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Bessler R, Bhardwaj S, Malka D, Fishler R, Sznitman J. Exploring the role of electrostatic deposition on inhaled aerosols in alveolated microchannels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23069. [PMID: 38155187 PMCID: PMC10754925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of net electrical charge are known to accumulate on inhaled aerosols during their generation using commonly-available inhalers. This effect often leads to superfluous deposition in the extra-thoracic airways at the cost of more efficient inhalation therapy. Since the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between an aerosol and the airway wall, its role has long been recognized as potentially significant in the deep lungs. Yet, with the complexity of exploring such phenomenon directly at the acinar scales, in vitro experiments have been largely limited to upper airways models. Here, we devise a microfluidic alveolated airway channel coated with conductive material to quantify in vitro the significance of electrostatic effects on inhaled aerosol deposition. Specifically, our aerosol exposure assays showcase inhaled spherical particles of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.1 μm that are recognized to reach the acinar regions, whereby deposition is typically attributed to the leading roles of diffusion and sedimentation. In our experiments, electrostatic effects are observed to largely prevent aerosols from depositing inside alveolar cavities. Rather, deposition is overwhelmingly biased along the inter-alveolar septal spaces, even when aerosols are charged with only a few elementary charges. Our observations give new insight into the role of electrostatics at the acinar scales and emphasize how charged particles under 2 µm may rapidly overshadow the traditionally accepted dominance of diffusion or sedimentation when considering aerosol deposition phenomena in the deep lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Bessler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, RBNI, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Saurabh Bhardwaj
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Daniel Malka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rami Fishler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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2
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Yang Y, Ma Z, Zhuang Y, Long X, Yu Y. Development of multi-generation lower respiratory tract model and insights into the transport and deposition characteristics of inhalable particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166725. [PMID: 37657539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles can spread quickly and enter human respiratory system via inhalation, causing chronic diseases, even cancer. Although recent studies have informed of toxicity of various pollutants, understanding the transport and deposition characteristics of particles in lower respiratory tract is still challenging. The current study proposes a novel model to simulate flow field change from the entrance of lower respiratory tract to pulmonary acinus, while studying particle transport and deposition characteristics. This model for lower respiratory tract with several bronchial extensions containing virtual pulmonary acinus is calculated using computational fluid dynamics and dynamics mesh. The results showed that in the first 10 generations of the lower respiratory tract, vortices and gravity interfered with particles' trajectory, affecting particle deposition distribution. For the first to the tenth-generation respiratory tract, coarse particles were deposited throughout almost the whole respiratory tract model. In contrast, ultrafine particles did not deposit in the higher-generation respiratory tract. The particle enrichment ability of various lobes was uneven with three particle deposition fraction variation patterns. Virtual pulmonary acinus influenced particle deposition and distribution because of vortex ring's trapped ability during expansion and contraction. This new attempt to build a virtual pulmonary acinus model to simulate particle deposition effects in human respiratory system may provide a reference for studying the toxicities of inhalable particles in the exposed human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijie Zhuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoao Long
- Neurosurgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Qiu Y, Lu C, Bao F, Hu G. Design of a multilayer lung chip with multigenerational alveolar ducts to investigate the inhaled particle deposition. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4302-4312. [PMID: 37691540 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and application of a multilayer microfluidic lung chip designed to accurately replicate the human respiratory bronchi, providing an innovative platform for controlled particle deposition in the lung. By employing a quantitative control method of fluid velocity through the deformation of an elastic PDMS membrane, this platform mimics the passive breathing process in humans and allows for precise simulation of the respiration cycle. We utilized time-lapse photography of fluorescent particles in a water/glycerol solution to qualitatively observe fluid morphology in the channel, while a chip-aerosol exposure device combined with microscopy imaging was employed to visualise aerosol deposition. Both experimental and numerical simulation results showed that particle concentration decreased towards the distal generations of the lung, and that changes in breathing pattern significantly affected particle deposition trends. Furthermore, we found that increasing the residence time of particles in the channel facilitated deeper particle deposition, achievable by adjusting parameters such as breath-hold time, exhalation time, respiration cycle length, and tidal volume. The proposed microfluidic lung chip device has significant potential for future research in respiratory health and inhaled drug delivery, providing an efficient, cost-effective, and ethical alternative to traditional in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fubing Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Flow Measurement Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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4
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Shrestha J, Paudel KR, Nazari H, Dharwal V, Bazaz SR, Johansen MD, Dua K, Hansbro PM, Warkiani ME. Advanced models for respiratory disease and drug studies. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1470-1503. [PMID: 37119028 PMCID: PMC10946967 DOI: 10.1002/med.21956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of respiratory diseases is enormous, with many millions of people suffering and dying prematurely every year. The global COVID-19 pandemic witnessed recently, along with increased air pollution and wildfire events, increases the urgency of identifying the most effective therapeutic measures to combat these diseases even further. Despite increasing expenditure and extensive collaborative efforts to identify and develop the most effective and safe treatments, the failure rates of drugs evaluated in human clinical trials are high. To reverse these trends and minimize the cost of drug development, ineffective drug candidates must be eliminated as early as possible by employing new, efficient, and accurate preclinical screening approaches. Animal models have been the mainstay of pulmonary research as they recapitulate the complex physiological processes, Multiorgan interplay, disease phenotypes of disease, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. Recently, the use of advanced culture technologies such as organoids and lung-on-a-chip models has gained increasing attention because of their potential to reproduce human diseased states and physiology, with clinically relevant responses to drugs and toxins. This review provides an overview of different animal models for studying respiratory diseases and evaluating drugs. We also highlight recent progress in cell culture technologies to advance integrated models and discuss current challenges and present future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vivek Dharwal
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Matt D. Johansen
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of TechnologySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative MedicineUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for InflammationCentenary Institute and University of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
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5
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Alternative lung cell model systems for toxicology testing strategies: Current knowledge and future outlook. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 147:70-82. [PMID: 36599788 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the current relevance of pulmonary toxicology (with focus upon air pollution and the inhalation of hazardous materials), it is important to further develop and implement physiologically relevant models of the entire respiratory tract. Lung model development has the aim to create human relevant systems that may replace animal use whilst balancing cost, laborious nature and regulatory ambition. There is an imperative need to move away from rodent models and implement models that mimic the holistic characteristics important in lung function. The purpose of this review is therefore, to describe and identify the various alternative models that are being applied towards assessing the pulmonary toxicology of inhaled substances, as well as the current and potential developments of various advanced models and how they may be applied towards toxicology testing strategies. These models aim to mimic various regions of the lung, as well as implementing different exposure methods with the addition of various physiologically relevent conditions (such as fluid-flow and dynamic movement). There is further progress in the type of models used with focus on the development of lung-on-a-chip technologies and bioprinting, as well as and the optimization of such models to fill current knowledge gaps within toxicology.
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Sengupta A, Dorn A, Jamshidi M, Schwob M, Hassan W, De Maddalena LL, Hugi A, Stucki AO, Dorn P, Marti TM, Wisser O, Stucki JD, Krebs T, Hobi N, Guenat OT. A multiplex inhalation platform to model in situ like aerosol delivery in a breathing lung-on-chip. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114739. [PMID: 36959848 PMCID: PMC10029733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to environmental respirable toxicants can lead to the development and worsening of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis. The limited number of FDA-approved inhaled drugs for these serious lung conditions has led to a shift from in vivo towards the use of alternative in vitro human-relevant models to better predict the toxicity of inhaled particles in preclinical research. While there are several inhalation exposure models for the upper airways, the fragile and dynamic nature of the alveolar microenvironment has limited the development of reproducible exposure models for the distal lung. Here, we present a mechanistic approach using a new generation of exposure systems, the Cloud α AX12. This novel in vitro inhalation tool consists of a cloud-based exposure chamber (VITROCELL) that integrates the breathing AXLung-on-chip system (AlveoliX). The ultrathin and porous membrane of the AX12 plate was used to create a complex multicellular model that enables key physiological culture conditions: the air-liquid interface (ALI) and the three-dimensional cyclic stretch (CS). Human-relevant cellular models were established for a) the distal alveolar-capillary interface using primary cell-derived immortalized alveolar epithelial cells (AXiAECs), macrophages (THP-1) and endothelial (HLMVEC) cells, and b) the upper-airways using Calu3 cells. Primary human alveolar epithelial cells (AXhAEpCs) were used to validate the toxicity results obtained from the immortalized cell lines. To mimic in vivo relevant aerosol exposures with the Cloud α AX12, three different models were established using: a) titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide nanoparticles b) polyhexamethylene guanidine a toxic chemical and c) an anti-inflammatory inhaled corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate (FL). Our results suggest an important synergistic effect on the air-blood barrier sensitivity, cytotoxicity and inflammation, when air-liquid interface and cyclic stretch culture conditions are combined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an in vitro inhalation exposure system for the distal lung has been described with a breathing lung-on-chip technology. The Cloud α AX12 model thus represents a state-of-the-art pre-clinical tool to study inhalation toxicity risks, drug safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Dorn
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Jamshidi
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magali Schwob
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Widad Hassan
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hugi
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas O. Stucki
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Andreas O. Stucki,
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nina Hobi
- AlveoliX AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T. Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Zommiti M, Connil N, Tahrioui A, Groboillot A, Barbey C, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ. Organs-on-Chips Platforms Are Everywhere: A Zoom on Biomedical Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:646. [PMID: 36354557 PMCID: PMC9687856 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, conventional in vitro culture systems and animal models have been used to study physiology, nutrient or drug metabolisms including mechanical and physiopathological aspects. However, there is an urgent need for Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) and more sophisticated platforms and devices to approach the real complexity of human physiology and provide reliable extrapolations for clinical investigations and personalized medicine. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC), also known as a microphysiological system, is a state-of-the-art microfluidic cell culture technology that sums up cells or tissue-to-tissue interfaces, fluid flows, mechanical cues, and organ-level physiology, and it has been developed to fill the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology. The wide range of OOC platforms involves the miniaturization of cell culture systems and enables a variety of novel experimental techniques. These range from modeling the independent effects of biophysical forces on cells to screening novel drugs in multi-organ microphysiological systems, all within microscale devices. As in living biosystems, the development of vascular structure is the salient feature common to almost all organ-on-a-chip platforms. Herein, we provide a snapshot of this fast-evolving sophisticated technology. We will review cutting-edge developments and advances in the OOC realm, discussing current applications in the biomedical field with a detailed description of how this technology has enabled the reconstruction of complex multi-scale and multifunctional matrices and platforms (at the cellular and tissular levels) leading to an acute understanding of the physiopathological features of human ailments and infections in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zommiti
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
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8
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Yang Y, Bai W, Dong J, Lv H, Zhu Y. Microflows in two-generation alveolar cells at an acinar bifurcation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054101. [PMID: 36097514 PMCID: PMC9451617 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The alveolus is a basic functional unit of the human respiratory system, and the airflow in the alveoli plays an important role in determining the transport and deposition of particulate matter, which is crucial for inhaled disease diagnosis and drug delivery. In the present study, taking advantage of the precise control ability of the microfluidic technique, a rhythmically expanding alveolar chip with multiple alveoli in two generations is designed and both the geometric and kinematic similarities are matched with the real human respiration system. With the help of a micro-PIV measurement system, the microflow patterns inside each alveolus can be studied. The observed vortex and radial flow patterns and the discovery of stagnant saddle points are similar to those captured in our previous platform with only one alveolus [Lv et al., Lab Chip 20, 2394-2402 (2020)]. However, the interactions between multiple alveoli also uncover new phenomena, such as the finding of stagnant saddle points in non-vortex flow patterns and significant differences in the flow pattern around the points between the time of T/4 and 3T/4. The obtained results could enrich the understanding of microflow in a whole alveolar tree with multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weitao Bai
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huimin Lv
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Chakravarty A, Panchagnula MV, Mohan A, Patankar NA. Pulmonary drug delivery and retention: A computational study to identify plausible parameters based on a coupled airway-mucus flow model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010143. [PMID: 35653381 PMCID: PMC9197018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery systems rely on inhalation of drug-laden aerosols produced from aerosol generators such as inhalers, nebulizers etc. On deposition, the drug molecules diffuse in the mucus layer and are also subjected to mucociliary advection which transports the drugs away from the initial deposition site. The availability of the drug at a particular region of the lung is, thus, determined by a balance between these two phenomena. A mathematical analysis of drug deposition and retention in the lungs is developed through a coupled mathematical model of aerosol transport in air as well as drug molecule transport in the mucus layer. The mathematical model is solved computationally to identify suitable conditions for the transport of drug-laden aerosols to the deep lungs. This study identifies the conditions conducive for delivering drugs to the deep lungs which is crucial for achieving systemic drug delivery. The effect of different parameters on drug retention is also characterized for various regions of the lungs, which is important in determining the availability of the inhaled drugs at a target location. Our analysis confirms that drug delivery efficacy remains highest for aerosols in the size range of 1-5 μm. Moreover, it is observed that amount of drugs deposited in the deep lung increases by a factor of 2 when the breathing time period is doubled, with respect to normal breathing, suggesting breath control as a means to increase the efficacy of drug delivery to the deep lung. A higher efficacy also reduces the drug load required to be inhaled to produce the same health effects and hence, can help in minimizing the side effects of a drug. Pulmonary drug delivery systems utilize the respiratory mechanism to directly deliver drugs to a target region of the lungs. The drug molecules deposit in the mucus lining, on reaching the target region, and are simultaneously transported away from the target region due to mucociliary transport and molecular diffusion. The availability of drugs at a target lung region and hence, efficacy of the drugs, therefore, determined by the delivery and retention of the drugs at the target region. The present study computationally solves the coupled transport equations to identify the conditions conducive for drug delivery and retention in the deep lungs. Drug delivery efficacy to the deep lung is observed to be highest for 1–5 μm aerosols. Breathing time period is also observed to influence efficacy. The amount of drugs deposited in the deep lung is observed to increase by a factor of 2 when the breathing time period is doubled with respect to normal breathing period. Such insights gained from this analysis will potentially help in devising mechanisms for increasing drug availability in the deep lung which is essential in achieving systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranyak Chakravarty
- School of Nuclear Studies and Application, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mahesh V. Panchagnula
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Alladi Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Neelesh A. Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Son T, Cho YJ, Lee H, Cho MY, Goh B, Kim HM, Hoa PTN, Cho SH, Park YJ, Park HS, Hong KS. Monitoring in vivo behavior of size-dependent fluorescent particles as a model fine dust. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:227. [PMID: 35551612 PMCID: PMC9097390 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been growing concern regarding the impact of air pollution, especially fine dust, on human health. However, it is difficult to estimate the toxicity of fine dust on the human body because of its diverse effects depending on the composition and environmental factors. Results In this study, we focused on the difference in the biodistribution of fine dust according to the size distribution of particulate matter after inhalation into the body to predict its impact on human health. We synthesized Cy7-doped silica particulate matters (CSPMs) having different particle sizes and employed them as model fine dust, and studied their whole-body in vivo biodistribution in BALB/c nude mice. Image-tracking and quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on the ex vivo organs and tissues. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis of single cells isolated from the lungs was performed. Smaller particles with a diameter of less than 100 nm (CSPM0.1) were observed to be removed relatively rapidly from the lungs upon initial inhalation. However, they were confirmed to accumulate continuously over 4 weeks of observation. In particular, smaller particles were found to spread rapidly to other organs during the early stages of inhalation. Conclusions The results show in vivo behavioral differences that arisen from particle size through mouse experimental model. Although these are far from the human inhalation studies, it provides information that can help predict the effect of fine dust on human health. This study might provide with insights on association between CSPM0.1 accumulation in several organs including the lungs and adverse effect to underlying diseases in the organs. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01419-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoong Son
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Youn-Joo Cho
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea.,SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Goh
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Phan Thi Ngoc Hoa
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Cho
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea.
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea. .,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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11
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Kaya AG, Öz M, Orhun İK, Erol S, Çiledağ A, Karnak D, Kaya A. A new device for bronchoscopy for better protection. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:361-369. [PMID: 36161605 PMCID: PMC10381228 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2109-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been precisely known in bronchoscopy procedures. We have designed a cabinet device called Ankara University Bronchoscopy Cabinet (Aubrocab®) to protect healthcare. We aimed to evaluate preventing effect of Aubrocab® on aerosol spreading by measuring the particles in the bronchoscopy suite. METHODS The patients were categorized into two groups as those who underwent bronchoscopy with and without Aubrocab®. We measured PM 0.5 levels before and after bronchoscopy in the bronchoscopy suite. RESULTS A total of 82 patients, 62 of whom underwent bronchoscopy with Aubrocab®, were enrolled in the study. The PM 0.5 level measured before bronchoscopy was similar in both groups, whereas the PM 0.5 level measured after bronchoscopy was lower in the Aubrocab® group (42,603 ± 8,632 vs. 50,377 ± 10,487, p = 0.001). The percent of particle change (50.76 ± 19.91 vs 67.15 ± 24.24, p = 0.003) and the difference of the particle numbers between pre and postprocedure (13,638 ± 4,292 and 19,501 ± 5,891, p < 0.001) were lower in the Aubrocab® group. DISCUSSION Our institution developed a barrier device named Aubrocab® which was shown to prevent excessive aerosol release in addition to routine precautions during bronchoscopy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Gürün Kaya
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Miraç Öz
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Serhat Erol
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydın Çiledağ
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Demet Karnak
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akın Kaya
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Zhu Y, Sun L, Wang Y, Cai L, Zhang Z, Shang Y, Zhao Y. A Biomimetic Human Lung-on-a-Chip with Colorful Display of Microphysiological Breath. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108972. [PMID: 35065539 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lung-on-a-chip models hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Herein, inspired by the iridescence phenomenon of soap bubbles, a novel biomimetic 3D microphysiological lung-on-a-chip system with breathing visualization is presented. The system, with an array of pulmonary alveoli at the physiological scale, is constructed and coated with structural color materials. Cyclic deformation is induced by regular airflow, resembling the expansion and contraction of the alveoli during rhythmic breathing. As the deformation is accompanied with corresponding synchronous shifts in the structural color, the constructed system offers self-reporting of the cell mechanics and enables real-time monitoring of the cultivation process. Using this system, the dynamic relationships between the color atlas and disease symptoms, showing the essential role of mechanical stretching in the phenotypes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, are investigated. These features make this human lung system ideal in biological study, disease monitoring, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhuohao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yixuan Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
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13
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Nof E, Zidan H, Artzy-Schnirman A, Mouhadeb O, Beckerman M, Bhardwaj S, Elias-Kirma S, Gur D, Beth-Din A, Levenberg S, Korin N, Ordentlich A, Sznitman J. Human Multi-Compartment Airways-on-Chip Platform for Emulating Respiratory Airborne Transmission: From Nose to Pulmonary Acini. Front Physiol 2022; 13:853317. [PMID: 35350687 PMCID: PMC8957966 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.853317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed tremendous endeavors to deliver novel preclinical in vitro lung models for pulmonary research endpoints, including foremost with the advent of organ- and lung-on-chips. With growing interest in aerosol transmission and infection of respiratory viruses within a host, most notably the SARS-CoV-2 virus amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of crosstalk between the different lung regions (i.e., extra-thoracic, conductive and respiratory), with distinct cellular makeups and physiology, are acknowledged to play an important role in the progression of the disease from the initial onset of infection. In the present Methods article, we designed and fabricated to the best of our knowledge the first multi-compartment human airway-on-chip platform to serve as a preclinical in vitro benchmark underlining regional lung crosstalk for viral infection pathways. Combining microfabrication and 3D printing techniques, our platform mimics key elements of the respiratory system spanning (i) nasal passages that serve as the alleged origin of infections, (ii) the mid-bronchial airway region and (iii) the deep acinar region, distinct with alveolated airways. Crosstalk between the three components was exemplified in various assays. First, viral-load (including SARS-CoV-2) injected into the apical partition of the nasal compartment was detected in distal bronchial and acinar components upon applying physiological airflow across the connected compartment models. Secondly, nebulized viral-like dsRNA, poly I:C aerosols were administered to the nasal apical compartment, transmitted to downstream compartments via respiratory airflows and leading to an elevation in inflammatory cytokine levels secreted by distinct epithelial cells in each respective compartment. Overall, our assays establish an in vitro methodology that supports the hypothesis for viral-laden airflow mediated transmission through the respiratory system cellular landscape. With a keen eye for broader end user applications, we share detailed methodologies for fabricating, assembling, calibrating, and using our multi-compartment platform, including open-source fabrication files. Our platform serves as an early proof-of-concept that can be readily designed and adapted to specific preclinical pulmonary research endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliram Nof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hikaia Zidan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Odelia Mouhadeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Margarita Beckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Saurabh Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Elias-Kirma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Didi Gur
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arie Ordentlich
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Zhang W, Dong J, Lv H, Bai W, Lu H, Noack BR, Zhu Y, Yang Y. Microparticle Transport and Sedimentation in a Rhythmically Expanding Alveolar Chip. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030485. [PMID: 35334776 PMCID: PMC8949128 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of particle transport and sedimentation in pulmonary alveolus is important for deciphering the causes of respiratory diseases and helping the development of drug delivery. In this study, taking advantage of the microfluidic technique, an experimental platform was developed to study particle behavior in a rhythmically expanding alveolar chip for a sufficient number of cycles. The alveolar flow patterns at different generations were measured for two cases with the gravity direction parallel or vertical to the alveolar duct. Affected by both the vortex flow inside the alveoli and the shear flow in the duct simultaneously, it was observed that particles inside the alveoli either escaped from the inlet of the alveolar duct or stayed in the alveoli, revealing the irreversibility of particle transport in the alveoli. At the earlier acinar generations, particles were inclined to deposit on the distal alveolar wall. The settling rates of particles of different sizes in the alveoli were also compared. This study provides valuable data for understanding particle transport and sedimentation in the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huimin Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weitao Bai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518112, China;
| | - Bernd R. Noack
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (J.D.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (B.R.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Dong J, Yang Y, Zhu Y. Recent advances in the understanding of alveolar flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:021502. [PMID: 35464135 PMCID: PMC9010052 DOI: 10.1063/5.0084415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of airflow in alveoli and its effect on the behavior of particle transport and deposition is important for understanding lung functions and the cause of many lung diseases. The studies on these areas have drawn substantial attention over the last few decades. This Review discusses the recent progress in the investigation of behavior of airflow in alveoli. The information obtained from studies on the structure of the lung airway tree and alveolar topology is provided first. The current research progress on the modeling of alveoli is then reviewed. The alveolar cell parameters at different generation of branches, issues to model real alveolar flow, and the current numerical and experimental approaches are discussed. The findings on flow behavior, in particular, flow patterns and the mechanism of chaotic flow generation in the alveoli are reviewed next. The different flow patterns under different geometrical and flow conditions are discussed. Finally, developments on microfluidic devices such as lung-on-a-chip devices are reviewed. The issues of current devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yonggang Zhu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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16
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Sznitman J. Revisiting Airflow and Aerosol Transport Phenomena in the Deep Lungs with Microfluidics. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7182-7204. [PMID: 34964615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of respiratory airflows and the associated transport mechanisms of inhaled aerosols characteristic of the deep regions of the lungs are of broad interest in assessing both respiratory health risks and inhalation therapy outcomes. In the present review, we present a comprehensive discussion of our current understanding of airflow and aerosol transport phenomena that take place within the unique and complex anatomical environment of the deep lungs, characterized by submillimeter 3D alveolated airspaces and nominally slow resident airflows, known as low-Reynolds-number flows. We exemplify the advances brought forward by experimental efforts, in conjunction with numerical simulations, to revisit past mechanistic theories of respiratory airflow and particle transport in the distal acinar regions. Most significantly, we highlight how microfluidic-based platforms spanning the past decade have accelerated opportunities to deliver anatomically inspired in vitro solutions that capture with sufficient realism and accuracy the leading mechanisms governing both respiratory airflow and aerosol transport at true scale. Despite ongoing challenges and limitations with microfabrication techniques, the efforts witnessed in recent years have provided previously unattainable in vitro quantifications on the local transport properties in the deep pulmonary acinar airways. These may ultimately provide new opportunities to explore improved strategies of inhaled drug delivery to the deep acinar regions by investigating further the mechanistic interactions between airborne particulate carriers and respiratory airflows at the pulmonary microscales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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17
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Moreira A, Müller M, Costa PF, Kohl Y. Advanced In Vitro Lung Models for Drug and Toxicity Screening: The Promising Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2101139. [PMID: 34962104 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The substantial socioeconomic burden of lung diseases, recently highlighted by the disastrous impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accentuates the need for interventive treatments capable of decelerating disease progression, limiting organ damage, and contributing to a functional tissue recovery. However, this is hampered by the lack of accurate human lung research models, which currently fail to reproduce the human pulmonary architecture and biochemical environment. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and organ-on-chip (OOC) technologies possess suitable characteristics for the generation of physiologically relevant in vitro lung models, allowing for developmental studies, disease modeling, and toxicological screening. Importantly, these platforms represent potential alternatives for animal testing, according to the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine) principle, and hold promise for the identification and approval of new chemicals under the European REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals) framework. As such, this review aims to summarize recent progress made in human iPSC- and OOC-based in vitro lung models. A general overview of the present applications of in vitro lung models is presented, followed by a summary of currently used protocols to generate different lung cell types from iPSCs. Lastly, recently developed iPSC-based lung models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Müller
- Department of Bioprocessing and Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Pedro F Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Department of Bioprocessing and Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Postgraduate Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Haberthür D, Yao E, Barré SF, Cremona TP, Tschanz SA, Schittny JC. Pulmonary acini exhibit complex changes during postnatal rat lung development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257349. [PMID: 34748555 PMCID: PMC8575188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary acini represent the functional gas-exchanging units of the lung. Due to technical limitations, individual acini cannot be identified on microscopic lung sections. To overcome these limitations, we imaged the right lower lobes of instillation-fixed rat lungs from postnatal days P4, P10, P21, and P60 at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility at a voxel size of 1.48 μm. Individual acini were segmented from the three-dimensional data by closing the airways at the transition from conducting to gas exchanging airways. For a subset of acini (N = 268), we followed the acinar development by stereologically assessing their volume and their number of alveoli. We found that the mean volume of the acini increases 23 times during the observed time-frame. The coefficients of variation dropped from 1.26 to 0.49 and the difference between the mean volumes of the fraction of the 20% smallest to the 20% largest acini decreased from a factor of 27.26 (day 4) to a factor of 4.07 (day 60), i.e. shows a smaller dispersion at later time points. The acinar volumes show a large variation early in lung development and homogenize during maturation of the lung by reducing their size distribution by a factor of 7 until adulthood. The homogenization of the acinar sizes hints at an optimization of the gas-exchange region in the lungs of adult animals and that acini of different size are not evenly distributed in the lungs. This likely leads to more homogeneous ventilation at later stages in lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eveline Yao
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Fransen LFH, Leonard MO. Small Airway Susceptibility to Chemical and Particle Injury. Respiration 2021; 101:321-333. [PMID: 34649249 DOI: 10.1159/000519344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airways (SA) in humans are commonly defined as those conducting airways <2 mm in diameter. They are susceptible to particle- and chemical-induced injury and play a major role in the development of airway disease such as COPD and asthma. Susceptibility to injury can be attributed in part to structural features including airflow dynamics and tissue architecture, but recent evidence may indicate a more prominent role for cellular composition in directing toxicological responses. Animal studies support the hypothesis that inherent cellular differences across the tracheobronchial tree, including metabolic CYP450 expression in the distal conducting airways, can influence SA susceptibility to injury. Currently, there is insufficient information in humans to make similar conclusions, prompting further necessary work in this area. An understanding of why the SA are more susceptible to certain chemical and particle exposures than other airway regions is fundamental to our ability to identify hazardous materials, their properties, and accompanying exposure scenarios that compromise lung function. It is also important for the ability to develop appropriate models for toxicity testing. Moreover, it is central to our understanding of SA disease aetiology and how interventional strategies for treatment may be developed. In this review, we will document the structural and cellular airway regional differences that are likely to influence airway susceptibility to injury, including the role of secretory club cells. We will also describe recent advances in single-cell sequencing of human airways, which have provided unprecedented details of cell phenotype, likely to impact airway chemical and particle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Oliver Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, United Kingdom
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Venis SM, Moon HR, Yang Y, Utturkar SM, Konieczny SF, Han B. Engineering of a functional pancreatic acinus with reprogrammed cancer cells by induced PTF1a expression. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3675-3685. [PMID: 34581719 PMCID: PMC9175079 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A pancreatic acinus is a functional unit of the exocrine pancreas producing digest enzymes. Its pathobiology is crucial to pancreatic diseases including pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, which can initiate from pancreatic acini. However, research on pancreatic acini has been significantly hampered due to the difficulty of culturing normal acinar cells in vitro. In this study, an in vitro model of the normal acinus, named pancreatic acinus-on-chip (PAC), is developed using reprogrammed pancreatic cancer cells. The developed model is a microfluidic platform with an epithelial duct and acinar sac geometry microfabricated by a newly developed two-step controlled "viscous-fingering" technique. In this model, human pancreatic cancer cells, Panc-1, reprogrammed to revert to the normal state upon induction of PTF1a gene expression, are cultured. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that, upon induced PTF1a expression, Panc-1 cells transition into a more normal and differentiated acinar phenotype. The microanatomy and exocrine functions of the model are characterized to confirm the normal acinus phenotypes. The developed model provides a new and reliable testbed to study the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Venis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sagar M Utturkar
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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21
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Wang D, Cong Y, Deng Q, Han X, Zhang S, Zhao L, Luo Y, Zhang X. Physiological and Disease Models of Respiratory System Based on Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12091106. [PMID: 34577749 PMCID: PMC8467891 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is complex, and its occurrence and development also involve a series of pathological processes. The present research methods are have difficulty simulating the natural developing state of the disease in the body, and the results cannot reflect the real growth state and function in vivo. The development of microfluidic chip technology provides a technical platform for better research on respiratory diseases. The size of its microchannel can be similar to the space for cell growth in vivo. In addition, organ-on-a-chip can achieve long-term co-cultivation of multiple cells and produce precisely controllable fluid shear force, periodically changing mechanical force, and perfusate with varying solute concentration gradient. To sum up, the chip can be used to analyze the specific pathophysiological changes of organs meticulously, and it is widely used in scientific research on respiratory diseases. The focus of this review is to describe and discuss current studies of artificial respiratory systems based on organ-on-a-chip technology and to summarize their applications in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Medical School, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Quanfeng Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Suonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Medical School, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (D.W.); (Q.D.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); Tel.: +86-138-4116-9035 (X.Z.)
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Artzy-Schnirman A, Arber Raviv S, Doppelt Flikshtain O, Shklover J, Korin N, Gross A, Mizrahi B, Schroeder A, Sznitman J. Advanced human-relevant in vitro pulmonary platforms for respiratory therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113901. [PMID: 34331989 PMCID: PMC7611797 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, advanced in vitro pulmonary platforms have witnessed exciting developments that are pushing beyond traditional preclinical cell culture methods. Here, we discuss ongoing efforts in bridging the gap between in vivo and in vitro interfaces and identify some of the bioengineering challenges that lie ahead in delivering new generations of human-relevant in vitro pulmonary platforms. Notably, in vitro strategies using foremost lung-on-chips and biocompatible "soft" membranes have focused on platforms that emphasize phenotypical endpoints recapitulating key physiological and cellular functions. We review some of the most recent in vitro studies underlining seminal therapeutic screens and translational applications and open our discussion to promising avenues of pulmonary therapeutic exploration focusing on liposomes. Undeniably, there still remains a recognized trade-off between the physiological and biological complexity of these in vitro lung models and their ability to deliver assays with throughput capabilities. The upcoming years are thus anticipated to see further developments in broadening the applicability of such in vitro systems and accelerating therapeutic exploration for drug discovery and translational medicine in treating respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Sivan Arber Raviv
- Department of Chemical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jeny Shklover
- Department of Chemical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Adi Gross
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Boaz Mizrahi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Department of Chemical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
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23
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Sera T, Kamiya N, Fukushima T, Tanaka G. Visualizing the Flow Patterns in an Expanding and Contracting Pulmonary Alveolated Duct Based on Microcomputed Tomography Images. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:1100568. [PMID: 33625506 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We visualized the flow patterns in an alveolated duct model with breathing-like expanding and contracting wall motions using particle image velocimetry, and then, we investigated the effect of acinar deformation on the flow patterns. We reconstructed a compliant, scaled-up model of an alveolated duct from synchrotron microcomputed tomography images of a mammalian lung. The alveolated duct did not include any bifurcation, and its entire surface was covered with alveoli. We embedded the alveolated duct in a sealed container that was filled with fluid. We oscillated the fluid in the duct and container simultaneously and independently to control the flow and duct volume. We examined the flow patterns in alveoli, with the Reynolds number (Re) at 0.03 or 0.22 and the acinar volume change at 0%, 20%, or 80%. At the same Re, the heterogeneous deformation induced different inspiration and expiration flow patterns, and the recirculating regions in alveoli changed during respiratory cycle. During a larger acinar deformation at Re = 0.03, the flow patterns tended to change from recirculating flow to radial flow during inspiration and vice versa during expiration. Additionally, the alveolar geometric characteristics, particularly the angle between the alveolar duct and mouth, affected these differences in flow patterns. At Re = 0.22, recirculating flow patterns tended to form during inspiration and expiration, regardless of the magnitude of the acinar deformation. Our in vitro experiments suggest that the alveolated flows with nonself-similar and heterogeneous wall motions may promote particle mixing and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamiya
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Taichi Fukushima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Gaku Tanaka
- Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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24
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High resolution size characterization of particulate contaminants for radioactive metal waste treatment. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Here, we present a physiologically relevant model of the human pulmonary alveoli. This alveolar lung-on-a-chip platform is composed of a three-dimensional porous hydrogel made of gelatin methacryloyl with an inverse opal structure, bonded to a compartmentalized polydimethylsiloxane chip. The inverse opal hydrogel structure features well-defined, interconnected pores with high similarity to human alveolar sacs. By populating the sacs with primary human alveolar epithelial cells, functional epithelial monolayers are readily formed. Cyclic strain is integrated into the device to allow biomimetic breathing events of the alveolar lung, which, in addition, makes it possible to investigate pathological effects such as those incurred by cigarette smoking and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pseudoviral infection. Our study demonstrates a unique method for reconstitution of the functional human pulmonary alveoli in vitro, which is anticipated to pave the way for investigating relevant physiological and pathological events in the human distal lung.
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26
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Sun X, Zhang X, Ren X, Sun H, Wu L, Wang C, Ye X, York P, Gao Z, Jiang H, Zhang J, Yin X. Multiscale Co-reconstruction of Lung Architectures and Inhalable Materials Spatial Distribution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003941. [PMID: 33898181 PMCID: PMC8061354 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective pulmonary deposition of inhaled particulate carriers loaded with drugs is a prerequisite for therapeutic effects of drug delivery via inhalation route. Revealing the sophisticated lung scaffold and intrapulmonary distribution of particles at three-dimensional (3D), in-situ, and single-particle level remains a fundamental and critical challenge for dry powder inhalation in pre-clinical research. Here, taking advantage of the micro optical sectioning tomography system, the high-precision cross-scale visualization of entire lung anatomy is obtained. Then, co-localized lung-wide datasets of both cyto-architectures and fluorescent particles are collected at full scale with the resolution down to individual particles. The precise spatial distribution pattern reveals the region-specific distribution and structure-associated deposition of the inhalable particles in lungs, which is undetected by previous methods. Overall, this research delivers comprehensive and high-resolution 3D detection of pulmonary drug delivery vectors and provides a novel strategy to evaluate materials distribution for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Sun
- Center for MOST and Image Fusion AnalysisShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaochuan Zhang
- School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Xiaohong Ren
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
| | - Caifen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- School of Information Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesSchool of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031China
| | - Peter York
- School of PharmacyUniversity of BradfordBradfordBD71DPUK
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
- School of Information Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230027China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesSchool of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai200031China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery SystemsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical ExcipientsNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijing100050China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for MOST and Image Fusion AnalysisShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201210China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201203China
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27
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Chatterjee K, Graybill PM, Socha JJ, Davalos RV, Staples AE. Frequency-specific, valveless flow control in insect-mimetic microfluidic devices. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:036004. [PMID: 33561847 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abe4bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive, portable lab-on-a-chip devices would revolutionize fields like environmental monitoring and global health, but current microfluidic chips are tethered to extensive off-chip hardware. Insects, however, are self-contained and expertly manipulate fluids at the microscale using largely unexplored methods. We fabricated a series of microfluidic devices that mimic key features of insect respiratory kinematics observed by synchrotron-radiation imaging, including the collapse of portions of multiple respiratory tracts in response to a single fluctuating pressure signal. In one single-channel device, the flow rate and direction could be controlled by the actuation frequency alone, without the use of internal valves. Additionally, we fabricated multichannel chips whose individual channels responded selectively (on with a variable, frequency-dependent flow rate, or off) to a single, global actuation frequency. Our results demonstrate that insect-mimetic designs have the potential to drastically reduce the actuation overhead for microfluidic chips, and that insect respiratory systems may share features with impedance-mismatch pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnashis Chatterjee
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics in Nature, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Philip M Graybill
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - John J Socha
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Anne E Staples
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics in Nature, Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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28
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Dong J, Qiu Y, Lv H, Yang Y, Zhu Y. Investigation on Microparticle Transport and Deposition Mechanics in Rhythmically Expanding Alveolar Chip. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020184. [PMID: 33673126 PMCID: PMC7917580 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transport and deposition of micro/nanoparticles in the lungs under respiration has an important impact on human health. Here, we presented a real-scale alveolar chip with movable alveolar walls based on the microfluidics to experimentally study particle transport in human lung alveoli under rhythmical respiratory. A new method of mixing particles in aqueous solution, instead of air, was proposed for visualization of particle transport in the alveoli. Our novel design can track the particle trajectories under different force conditions for multiple periods. The method proposed in this study gives us better resolution and clearer images without losing any details when mapping the particle velocities. More detailed particle trajectories under multiple forces with different directions in an alveolus are presented. The effects of flow patterns, drag force, gravity and gravity directions are evaluated. By tracing the particle trajectories in the alveoli, we find that the drag force contributes to the reversible motion of particles. However, compared to drag force, the gravity is the decisive factor for particle deposition in the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.D.); (Y.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Yan Qiu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.D.); (Y.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Huimin Lv
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.D.); (Y.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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29
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Mallik AK, Mukherjee S, Panchagnula MV. An experimental study of respiratory aerosol transport in phantom lung bronchioles. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2020; 32:111903. [PMID: 33244213 PMCID: PMC7684681 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The transport and deposition of micrometer-sized particles in the lung is the primary mechanism for the spread of aerosol borne diseases such as corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Considering the current situation, modeling the transport and deposition of drops in human lung bronchioles is of utmost importance to determine their consequences on human health. The current study reports experimental observations on deposition in micro-capillaries, representing distal lung bronchioles, over a wide range of Re that imitates the particle dynamics in the entire lung. The experiment investigated deposition in tubes of diameter ranging from 0.3 mm to 2 mm and over a wide range of Reynolds number (10-2 ⩽ Re ⩽ 103). The range of the tube diameter and Re used in this study is motivated by the dimensions of lung airways and typical breathing flow rates. The aerosol fluid was loaded with boron doped carbon quantum dots as fluorophores. An aerosol plume was generated from this mixture fluid using an ultrasonic nebulizer, producing droplets with 6.5 µm as a mean diameter and over a narrow distribution of sizes. The amount of aerosol deposited on the tube walls was measured using a spectrofluorometer. The experimental results show that dimensionless deposition (δ) varies inversely with the bronchiole aspect ratio (L ¯ ), with the effect of the Reynolds number (Re) being significant only at lowL ¯ . δ also increased with increasing dimensionless bronchiole diameter (D ¯ ), but it is invariant with the particle size based Reynolds number. We show that δ L ¯ ∼ R e - 2 for 10-2 ⩽ Re ⩽ 1, which is typical of a diffusion dominated regime. For Re ⩾ 1, in the impaction dominated regime, δ L ¯ is shown to be independent of Re. We also show a crossover regime where sedimentation becomes important. The experimental results conclude that lower breathing frequency and higher breath hold time could significantly increase the chances of getting infected with COVID-19 in crowded places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Kumar Mallik
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute
of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Soumalya Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Mahesh V. Panchagnula
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute
of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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30
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CO 2-leakage-driven diffusiophoresis causes spontaneous accumulation of charged materials in channel flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25985-25990. [PMID: 33008879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify a phenomenon where the onset of channel flow creates an unexpected, charge-dependent accumulation of colloidal particles, which occurs in a common-flow configuration with gas-permeable walls, but in the absence of any installed source of gas. An aqueous suspension of either positively charged (amine-modified polystyrene; a-PS) or negatively charged (polystyrene; PS) particles that flowed into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel created charge-dependent accumulation 2 to 4 min after the onset of flow. We unravel the phenomenon with systematic experiments under various conditions and model calculations considering permeability of the channel walls and [Formula: see text]-driven diffusiophoresis. We demonstrate that such spontaneous transport of particles is driven by the gas leakage through permeable walls, which is induced by the pressure difference between the channel and the ambient. Since the liquid pressure is higher, an outward flux of gas forms in the flow. We also observe the phenomenon in a bacterial suspension of Vibrio cholerae, where the fluorescent protein (mKO; monomeric Kusabira Orange) and bacterial cells show charge-dependent separation in a channel flow. Such experimental observations show that diffusiophoresis of charged particles in an aqueous suspension can be achieved by having gas leakage through permeable walls, without any preimposed ion-concentration gradient in the liquid phase. Our findings will help resolve unexpected challenges and biases in on-chip experiments involving particles and gas-permeable walls and help understand similar configurations that naturally exist in physiological systems, such as pulmonary capillaries. We also demonstrate potential applications, such as concentrating and collecting proteins below the isoelectric point.
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31
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Lv H, Dong J, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Zhu Y. Microflow in a rhythmically expanding alveolar chip with dynamic similarity. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2394-2402. [PMID: 32510532 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex fluid flow in the alveoli is of great significance for studying the transport and deposition of fine particles in the deep lung. In this study, we developed an experimental platform to study detailed acinar flow through precisely controlling the flow parameters in a single microfluidic alveolar chip with rhythmic wall expansion. Numerical modelling was also carried out to study the flow parametrically. Detailed alveolar flow patterns at different generations were measured and compared with numerical simulation results. In spite of the low Re number, the alveolar flow is very complex and different flow patterns coexist in the alveolar tree. Stagnation saddle points in the alveolar flows were experimentally observed for the first time, suggesting the existence of complex chaotic flows in the alveoli which confirms the numerical predictions. This study provides valuable data for understanding the alveolar flow and the transport of micro- and nanoparticles in alveolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan Qiu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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32
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Yang JW, Shen YC, Lin KC, Cheng SJ, Chen SL, Chen CY, Kumar PV, Lin SF, Lu HE, Chen GY. Organ-on-a-Chip: Opportunities for Assessing the Toxicity of Particulate Matter. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:519. [PMID: 32548105 PMCID: PMC7272695 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in epidemiology have confirmed that airborne particulates are directly associated with respiratory pathology and mortality. Although clinical studies have yielded evidence of the effects of many types of fine particulates on human health, it still does not have a complete understanding of how physiological reactions are caused nor to the changes and damages associated with cellular and molecular mechanisms. Currently, most health assessment studies of particulate matter (PM) are conducted through cell culture or animal experiments. The results of such experiments often do not correlate with clinical findings or actual human reactions, and they also cause difficulty when investigating the causes of air pollution and associated human health hazards, the analysis of biomarkers, and the development of future pollution control strategies. Microfluidic-based cell culture technology has considerable potential to expand the capabilities of conventional cell culture by providing high-precision measurement, considerably increasing the potential for the parallelization of cellular assays, ensuring inexpensive automation, and improving the response of the overall cell culture in a more physiologically relevant context. This review paper focuses on integrating the important respiratory health problems caused by air pollution today, as well as the development and application of biomimetic organ-on-a-chip technology. This more precise experimental model is expected to accelerate studies elucidating the effect of PM on the human body and to reveal new opportunities for breakthroughs in disease research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Degree Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chih Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jen Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Luen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chong-You Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huai-En Lu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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33
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Artzy-Schnirman A, Lehr CM, Sznitman J. Advancing human in vitro pulmonary disease models in preclinical research: opportunities for lung-on-chips. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:621-625. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1738380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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34
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Elias-Kirma S, Artzy-Schnirman A, Das P, Heller-Algazi M, Korin N, Sznitman J. In situ-Like Aerosol Inhalation Exposure for Cytotoxicity Assessment Using Airway-on-Chips Platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32154228 PMCID: PMC7044134 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung exposure to inhaled particulate matter (PM) is known to injure the airway epithelium via inflammation, a phenomenon linked to increased levels of global morbidity and mortality. To evaluate physiological outcomes following PM exposure and concurrently circumvent the use of animal experiments, in vitro approaches have typically relied on traditional assays with plates or well inserts. Yet, these manifest drawbacks including the inability to capture physiological inhalation conditions and aerosol deposition characteristics relative to in vivo human conditions. Here, we present a novel airway-on-chip exposure platform that emulates the epithelium of human bronchial airways with critical cellular barrier functions at an air-liquid interface (ALI). As a proof-of-concept for in vitro lung cytotoxicity testing, we recapitulate a well-characterized cell apoptosis pathway, induced through exposure to 2 μm airborne particles coated with αVR1 antibody that leads to significant loss in cell viability across the recapitulated airway epithelium. Notably, our in vitro inhalation assays enable simultaneous aerosol exposure across multiple airway chips integrated within a larger bronchial airway tree model, under physiological respiratory airflow conditions. Our findings underscore in situ-like aerosol deposition outcomes where patterns depend on respiratory flows across the airway tree geometry and gravitational orientation, as corroborated by concurrent numerical simulations. Our airway-on-chips not only highlight the prospect of realistic in vitro exposure assays in recapitulating characteristic local in vivo deposition outcomes, such platforms open opportunities toward advanced in vitro exposure assays for preclinical cytotoxicity and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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35
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Kadota K, Inoue N, Matsunaga Y, Takemiya T, Kubo K, Imano H, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y. Numerical simulations of particle behaviour in a realistic human airway model with varying inhalation patterns. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:17-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kadota
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Nana Inoue
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | | | - Tetsushi Takemiya
- Siemens PLM Software Computational Dynamics K.K. Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kenji Kubo
- Siemens PLM Software Computational Dynamics K.K. Yokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hideki Imano
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Takatsuki Osaka Japan
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Advanced in vitro lung-on-chip platforms for inhalation assays: From prospect to pipeline. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:11-17. [PMID: 31499161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With rapid advances in micro-fabrication processes and the availability of biologically-relevant lung cells, the development of lung-on-chip platforms is offering novel avenues for more realistic inhalation assays in pharmaceutical research, and thereby an opportunity to depart from traditional in vitro lung assays. As advanced models capturing the cellular pulmonary make-up at an air-liquid interface (ALI), lung-on-chips emulate both morphological features and biological functionality of the airway barrier with the ability to integrate respiratory breathing motions and ensuing tissue strains. Such in vitro systems allow importantly to mimic more realistic physiological respiratory flow conditions, with the opportunity to integrate physically-relevant transport determinants of aerosol inhalation therapy, i.e. recapitulating the pathway from airborne flight to deposition on the airway lumen. In this short opinion, we discuss such points and describe how these attributes are paving new avenues for exploring improved drug carrier designs (e.g. shape, size, etc.) and targeting strategies (e.g. conductive vs. respiratory regions) amongst other. We argue that while technical challenges still lie along the way in rendering in vitro lung-on-chip platforms more widespread across the general pharmaceutical research community, significant momentum is steadily underway in accelerating the prospect of establishing these as in vitro "gold standards".
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Shachar-Berman L, Ostrovski Y, Koshiyama K, Wada S, Kassinos SC, Sznitman J. Targeting inhaled fibers to the pulmonary acinus: Opportunities for augmented delivery from in silico simulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:105003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Artzy-Schnirman A, Zidan H, Elias-Kirma S, Ben-Porat L, Tenenbaum-Katan J, Carius P, Fishler R, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Sznitman J. Capturing the Onset of Bacterial Pulmonary Infection in Acini-On-Chips. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1900026. [PMID: 32648651 PMCID: PMC7611792 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion of the respiratory system leads to complex immune responses. In the deep alveolar regions, the first line of defense includes foremost the alveolar epithelium, the surfactant-rich liquid lining, and alveolar macrophages. Typical in vitro models come short of mimicking the complexity of the airway environment in the onset of airway infection; among others, they neither capture the relevant anatomical features nor the physiological flows innate of the acinar milieu. Here, novel microfluidic-based acini-on-chips that mimic more closely the native acinar airways at a true scale with an anatomically inspired, multigeneration alveolated tree are presented and an inhalation-like maneuver is delivered. Composed of human alveolar epithelial lentivirus immortalized cells and macrophages-like human THP-1 cells at an air-liquid interface, the models maintain critically an epithelial barrier with immune function. To demonstrate, the usability and versatility of the platforms, a realistic inhalation exposure assay mimicking bacterial infection is recapitulated, whereby the alveolar epithelium is exposed to lipopolysaccharides droplets directly aerosolized and the innate immune response is assessed by monitoring the secretion of IL8 cytokines. These efforts underscore the potential to deliver advanced in vitro biosystems that can provide new insights into drug screening as well as acute and subacute toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hikaia Zidan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Elias-Kirma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lee Ben-Porat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Janna Tenenbaum-Katan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Patrick Carius
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ramy Fishler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Veerappan I, Sankareswaran SK, Palanisamy R. Morin Protects Human Respiratory Cells from PM 2.5 Induced Genotoxicity by Mitigating ROS and Reverting Altered miRNA Expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2389. [PMID: 31284452 PMCID: PMC6651735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure causes oxidative stress and leads to many diseases in human like respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, and lung cancer. It is known that toxic responses elicited by PM2.5 particles depend on its physical and chemical characteristics that are greatly influenced by the source. Dietary polyphenolic compounds that possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties could be used for therapeutic or preventive approaches against air pollution related health hazards. This study evaluates characteristics and toxicity of PM2.5 collected from rural, urban, industrial, and traffic regions in and around Coimbatore City, Tamilnadu, India. Traffic PM2.5 particles contained higher amounts of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It also possessed higher levels of oxidative potential, induced more intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caused more levels of cell death and DNA damage in human respiratory cells. Its exposure up regulated DNA damage response related miR222, miR210, miR101, miR34a, and miR93 and MycN and suppressed Rad52. Pre-treatment with morin significantly decreased the PM2.5 induced toxicity and conferred protection against PM2.5 induced altered miRNA expression. Results of this study showed that cytoprotective effect of morin is due to its antioxidative and free radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indhumathi Veerappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | | | - Rajaguru Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India.
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Lin CK, Hsiao YY, Nath P, Huang JH. Aerosol delivery into small anatomical airway model through spontaneous engineered breathing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044109. [PMID: 31406554 PMCID: PMC6685788 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary administration is a noninvasive drug delivery method that, in contrast to systemic administration, reduces drug dosage and possible side effects. Numerous testing models, such as impingers and impactors, have previously been developed to evaluate the fate of inhaled drugs. However, such models are limited by the lack of information regarding several factors, such as pulmonary morphology and breathing motion, which are required to fully interpret actual inhaled-drug deposition profiles within the human respiratory tract. In this study, a spontaneous breathing-lung model that integrates branched morphology and deformable alveolar features was constructed using a multilayered fabrication technology to mimic the complex environment of the human lower respiratory tract. The developed model could emulate cyclic and spontaneous breathing motions to inhale and exhale aerosols generated by a nebulizer under diseaselike conditions. Results of this research demonstrate that aerosols (4.2 μm) could reach up to the deeper lung regions (generation 19 of the branched lung structure) within the obstructivelike model, whereas lesser penetration (generation 17) was observed when using the restrictivelike model. The proposed breathing-lung model can serve as a testing platform to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of pulmonary drugs within the lower lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pulak Nath
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jen-Huang Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Hasler D, Anagnostopoulou P, Nyilas S, Latzin P, Schittny J, Obrist D. A multi-scale model of gas transport in the lung to study heterogeneous lung ventilation during the multiple-breath washout test. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007079. [PMID: 31206515 PMCID: PMC6597127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple-breath washout (MBW) is a lung function test that measures the degree of ventilation inhomogeneity (VI). The test is used to identify small airway impairment in patients with lung diseases like cystic fibrosis. However, the physical and physiological factors that influence the test outcomes and differentiate health from disease are not well understood. Computational models have been used to better understand the interaction between anatomical structure and physiological properties of the lung, but none of them has dealt in depth with the tracer gas washout test in a whole. Thus, our aim was to create a lung model that simulates the entire MBW and investigate the role of lung morphology and tissue mechanics on the tracer gas washout procedure. To this end, we developed a multi-scale lung model to simulate the inert gas transport in airways of all size. We then applied systematically different modifications to geometrical and mechanical properties of the lung model (compliance, residual airway volume and flow resistance) which have been associated with VI. The modifications were applied to distinct parts of the model, and their effects on the gas distribution within the lung and on the gas concentration profile were assessed. We found that variability in compliance and residual volume of the airways, as well as the spatial distribution of this variability in the lung had a direct influence on gas distribution among airways and on the MBW pattern (washout duration, characteristic concentration profile during each expiration), while the effects of variable flow resistance were negligible. Based on these findings, it is possible to classify different types of inhomogeneities in the lung and relate them to specific features of the MBW pattern, which builds the basis for a more detailed association of lung function and structure. Obstructive lung diseases, like cystic fibrosis or primary ciliary dyskinesia, lead to inhomogeneous ventilation. The degree of observed inhomogeneity represents a clinical measure for the progression of the disease. The multiple-breath washout (MBW) is a lung function test that measures this inhomogeneity in the lung. However, the factors that influence the results of the test and differentiate between health and disease are not well understood. Computational models help us to understand better the relation between anatomical structure and physiological properties of the lung, but none of them has dealt in depth with the MBW test in whole. Our aim was to create a lung model that simulates the entire MBW test and study the role of lung structure and tissue mechanics on the washout procedure. We developed a multi-scale lung model to simulate the inert gas transport in all airways including the gas exchange area. Our model offers the opportunity to understand the ventilation distribution in the healthy lung. It can also mimic certain patterns of lung disease by applying modifications in mechanical properties out of the physiological limits. Thus, it can be used to study MBW characteristics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hasler
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Anagnostopoulou
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvia Nyilas
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominik Obrist
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Modeling Airflow and Particle Deposition in a Human Acinar Region. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5952941. [PMID: 30755779 PMCID: PMC6348927 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5952941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar region, encompassing millions of alveoli, is the most vital part of the lung. However, airflow behavior and particle deposition in that region are not fully understood because of the complex geometrical structure and intricate wall movement. Although recent investigations using 3D computer simulations have provided some valuable information, a realistic analysis of the air-particle dynamics in the acinar region is still lacking. So, to gain better physical insight, a physiologically inspired whole acinar model has been developed. Specifically, air sacs (i.e., alveoli) were attached as partial spheroids to the bifurcating airway ducts, while breathing-related wall deformation was included to simulate actual alveolar expansion and contraction. Current model predictions confirm previous notions that the location of the alveoli greatly influences the alveolar flow pattern, with recirculating flow dominant in the proximal lung region. In the midalveolar lung generations, the intensity of the recirculating flow inside alveoli decreases while radial flow increases. In the distal alveolar region, the flow pattern is completely radial. The micron/submicron particle simulation results, employing the Euler–Lagrange modeling approach, indicate that deposition depends on the inhalation conditions and particle size. Specifically, the particle deposition rate in the alveolar region increases with higher inhalation tidal volume and particle diameter. Compared to previous acinar models, the present system takes into account the entire acinar region, including both partially alveolated respiratory bronchioles as well the fully alveolated distal airways and alveolar sacs. In addition, the alveolar expansion and contraction have been calculated based on physiological breathing conditions which make it easy to compare and validate model results with in vivo lung deposition measurements. Thus, the current work can be readily incorporated into human whole-lung airway models to simulate/predict the flow dynamics of toxic or therapeutic aerosols.
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Nawroth JC, Barrile R, Conegliano D, van Riet S, Hiemstra PS, Villenave R. Stem cell-based Lung-on-Chips: The best of both worlds? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:12-32. [PMID: 30009883 PMCID: PMC7172977 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the respiratory system such as lung infections, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, and lung cancer are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, killing one in six people worldwide. Development of more effective treatments is hindered by the lack of preclinical models of the human lung that can capture the disease complexity, highly heterogeneous disease phenotypes, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in patients. The merger of two novel technologies, Organs-on-Chips and human stem cell engineering, has the potential to deliver such urgently needed models. Organs-on-Chips, which are microengineered bioinspired tissue systems, recapitulate the mechanochemical environment and physiological functions of human organs while concurrent advances in generating and differentiating human stem cells promise a renewable supply of patient-specific cells for personalized and precision medicine. Here, we discuss the challenges of modeling human lung pathophysiology in vitro, evaluate past and current models including Organs-on-Chips, review the current status of lung tissue modeling using human pluripotent stem cells, explore in depth how stem-cell based Lung-on-Chips may advance disease modeling and drug testing, and summarize practical consideration for the design of Lung-on-Chips for academic and industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sander van Riet
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Fluorescent reconstitution on deposition of PM 2.5 in lung and extrapulmonary organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2488-2493. [PMID: 30692265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818134116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter in air with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) in lungs is harmful to human health. However, real-time observation on the deposition of particles in the acinar area of the lung is still a challenge in experiments. Here, a fluorescent imaging method is developed to visualize the deposition process with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The observations reveal that the deposition pattern is nonuniform, and the maximum deposition rate in the acinar area differs significantly from the prediction of the widely used average deposition model. The method is also used to find single particles in the kidney and liver, though such particles are commonly believed to be too large to enter the extrapulmonary organs.
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45
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Paulin LM, Smith BM, Koch A, Han M, Hoffman EA, Martinez C, Ejike C, Blanc PD, Rous J, Barr RG, Peters SP, Paine R, Pirozzi C, Cooper CB, Dransfield MT, Comellas AP, Kanner RE, Drummond MB, Putcha N, Hansel NN. Occupational Exposures and Computed Tomographic Imaging Characteristics in the SPIROMICS Cohort. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15:1411-1419. [PMID: 30339479 PMCID: PMC6322018 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201802-150oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative computed tomographic (CT) imaging can aid in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotyping. Few studies have identified whether occupational exposures are associated with distinct CT imaging characteristics. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between occupational exposures and CT-measured patterns of disease in the SPIROMICS (Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study). METHODS Participants underwent whole-lung multidetector helical CT at full inspiration and expiration. The association between occupational exposures (self-report of exposure to vapors, gas, dust, or fumes [VGDF] at the longest job) and CT metrics of emphysema (percentage of total voxels < -950 Hounsfield units at total lung capacity), large airways (wall area percent [WAP] and square-root wall area of a single hypothetical airway with an internal perimeter of 10 mm [Pi10]), and small airways (percent air trapping [percent total voxels < -856 Hounsfield units at residual volume] and parametric response mapping of functional small-airway abnormality [PRM fSAD]) were explored by multivariate linear regression, and for central airway measures by generalized estimating equations to account for multiple measurements per individual. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, current smoking status, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, and site. Airway measurements were additionally adjusted for total lung volume. RESULTS A total of 2,736 participants with available occupational exposure data (n = 927 without airflow obstruction and 1,809 with COPD) were included. The mean age was 64 years, 78% were white, and 54% were male. Forty percent reported current smoking, and mean (SD) pack-years was 49.3 (26.9). Mean (SD) post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 73 (27) % predicted. Forty-nine percent reported VGDF exposure. VGDF exposure was associated with higher emphysema (β = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-1.89), greater large-airway disease as measured by WAP (segmental β = 0.487 [95% CI, 0.320-0.654]; subsegmental β = 0.400 [95% CI, 0.275-0.527]) and Pi10 (β = 0.008; 95% CI, 0.002-0.014), and greater small-airway disease was measured by air trapping (β = 2.60; 95% CI, 1.11-4.09) and was nominally associated with an increase in PRM fSAD (β = 1.45; 95% CI, 0.31-2.60). These findings correspond to higher odds of percent emphysema, WAP, and air trapping above the 95th percentile of measurements in nonsmoking control subjects in individuals reporting VGDF exposure. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of SPIROMICS participants, we found that VGDF exposure in the longest job was associated with an increase in emphysema, and in large- and small-airway disease, as measured by quantitative CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Paulin
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center/Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Benjamin M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abby Koch
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - MeiLan Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Carlos Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chinedu Ejike
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul D. Blanc
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Rous
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - R. Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stephen P. Peters
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cheryl Pirozzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher B. Cooper
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - M. Brad Drummond
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nirupama Putcha
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gkatzis K, Taghizadeh S, Huh D, Stainier DYR, Bellusci S. Use of three-dimensional organoids and lung-on-a-chip methods to study lung development, regeneration and disease. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00876-2018. [PMID: 30262579 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00876-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Differences in lung anatomy between mice and humans, as well as frequently disappointing results when using animal models for drug discovery, emphasise the unmet need for in vitro models that can complement animal studies and improve our understanding of human lung physiology, regeneration and disease. Recent papers have highlighted the use of three-dimensional organoids and organs-on-a-chip to mimic tissue morphogenesis and function in vitro Here, we focus on the respiratory system and provide an overview of these in vitro models, which can be derived from primary lung cells and pluripotent stem cells, as well as healthy or diseased lungs. We emphasise their potential application in studies of respiratory development, regeneration and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Gkatzis
- Dept of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sara Taghizadeh
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Dept of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Dept of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Dept of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany and German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
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47
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Xi J, Talaat K, Si XA. Deposition of bolus and continuously inhaled aerosols in rhythmically moving terminal alveoli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1757482x18791891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The particle dynamics in an oscillating alveolus under tidal breathing can be dramatically different from those in a static alveolus. Despite its close relevance to pulmonary drug delivery and health risk from airborne exposure, quantifications of alveolar deposition are scarce due to its inaccessibility to in vivo measurement instruments, tiny size to replicate in vitro, and dynamic wall motions to model. The objective of this study is to introduce a numerical method to quantify alveolar deposition with continuous particle release in a rhythmically oscillating alveolus by integrating the deposition curves for bolus aerosols and use this method to develop correlations applicable in assessing alveolar drug delivery efficiency or dosimetry of inhaled toxicants. An idealized blind-end terminal alveolus model was developed with rhythmically moving alveolar boundary conditions in phase with tidal breathing. The dynamic wall expansion mode and magnitude were based on experimentally measured chest wall motions and tidal volumes. A well-validated Lagrangian tracking model was used to simulate the transport and deposition of inhaled micrometer particles. Large differences were observed between dynamic and static alveoli in particle motion, deposition onset, and final alveolar deposition fraction. Alveolar deposition of bolus aerosols is highly sensitive to breath-holding duration, particle release time, and alveolar dimension. For 1 µm particles, there exists a cut-off release time (zero bolus deposition), which decreases with alveolar size (i.e., 1.0 s in a 0.2-mm-diameter alveolus and 0.56 s in a 0.8-mm-diameter alveolus). The cumulative alveolar deposition was predicted to be 39% for a 0.2-mm-diameter alveolus, 22% for a 0.4-mm-diameter alveolus, and 10% for a 0.8-mm-diameter alveolus. A cumulative alveolar deposition correlation was developed for inhalation delivery with a prescribed period of drug release and the second correlation for the time variation of alveolar deposition of ambient aerosols, both of which captured the relative dependence of the particle release time and alveolar dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaled Talaat
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
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Poon JCH, Liao Z, Suzuki T, Carleton MM, Soleas JP, Aitchison JS, Karoubi G, McGuigan AP, Waddell TK. Design of biomimetic substrates for long-term maintenance of alveolar epithelial cells. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:292-303. [PMID: 29327014 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to establish in vitro lung alveolar epithelial culture models to better understand the fundamental biological mechanisms that drive lung diseases. While primary alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) are a useful option to study mature lung biology, they have limited utility in vitro. Cells that survive demonstrate limited proliferative capacity and loss of phenotype over the first 3-5 days in traditional culture conditions. To address this limitation, we generated a novel physiologically relevant cell culture system for enhanced viability and maintenance of phenotype. Here we describe a method utilizing e-beam lithography, reactive ion etching, and replica molding to generate poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates containing hemispherical cavities that mimic the architecture and size of mouse and human alveoli. Primary AECs grown on these cavity-containing substrates form a monolayer that conforms to the substrate enabling precise control over cell sheet architecture. AECs grown in cavity culture conditions remain viable and maintain their phenotype over one week. Specifically, cells grown on substrates consisting of 50 μm diameter cavities remained 96 ± 4% viable and maintained expression of surfactant protein C (SPC), a marker of type 2 AEC over 7 days. While this report focuses on primary lung alveolar epithelial cells, our culture platform is potentially relevant and useful for growing primary cells from other tissues with similar cavity-like architecture and could be further adapted to other biomimetic shapes or contours.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C H Poon
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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49
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Tenenbaum-Katan J, Artzy-Schnirman A, Fishler R, Korin N, Sznitman J. Biomimetics of the pulmonary environment in vitro: A microfluidics perspective. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042209. [PMID: 29887933 PMCID: PMC5973897 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The entire luminal surface of the lungs is populated with a complex yet confluent, uninterrupted airway epithelium in conjunction with an extracellular liquid lining layer that creates the air-liquid interface (ALI), a critical feature of healthy lungs. Motivated by lung disease modelling, cytotoxicity studies, and drug delivery assessments amongst other, in vitro setups have been traditionally conducted using macroscopic cultures of isolated airway cells under submerged conditions or instead using transwell inserts with permeable membranes to model the ALI architecture. Yet, such strategies continue to fall short of delivering a sufficiently realistic physiological in vitro airway environment that cohesively integrates at true-scale three essential pillars: morphological constraints (i.e., airway anatomy), physiological conditions (e.g., respiratory airflows), and biological functionality (e.g., cellular makeup). With the advent of microfluidic lung-on-chips, there have been tremendous efforts towards designing biomimetic airway models of the epithelial barrier, including the ALI, and leveraging such in vitro scaffolds as a gateway for pulmonary disease modelling and drug screening assays. Here, we review in vitro platforms mimicking the pulmonary environment and identify ongoing challenges in reconstituting accurate biological airway barriers that still widely prevent microfluidic systems from delivering mainstream assays for the end-user, as compared to macroscale in vitro cell cultures. We further discuss existing hurdles in scaling up current lung-on-chip designs, from single airway models to more physiologically realistic airway environments that are anticipated to deliver increasingly meaningful whole-organ functions, with an outlook on translational and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Tenenbaum-Katan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Arbel Artzy-Schnirman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Rami Fishler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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50
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Ellis T, Chiappi M, García-Trenco A, Al-Ejji M, Sarkar S, Georgiou TK, Shaffer MSP, Tetley TD, Schwander S, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Multimetallic Microparticles Increase the Potency of Rifampicin against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5228-5240. [PMID: 29767993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb) has the extraordinary ability to adapt to the administration of antibiotics through the development of resistance mechanisms. By rapidly exporting drugs from within the cytosol, these pathogenic bacteria diminish antibiotic potency and drive the presentation of drug-tolerant tuberculosis (TB). The membrane integrity of M.tb is pivotal in retaining these drug-resistant traits. Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are established antimicrobial agents that effectively compromise membrane stability, giving rise to increased bacterial permeability to antibiotics. In this work, biodegradable multimetallic microparticles (MMPs), containing Ag NPs and ZnO NPs, were developed for use in pulmonary delivery of antituberculous drugs to the endosomal system of M.tb-infected macrophages. Efficient uptake of MMPs by M.tb-infected THP1 cells was demonstrated using an in vitro macrophage infection model, with direct interaction between MMPs and M.tb visualized with the use of electron FIB-SEM tomography. The release of Ag NPs and ZnO NPs within the macrophage endosomal system increased the potency of the model antibiotic rifampicin by as much as 76%, realized through an increase in membrane disorder of intracellular M.tb. MMPs were effective at independently driving membrane destruction of extracellular bacilli located at the exterior face of THP1 macrophages. This MMP system presents as an effective drug delivery vehicle that could be used for the transport of antituberculous drugs such as rifampicin to infected alveolar macrophages, while increasing drug potency. By increasing M.tb membrane permeability, such a system may prove effectual in improving treatment of drug-susceptible TB in addition to M.tb strains considered drug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ellis
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Michele Chiappi
- National Heart & Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Andrés García-Trenco
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Maryam Al-Ejji
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Srijata Sarkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Theoni K Georgiou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart & Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- Office for Global Public Health Affairs , Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
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