and ETV6/RUNX1-rearranged ALL (both overall P < 0.0001). For mechanistic validation, a second recurrent deletion affecting TAL1 and caused by the same molecular mechanism was analyzed in 1149 T-cell ALL patients. Validating a differential role by sex of illegitimate V(D)J-mediated recombination at the TAL1 locus, 128 out of 1149 T-cell ALL samples bore a deletion and males were significantly more often affected (P = 0.002). The repeatedly detected association of SLX4IP deletion with male sex and the extension of the sex bias to deletion of the TAL1 locus suggest that differential illegitimate V(D)J-mediated recombination events at specific loci may contribute to the consistent observation of higher incidence rates of childhood ALL in boys compared with girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Meissner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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49
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Chatterton Z, Morenos L, Mechinaud F, Ashley DM, Craig JM, Sexton-Oates A, Halemba MS, Parkinson-Bates M, Ng J, Morrison D, Carroll WL, Saffery R, Wong NC. Epigenetic deregulation in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenetics 2014; 9:459-67. [PMID: 24394348 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to most cancers, genome-wide DNA methylation profiles are commonly altered in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, recent observations highlight that a large portion of malignancy-associated DNA methylation alterations are not accompanied by related gene expression changes. By analyzing and integrating the methylome and transcriptome profiles of pediatric B-cell ALL cases and primary tissue controls, we report 325 genes hypermethylated and downregulated and 45 genes hypomethylated and upregulated in pediatric B-cell ALL, irrespective of subtype. Repressed cation channel subunits and cAMP signaling activators and transducers are overrepresented, potentially indicating a reduced cellular potential to receive and propagate apoptotic signals. Furthermore, we report specific DNA methylation alterations with concurrent gene expression changes within individual ALL subtypes. The ETV6-RUNX1 translocation was associated with downregulation of ASNS and upregulation of the EPO-receptor, while Hyperdiploid patients (> 50 chr) displayed upregulation of B-cell lymphoma (BCL) members and repression of PTPRG and FHIT. In combination, these data indicate genetically distinct B-cell ALL subtypes contain cooperative epimutations and genome-wide epigenetic deregulation is common across all B-cell ALL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Chatterton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Leah Morenos
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | | | - David M Ashley
- Andrew Love Cancer Centre; Deakin University; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Minhee S Halemba
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Mandy Parkinson-Bates
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Jane Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | | | | | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wong
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital; Victoria, VIC Australia
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50
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Linka Y, Ginzel S, Krüger M, Novosel A, Gombert M, Kremmer E, Harbott J, Thiele R, Borkhardt A, Landgraf P. The impact of TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) expression in precursor B cells and implications for leukaemia using three different genome-wide screening methods. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e151. [PMID: 24121163 PMCID: PMC3816209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), the most common structural genomic alteration in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children, results in a chimeric transcription factor TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1). We identified directly and indirectly regulated target genes utilizing an inducible TEL-AML1 system derived from the murine pro B-cell line BA/F3 and a monoclonal antibody directed against TEL-AML1. By integration of promoter binding identified with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip, gene expression and protein output through microarray technology and stable labelling of amino acids in cell culture, we identified 217 directly and 118 indirectly regulated targets of the TEL-AML1 fusion protein. Directly, but not indirectly, regulated promoters were enriched in AML1-binding sites. The majority of promoter regions were specific for the fusion protein and not bound by native AML1 or TEL. Comparison with gene expression profiles from TEL-AML1-positive patients identified 56 concordantly misregulated genes with negative effects on proliferation and cellular transport mechanisms and positive effects on cellular migration, and stress responses including immunological responses. In summary, this work for the first time gives a comprehensive insight into how TEL-AML1 expression may directly and indirectly contribute to alter cells to become prone for leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linka
- Heinrich-Heine University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Dusseldorf, Germany
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