1
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Kamalesh K, Segal D, Avinoam O, Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. Structured RhoGEF recruitment drives myosin II organization on large exocytic vesicles. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261944. [PMID: 38899547 PMCID: PMC11267456 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of GTPases plays a crucial role in cellular mechanics by regulating actomyosin contractility through the parallel induction of actin and myosin assembly and function. Using exocytosis of large vesicles in the Drosophila larval salivary gland as a model, we followed the spatiotemporal regulation of Rho1, which in turn creates distinct organization patterns of actin and myosin. After vesicle fusion, low levels of activated Rho1 reach the vesicle membrane and drive actin nucleation in an uneven, spread-out pattern. Subsequently, the Rho1 activator RhoGEF2 distributes as an irregular meshwork on the vesicle membrane, activating Rho1 in a corresponding punctate pattern and driving local myosin II recruitment, resulting in vesicle constriction. Vesicle membrane buckling and subsequent crumpling occur at local sites of high myosin II concentrations. These findings indicate that distinct thresholds for activated Rho1 create a biphasic mode of actomyosin assembly, inducing anisotropic membrane crumpling during exocrine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Kamalesh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dagan Segal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ori Avinoam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eyal D. Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Wu Y, Jensen N, Rossner MJ, Wehr MC. Exploiting Cell-Based Assays to Accelerate Drug Development for G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5474. [PMID: 38791511 PMCID: PMC11121687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are relevant targets for health and disease as they regulate various aspects of metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and immune pathways. They are implicated in several disease areas, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders. It is worth noting that about a third of all marketed drugs target GPCRs, making them prime pharmacological targets for drug discovery. Numerous functional assays have been developed to assess GPCR activity and GPCR signaling in living cells. Here, we review the current literature of genetically encoded cell-based assays to measure GPCR activation and downstream signaling at different hierarchical levels of signaling, from the receptor to transcription, via transducers, effectors, and second messengers. Singleplex assay formats provide one data point per experimental condition. Typical examples are bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays and protease cleavage assays (e.g., Tango or split TEV). By contrast, multiplex assay formats allow for the parallel measurement of multiple receptors and pathways and typically use molecular barcodes as transcriptional reporters in barcoded assays. This enables the efficient identification of desired on-target and on-pathway effects as well as detrimental off-target and off-pathway effects. Multiplex assays are anticipated to accelerate drug discovery for GPCRs as they provide a comprehensive and broad identification of compound effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wu
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstr. 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
| | - Niels Jensen
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstr. 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstr. 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
- Section of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael C. Wehr
- Research Group Cell Signalling, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Systasy Bioscience GmbH, Balanstr. 6, 81669 Munich, Germany
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3
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Sanchez C, Ramirez A, Hodgson L. Unravelling molecular dynamics in living cells: Fluorescent protein biosensors for cell biology. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 38357769 PMCID: PMC11324865 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded, fluorescent protein (FP)-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors are microscopy imaging tools tailored for the precise monitoring and detection of molecular dynamics within subcellular microenvironments. They are characterised by their ability to provide an outstanding combination of spatial and temporal resolutions in live-cell microscopy. In this review, we begin by tracing back on the historical development of genetically encoded FP labelling for detection in live cells, which lead us to the development of early biosensors and finally to the engineering of single-chain FRET-based biosensors that have become the state-of-the-art today. Ultimately, this review delves into the fundamental principles of FRET and the design strategies underpinning FRET-based biosensors, discusses their diverse applications and addresses the distinct challenges associated with their implementation. We place particular emphasis on single-chain FRET biosensors for the Rho family of guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases), pointing to their historical role in driving our understanding of the molecular dynamics of this important class of signalling proteins and revealing the intricate relationships and regulatory mechanisms that comprise Rho GTPase biology in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colline Sanchez
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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4
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Bottone S, Joliot O, Cakil ZV, El Hajji L, Rakotoarison LM, Boncompain G, Perez F, Gautier A. A fluorogenic chemically induced dimerization technology for controlling, imaging and sensing protein proximity. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1553-1562. [PMID: 37640938 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular tools enabling the control and observation of the proximity of proteins are essential for studying the functional role of physical distance between two proteins. Here we present CATCHFIRE (chemically assisted tethering of chimera by fluorogenic-induced recognition), a chemically induced proximity technology with intrinsic fluorescence imaging and sensing capabilities. CATCHFIRE relies on genetic fusion to small dimerizing domains that interact upon addition of fluorogenic inducers of proximity that fluoresce upon formation of the ternary assembly, allowing real-time monitoring of the chemically induced proximity. CATCHFIRE is rapid and fully reversible and allows the control and tracking of protein localization, protein trafficking, organelle transport and cellular processes, opening new avenues for studying or controlling biological processes with high spatiotemporal resolution. Its fluorogenic nature allows the design of a new class of biosensors for the study of processes such as signal transduction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bottone
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | | | - Zeyneb Vildan Cakil
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Lina El Hajji
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Louise-Marie Rakotoarison
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Arnaud Gautier
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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5
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Kleinjan ML, Mao DY, Naiche LA, Joshi JC, Gupta A, Jesse JJ, Shaye DD, Mehta D, Kitajewski J. CLIC4 Regulates Endothelial Barrier Control by Mediating PAR1 Signaling via RhoA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1441-1454. [PMID: 37317855 PMCID: PMC10527476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial CLICs (chloride intracellular channel proteins) CLIC1 and CLIC4 are required for the GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1) and S1PR3 to activate the small GTPases Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) and RhoA (Ras homolog family member A). To determine whether CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in additional endothelial GPCR pathways, we evaluated CLIC function in thrombin signaling via the thrombin-regulated PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and downstream effector RhoA. METHODS We assessed the ability of CLIC1 and CLIC4 to relocalize to cell membranes in response to thrombin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We examined CLIC1 and CLIC4 function in HUVEC by knocking down expression of each CLIC protein and compared thrombin-mediated RhoA or Rac1 activation, ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier modulation in control and CLIC knockdown HUVEC. We generated a conditional murine allele of Clic4 and examined PAR1-mediated lung microvascular permeability and retinal angiogenesis in mice with endothelial-specific loss of Clic4. RESULTS Thrombin promoted relocalization of CLIC4, but not CLIC1, to HUVEC membranes. Knockdown of CLIC4 in HUVEC reduced thrombin-mediated RhoA activation, ERM phosphorylation, and endothelial barrier disruption. Knockdown of CLIC1 did not reduce thrombin-mediated RhoA activity but prolonged the RhoA and endothelial barrier response to thrombin. Endothelial-specific deletion of Clic4 in mice reduced lung edema and microvascular permeability induced by PAR1 activating peptide. CONCLUSIONS CLIC4 is a critical effector of endothelial PAR1 signaling and is required to regulate RhoA-mediated endothelial barrier disruption in cultured endothelial cells and murine lung endothelium. CLIC1 was not critical for thrombin-mediated barrier disruption but contributed to the barrier recovery phase after thrombin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Kleinjan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - De Yu Mao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L. A. Naiche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jagdish C. Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahana Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jordan J. Jesse
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel D. Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Mahlandt EK, Palacios Martínez S, Arts JJG, Tol S, van Buul JD, Goedhart J. Opto-RhoGEFs, an optimized optogenetic toolbox to reversibly control Rho GTPase activity on a global to subcellular scale, enabling precise control over vascular endothelial barrier strength. eLife 2023; 12:RP84364. [PMID: 37449837 PMCID: PMC10393062 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner layer of blood vessels consists of endothelial cells, which form the physical barrier between blood and tissue. This vascular barrier is tightly regulated and is defined by cell-cell contacts through adherens and tight junctions. To investigate the signaling that regulates vascular barrier strength, we focused on Rho GTPases, regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and known to control junction integrity. To manipulate Rho GTPase signaling in a temporal and spatial manner we applied optogenetics. Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains from ITSN1, TIAM1, and p63RhoGEF, activating Cdc42, Rac, and Rho, respectively, were integrated into the optogenetic recruitment tool improved light-induced dimer (iLID). This tool allows for Rho GTPase activation at the subcellular level in a reversible and non-invasive manner by recruiting a GEF to a specific area at the plasma membrane, The membrane tag of iLID was optimized and a HaloTag was applied to gain more flexibility for multiplex imaging. The resulting optogenetically recruitable RhoGEFs (Opto-RhoGEFs) were tested in an endothelial cell monolayer and demonstrated precise temporal control of vascular barrier strength by a cell-cell overlap-dependent, VE-cadherin-independent, mechanism. Furthermore, Opto-RhoGEFs enabled precise optogenetic control in endothelial cells over morphological features such as cell size, cell roundness, local extension, and cell contraction. In conclusion, we have optimized and applied the optogenetic iLID GEF recruitment tool, that is Opto-RhoGEFs, to study the role of Rho GTPases in the vascular barrier of the endothelium and found that membrane protrusions at the junction region can rapidly increase barrier integrity independent of VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastián Palacios Martínez
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Janine J G Arts
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Fujimoto S, Leiwe MN, Aihara S, Sakaguchi R, Muroyama Y, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K, Saito T, Imai T. Activity-dependent local protection and lateral inhibition control synaptic competition in developing mitral cells in mice. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00237-X. [PMID: 37290446 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In developing brains, activity-dependent remodeling facilitates the formation of precise neuronal connectivity. Synaptic competition is known to facilitate synapse elimination; however, it has remained unknown how different synapses compete with one another within a post-synaptic cell. Here, we investigate how a mitral cell in the mouse olfactory bulb prunes all but one primary dendrite during the developmental remodeling process. We find that spontaneous activity generated within the olfactory bulb is essential. We show that strong glutamatergic inputs to one dendrite trigger branch-specific changes in RhoA activity to facilitate the pruning of the remaining dendrites: NMDAR-dependent local signals suppress RhoA to protect it from pruning; however, the subsequent neuronal depolarization induces neuron-wide activation of RhoA to prune non-protected dendrites. NMDAR-RhoA signals are also essential for the synaptic competition in the mouse barrel cortex. Our results demonstrate a general principle whereby activity-dependent lateral inhibition across synapses establishes a discrete receptive field of a neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Marcus N Leiwe
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuhei Aihara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Richi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Muroyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, Riken Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; PRESTO and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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8
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Mahlandt EK, Kreider-Letterman G, Chertkova AO, Garcia-Mata R, Goedhart J. Cell-based optimization and characterization of genetically encoded location-based biosensors for Cdc42 or Rac activity. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260802. [PMID: 37226883 PMCID: PMC10234108 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac (herein referring to the Rac family) and Cdc42 are Rho GTPases that regulate the formation of lamellipoda and filopodia, and are therefore crucial in processes such as cell migration. Relocation-based biosensors for Rac and Cdc42 have not been characterized well in terms of their specificity or affinity. In this study, we identify relocation sensor candidates for both Rac and Cdc42. We compared their (1) ability to bind the constitutively active Rho GTPases, (2) specificity for Rac and Cdc42, and (3) relocation efficiency in cell-based assays. Subsequently, the relocation efficiency was improved by a multi-domain approach. For Rac1, we found a sensor candidate with low relocation efficiency. For Cdc42, we found several sensors with sufficient relocation efficiency and specificity. These optimized sensors enable the wider application of Rho GTPase relocation sensors, which was showcased by the detection of local endogenous Cdc42 activity at assembling invadopodia. Moreover, we tested several fluorescent proteins and HaloTag for their influence on the recruitment efficiency of the Rho location sensor, to find optimal conditions for a multiplexing experiment. This characterization and optimization of relocation sensors will broaden their application and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K. Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna O. Chertkova
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhou L, Liu L, Chang MA, Ma C, Chen W, Chen P. Spatiotemporal dissection of tumor microenvironment via in situ sensing and monitoring in tumor-on-a-chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115064. [PMID: 36680970 PMCID: PMC9918721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring in the tumor microenvironment provides critical insights of cancer progression and mechanistic understanding of responses to cancer treatments. However, clinical challenges and significant questions remain regarding assessment of limited clinical tissue samples, establishment of validated, controllable pre-clinical cancer models, monitoring of static versus dynamic markers, and the translation of insights gained from in vitro tumor microenvironments to systematic investigation and understanding in clinical practice. State-of-art tumor-on-a-chip strategies will be reviewed herein, and emerging real-time sensing and monitoring platforms for on-chip analysis of tumor microenvironment will also be examined. The integration of the sensors with tumor-on-a-chip platforms to provide spatiotemporal information of the tumor microenvironment and the associated challenges will be further evaluated. Though optimal integrated systems for in situ monitoring are still in evolution, great promises lie ahead that will open new paradigm for rapid, comprehensive analysis of cancer development and assist clinicians with powerful tools to guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment course in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhou
- Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lunan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Muammar Ali Chang
- Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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10
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Jani RA, Di Cicco A, Keren-Kaplan T, Vale-Costa S, Hamaoui D, Hurbain I, Tsai FC, Di Marco M, Macé AS, Zhu Y, Amorim MJ, Bassereau P, Bonifacino JS, Subtil A, Marks MS, Lévy D, Raposo G, Delevoye C. PI4P and BLOC-1 remodel endosomal membranes into tubules. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213508. [PMID: 36169638 PMCID: PMC9524204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking is mediated by transport carriers that originate by membrane remodeling from donor organelles. Tubular carriers contribute to the flux of membrane lipids and proteins to acceptor organelles, but how lipids and proteins impose a tubular geometry on the carriers is incompletely understood. Using imaging approaches on cells and in vitro membrane systems, we show that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1) govern the formation, stability, and functions of recycling endosomal tubules. In vitro, BLOC-1 binds and tubulates negatively charged membranes, including those containing PI4P. In cells, endosomal PI4P production by type II PI4-kinases is needed to form and stabilize BLOC-1-dependent recycling endosomal tubules. Decreased PI4KIIs expression impairs the recycling of endosomal cargoes and the life cycles of intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia bacteria and influenza virus that exploit the membrane dynamics of recycling endosomes. This study demonstrates how a phospholipid and a protein complex coordinate the remodeling of cellular membranes into functional tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Atul Jani
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Di Cicco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Tal Keren-Kaplan
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Silvia Vale-Costa
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Hamaoui
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular biology of microbial infection, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Di Marco
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Palma de Cima, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular biology of microbial infection, Paris, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
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11
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Schelski M, Bradke F. Microtubule retrograde flow retains neuronal polarization in a fluctuating state. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2336. [PMID: 36332023 PMCID: PMC9635824 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In developing vertebrate neurons, a neurite is formed by more than a hundred microtubules. While individual microtubules are dynamic, the microtubule array has been regarded as stationary. Using live-cell imaging of neurons in culture or in brain slices, combined with photoconversion techniques and pharmacological manipulations, we uncovered that the microtubule array flows retrogradely within neurites to the soma. This flow drives cycles of microtubule density, a hallmark of the fluctuating state before axon formation, thereby inhibiting neurite growth. The motor protein dynein fuels this process. Shortly after axon formation, microtubule retrograde flow slows down in the axon, reducing microtubule density cycles and enabling axon extension. Thus, keeping neurites short is an active process. Microtubule retrograde flow is a previously unknown type of cytoskeletal dynamics, which changes the hitherto axon-centric view of neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schelski
- Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Müller PM, Rocks O. A screening-compatible live cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for modulation of Rho GTPase activity. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101705. [PMID: 36149795 PMCID: PMC9508600 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases are central regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs). This protocol presents a workflow for a robust high-throughput compatible biosensor assay to analyze changes in Rho GTPase activity by these proteins in the native cellular environment. The procedure can be used for semi-quantitative comparison of GEF/GAP function and extended for analysis of additional modulators. The experimental design is applicable also to other monomolecular ratiometric FRET sensors. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Müller et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Markus Müller
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author
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13
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Hu X, Roy SR, Jin C, Li G, Zhang Q, Asano N, Asahina S, Kajiwara T, Takahara A, Feng B, Aoki K, Xu C, Zhang Y. Control cell migration by engineering integrin ligand assembly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5002. [PMID: 36008449 PMCID: PMC9411606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in mechanistic understanding of integrin-mediated adhesion highlight the importance of precise control of ligand presentation in directing cell migration. Top-down nanopatterning limited the spatial presentation to sub-micron placing restrictions on both fundamental study and biomedical applications. To break the constraint, here we propose a bottom-up nanofabrication strategy to enhance the spatial resolution to the molecular level using simple formulation that is applicable as treatment agent. Via self-assembly and co-assembly, precise control of ligand presentation is succeeded by varying the proportions of assembling ligand and nonfunctional peptide. Assembled nanofilaments fulfill multi-functions exerting enhancement to suppression effect on cell migration with tunable amplitudes. Self-assembled nanofilaments possessing by far the highest ligand density prevent integrin/actin disassembly at cell rear, which expands the perspective of ligand-density-dependent-modulation, revealing valuable inputs to therapeutic innovations in tumor metastasis. Engineering peptide assembly that controls integrin ligand presentation on the molecular level possesses by far the highest ligand density, expanding the perspective of ligand-density-dependent modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwu Hu
- Active Soft Matter Group, CAS Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.,Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sona Rani Roy
- Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chengzhi Jin
- Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanying Li
- Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qizheng Zhang
- Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | | - Tomoko Kajiwara
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Research Center for Negative Emission Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Bolu Feng
- Fluid Mechanics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ye Zhang
- Active Soft Matter Group, CAS Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China. .,Bioinspired Soft Matter Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
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14
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Kluss JH, Bonet-Ponce L, Lewis PA, Cookson MR. Directing LRRK2 to membranes of the endolysosomal pathway triggers RAB phosphorylation and JIP4 recruitment. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105769. [PMID: 35580815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coding mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, which are associated with dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), lead to an increased activity of the encoded LRRK2 protein kinase. As such, kinase inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic agents for PD. It is therefore of interest to understand the mechanism(s) by which LRRK2 is activated during cellular signaling. Lysosomal membrane damage represents one way of activating LRRK2 and leads to phosphorylation of downstream RAB substrates and recruitment of the motor adaptor protein JIP4. However, it is unclear whether the activation of LRRK2 would be seen at other membranes of the endolysosomal system, where LRRK2 has also shown to be localized, or whether these signaling events can be induced without membrane damage. Here, we use a rapamycin-dependent oligomerization system to direct LRRK2 to various endomembranes including the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, recycling, early, and late endosomes. Irrespective of membrane location, the recruitment of LRRK2 to membranes results in local accumulation of phosphorylated RAB10, RAB12, and JIP4. We also show that endogenous RAB29, previously nominated as an activator of LRRK2 based on overexpression, is not required for activation of LRRK2 at the Golgi nor lysosome. We therefore conclude that LRRK2 signaling to RAB10, RAB12, and JIP4 can be activated once LRRK2 is accumulated at any cellular organelle along the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA.
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15
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LPA suppresses T cell function by altering the cytoskeleton and disrupting immune synapse formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118816119. [PMID: 35394866 PMCID: PMC9169816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118816119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and chronic infections often increase levels of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), that we have demonstrated acts as an inhibitory ligand upon binding LPAR5 on CD8 T cells, suppressing cytotoxic activity and tumor control. This study, using human and mouse primary T lymphocytes, reveals how LPA disrupts antigen-specific CD8 T cell:target cell immune synapse (IS) formation and T cell function via competing for cytoskeletal regulation. Specifically, we find upon antigen-specific T cell:target cell formation, IP3R1 localizes to the IS by a process dependent on mDia1 and actin and microtubule polymerization. LPA not only inhibited IP3R1 from reaching the IS but also altered T cell receptor (TCR)–induced localization of RhoA and mDia1 impairing F-actin accumulation and altering the tubulin code. Consequently, LPA impeded calcium store release and IS-directed cytokine secretion. Thus, targeting LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory conditions may rescue T cell function and promote antiviral and antitumor immunity.
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16
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Quantitative live-cell imaging of GPCR downstream signaling dynamics. Biochem J 2022; 479:883-900. [PMID: 35383830 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in sensing various extracellular stimuli, such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and tastants, and transducing the input information into the cell. While the human genome encodes more than 800 GPCR genes, only four Gα-proteins (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, and Gα12/13) are known to couple with GPCRs. It remains unclear how such divergent GPCR information is translated into the downstream G-protein signaling dynamics. To answer this question, we report a live-cell fluorescence imaging system for monitoring GPCR downstream signaling dynamics. Genetically encoded biosensors for cAMP, Ca2+, RhoA, and ERK were selected as markers for GPCR downstream signaling, and were stably expressed in HeLa cells. GPCR was further transiently overexpressed in the cells. As a proof-of-concept, we visualized GPCR signaling dynamics of 5 dopamine receptors and 12 serotonin receptors, and found heterogeneity between GPCRs and between cells. Even when the same Gα proteins were known to be coupled, the patterns of dynamics in GPCR downstream signaling, including the signal strength and duration, were substantially distinct among GPCRs. These results suggest the importance of dynamical encoding in GPCR signaling.
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17
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Eckenstaler R, Ripperger A, Hauke M, Petermann M, Hemkemeyer SA, Schwedhelm E, Ergün S, Frye M, Werz O, Koeberle A, Braun H, Benndorf RA. A Thromboxane A 2 Receptor-Driven COX-2-Dependent Feedback Loop That Affects Endothelial Homeostasis and Angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:444-461. [PMID: 35236104 PMCID: PMC8939709 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP (thromboxane A2 receptor) plays an eminent role in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, its expression is reported to increase in the intimal layer of blood vessels of cardiovascular high-risk individuals. Yet it is unknown, whether TP upregulation per se has the potential to affect the homeostasis of the vascular endothelium. METHODS We combined global transcriptome analysis, lipid mediator profiling, functional cell analyses, and in vivo angiogenesis assays to study the effects of endothelial TP overexpression or knockdown/knockout on the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Here we report that endothelial TP expression induces COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in a Gi/o- and Gq/11-dependent manner, thereby promoting its own activation via the auto/paracrine release of TP agonists, such as PGH2 (prostaglandin H2) or prostaglandin F2 but not TxA2 (thromboxane A2). TP overexpression induces endothelial cell tension and aberrant cell morphology, affects focal adhesion dynamics, and inhibits the angiogenic capacity of human endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas TP knockdown or endothelial-specific TP knockout exerts opposing effects. Consequently, this TP-dependent feedback loop is disrupted by pharmacological TP or COX-2 inhibition and by genetic reconstitution of PGH2-metabolizing prostacyclin synthase even in the absence of functional prostacyclin receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS Our work uncovers a TP-driven COX-2-dependent feedback loop and important effector mechanisms that directly link TP upregulation to angiostatic TP signaling in endothelial cells. By these previously unrecognized mechanisms, pathological endothelial upregulation of the TP could directly foster endothelial dysfunction, microvascular rarefaction, and systemic hypertension even in the absence of exogenous sources of TP agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eckenstaler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
| | - Anne Ripperger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
| | - Michael Hauke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
| | - Markus Petermann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
| | - Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.H., M.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (E.S.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany (S.E.)
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.H., M.F.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (O.W., A.K.)
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (O.W., A.K.).,Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria (A.K.)
| | - Heike Braun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.E., A.R., M.H., M.P., H.B., R.A.B.)
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18
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Doumane M, Caillaud MC, Jaillais Y. Experimental manipulation of phosphoinositide lipids: from cells to organisms. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:445-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Koh SP, Pham NP, Piekny A. Seeing is believing: tools to study the role of Rho GTPases during cytokinesis. Small GTPases 2022; 13:211-224. [PMID: 34405757 PMCID: PMC9707540 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1957384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is required to cleave the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and relies on the spatiotemporal control of RhoA GTPase. Cytokinesis failure can lead to changes in cell fate or aneuploidy, which can be detrimental during development and/or can lead to cancer. However, our knowledge of the pathways that regulate RhoA during cytokinesis is limited, and the role of other Rho family GTPases is not clear. This is largely because the study of Rho GTPases presents unique challenges using traditional cell biological and biochemical methods, and they have pleiotropic functions making genetic studies difficult to interpret. The recent generation of optogenetic tools and biosensors that control and detect active Rho has overcome some of these challenges and is helping to elucidate the role of RhoA in cytokinesis. However, improvements are needed to reveal the role of other Rho GTPases in cytokinesis, and to identify the molecular mechanisms that control Rho activity. This review examines some of the outstanding questions in cytokinesis, and explores tools for the imaging and control of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Pin Koh
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nhat Phi Pham
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada,CONTACT Alisa Piekny Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Legerstee K, Houtsmuller AB. A Layered View on Focal Adhesions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111189. [PMID: 34827182 PMCID: PMC8614905 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibres within cells that provide structure and support intracellular transport. Focal adhesions are protein complexes associated with the outer cell membrane that are found at the ends of specialised actin fibres of this cytoskeleton. They mediate cell adhesion by connecting the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, a protein and sugar network that surrounds cells in tissues. Focal adhesions also translate forces on actin fibres into forces contributing to cell migration. Cell adhesion and migration are crucial to diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, proper functioning of the immune system or the metastasis of cancer cells. Advances in fluorescence microscopy and data analysis methods provided a more detailed understanding of the dynamic ways in which proteins bind and dissociate from focal adhesions and how they are organised within these protein complexes. In this review, we provide an overview of the advances in the current scientific understanding of focal adhesions and summarize relevant imaging techniques. One of the key insights is that focal adhesion proteins are organised into three layers parallel to the cell membrane. We discuss the relevance of this layered nature for the functioning of focal adhesion. Abstract The cytoskeleton provides structure to cells and supports intracellular transport. Actin fibres are crucial to both functions. Focal Adhesions (FAs) are large macromolecular multiprotein assemblies at the ends of specialised actin fibres linking these to the extracellular matrix. FAs translate forces on actin fibres into forces contributing to cell migration. This review will discuss recent insights into FA protein dynamics and their organisation within FAs, made possible by advances in fluorescence imaging techniques and data analysis methods. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated that FAs are composed of three layers parallel to the plasma membrane. We focus on some of the most frequently investigated proteins, two from each layer, paxillin and FAK (bottom, integrin signalling layer), vinculin and talin (middle, force transduction layer) and zyxin and VASP (top, actin regulatory layer). Finally, we discuss the potential impact of this layered nature on different aspects of FA behaviour.
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21
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Eroumé KS, Cavill R, Staňková K, de Boer J, Carlier A. Exploring the influence of cytosolic and membrane FAK activation on YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation. Biophys J 2021; 120:4360-4377. [PMID: 34509508 PMCID: PMC8553670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane binding and unbinding dynamics play a crucial role in the biological activity of several nonintegral membrane proteins, which have to be recruited to the membrane to perform their functions. By localizing to the membrane, these proteins are able to induce downstream signal amplification in their respective signaling pathways. Here, we present a 3D computational approach using reaction-diffusion equations to investigate the relation between membrane localization of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), and signal amplification of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. Our results show that the theoretical scenarios in which FAK is membrane bound yield robust and amplified YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation signals. Moreover, we predict that the amount of YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation increases with cell spreading, confirming the experimental findings in the literature. In summary, our in silico predictions show that when the cell membrane interaction area with the underlying substrate increases, for example, through cell spreading, this leads to more encounters between membrane-bound signaling partners and downstream signal amplification. Because membrane activation is a motif common to many signaling pathways, this study has important implications for understanding the design principles of signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerbaï Saïd Eroumé
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katerina Staňková
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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22
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Mahlandt EK, Arts JJG, van der Meer WJ, van der Linden FH, Tol S, van Buul JD, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J. Visualizing endogenous Rho activity with an improved localization-based, genetically encoded biosensor. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272101. [PMID: 34357388 PMCID: PMC8445605 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are regulatory proteins, which orchestrate cell features such as morphology, polarity and movement. Therefore, probing Rho GTPase activity is key to understanding processes such as development and cell migration. Localization-based reporters for active Rho GTPases are attractive probes to study Rho GTPase-mediated processes in real time with subcellular resolution in living cells and tissue. Until now, relocation Rho biosensors (sensors that relocalize to the native location of active Rho GTPase) seem to have been only useful in certain organisms and have not been characterized well. In this paper, we systematically examined the contribution of the fluorescent protein and Rho-binding peptides on the performance of localization-based sensors. To test the performance, we compared relocation efficiency and specificity in cell-based assays. We identified several improved localization-based, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for detecting endogenous Rho activity. This enables a broader application of Rho relocation biosensors, which was demonstrated by using the improved biosensor to visualize Rho activity during several cellular processes, such as cell division, migration and G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Owing to the improved avidity of the new biosensors for Rho activity, cellular processes regulated by Rho can be better understood. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The dT-2xrGBD location-based Rho biosensor relocalizes more efficiently than other sensors of this type, and this sensor enables the observation of endogenous Rho activity in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K Mahlandt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine J G Arts
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J van der Meer
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Franka H van der Linden
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Dept. Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tenner B, Zhang JZ, Kwon Y, Pessino V, Feng S, Huang B, Mehta S, Zhang J. FluoSTEPs: Fluorescent biosensors for monitoring compartmentalized signaling within endogenous microdomains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabe4091. [PMID: 34020947 PMCID: PMC8139597 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that many essential intracellular signaling events are compartmentalized within kinetically distinct microdomains in cells. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools to dissect compartmentalized signaling, but current approaches to probe these microdomains typically rely on biosensor fusion and overexpression of critical regulatory elements. Here, we present a novel class of biosensors named FluoSTEPs (fluorescent sensors targeted to endogenous proteins) that combine self-complementing split green fluorescent protein, CRISPR-mediated knock-in, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor technology to probe compartmentalized signaling dynamics in situ. We designed FluoSTEPs for simultaneously highlighting endogenous microdomains and reporting domain-specific, real-time signaling events including kinase activities, guanosine triphosphatase activation, and second messenger dynamics in live cells. A FluoSTEP for 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) revealed distinct cAMP dynamics within clathrin microdomains in response to stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors, showcasing the utility of FluoSTEPs in probing spatiotemporal regulation within endogenous signaling architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jason Z Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yonghoon Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Veronica Pessino
- Graduate Program of Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Siyu Feng
- The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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24
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Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA participates in actin and microtubule machinery, cell migration and invasion, gene expression, vesicular trafficking and cell cycle, and its dysregulation is a determining factor in many pathological conditions. Similar to other Rho GTPases, RhoA is a key component of the wound-healing process, regulating the activity of different participating cell types. RhoA gets activated upon binding to guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which catalyze the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) mediate the exchange of GTP to GDP, inactivating RhoA, whereas guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) preserve the inactive pool of RhoA proteins in the cytosol. RhoA and Rho GEF activation is detected by protein pull-down assays, which use chimeric proteins with Rhotekin and G17A mutant RhoA as "bait" to pull down active RhoA and RhoA GEFs, respectively. In this chapter, we describe an optimized protocol for performing RhoA and GEF pull-down assays.
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Neuropathy-causing TRPV4 mutations disrupt TRPV4-RhoA interactions and impair neurite extension. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1444. [PMID: 33664271 PMCID: PMC7933254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPV4 is a cell surface-expressed calcium-permeable cation channel that mediates cell-specific effects on cellular morphology and function. Dominant missense mutations of TRPV4 cause distinct, tissue-specific diseases, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. Mutations causing peripheral neuropathy localize to the intracellular N-terminal domain whereas skeletal dysplasia mutations are in multiple domains. Using an unbiased screen, we identified the cytoskeletal remodeling GTPase RhoA as a TRPV4 interactor. TRPV4-RhoA binding occurs via the TRPV4 N-terminal domain, resulting in suppression of TRPV4 channel activity, inhibition of RhoA activation, and extension of neurites in vitro. Neuropathy but not skeletal dysplasia mutations disrupt TRPV4-RhoA binding and cytoskeletal outgrowth. However, inhibition of RhoA restores neurite length in vitro and in a fly model of TRPV4 neuropathy. Together these results identify RhoA as a critical mediator of TRPV4-induced cell structure changes and suggest that disruption of TRPV4-RhoA binding may contribute to tissue-specific toxicity of TRPV4 neuropathy mutations. TRPV4 dominant mutations cause neuropathy. Here, the authors show that TRPV4 binds and interacts with RhoA, modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Neuropathy-causing mutations of TRPV4 disrupt this complex, leading to RhoA activation and impairment of neurite extension in cultured cells and flies.
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26
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Bordes L, Chavez-Abiega S, Goedhart J. Imaging of Genetically Encoded FRET-Based Biosensors to Detect GPCR Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2268:159-178. [PMID: 34085268 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1221-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of assays for screening GPCR activity have been developed. Biosensors that employ Förster Resonance Energy transfer (FRET) are specific and enable dynamic measurements. Moreover, FRET biosensors are ideally suited for the analysis of single living cells. The FRET biosensors described in this manuscript are entirely genetically encoded by plasmids. Here, protocols for employing FRET-based biosensors to detect G protein activity upon GPCR activation are reported. The protocols include details on the isolation of plasmids, transfection, generation of stable cell lines with the FRET biosensors, FRET ratio imaging, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bordes
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergei Chavez-Abiega
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Systems Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Liu L, He F, Yu Y, Wang Y. Application of FRET Biosensors in Mechanobiology and Mechanopharmacological Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595497. [PMID: 33240867 PMCID: PMC7680962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that cells can sense and modulate the biomechanical properties of the ECM within their resident microenvironment. Thus, targeting the mechanotransduction signaling pathways provides a promising way for disease intervention. However, how cells perceive these mechanical cues of the microenvironment and transduce them into biochemical signals remains to be answered. Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based biosensors are a powerful tool that can be used in live-cell mechanotransduction imaging and mechanopharmacological drug screening. In this review, we will first introduce FRET principle and FRET biosensors, and then, recent advances on the integration of FRET biosensors and mechanobiology in normal and pathophysiological conditions will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the current applications and limitations of FRET biosensors in high-throughput drug screening and the future improvement of FRET biosensors. In summary, FRET biosensors have provided a powerful tool for mechanobiology studies to advance our understanding of how cells and matrices interact, and the mechanopharmacological screening for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Blankenbach KV, Claas RF, Aster NJ, Spohner AK, Trautmann S, Ferreirós N, Black JL, Tesmer JJG, Offermanns S, Wieland T, Meyer zu Heringdorf D. Dissecting G q/11-Mediated Plasma Membrane Translocation of Sphingosine Kinase-1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102201. [PMID: 33003441 PMCID: PMC7599897 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse extracellular signals induce plasma membrane translocation of sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1), thereby enabling inside-out signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate. We have shown before that Gq-coupled receptors and constitutively active Gαq/11 specifically induced a rapid and long-lasting SphK1 translocation, independently of canonical Gq/phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Here, we further characterized Gq/11 regulation of SphK1. SphK1 translocation by the M3 receptor in HEK-293 cells was delayed by expression of catalytically inactive G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2, p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p63RhoGEF), and catalytically inactive PLCβ3, but accelerated by wild-type PLCβ3 and the PLCδ PH domain. Both wild-type SphK1 and catalytically inactive SphK1-G82D reduced M3 receptor-stimulated inositol phosphate production, suggesting competition at Gαq. Embryonic fibroblasts from Gαq/11 double-deficient mice were used to show that amino acids W263 and T257 of Gαq, which interact directly with PLCβ3 and p63RhoGEF, were important for bradykinin B2 receptor-induced SphK1 translocation. Finally, an AIXXPL motif was identified in vertebrate SphK1 (positions 100–105 in human SphK1a), which resembles the Gαq binding motif, ALXXPI, in PLCβ and p63RhoGEF. After M3 receptor stimulation, SphK1-A100E-I101E and SphK1-P104A-L105A translocated in only 25% and 56% of cells, respectively, and translocation efficiency was significantly reduced. The data suggest that both the AIXXPL motif and currently unknown consequences of PLCβ/PLCδ(PH) expression are important for regulation of SphK1 by Gq/11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Vanessa Blankenbach
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (K.V.B.); (R.F.C.); (N.J.A.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Ralf Frederik Claas
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (K.V.B.); (R.F.C.); (N.J.A.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Natalie Judith Aster
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (K.V.B.); (R.F.C.); (N.J.A.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Anna Katharina Spohner
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (K.V.B.); (R.F.C.); (N.J.A.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Justin L. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Abteilung für Pharmakologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Herz- und Lungenforschung, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimentelle Pharmakologie Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Universität Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Dagmar Meyer zu Heringdorf
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (K.V.B.); (R.F.C.); (N.J.A.); (A.K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-3906
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Histamine-induced biphasic activation of RhoA allows for persistent RhoA signaling. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000866. [PMID: 32881857 PMCID: PMC7494096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is a central signaling enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, and cell cycle progression. Many signal transduction pathways activate RhoA—for instance, Gαq-coupled Histamine 1 Receptor signaling via Gαq-dependent activation of RhoGEFs such as p63. Although multiple upstream regulators of RhoA have been identified, the temporal regulation of RhoA and the coordination of different upstream components in its regulation have not been well characterized. In this study, live-cell measurement of RhoA activation revealed a biphasic increase of RhoA activity upon histamine stimulation. We showed that the first and second phase of RhoA activity are dependent on p63 and Ca2+/PKC, respectively, and further identified phosphorylation of serine 240 on p115 RhoGEF by PKC to be the mechanistic link between PKC and RhoA. Combined approaches of computational modeling and quantitative measurement revealed that the second phase of RhoA activation is insensitive to rapid turning off of the receptor and is required for maintaining RhoA-mediated transcription after the termination of the receptor signaling. Thus, two divergent pathways enable both rapid activation and persistent signaling in receptor-mediated RhoA signaling via intricate temporal regulation. The small GTPase RhoA is a central signaling enzyme that is involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, transcription, and cell cycle progression. This study shows that histamine induces biphasic activation of RhoA via two divergent signaling pathways, allowing for intricate regulation of cellular processes.
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30
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Strathdee D, Cox TR, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Shedding new light on RhoA signalling as a drug target in vivo using a novel RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse. Small GTPases 2020; 11:240-247. [PMID: 29457531 PMCID: PMC7549666 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1438024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is a master regulator of signalling in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. RhoA signalling is critical to many cellular processes including migration, mechanotransduction, and is often disrupted in carcinogenesis. Investigating RhoA activity in a native tissue environment is challenging using conventional biochemical methods; we therefore developed a RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse, employing the adaptable nature of intravital imaging to a variety of settings. Mechanotransduction was explored in the context of osteocyte processes embedded in the calvaria responding in a directional manner to compression stress. Further, the migration of neutrophils was examined during in vivo "chemotaxis" in wound response. RhoA activity was tightly regulated during tissue remodelling in mammary gestation, as well as during mammary and pancreatic carcinogenesis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of RhoA was temporally resolved by the use of optical imaging windows in fully developed pancreatic and mammary tumours in vivo. The RhoA-FRET mouse therefore constitutes a powerful tool to facilitate development of new inhibitors targeting the RhoA signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Sean C. Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, GlasgowG611BD, UK
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
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31
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Hino N, Rossetti L, Marín-Llauradó A, Aoki K, Trepat X, Matsuda M, Hirashima T. ERK-Mediated Mechanochemical Waves Direct Collective Cell Polarization. Dev Cell 2020; 53:646-660.e8. [PMID: 32497487 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During collective migration of epithelial cells, the migration direction is aligned over a tissue-scale expanse. Although the collective cell migration is known to be directed by mechanical forces transmitted via cell-cell junctions, it remains elusive how the intercellular force transmission is coordinated with intracellular biochemical signaling to achieve collective movements. Here, we show that intercellular coupling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated mechanochemical feedback yields long-distance transmission of guidance cues. Mechanical stretch activates ERK through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and ERK activation triggers cell contraction. The contraction of the activated cell pulls neighboring cells, evoking another round of ERK activation and contraction in the neighbors. Furthermore, anisotropic contraction based on front-rear polarization guarantees unidirectional propagation of ERK activation, and in turn, the ERK activation waves direct multicellular alignment of the polarity, leading to long-range ordered migration. Our findings reveal that mechanical forces mediate intercellular signaling underlying sustained transmission of guidance cues for collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hino
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Leone Rossetti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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32
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Keyes J, Ganesan A, Molinar-Inglis O, Hamidzadeh A, Zhang J, Ling M, Trejo J, Levchenko A, Zhang J. Signaling diversity enabled by Rap1-regulated plasma membrane ERK with distinct temporal dynamics. eLife 2020; 9:57410. [PMID: 32452765 PMCID: PMC7289600 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of different signals induce specific responses through a common, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent cascade. It has been suggested that signaling specificity can be achieved through precise temporal regulation of ERK activity. Given the wide distrubtion of ERK susbtrates across different subcellular compartments, it is important to understand how ERK activity is temporally regulated at specific subcellular locations. To address this question, we have expanded the toolbox of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based ERK biosensors by creating a series of improved biosensors targeted to various subcellular regions via sequence specific motifs to measure spatiotemporal changes in ERK activity. Using these sensors, we showed that EGF induces sustained ERK activity near the plasma membrane in sharp contrast to the transient activity observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, EGF-induced plasma membrane ERK activity involves Rap1, a noncanonical activator, and controls cell morphology and EGF-induced membrane protrusion dynamics. Our work strongly supports that spatial and temporal regulation of ERK activity is integrated to control signaling specificity from a single extracellular signal to multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Keyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ambhighainath Ganesan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Archer Hamidzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jinfan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Megan Ling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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33
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Pietraszewska-Bogiel A, Joosen L, Chertkova AO, Goedhart J. Not So Dry After All: DRY Mutants of the AT1 A Receptor and H1 Receptor Can Induce G-Protein-Dependent Signaling. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2648-2659. [PMID: 32095688 PMCID: PMC7033670 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane spanning receptors that regulate a wide array of intracellular signaling cascades in response to various stimuli. To do so, they couple to different heterotrimeric G proteins and adaptor proteins, including arrestins. Importantly, arrestins were shown to regulate GPCR signaling through G proteins, as well as promote G protein-independent signaling events. Several research groups have reported successful isolation of exclusively G protein-dependent and arrestin-dependent signaling downstream of GPCR activation using biased agonists or receptor mutants incapable of coupling to either arrestins or G proteins. In the latter category, the DRY mutant of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor was extensively used to characterize the functional selectivity downstream of AT1AR. In an attempt to understand histamine 1 receptor signaling, we characterized the signaling capacity of the H1R DRY mutant in a panel of dynamic, live cell biosensor assays, including arrestin recruitment, heterotrimeric G protein activation, Ca2+ signaling, protein kinase C activity, GTP binding of RhoA, and activation of ERK1/2. Here, we show that both H1R DRY mutant and the AT1AR DRY mutant are capable of efficient activation of G protein-mediated signaling. Therefore, contrary to the common belief, they do not constitute suitable tools for the dissection of the arrestin-mediated, G protein-independent signaling downstream of these receptors.
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34
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Reinhard NR, Van Der Niet S, Chertkova A, Postma M, Hordijk PL, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J. Identification of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that increase Cdc42 activity in primary human endothelial cells. Small GTPases 2019; 12:226-240. [PMID: 31469028 PMCID: PMC7939571 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1658509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase family is involved in actin dynamics and regulates the barrier function of the endothelium. One of the main barrier-promoting Rho GTPases is Cdc42, also known as cell division control protein 42 homolog. Currently, regulation of Cdc42-based signalling networks in endothelial cells (ECs) lack molecular details. To examine these, we focused on a subset of 15 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are expressed in the endothelium. By performing single cell FRET measurements with Rho GTPase biosensors in primary human ECs, we monitored GEF efficiency towards Cdc42 and Rac1. A new, single cell-based analysis was developed and used to enable the quantitative comparison of cellular activities of the overexpressed full-length GEFs. Our data reveal GEF dependent activation of Cdc42, with the most efficient Cdc42 activation induced by PLEKHG2, FGD1, PLEKHG1 and PREX1 and the highest selectivity for FGD1. Additionally, we generated truncated GEF constructs that comprise only the catalytic dbl homology (DH) domain or together with the adjacent pleckstrin homology domain (DHPH). The DH domain by itself did not activate Cdc42, whereas the DHPH domain of ITSN1, ITSN2 and PLEKHG1 showed activity towards Cdc42. Together, our study characterized endothelial GEFs that may directly or indirectly activate Cdc42, which will be of great value for the field of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Van Der Niet
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Chertkova
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Postma
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Dynamics and distribution of paxillin, vinculin, zyxin and VASP depend on focal adhesion location and orientation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10460. [PMID: 31320676 PMCID: PMC6639384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are multiprotein structures that link the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. They mediate cell adhesion and migration, crucial to many (patho-) physiological processes. We examined in two cell types from different species the binding dynamics of functionally related FA protein pairs: paxillin and vinculin versus zyxin and VASP. In photobleaching experiments ~40% of paxillin and vinculin remained stably associated with a FA for over half an hour. Zyxin and VASP predominantly displayed more transient interactions. We show protein binding dynamics are influenced by FA location and orientation. In FAs located close to the edge of the adherent membrane paxillin, zyxin and VASP were more dynamic and had larger bound fractions. Zyxin and VASP were also more dynamic and had larger bound fractions at FAs perpendicular compared to parallel to this edge. Finally, we developed a photoconversion assay to specifically visualise stably bound proteins within subcellular structures and organelles. This revealed that while paxillin and vinculin are distributed evenly throughout FAs, their stably bound fractions form small clusters within the FA-complex. These clusters are more concentrated for paxillin than for vinculin and are mostly found at the proximal half of the FA where actin also enters.
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Liu Y, Qi S, Meng L, Zhang L, Pang Y, Cui W, Du J, Li Z, Liu Q, Shang H, Liu C, Li F. GEFT aberrant expression in soft tissue sarcomas. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:141-149. [PMID: 35116743 PMCID: PMC8798328 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factor T (GEFT) exhibits high amplification level using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization in rhabdomyosarcoma. The overexpression rate of GEFT protein is higher in rhabdomyosarcoma than in normal striated muscle tissues. This study evaluated the aberrant expression of GEFT in multiple subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and compared the differences in clinical pathology, histological feature and expression levels of GEFT protein and mRNA between chromosomal translocation-associated sarcomas (CTAS) and non-chromosomal translocation-associated sarcomas (NCTAS). Methods GEFT protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue microarrays. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of GEFT mRNA. Results The rates of GEFT positive expression (196/219, 89.50%) and overexpression (113/219, 51.60%) were higher in multiple subtypes of STS than in normal striated muscle tissues. The rates of GEFT positive expression and overexpression in all subtypes of STS detected were significantly higher than that in the controls. No difference of GEFT expression was detected between CTAS and NCTAS. Conclusions The abnormal expression of GEFT exists in various subtypes of STS, which may play an important role in tumorigenesis of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Shengnan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Lian Meng
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yuwen Pang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Hao Shang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Greenwald EC, Mehta S, Zhang J. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors Illuminate the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling Networks. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11707-11794. [PMID: 30550275 PMCID: PMC7462118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over 25 years ago enabled the development of a diverse array of genetically encodable fluorescent biosensors that are capable of measuring the spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction pathways in live cells. In an effort to encapsulate the breadth over which fluorescent biosensors have expanded, we endeavored to assemble a comprehensive list of published engineered biosensors, and we discuss many of the molecular designs utilized in their development. Then, we review how the high temporal and spatial resolution afforded by fluorescent biosensors has aided our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of signaling networks at the cellular and subcellular level. Finally, we highlight some emerging areas of research in both biosensor design and applications that are on the forefront of biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Greenwald
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
| | - Sohum Mehta
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- University of California , San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRFII , La Jolla , CA 92093-0702 , United States
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Lo D, Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by rhinovirus exposure. Respir Res 2018; 19:208. [PMID: 30373568 PMCID: PMC6206673 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) exposure has been implicated in childhood development of wheeze evoking asthma and exacerbations of underlying airways disease. Studies such as the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) and Childhood Origins of ASThma (COAST) have identified RV as a pathogen inducing severe respiratory disease. RVs also modulate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key characteristic of such diseases. Although potential factors underlying mechanisms by which RV induces AHR have been postulated, the precise mechanisms of AHR following RV exposure remain elusive. A challenge to RV-related research stems from inadequate models for study. While human models raise ethical concerns and are relatively difficult in terms of subject recruitment, murine models are limited by susceptibility of infection to the relatively uncommon minor group (RV-B) serotypes, strains that are generally associated with infrequent clinical respiratory virus infections. Although a transgenic mouse strain that has been developed has enhanced susceptibility for infection with the common major group (RV-A) serotypes, few studies have focused on RV in the context of allergic airways disease rather than understanding RV-induced AHR. Recently, the receptor for the virulent RV-C CDHR3, was identified, but a dearth of studies have examined RV-C-induced effects in humans. Currently, the mechanisms by which RV infections modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening or excitation-contraction coupling remain elusive. Further, only one study has investigated the effects of RV on bronchodilatory mechanisms, with only speculation as to mechanisms underlying RV-mediated modulation of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lo
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard C Kurten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Hotta K, Kitamoto A, Kitamoto T, Ogawa Y, Honda Y, Kessoku T, Yoneda M, Imajo K, Tomeno W, Saito S, Nakajima A. Identification of differentially methylated region (DMR) networks associated with progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13567. [PMID: 30206277 PMCID: PMC6134034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by epigenetics. We performed differentially methylated region (DMR) and co-methylation analyses to identify DMR networks associated with the progression of NAFLD. DMRs displaying differences in multiple consecutive differentially methylated CpGs between mild and advanced NAFLD were extracted. The average values of topological overlap measures for the CpG matrix combining two different DMRs were calculated and two DMR networks that strongly correlated with the stages of fibrosis were identified. The annotated genes of one network included genes involved in transcriptional regulation, cytoskeleton organization, and cellular proliferation. The annotated genes of the second network were primarily associated with metabolic pathways. The CpG methylation levels in these networks were strongly affected by age and fasting plasma glucose levels, which may be important co-regulatory factors. The methylation status of five DMRs in the second network was reversible following weight loss. Our results suggest that CpG methylation in DMR networks is regulated concomitantly via aging and hyperglycemia and plays important roles in hepatic metabolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and potential tumorigenesis, which occur during the progression of NAFLD. By controlling weight and blood glucose levels, the methylation of DMRs in the second network may be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuko Hotta
- Department of Medical Innovation, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Aya Kitamoto
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamoto
- Advanced Research Facilities and Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Wataru Tomeno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, 13-1 Higashi Kaigancho, Atami, Shizuoka, 413-0012, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Yuan Y, Li M, To CH, Lam TC, Wang P, Yu Y, Chen Q, Hu X, Ke B. The Role of the RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway in Mechanical Strain-Induced Scleral Myofibroblast Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3619-3629. [PMID: 30029249 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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Kojima R, Fussenegger M. Engineering Whole Mammalian Cells for Target-Cell-Specific Invasion/Fusion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700971. [PMID: 30027033 PMCID: PMC6051388 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Live mammalian cells are equipped with a synthetic cell invasion system that enables their target-specific insertion into other live mammalian cells. By conjugating RhoA activator to a transmembrane protein that is segregated from cell-cell interface when specific cell contact occurs, polarization of RhoA activity is synthetically induced inside the cells in response to specific cell contact. This polarization is a sufficient condition for invader cells to selectively penetrate cells expressing a target antigen. Further, when an acid-responsive fusogenic protein is expressed on invader cells, invader/receiver cell fusion occurs after invasion, and the invader's intracellular contents are released into the recipient's cytosol. It is shown that this system can be used for specific cell ablation. This synthetic-biology-inspired cell invasion/fusion system might open the door to using whole mammalian cells for cargo delivery purposes or for ablation of a specific cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kojima
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D‐BSSE)ETH ZurichMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
- Graduate School of MedicineThe University of Tokyo7‐3‐1 HongoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D‐BSSE)ETH ZurichMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 264058BaselSwitzerland
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Cai J, Song X, Wang W, Watnick T, Pei Y, Qian F, Pan D. A RhoA-YAP-c-Myc signaling axis promotes the development of polycystic kidney disease. Genes Dev 2018; 32:781-793. [PMID: 29891559 PMCID: PMC6049514 DOI: 10.1101/gad.315127.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cai et al. identified the Hippo signaling effector YAP and its transcriptional target, c-Myc, as promoters of cystic kidney pathogenesis. A comprehensive kinase inhibitor screen identified a signaling pathway involving the RhoGEF LARG, the small GTPase RhoA, and the RhoA effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) as a critical signaling module between PKD1 and YAP. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 and affects one in 500–1000 humans. Limited treatment is currently available for ADPKD. Here we identify the Hippo signaling effector YAP and its transcriptional target, c-Myc, as promoters of cystic kidney pathogenesis. While transgenic overexpression of YAP promotes proliferation and tubule dilation in mouse kidneys, loss of YAP/TAZ or c-Myc suppresses cystogenesis in a mouse ADPKD model resulting from Pkd1 deficiency. Through a comprehensive kinase inhibitor screen based on a novel three-dimensional (3D) culture of Pkd1 mutant mouse kidney cells, we identified a signaling pathway involving the RhoGEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) LARG, the small GTPase RhoA, and the RhoA effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) as a critical signaling module between PKD1 and YAP. Further corroborating its physiological importance, inhibition of RhoA signaling suppresses cystogenesis in 3D culture of Pkd1 mutant kidney cells as well as Pkd1 mutant mouse kidneys in vivo. Taken together, our findings implicate the RhoA–YAP–c-Myc signaling axis as a critical mediator and potential drug target in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Xuewen Song
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - York Pei
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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van Unen J, Botman D, Yin T, Wu YI, Hink MA, Gadella TWJ, Postma M, Goedhart J. The C-terminus of the oncoprotein TGAT is necessary for plasma membrane association and efficient RhoA-mediated signaling. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:6. [PMID: 29879899 PMCID: PMC5992656 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) control cellular processes such as migration, adhesion and proliferation. Alternative splicing of the RhoGEF Trio produces TGAT. The RhoGEF TGAT is an oncoprotein with constitutive RhoGEF activity. We investigated whether the subcellular location of TGAT is critical for its RhoGEF activity. Methods Since plasma membrane associated RhoGEFs are particularly effective at activating RhoA, plasma membrane localization of TGAT was examined. To this end, we developed a highly sensitive image analysis method to quantitatively measure plasma membrane association. The method requires a cytoplasmic marker and a plasma membrane marker, which are co-imaged with the tagged protein of interest. Linear unmixing is performed to determine the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic component in the fluorescence signal of protein of interest. Results The analysis revealed that wild-type TGAT is partially co-localized with the plasma membrane. Strikingly, cysteine TGAT-mutants lacking one or more putative palmitoylation sites in the C-tail, still showed membrane association. In contrast, a truncated variant, lacking the last 15 amino acids, TGATΔ15, lost membrane association. We show that membrane localization of TGAT was responsible for high RhoGEF activity by using a RhoA FRET-sensor and by determining F-actin levels. Mutants of TGAT that still maintained membrane association showed similar activity as wild-type TGAT. In contrast, the activity was abrogated for the cytoplasmic TGATΔ15 variant. Synthetic recruitment of TGATΔ15 to membranes confirmed that TGAT effectively activates RhoA at the plasma membrane. Conclusion Together, these results show that membrane association of TGAT is critical for its activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0155-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Unen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Botman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032-6406, USA
| | - Y I Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032-6406, USA
| | - M A Hink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Postma
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, NL, -1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting average daily gain and Kleiber ratio in Baluchi Sheep. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Pasandideh M, Rahimi-Mianji G, Gholizadeh M. A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting average daily gain and Kleiber ratio in Baluchi Sheep. J Genet 2018; 97:493-503. [PMID: 29932070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide association study (GWAS) is an efficient tool for the detection of SNPs and candidate genes in quantitative traits. Growth rate is an important trait for increasing the meat production in sheep. A total of 96 Baluchi sheep were genotyped using Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip to run a GWAS for an average daily gain (ADG) and Kleiber ratio (KR) traits in different periods of age in sheep. Traits included were average daily gain from birth to three months (ADG0-3), from three months to six months (ADG3-6), from six months to nine months (ADG6-9), from nine months to yearling (ADG9-12), from birth to six months (ADG0-6), from three months to nine months (ADG3-9), from three months to yearling (ADG3-12) and corresponding Kleiber ratios (KR0-3, KR3-6, KR6-9, KR9-12, KR0-6, KR3-9 and KR3-12, respectively). A total of 42,243 SNPs passed the quality-control filters and were analysed by PLINK software in a linear mixed model. Two SNPs were identified on two chromosomes at the 5% genomewide significance level for KR(3-9) and KR(6-9). Two candidate genes, namely MAGI1 and ZNF770, were identified correspondingly harbouring and close to these QTL. Also, a total of 21 SNPs were found on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 17, 19, 20 and 25 at the 5% chromosomewide significance level for ADG and KR traits. Thus, we suggest more studies to discover the causative variants for growth traits in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Pasandideh
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal and Aquatic Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran.
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He L, Tao J, Maity D, Si F, Wu Y, Wu T, Prasath V, Wirtz D, Sun SX. Role of membrane-tension gated Ca 2+ flux in cell mechanosensation. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs208470. [PMID: 29361533 PMCID: PMC5868948 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.208470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are sensitive to mechanical forces they experience from the environment. The process of mechanosensation is complex, and involves elements such as the cytoskeleton and active contraction from myosin motors. Ultimately, mechanosensation is connected to changes in gene expression in the cell, known as mechanotransduction. While the involvement of the cytoskeleton in mechanosensation is known, the processes upstream of cytoskeletal changes are unclear. In this paper, by using a microfluidic device that mechanically compresses live cells, we demonstrate that Ca2+ currents and membrane tension-sensitive ion channels directly signal to the Rho GTPase and myosin contraction. In response to membrane tension changes, cells actively regulate cortical myosin contraction to balance external forces. The process is captured by a mechanochemical model where membrane tension, myosin contraction and the osmotic pressure difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular environment are connected by mechanical force balance. Finally, to complete the picture of mechanotransduction, we find that the tension-sensitive transcription factor YAP family of proteins translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to mechanical compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Tao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Debonil Maity
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center (PSOC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Fangwei Si
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92010, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Vishnu Prasath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center (PSOC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Sean X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center (PSOC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Donnelly SK, Miskolci V, Garrastegui AM, Cox D, Hodgson L. Characterization of Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors for Rho-Family GTPases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1821:87-106. [PMID: 30062407 PMCID: PMC6104821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors are increasingly popular and useful tools for examining signaling pathways with high spatial and temporal resolution in living cells. Here, we show basic techniques used to characterize and to validate single-chain, genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors of the Rho GTPase-family proteins. Methods described here are generally applicable to other genetically encoded FRET-based biosensors by modifying the tested conditions to include additional/different regulators and inhibitors, as appropriate for the specific protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alice M Garrastegui
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Katrancha SM, Wu Y, Zhu M, Eipper BA, Koleske AJ, Mains RE. Neurodevelopmental disease-associated de novo mutations and rare sequence variants affect TRIO GDP/GTP exchange factor activity. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4728-4740. [PMID: 28973398 PMCID: PMC5886096 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability are complex neurodevelopmental disorders, debilitating millions of people. Therapeutic progress is limited by poor understanding of underlying molecular pathways. Using a targeted search, we identified an enrichment of de novo mutations in the gene encoding the 330-kDa triple functional domain (TRIO) protein associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. By generating multiple TRIO antibodies, we show that the smaller TRIO9 isoform is the major brain protein product, and its levels decrease after birth. TRIO9 contains two guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains with distinct specificities: GEF1 activates both Rac1 and RhoG; GEF2 activates RhoA. To understand the impact of disease-associated de novo mutations and other rare sequence variants on TRIO function, we utilized two FRET-based biosensors: a Rac1 biosensor to study mutations in TRIO (T)GEF1, and a RhoA biosensor to study mutations in TGEF2. We discovered that one autism-associated de novo mutation in TGEF1 (K1431M), at the TGEF1/Rac1 interface, markedly decreased its overall activity toward Rac1. A schizophrenia-associated rare sequence variant in TGEF1 (F1538Intron) was substantially less active, normalized to protein level and expressed poorly. Overall, mutations in TGEF1 decreased GEF1 activity toward Rac1. One bipolar disorder-associated rare variant (M2145T) in TGEF2 impaired inhibition by the TGEF2 pleckstrin-homology domain, resulting in dramatically increased TGEF2 activity. Overall, genetic damage to both TGEF domains altered TRIO catalytic activity, decreasing TGEF1 activity and increasing TGEF2 activity. Importantly, both GEF changes are expected to decrease neurite outgrowth, perhaps consistent with their association with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Katrancha
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program
- Department of Neuroscience
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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49
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The minor histocompatibility antigen 1 (HMHA1)/ArhGAP45 is a RacGAP and a novel regulator of endothelial integrity. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 101:38-47. [PMID: 29174013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the vasculature and act as gatekeepers that control the passage of plasma, macromolecules and cells from the circulation to the interstitial space. Dysfunction of the endothelial barrier can lead to uncontrolled leak or edema. Vascular leakage is a hallmark of a range of diseases and despite its large impact no specialized therapies are available to prevent or reduce it. RhoGTPases are known key regulators of cellular behavior that are directly involved in the regulation of the endothelial barrier. We recently performed a comprehensive analysis of the effect of all RhoGTPases and their regulators on basal endothelial integrity. In addition to novel positive regulators of endothelial barrier function, we also identified novel negative regulators, of which the ArhGAP45 (also known as HMHA1) was the most significant. We now demonstrate that ArhGAP45 acts as a Rac-GAP (GTPase-Activating Protein) in endothelial cells, which explains its negative effect on endothelial barrier function. Silencing ArhGAP45 not only promotes basal endothelial barrier function, but also increases cellular surface area and induces sprout formation in a 3D-fibrin matrix. Our data further shows that loss of ArhGAP45 promotes migration and shear stress adaptation. In conclusion, we identify ArhGAP45 (HMHA1) as a novel regulator, which contributes to the fine-tuning of the regulation of basal endothelial integrity.
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Reinhard NR, Mastop M, Yin T, Wu Y, Bosma EK, Gadella TWJ, Goedhart J, Hordijk PL. The balance between Gα i-Cdc42/Rac and Gα 12/ 13-RhoA pathways determines endothelial barrier regulation by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3371-3382. [PMID: 28954861 PMCID: PMC5687037 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphatephosphate (S1P) is present in plasma, bound to carrier proteins, and involved in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, and vascular stabilization. S1P can bind to several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activating a number of different signaling networks. At present, the dynamics and relative importance of signaling events activated immediately downstream of GPCR activation are unclear. To examine these, we used a set of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors for different RhoGTPases (Rac1, RhoA/B/C, and Cdc42) as well as for heterotrimeric G-proteins in a series of live-cell imaging experiments in primary human endothelial cells. These experiments were accompanied by biochemical GTPase activity assays and transendothelial resistance measurements. We show that S1P promotes cell spreading and endothelial barrier function through S1PR1-Gαi-Rac1 and S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathways. In parallel, a S1PR2-Gα12/13-RhoA pathway is activated that can induce cell contraction and loss of barrier function, but only if Gαi-mediated signaling is suppressed. Our results suggest that Gαq activity is not involved in S1P-mediated regulation of barrier integrity. Moreover, we show that early activation of RhoA by S1P inactivates Rac1 but not Cdc42, and vice versa. Together, our data show that the rapid S1P-induced increase in endothelial integrity is mediated by a S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R Reinhard
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taofei Yin
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Esmeralda K Bosma
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Biology and
- University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Centre-Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Free University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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