1
|
Clutton GT, Weideman AMK, Mischell MA, Kallon S, Conrad SZ, Shaw FR, Warren JA, Lin L, Kuruc JD, Xu Y, Gay CM, Armistead PM, G. Hudgens M, Goonetilleke NP. CD3 downregulation identifies high-avidity human CD8 T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:279-290. [PMID: 37950348 PMCID: PMC10876116 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells recognize infected and cancerous cells via their T-cell receptor (TCR), which binds peptide-MHC complexes on the target cell. The affinity of the interaction between the TCR and peptide-MHC contributes to the antigen sensitivity, or functional avidity, of the CD8 T cell. In response to peptide-MHC stimulation, the TCR-CD3 complex and CD8 co-receptor are downmodulated. We quantified CD3 and CD8 downmodulation following stimulation of human CD8 T cells with CMV, EBV, and HIV peptides spanning eight MHC restrictions, observing a strong correlation between the levels of CD3 and CD8 downmodulation and functional avidity, regardless of peptide viral origin. In TCR-transduced T cells targeting a tumor-associated antigen, changes in TCR-peptide affinity were sufficient to modify CD3 and CD8 downmodulation. Correlation analysis and generalized linear modeling indicated that CD3 downmodulation was the stronger correlate of avidity. CD3 downmodulation, simply measured using flow cytometry, can be used to identify high-avidity CD8 T cells in a clinical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve T Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Marie K Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Mischell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shayla Z Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fiona R Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - JoAnn D Kuruc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Armistead
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nilu P Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peterson JJ, Lewis CA, Burgos SD, Manickam A, Xu Y, Rowley AA, Clutton G, Richardson B, Zou F, Simon JM, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N, Browne EP. A histone deacetylase network regulates epigenetic reprogramming and viral silencing in HIV-infected cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1617-1633.e9. [PMID: 38134881 PMCID: PMC10754471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A long-lived latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells persists with antiretroviral therapy and prevents cure. We report that the emergence of latently infected primary CD4 T cells requires the activity of histone deacetylase enzymes HDAC1/2 and HDAC3. Data from targeted HDAC molecules, an HDAC3-directed PROTAC, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout experiments converge on a model where either HDAC1/2 or HDAC3 targeting can prevent latency, whereas all three enzymes must be targeted to achieve latency reversal. Furthermore, HDACi treatment targets features of memory T cells that are linked to proviral latency and persistence. Latency prevention is associated with increased H3K9ac at the proviral LTR promoter region and decreased H3K9me3, suggesting that this epigenetic switch is a key proviral silencing mechanism that depends on HDAC activity. These findings support further mechanistic work on latency initiation and eventual clinical studies of HDAC inhibitors to interfere with latency initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samuel D Burgos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ashokkumar Manickam
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Allison A Rowley
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balakrishnan PB, Holmberg CS, Ledezma DK, Bosque A, Fernandes R. PolyIC-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles as a dual-mode HIV latency reversing agent. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:2159-2171. [PMID: 36734362 PMCID: PMC10061244 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) coated with the synthetic analog of dsRNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyIC) for their ability to function as HIV latency reversing agents. Methods: A layer-by-layer method was used to synthesize polyIC-coated PBNPs (polyIC-PBNPs). PolyIC-PBNPs were stable and monodisperse, maintained the native absorbance properties of both polyIC and PBNPs and were obtained with high nanoparticle collection yield and polyIC attachment efficiencies. Results: PolyIC-PBNPs were more effective in reactivating latent HIV than free polyIC in a cell model of HIV latency. Furthermore, polyIC-PBNPs were more effective in promoting immune activation than free polyIC in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Conclusion: PBNPs function as efficient carriers of nucleic acids to directly reverse HIV latency and enhance immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preethi B Balakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carissa S Holmberg
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Debbie K Ledezma
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rohan Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Impact of IL-15 and latency reversing agent combinations in the reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of the HIV reservoir. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18567. [PMID: 36329160 PMCID: PMC9633760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) are major latency reversing agent (LRA) candidates in 'shock and kill' strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir in infected patients. The poor achievements of initial HDACi-based trials and subsequent studies have highlighted the need for more efficient approaches such as combinatory and immunostimulating therapies. Here we studied combinations of IL-15 with pan-HDACi (Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) or class I selective-HDACi (Entinostat) with or without a PKC agonist (Prostratin) for their impact on in vitro reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of latent HIV. Results showed that pan-HDACis but not Entinostat reduced NK cell viability and function; yet, combined IL-15 reverted the negative effects of pan-HDACis except for Panobinostat. All HDACis were ineffective at reactivating HIV in a CD4+ T cell model of latency, with pan-HDACis suppressing spontaneous and IL-15- or Prostratin-induced HIV release, while IL-15 + Prostratin combination showed maximal activity. Moreover, Panobinostat impaired STAT5 and NF-κB activation by IL-15 and Prostratin, respectively. Finally, by using effectors (NK) and targets (latently infected CD4+ T cells) equally exposed to drug combinations, we found that IL-15-mediated suppression of HIV reactivation by NK cells was inhibited by Panobinostat. Our data raise concerns and encouragements for therapeutic application of IL-15/LRA combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Angela Covino
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macedo AB, Levinger C, Nguyen BN, Richard J, Gupta M, Cruz CRY, Finzi A, Chiappinelli KB, Crandall KA, Bosque A. The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037222. [PMID: 35867565 PMCID: PMC9364794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is "shock and kill." This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions. IMPORTANCE Several clinical trials targeting the HIV latent reservoir with LRAs have been completed. In spite of a lack of clinical benefit, they have been crucial to elucidate hurdles that "shock and kill" strategies have to overcome to promote an effective reduction of the latent reservoir to lead to a cure. These hurdles include low reactivation potential mediated by LRAs, the negative influence of some LRAs on the activity of natural killer and effector CD8 T cells, an increased resistance to apoptosis of latently infected cells, and an exhausted immune system due to chronic inflammation. To that end, finding therapeutic strategies that can overcome some of these challenges could improve the outcome of shock and kill strategies aimed at HIV eradication. Here, we show that the LRA HODHBt also improves IL-15-mediated NK cell effector and memory-like functions. As such, pharmacological enhancement of IL-15-mediated STAT activation can open new therapeutic avenues toward an HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan N. Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Okoye AA, Fromentin R, Takata H, Brehm JH, Fukazawa Y, Randall B, Pardons M, Tai V, Tang J, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Favre D, Trautmann L, Chomont N. The ingenol-based protein kinase C agonist GSK445A is a potent inducer of HIV and SIV RNA transcription. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010245. [PMID: 35041707 PMCID: PMC8797195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by Protein Kinase C (PKC) agonists is a potent mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency disruption in vitro. However, significant toxicity risks and the lack of evidence supporting their activity in vivo have limited further evaluation of PKC agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents (LRA) in cure strategies. Here we evaluated whether GSK445A, a stabilized ingenol-B derivative, can induce HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transcription and virus production in vitro and demonstrate pharmacological activity in nonhuman primates (NHP). CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV and from SIV+ rhesus macaques (RM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed in vitro to 25 nM of GSK445A produced cell-associated viral transcripts as well as viral particles at levels similar to those induced by PMA/Ionomycin, indicating that GSK445A can potently reverse HIV/SIV latency. Importantly, these concentrations of GSK445A did not impair the proliferation or survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but instead, increased their numbers and enhanced IFN-γ production in response to HIV peptides. In vivo, GSK445A tolerability was established in SIV-naïve RM at 15 μg/kg although tolerability was reduced in SIV-infected RM on ART. Increases in plasma viremia following GSK445A administration were suggestive of increased SIV transcription in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GSK445A is a potent HIV/SIV LRA in vitro and has a tolerable safety profile amenable for further evaluation in vivo in NHP models of HIV cure/remission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not a definitive cure for HIV infection, in part, because the virus is able to integrate its genetic material in the host cell and remain in a dormant but fully replication-competent form during ART. These latently-infected cells can persist for long periods of time and remain hidden from the host’s immune system. If ART is stopped, the virus can reactivate from this pool of infected cells and resume HIV replication and disease progression. As such, finding and eliminating cells with latent HIV infection is priority for HIV cure research. One approach is to use compounds referred to as latency-reversing agents, that can induce HIV reactivation during ART. The goal of this approach is to facilitate elimination of infected cells by the virus itself once it reactivates or by the host’s immune system, once virus induction renders the cells detectable by the immune system, while also preventing the virus from infecting new cells due to the continued presence of ART. In this study we report on the activity of a novel latency-reversing agent called GSK445A, a potent activator of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). We show that GSK445A can induce HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) latency reversal in vitro and has a tolerable saftey profile in nonhuman primates that should permit further testing of this PKC-agonist in strategies to cure HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica H Brehm
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marion Pardons
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Tai
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Tang
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Favre
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Y, Weideman AM, Abad-Fernandez M, Mollan KR, Kallon S, Samir S, Warren JA, Clutton G, Roan NR, Adimora AA, Archin N, Kuruc J, Gay C, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N. Reliable Estimation of CD8 T Cell Inhibition of In Vitro HIV-1 Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666991. [PMID: 34276657 PMCID: PMC8278574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 viral inhibition assay (VIA) measures CD8 T cell-mediated inhibition of HIV replication in CD4 T cells and is increasingly used for clinical testing of HIV vaccines and immunotherapies. The VIA has multiple sources of variability arising from in vitro HIV infection and co-culture of two T cell populations. Here, we describe multiple modifications to a 7-day VIA protocol, the most impactful being the introduction of independent replicate cultures for both HIV infected-CD4 (HIV-CD4) and HIV-CD4:CD8 T cell cultures. Virus inhibition was quantified using a ratio of weighted averages of p24+ cells in replicate cultures and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. An Excel template is provided to facilitate calculations. Virus inhibition was higher in people living with HIV suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (n=14, mean: 40.0%, median: 43.8%, range: 8.2 to 73.3%; p < 0.0001, two-tailed, exact Mann-Whitney test) compared to HIV-seronegative donors (n = 21, mean: -13.7%, median: -14.4%, range: -49.9 to 20.9%) and was stable over time (n = 6, mean %COV 9.4%, range 0.9 to 17.3%). Cross-sectional data were used to define 8% inhibition as the threshold to confidently detect specific CD8 T cell activity and determine the minimum number of culture replicates and p24+ cells needed to have 90% statistical power to detect this threshold. Last, we note that, in HIV seronegative donors, the addition of CD8 T cells to HIV infected CD4 T cells consistently increased HIV replication, though the level of increase varied markedly between donors. This co-culture effect may contribute to the weak correlations observed between CD8 T cell VIA and other measures of HIV-specific CD8 T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ann Marie Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Maria Abad-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sallay Kallon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joanna A. Warren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie Archin
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cynthia Gay
- School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,School of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Nilu Goonetilleke,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136654. [PMID: 34206330 PMCID: PMC8267728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Brantley W, Varco-Merth B, Sperber HS, Hull PA, Montano M, Migueles SA, Rosenthal D, Hogan LE, Johnson JR, Packard TA, Grimmett ZW, Herzig E, Besnard E, Nekorchuk M, Hsiao F, Deeks SG, Snape M, Kiernan B, Roan NR, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Picker LJ, Verdin E, Krogan NJ, Henrich TJ, Connors M, Ott M, Pillai SK, Okoye AA, Greene WC. Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency Reversing Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02393-20. [PMID: 33536176 PMCID: PMC8103695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered in vivo to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective in vivo latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle Rosenthal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise E Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emilie Besnard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Feng Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cevaal PM, Ali A, Czuba-Wojnilowicz E, Symons J, Lewin SR, Cortez-Jugo C, Caruso F. In Vivo T Cell-Targeting Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Considerations for Rational Design. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3736-3753. [PMID: 33600163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in immunity and repair and are implicated in diseases, including blood cancers, viral infections, and inflammation, making them attractive targets for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Over recent years, the advent of nanomedicine has shown an increase in studies that use nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic cargo to T cells for ex vivo and in vivo applications. Nanoparticle-based delivery has several advantages, including the ability to load and protect a variety of drugs, control drug release, improve drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and site- or cell-specific targeting. However, the delivery of nanoparticles to T cells remains a major technological challenge, which is primarily due to the nonphagocytic nature of T cells. In this review, we discuss the physiological barriers to effective T cell targeting and describe the different approaches used to deliver cargo-loaded nanoparticles to T cells for the treatment of disease such as T cell lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, engineering strategies that aim to improve nanoparticle internalization by T cells, including ligand-based targeting, will be highlighted. These nanoparticle engineering approaches are expected to inspire the development of effective nanomaterials that can target or manipulate the function of T cells for the treatment of T cell-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li JH, Ma J, Kang W, Wang CF, Bai F, Zhao K, Yao N, Liu Q, Dang BL, Wang BW, Wei QQ, Kang WZ, Sun YT. The histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide induces intermittent viraemia in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2020; 21:747-757. [PMID: 33369029 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of chidamide to reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo and to compare the effects of four clinically tested histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on non-histone proteins in vitro. METHODS Participants received chidamide orally at 10 mg twice weekly for 4 weeks while maintaining baseline antiretroviral therapy. The primary outcome was plasma viral rebound during chidamide dosing and the secondary outcomes were safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, changes in cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA, and immune parameters. Western blotting was used to compare the in vitro effects of the four HDAC inhibitors on HSP90, NF-κB and AP-1. RESULTS Seven aviraemic participants completed eight oral doses of chidamide, and only grade 1 adverse events were observed. Cyclic increases in histone acetylation were also detected. All participants showed robust and repeated plasma viral rebound (peak viraemia 147-3850 copies/mL), as well as increased cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, during chidamide treatment. Furthermore, we identified an enhanced HIV-1-specific cellular immune response and a modest 37.7% (95% CI: 12.7-62.8%, P = 0.028) reduction in cell-associated HIV-1 DNA. Compared with the other three HDAC inhibitors, chidamide had minimal cytotoxicity in vitro at clinically relevant concentrations and showed mechanistically superior effects on non-histone proteins, including HSP90, NF-κB and AP-1. CONCLUSIONS Chidamide safely and vigorously disrupts HIV-1 latency in vivo, which makes it a promising latency-reversing agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - W Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - C F Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - F Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 986 Hospital of Air Force affiliated to Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - K Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 986 Hospital of Air Force affiliated to Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - N Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Q Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - B L Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - B W Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Q Q Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - W Z Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y T Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vollbrecht T, Angerstein AO, Menke B, Kumar NM, de Oliveira MF, Richman DD, Guatelli JC. Inconsistent reversal of HIV-1 latency ex vivo by antigens of HIV-1, CMV, and other infectious agents. Retrovirology 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 33228686 PMCID: PMC7684880 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reservoir of replication-competent but latent virus is the main obstacle to a cure for HIV-1 infection. Much of this reservoir resides in memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be reactivated with antigens from HIV-1 and other common pathogens to reverse latency. RESULTS We obtained mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of antiretroviral-treated patients with suppressed viremia. We tested pools of peptides and proteins derived from HIV-1 and from other pathogens including CMV for their ability to reverse latency ex vivo by activation of memory responses. We assessed activation of the CD4 T cells by measuring the up-regulation of cell-surface CD69. We assessed HIV-1 expression using two assays: a real-time PCR assay for virion-associated viral RNA and a droplet digital PCR assay for cell-associated, multiply spliced viral mRNA. Reversal of latency occurred in a minority of cells from some participants, but no single antigen induced HIV-1 expression ex vivo consistently. When reversal of latency was induced by a specific peptide pool or protein, the extent was proportionally greater than that of T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients in whom antiretroviral therapy was started during chronic infection, the latent reservoir does not appear to consistently reside in CD4 T cells of a predominant antigen-specificity. Peptide-antigens reversed HIV-1 latency ex vivo with modest and variable activity. When latency was reversed by specific peptides or proteins, it was proportionally greater than the extent of T cell activation, suggesting partial enrichment of the latent reservoir in cells of specific antigen-reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Aaron O Angerstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryson Menke
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nikesh M Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelli Faria de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John C Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mu W, Carrillo MA, Kitchen SG. Engineering CAR T Cells to Target the HIV Reservoir. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:410. [PMID: 32903563 PMCID: PMC7438537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV reservoir remains to be a difficult barrier to overcome in order to achieve a therapeutic cure for HIV. Several strategies have been developed to purge the reservoir, including the “kick and kill” approach, which is based on the notion that reactivating the latent reservoir will allow subsequent elimination by the host anti-HIV immune cells. However, clinical trials testing certain classes of latency reactivating agents (LRAs) have so far revealed the minimal impact on reducing the viral reservoir. A robust immune response to reactivated HIV expressing cells is critical for this strategy to work. A current focus to enhance anti-HIV immunity is through the use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Currently, HIV-specific CARs are being applied to peripheral T cells, NK cells, and stem cells to boost recognition and killing of HIV infected cells. In this review, we summarize current developments in engineering HIV directed CAR-expressing cells to facilitate HIV elimination. We also summarize current LRAs that enhance the “kick” strategy and how new generation and combinations of LRAs with HIV specific CAR T cell therapies could provide an optimal strategy to target the viral reservoir and achieve HIV clearance from the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayra A Carrillo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Turner AMW, Dronamraju R, Potjewyd F, James KS, Winecoff DK, Kirchherr JL, Archin NM, Browne EP, Strahl BD, Margolis DM, James LI. Evaluation of EED Inhibitors as a Class of PRC2-Targeted Small Molecules for HIV Latency Reversal. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1719-1733. [PMID: 32347704 PMCID: PMC7359025 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A hallmark of human
immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV) infection is
the integration of the viral genome into host chromatin, resulting
in a latent reservoir that persists despite antiviral therapy or immune
response. Thus, key priorities toward eradication of HIV infection
are to understand the mechanisms that allow HIV latency and to develop
latency reversal agents (LRAs) that can facilitate the clearance of
latently infected cells. The repressive H3K27me3 histone mark, catalyzed
by the PRC2 complex, plays a pivotal role in transcriptional repression
at the viral promoter in both cell line and primary CD4+ T cell models
of latency. EZH2 inhibitors which block H3K27 methylation have been
shown to act as LRAs, suggesting other PRC2 components could also
be potential targets for latency reversal. EED, a core component of
PRC2, ensures the propagation of H3K27me3 by allosterically activating
EZH2 methyltransferase activity. Therefore, we sought to investigate
if inhibition of EED would also reverse latency. Inhibitors of EED,
EED226 and A-395, demonstrated latency reversal activity as single
agents, and this activity was further enhanced when used in combination
with other known LRAs. Loss of H3K27me3 following EED inhibition significantly
increased the levels of H3K27 acetylation globally and at the HIV
LTR. These results further confirm that PRC2 mediated repression plays
a significant role in the maintenance of HIV latency and suggest that
EED may serve as a promising new target for LRA development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie W. Turner
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Raghuvar Dronamraju
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frances Potjewyd
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Katherine S. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel K. Winecoff
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edward P. Browne
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lima NS, Takata H, Huang SH, Haregot A, Mitchell J, Blackmore S, Garland A, Sy A, Cartwright P, Routy JP, Michael NL, Appay V, Jones RB, Trautmann L. CTL Clonotypes with Higher TCR Affinity Have Better Ability to Reduce the HIV Latent Reservoir. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:699-707. [PMID: 32591402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The success of the shock and kill strategy for the HIV cure depends both on the reactivation of the latent reservoir and on the ability of the immune system to eliminate infected cells. As latency reversal alone has not shown any impact in the size of the latent reservoir, ensuring that effector CTLs are able to recognize and kill HIV-infected cells could contribute to reservoir reduction. In this study, we investigated which functional aspects of human CTLs are associated with a better capacity to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. We isolated Gag- and Nef-specific CTL clones with different TCR sequences from the PBMC of donors in acute and chronic infection. High-affinity clonotypes that showed IFN-γ production preserved even when the CD8 coreceptor was blocked, and clones with high Ag sensitivity exhibited higher efficiency at reducing the latent reservoir. Although intrinsic cytotoxic capacity did not differ according to TCR affinity, clonotypes with high TCR affinity showed a better ability to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells obtained from in vivo-infected PBMC and subjected to viral reactivation. Strategies aiming to specifically boost and maintain long-living memory CTLs with high TCR affinity in vivo prior to latency-reversing treatment might improve the efficacy of the shock and kill approach to reduce the latent reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemia S Lima
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Alexander Haregot
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Julie Mitchell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Ayanna Garland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - Aaron Sy
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Victor Appay
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris 75005, France; and.,International Research Center of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; .,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahama S, Yamamoto T. Pattern Recognition Receptor Ligands as an Emerging Therapeutic Agent for Latent HIV-1 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:216. [PMID: 32457851 PMCID: PMC7225283 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were first identified as molecular sensors that transduce signals from specific structural patterns derived from pathogens; their underlying molecular mechanisms of recognition and signal transduction are well-understood. To date, more than 20 pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) have been reported in humans, some of which are membrane-bound, similar to TLRs, whereas others are cytosolic, including retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Clinically, PRR ligands have been developed as vaccine adjuvants to activate innate immunity and enhance subsequent antigen-specific immune responses. Recently, PRR ligands have been used as direct immunostimulators to enhance immune responses against infectious diseases and cancers. HIV-1 remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges. Without the elimination of HIV-1 latently infected cells, patients require lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), while research aimed at a functional cure for HIV-1 infection continues. Based on the concept of "shock and kill," a latency-reversing agent (LRA) has been developed to reactivate latently infected cells and induce cell death. However, previous research has shown that LRAs have limited efficacy in the eradication of these reservoirs in vivo. Besides, PRR ligands with anti-retroviral drugs have been developed for use in HIV treatment for these years. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of the role of PRR ligands in AIDS research, suggests directions for future research, and proposes potential clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mota TM, McCann CD, Danesh A, Huang SH, Magat DB, Ren Y, Leyre L, Bui TD, Rohwetter TM, Kovacs CM, Benko E, MacLaren L, Wimpelberg A, Cannon CM, Hardy WD, Safrit JT, Jones RB. Integrated Assessment of Viral Transcription, Antigen Presentation, and CD8 + T Cell Function Reveals Multiple Limitations of Class I-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors during HIV-1 Latency Reversal. J Virol 2020; 94:e01845-19. [PMID: 32051267 PMCID: PMC7163115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01845-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials investigating histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) to reverse HIV-1 latency aim to expose reservoirs in antiretroviral (ARV)-treated individuals to clearance by immune effectors, yet have not driven measurable reductions in the frequencies of infected cells. We therefore investigated the effects of the class I-selective HDACi nanatinostat and romidepsin on various blocks to latency reversal and elimination, including viral splicing, antigen presentation, and CD8+ T cell function. In ex vivo CD4+ T cells from ARV-suppressed individuals, both HDACi significantly induced viral transcription, but not splicing nor supernatant HIV-1 RNA. In an HIV-1 latency model using autologous CD8+ T cell clones as biosensors of antigen presentation, neither HDACi-treated CD4+ T cell condition induced clone degranulation. Both HDACi also impaired the function of primary CD8+ T cells in viral inhibition assays, with nanatinostat causing less impairment. These findings suggest that spliced or cell-free HIV-1 RNAs are more indicative of antigen expression than unspliced HIV-RNAs and may help to explain the limited abilities of HDACi to generate CD8+ T cell targets in vivoIMPORTANCE Antiretroviral (ARV) drug regimens suppress HIV-1 replication but are unable to cure infection. This leaves people living with HIV-1 burdened by a lifelong commitment to expensive daily medication. Furthermore, it has become clear that ARV therapy does not fully restore health, leaving individuals at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, and neurocognitive disorders, as well as leaving them exposed to stigma. Efforts are therefore under way to develop therapies capable of curing infection. A key focus of these efforts has been on a class of drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), which have the potential of exposing hidden reservoirs of HIV-1 to elimination by the immune system. Unfortunately, clinical trial results with HDACi have thus far been disappointing. In the current study, we integrate a number of experimental approaches to build a model that provides insights into the limited activity of HDACi in clinical trials and offers direction for future approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chase D McCann
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean B Magat
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracy D Bui
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M Rohwetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lynsay MacLaren
- Research Department, Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - W David Hardy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Assessing the impact of AGS-004, a dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, and vorinostat on persistent HIV-1 Infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5134. [PMID: 32198428 PMCID: PMC7083965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to deplete persistent HIV infection are needed. We investigated the combined impact of the latency reversing agent vorinostat (VOR) and AGS-004, an autologous dendritic cell immunotherapeutic, on the HIV reservoir. HIV+, stably treated participants in whom resting CD4+ T cell-associated HIV RNA (rca-RNA) increased after VOR exposure ex vivo and in vivo received 4 doses of AGS-004 every 3 weeks, followed by VOR every 72 hours for 30 days, and then the cycle repeated. Change in VOR-responsive host gene expression, HIV-specific T cell responses, low-level HIV viremia, rca-RNA, and the frequency of resting CD4+ T-cell infection (RCI) was measured at baseline and after each cycle. No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed among five participants. As predicted, VOR-responsive host genes responded uniformly to VOR dosing. Following cycles of AGS-004 and VOR, rca-RNA decreased significantly in only two participants, with a significant decrease in SCA observed in one of these participants. However, unlike other cohorts dosed with AGS-004, no uniform increase in HIV-specific immune responses following vaccination was observed. Finally, no reproducible decline of RCI, defined as a decrease of >50%, was observed. AGS-004 and VOR were safe and well-tolerated, but no substantial impact on RCI was measured. In contrast to previous clinical data, AGS-004 did not induce HIV-specific immune responses greater than those measured at baseline. More efficacious antiviral immune interventions, perhaps paired with more effective latency reversal, must be developed to clear persistent HIV infection.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rosás-Umbert M, Ruiz-Riol M, Fernández MA, Marszalek M, Coll P, Manzardo C, Cedeño S, Miró JM, Clotet B, Hanke T, Moltó J, Mothe B, Brander C. In vivo Effects of Romidepsin on T-Cell Activation, Apoptosis and Function in the BCN02 HIV-1 Kick&Kill Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32265913 PMCID: PMC7100631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Romidepsin (RMD) is a well-characterized histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that it is able to induce HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV-1+ individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, in vitro experiments suggested that RMD could also impair T-cell functionality, particularly of activated T cells. Thus, the usefulness of RMD in HIV-1 kick&kill strategies, that aim to enhance the immune system elimination of infected cells after inducing HIV-1 viral reactivation, may be limited. In order to address whether the in vitro observations are replicated in vivo, we determined the effects of RMD on the total and HIV-1-specific T-cell populations in longitudinal samples from the BCN02 kick&kill clinical trial (NCT02616874). BCN02 was a proof-of-concept study in 15 early treated HIV-1+ individuals that combined MVA.HIVconsv vaccination with three weekly infusions of RMD given as a latency reversing agent. Our results show that RMD induced a transient increase in the frequency of apoptotic T cells and an enhanced activation of vaccine-induced T cells. Although RMD reduced the number of vaccine-elicited T cells secreting multiple cytokines, viral suppressive capacity of CD8+ T cells was preserved over the RMD treatment. These observations have important implications for the design of effective kick&kill strategies for the HIV-1 cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Pep Coll
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - José M Miró
- Hospital Clinic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boucau J, Das J, Joshi N, Le Gall S. Latency reversal agents modulate HIV antigen processing and presentation to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008442. [PMID: 32196533 PMCID: PMC7112239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRA) variably induce HIV re-expression in CD4 T cells but reservoirs are not cleared. Whether HIV epitope presentation is similar between latency reversal and initial infection of CD4 T cells is unknown yet crucial to define immune responses able to detect HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal. HIV peptides displayed by MHC comes from the intracellular degradation of proteins by proteasomes and post-proteasomal peptidases but the impact of LRAs on antigen processing is not known. Here we show that HDAC inhibitors (HDCAi) reduced cytosolic proteolytic activities while PKC agonists (PKCa) increased them to a lesser extent than that induced by TCR activation. During the cytosolic degradation of long HIV peptides in LRA-treated CD4 T cells extracts, HDACi and PKCa modulated degradation patterns of peptides and altered the production of HIV epitopes in often opposite ways. Beyond known HIV epitopes, HDACi narrowed the coverage of HIV antigenic fragments by 8-11aa degradation peptides while PKCa broadened it. LRAs altered HIV infection kinetics and modulated CD8 T cell activation in an epitope- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly the efficiency of endogenous epitope processing and presentation to CD8 T cells was increased by PKCa Ingenol at early time points despite low levels of antigens. LRA-induced modulations of antigen processing should be considered and exploited to enhance and broaden HIV peptide presentation by CD4 T cells and to improve immune recognition after latency reversal. This property of LRAs, if confirmed with other antigens, might be exploited to improve immune detection of diseased cells beyond HIV. Latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells persist and remain invisible to the immune system. Strategies to flush out HIV reservoirs propose to re-express HIV with latency reversal agents (LRAs), leading to CD4 T cell death or clearance by HIV-specific immune responses. LRAs tested so far variably induced HIV re-expression but did not eliminate reservoirs. The activation of HIV-specific immune responses is triggered by HIV peptides displayed by infected cells after HIV intracellular degradation. Whether HIV antigens are similarly degraded and displayed by CD4 T cells after latency reversal or during initial infection is unknown. We showed that LRAs altered the activities of the degradation machinery and changed the degradation patterns of HIV into peptides. LRA-treated HIV-infected CD4 T cells were variably recognized by immune cells in a time- and peptide-dependent manner. Some LRAs increased the efficiency of HIV peptide presentation despite low levels of HIV antigens inside CD4 T cells. The modulation of HIV peptide presentation by current or future LRAs should be accounted for and exploited to improve HIV peptide presentation and enhance immune detection of HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mollan KR, Trumble IM, Reifeis SA, Ferrer O, Bay CP, Baldoni PL, Hudgens MG. Precise and accurate power of the rank-sum test for a continuous outcome. J Biopharm Stat 2020; 30:639-648. [PMID: 32126888 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2020.1730866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate power calculations are essential in small studies containing expensive experimental units or high-stakes exposures. Herein, power of the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank-sum test of a continuous outcome is formulated using a Monte Carlo approach and defining [Formula: see text] as a measure of effect size, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote random observations from two distributions hypothesized to be equal under the null. Effect size [Formula: see text] fosters productive communications because researchers understand [Formula: see text] is analogous to a fair coin toss, and [Formula: see text] near 0 or 1 represents a large effect. This approach is feasible even without background data. Simulations were conducted comparing the empirical power approach to existing approaches by Rosner & Glynn, Shieh and colleagues, Noether, and O'Brien-Castelloe. Approximations by Noether and O'Brien-Castelloe are shown to be inaccurate for small sample sizes. The Rosner & Glynn and Shieh, Jan & Randles approaches performed well in many small sample scenarios, though both are restricted to location-shift alternatives and neither approach is theoretically justified for small samples. The empirical method is recommended and available in the R package wmwpow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Mollan
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ilana M Trumble
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah A Reifeis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Orlando Ferrer
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Camden P Bay
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pedro L Baldoni
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van der Sluis RM, Kumar NA, Pascoe RD, Zerbato JM, Evans VA, Dantanarayana AI, Anderson JL, Sékaly RP, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Reverse HIV Latency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1242-1254. [PMID: 31988180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure. HIV persists preferentially in CD4+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoint (IC) molecules, including programmed death (PD)-1, T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte associated gene 3 (LAG-3), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). We aimed to determine whether these and other IC molecules have a functional role in maintaining HIV latency and whether blocking IC molecules with Abs reverses HIV latency. Using an in vitro model that establishes latency in both nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells, we show that proliferating cells express multiple IC molecules at high levels. Latent infection was enriched in proliferating cells expressing PD-1. In contrast, nonproliferating cells expressed IC molecules at significantly lower levels, but latent infection was enriched in cells expressing PD-1, TIM-3, CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), or B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). In the presence of an additional T cell-activating stimulus, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Abs to CTLA-4 and PD-1 reversed HIV latency in proliferating and nonproliferating CD4+ T cells, respectively. In the absence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, only the combination of Abs to PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and TIGIT reversed latency. The potency of latency reversal was significantly higher following combination IC blockade compared with other latency-reversing agents, including vorinostat and bryostatin. Combination IC blockade should be further explored as a strategy to reverse HIV latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel D Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jenny L Anderson
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; and
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ait-Ammar A, Kula A, Darcis G, Verdikt R, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Rohr O, Van Lint C. Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents Facing the Heterogeneity of HIV-1 Cellular and Tissue Reservoirs. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3060. [PMID: 32038533 PMCID: PMC6993040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most explored therapeutic approaches aimed at eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs is the "shock and kill" strategy which is based on HIV-1 reactivation in latently-infected cells ("shock" phase) while maintaining antiretroviral therapy (ART) in order to prevent spreading of the infection by the neosynthesized virus. This kind of strategy allows for the "kill" phase, during which latently-infected cells die from viral cytopathic effects or from host cytolytic effector mechanisms following viral reactivation. Several latency reversing agents (LRAs) with distinct mechanistic classes have been characterized to reactivate HIV-1 viral gene expression. Some LRAs have been tested in terms of their potential to purge latent HIV-1 in vivo in clinical trials, showing that reversing HIV-1 latency is possible. However, LRAs alone have failed to reduce the size of the viral reservoirs. Together with the inability of the immune system to clear the LRA-activated reservoirs and the lack of specificity of these LRAs, the heterogeneity of the reservoirs largely contributes to the limited success of clinical trials using LRAs. Indeed, HIV-1 latency is established in numerous cell types that are characterized by distinct phenotypes and metabolic properties, and these are influenced by patient history. Hence, the silencing mechanisms of HIV-1 gene expression in these cellular and tissue reservoirs need to be better understood to rationally improve this cure strategy and hopefully reach clinical success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ait-Ammar
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anna Kula
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Virology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roxane Verdikt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stephane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Virology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chee J, Wilson C, Buzzai A, Wylie B, Forbes CA, Booth M, Principe N, Foley B, Cruickshank MN, Waithman J. Impaired T cell proliferation by ex vivo BET-inhibition impedes adoptive immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. Epigenetics 2020; 15:134-144. [PMID: 31423932 PMCID: PMC6961692 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1656156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of naïve CD8+ T cells stimulates proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Adoptive T Cell Therapy (ACT) involves multiple rounds of ex vivo activation to generate enough CTLs for reinfusion into patients, but this drives differentiation into terminal effector T cells. Less differentiated CTL populations, such as stem cell memory T cells, are more ideal candidates for ACT because of increased self-renewal and persistent properties. Ex vivo targeting of T cell differentiation with epigenetic modifiers is a potential strategy to improve cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) generation for ACT. We established a pipeline to assess the effects of epigenetic modifiers on CD8+ T cell proliferation, differentiation, and efficacy in a preclinical melanoma model. Single treatment with epigenetic modifiers inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro, producing CD44hiCD62Lhi effector-like T cells rather than a stem cell memory T cell phenotype. Most epigenetic modifying agents had no significant effect on ACT efficacy with the notable exception of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET)-inhibitor JQ1 which was associated with a decrease in efficacy compared to unmodified T cells. These findings reveal the complexity of epigenetic targeting of T cell differentiation, highlighting the need to precisely define the epigenetic targeting strategies to improve CTL generation for ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chee
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Chelsea Wilson
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Buzzai
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Wylie
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mitchell Booth
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Principe
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Role of Dendritic Cells in Exposing Latent HIV-1 for the Kill. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010037. [PMID: 31905690 PMCID: PMC7019604 DOI: 10.3390/v12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective yet nontoxic strategies to target the latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals poses a critical barrier to a functional cure. The ‘kick and kill’ approach to HIV eradication entails proviral reactivation during ART, coupled with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or other immune effectors equipped to eliminate exposed infected cells. Pharmacological latency reversal agents (LRAs) that have produced modest reductions in the latent reservoir ex vivo have not impacted levels of proviral DNA in HIV-infected individuals. An optimal cure strategy incorporates methods that facilitate sufficient antigen exposure on reactivated cells following the induction of proviral gene expression, as well as the elimination of infected targets by either polyfunctional HIV-specific CTLs or other immune-based strategies. Although conventional dendritic cells (DCs) have been used extensively for the purpose of inducing antigen-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 clinical trials, their immunotherapeutic potential as cellular LRAs has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with current HIV-1 eradication strategies, as well as the unharnessed potential of ex vivo-programmed DCs for both the ‘kick and kill’ of latent HIV-1.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Cozzi Lepri A, Alteri C, Merlini E, Surdo M, Marchetti G, Capobianchi MR, De Luca A, Gianotti N, Viale P, Andreoni M, Antinori A, Perno CF, d'Arminio Monforte A. Pre-ART HIV-1 DNA in CD4+ T cells correlates with baseline viro-immunological status and outcome in patients under first-line ART. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3460-3470. [PMID: 30247724 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We evaluated the association between pre-ART HIV DNA and HIV-infected participant characteristics at baseline as well as with their response to first-line ART. Methods Four hundred and thirty-three patients from the ICONA cohort, starting first-line ART after the year 2000, were analysed. Pre-ART HIV DNA was quantified with the modified COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test and normalized by CD4+ T cells. Linear correlation between pre-ART HIV DNA and other continuous markers (HIV RNA, CD4 count, markers of inflammation and coagulation) at baseline was evaluated by means of Pearson correlation coefficient and a linear regression model. Survival analyses and Cox regression models were used to study the association between pre-ART HIV DNA and time to viro-immunoclinical events. Results Pre-ART HIV DNA [median (IQR): 10 702 (3397-36 632) copies/106 CD4+ T cells] was correlated with pre-ART HIV RNA [R2 = +0.44, (P < 0.0001)], CD4+ T cells [R2 = -0.58, (P < 0.0001)] and CD4/CD8 ratio [R2 = -0.48, (P < 0.0001)], while weaker correlations were observed with CD8+ T cells (R2 = -0.20, P = 0.01), IL-6 (R2 = +0.16, P = 0.002) and soluble CD14 (R2 = +0.09, P = 0.05). Patients with higher pre-ART HIV DNA showed lower rate and delayed virological response (defined as HIV RNA ≤50 copies/mL), compared with those having lower HIV DNA (67.2% for >10 000, 81.1% for 1000-10 000 and 86.4% for 10-1000 copies/106 CD4+ T cells; P = 0.0004). Higher pre-ART HIV DNA was also correlated with increased risk of virological rebound (defined as HIV RNA >50 copies/mL) by 24 months (17.2% for >10 000, 7.4% for 1000-10 000 and 4.3% for 10-1000 copies/106 CD4+ T cells; P = 0.0048). Adjusted HRs of all virological rebound definitions confirmed these findings (P ≤ 0.02). Conclusions Pre-ART HIV DNA, along with HIV RNA and CD4+ T cell count, should be considered as a new staging marker to better identify people at lower (or higher) risk of viral rebound following achievement of virological suppression (≤50 copies/mL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Cozzi Lepri
- Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation (CREME) Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Claudia Alteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Merlini
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Surdo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Andreoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Federico Perno
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella d'Arminio Monforte
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gunst JD, Kjær K, Olesen R, Rasmussen TA, Østergaard L, Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. Fimepinostat, a novel dual inhibitor of HDAC and PI3K, effectively reverses HIV-1 latency ex vivo without T cell activation. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:133-137. [PMID: 31700655 PMCID: PMC6816120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the potential of fimepinostat (CUDC-907), a dual inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K), to reverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency in infected cell lines and in CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected donors on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS Latently HIV-1-infected J-lat Tat-GFP and ACH-2 cell lines were stimulated with clinically relevant concentrations of fimepinostat using the HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) panobinostat and romidepsin for comparison. Next, CD4+ T cells from donors living with HIV-1 on long-term cART were stimulated ex vivo and cell-associated unspliced HIV-1 RNA was measured to quantify changes in HIV-1 transcription. Finally, the impact of fimepinostat on T cell activation (CD69 expression) and proliferation (Ki67 expression) was determined using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from uninfected donors. RESULTS We found fimepinostat to be a potent latency-reversing agent. This was true in two latently infected cell lines as well as ex vivo in CD4+ T cells isolated from donors living with HIV-1. Relative to therapeutic dosing levels, fimepinostat showed latency-reversing potential comparable to romidepsin, which is the most potent HDACi tested in HIV-1 cure-related trials. Interestingly, in contrast to romidepsin, fimepinostat stimulation resulted in decreased T cell activation and had no negative impact on T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS At therapeutic concentration, the dual HDAC and PI3K inhibitor fimepinostat was a potent HIV-1 latency-reversing agent and it did not induce T cell activation and proliferation. The potential of fimepinostat as a latency-reversing agent warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper D Gunst
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark,Corresponding author: Jesper D Gunst
Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital – Skejby,
Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99,
8200Aarhus N,
Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kjær
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
Aarhus University Hospital,
Denmark,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
Aarhus University,
Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Potential of the NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in NK Cell-Mediated Clearance of the HIV-1 Reservoir. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184490. [PMID: 31514330 PMCID: PMC6770208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistency in latently infected CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major drawback in the fight against HIV-1. Efforts to purge latent HIV-1 have been attempted using latency reversing agents (LRAs) that activate expression of the quiescent virus. However, initial trials have shown that immune responses of ART-treated patients are ineffective at clearing LRA-reactivated HIV-1 reservoirs, suggesting that an adjuvant immunotherapy is needed. Here we overview multiple lines of evidence indicating that natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to induce anti-HIV-1 responses relevant for virus eradication. In particular, we focus on the role of the NKG2D activating receptor that crucially enables NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells. We describe recent data indicating that LRAs can synergize with HIV-1 at upregulating ligands for NKG2D (NKG2DLs), hence sensitizing T cells that exit from viral latency for recognition and lysis by NK cells; in addition, we report in vivo and ex vivo data showing the potential benefits and drawbacks that LRAs may have on NKG2D expression and, more in general, on the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Finally, we discuss how the NKG2D/NKG2DLs axis can be exploited for the development of effective HIV-1 eradication strategies combining LRA-induced virus reactivation with recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gunst JD, Kjær K, Olesen R, Rasmussen TA, Østergaard L, Denton PW, Søgaard OS, Tolstrup M. Fimepinostat, a novel dual inhibitor of HDAC and PI3K, effectively reverses HIV-1 latency ex vivo without T cell activation. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
32
|
Kristoff J, Palma ML, Garcia-Bates TM, Shen C, Sluis-Cremer N, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Type 1-programmed dendritic cells drive antigen-specific latency reversal and immune elimination of persistent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:295-306. [PMID: 30952614 PMCID: PMC6557749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 continues to persist in a long-lived population of resting memory CD4+ T cells within those who are infected. Finding a safe and effective means to induce latency reversal (LR) during ART to specifically expose this latent HIV-1 cellular reservoir for immune elimination has been a major barrier to a functional cure. Methods In this study, we test the use of antigen-presenting type 1-polarized, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC1) generated from chronic HIV-1-infected individuals on ART as a means to induce HIV-1 latency reversal in autologous CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent provirus. We use the same MDC1 for ex-vivo generation of autologous HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and test their effector responses against the MDC1-exposed HIV-1- infected CD4+ T cell targets. Findings MDC1 presentation of either HIV-1 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens to CD4+ T cells facilitated HIV-1 LR. This antigen-driven MDC1-mediated LR was sharply diminished with blockade of the CD40L/CD40 ‘helper’ signaling pathway. Importantly, these antigen-presenting MDC1 also activated the expansion of CTL capable of killing the exposed HIV-1-infected targets. Interpretation Inclusion of virus-associated MHC class II ‘helper’ antigens in MDC1-based HIV-1 immunotherapies could serve both as a targeted means to safely unmask antigen-specific CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1, and to support CTL responses that can effectively target the MDC1-exposed HIV-1 cellular reservoir as a functional cure strategy. Fund This study was supported by the NIH-NAID grants R21-AI131763, U01-AI35041, UM1-AI126603, and T32-AI065380.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kristoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
In-vivo administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors does not impair natural killer cell function in HIV+ individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:605-613. [PMID: 30830886 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have proven to induce HIV-RNA and antigen expression in resting CD4 T cells of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. However, to achieve viral eradication, immune clearance must follow latency reversal, and thus it is essential to understand the impact of latency reversal agents on immune function. DESIGN Here we evaluate the impact of in-vivo administration of vorinostat (VOR) and panobinostat (PNB) during clinical trials on natural killer (NK) cell function and phenotype. METHODS Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive participants receiving VOR (NCT01319383) or PNB (NCT01680094) were selected to assess the impact of the drugs on cell composition, activation, NK cell phenotype (CD16, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46 and DNAM-1), cytotoxic activity (CD107a), and interferon (IFN)-γ production. RESULTS No impairment of NK cell function was observed during treatment with either VOR or PNB. An increase in the frequency of CD3CD56 NK cells was consistently observed. Interestingly, after VOR administration, NK cells increased expression of NKp46 and CD16, and showed improved degranulation and IFN-γ production capacity. Moreover, taking together VOR and PNB samples, HIV DNA levels in CD4 cells were negatively correlated with NK cell frequency and NK cell expression of CD16. CONCLUSIONS In-vivo treatment with HDACi does not have measurable negative effects on NK cell function, with some evidence of improved function in vitro. These results have important implications for potential combinatorial approaches to target HIV reservoirs, suggesting that the use of HDACis as a latency reversal agent could be paired with interventions to enhance NK cell activity or recruitment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Warren JA, Clutton G, Goonetilleke N. Harnessing CD8 + T Cells Under HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30863403 PMCID: PMC6400228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. In recent years there has been considerable interest in strategies to enable HIV-infected individuals to cease ART without viral rebound, either by purging all cells infected harboring replication-competent virus (HIV eradication), or by boosting immune responses to allow durable suppression of virus without rebound (HIV remission). Both of these approaches may need to harness HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected cells and/or prevent viral spread. In untreated infection, both HIV-specific and total CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional. Here, we review our current understanding of both global and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in HIV-infected individuals with durably suppressed viral load under ART, and its implications for HIV cure, eradication or remission. Overall, the literature indicates significant normalization of global T cell parameters, including CD4/8 ratio, activation status, and telomere length. Global characteristics of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ART+ individuals align more closely with those of HIV-seronegative individuals than of viremic HIV-infected individuals. However, markers of senescence remain elevated, leading to the hypothesis that immune aging is accelerated in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This phenomenon could have implications for attempts to prime de novo, or boost existing HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A major challenge for both HIV cure and remission strategies is to elicit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses superior to that elicited by natural infection in terms of response kinetics, magnitude, breadth, viral suppressive capacity, and tissue localization. Addressing these issues will be critical to the success of HIV cure and remission attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ruiz A, Blanch-Lombarte O, Jimenez-Moyano E, Ouchi D, Mothe B, Peña R, Galvez C, Genescà M, Martinez-Picado J, Goulder P, Barnard R, Howell B, Clotet B, Prado JG. Antigen Production After Latency Reversal and Expression of Inhibitory Receptors in CD8+ T Cells Limit the Killing of HIV-1 Reactivated Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3162. [PMID: 30723480 PMCID: PMC6349966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called shock and kill therapies aim to combine HIV-1 reactivation by latency-reversing agents (LRA) with immune clearance to purge the HIV-1 reservoir. The clinical use of LRA has demonstrated detectable perturbations in the HIV-1 reservoir without measurable reductions to date. Consequently, fundamental questions concerning the limitations of the recognition and killing of LRA-reactivated cells by effector cells such as CD8+ T cells remain to be answered. Here, we developed a novel experimental framework where we combine the use of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell lines and ex vivo CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals with functional assays of LRA-inducible reactivation to delineate immune barriers to clear the reservoir. Our results demonstrate the potential for early recognition and killing of reactivated cells by CD8+ T cells. However, the potency of LRAs when crossing the barrier for antigen presentation in target cells, together with the lack of expression of inhibitory receptors in CD8+ T cells, are critical events to maximize the speed of recognition and the magnitude of the killing of LRA-inducible provirus. Taken together, our findings highlight direct limitations in LRA potency and CD8+ T cell functional status to succeed in the cure of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ruiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Dan Ouchi
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Galvez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Barnard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co. Inc. Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co. Inc. Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Broad Recognition of Circulating HIV-1 by HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes with Strong Ability to Suppress HIV-1 Replication. J Virol 2018; 93:JVI.01480-18. [PMID: 30333175 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01480-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) with strong abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication and recognize most circulating HIV-1 strains are candidates for effector T cells for cure treatment and prophylactic AIDS vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that the existence of CTLs specific for 11 epitopes was significantly associated with good clinical outcomes in Japan, although CTLs specific for one of these epitopes select for escape mutations. However, it remains unknown whether the CTLs specific for the remaining 10 epitopes suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro and recognize circulating HIV-1. Here, we investigated the abilities of these CTLs to suppress HIV-1 replication and to recognize variants in circulating HIV-1. CTL clones specific for 10 epitopes had strong abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro The ex vivo and in vitro analyses of T-cell responses to variant epitope peptides showed that the T cells specific for 10 epitopes recognized mutant peptides which are detected in 84.1% to 98.8% of the circulating HIV-1 strains found in HIV-1-infected Japanese individuals. In addition, the T cells specific for 5 epitopes well recognized target cells infected with 7 mutant viruses that had been detected in >5% of tested individuals. Taken together, these results suggest that CTLs specific for the 10 epitopes effectively suppress HIV-1 replication and broadly recognize the circulating HIV-1 strains in the HIV-1-infected individuals. This study suggests the use of these T cells in clinical trials.IMPORTANCE In recent T-cell AIDS vaccine trials, the vaccines did not prevent HIV-1 infection, although HIV-1-specific T cells were induced in the vaccinated individuals, suggesting that the T cells have a weak ability to suppress HIV-1 replication and fail to recognize circulating HIV-1. We previously demonstrated that the T-cell responses to 10 epitopes were significantly associated with good clinical outcome. However, there is no direct evidence that these T cells have strong abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication and recognize circulating HIV-1. Here, we demonstrated that the T cells specific for the 10 epitopes had strong abilities to suppress HIV-1 replication in vitro Moreover, the T cells cross-recognized most of the circulating HIV-1 in HIV-1-infected individuals. This study suggests the use of T cells specific for these 10 epitopes in clinical trials of T-cell vaccines as a cure treatment.
Collapse
|
38
|
Implications of HIV-1 Nef for "Shock and Kill" Strategies to Eliminate Latent Viral Reservoirs. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120677. [PMID: 30513570 PMCID: PMC6316150 DOI: 10.3390/v10120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a cure for HIV is challenging because the virus is able to integrate itself into the host cell genome and establish a silent state, called latency, allowing it to evade antiviral drugs and the immune system. Various “shock and kill” strategies are being explored in attempts to eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The goal of these approaches is to reactivate latent viruses (“shock”), thereby exposing them to clearance by viral cytopathic effects or immune-mediated responses (“kill”). To date, there has been limited clinical success using these methods. In this review, we highlight various functions of the HIV accessory protein Nef and discuss their double-edged effects that may contribute to the limited effectiveness of current “shock and kill” methods to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs in treated individuals.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao M, De Crignis E, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Gelder T, Mahmoudi T, Katsikis PD, Mueller YM. T cell toxicity of HIV latency reversing agents. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:524-534. [PMID: 30366100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients. However, the cure of HIV infection is hindered by the persistence of the latent HIV reservoir. Latency reversing agents (LRAs) are developed to target the HIV latently infected cells for HIV reactivation. In addition to reversal of HIV latency, the eradication of HIV latently infected cells will require effector HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Therefore it is imperative we understand how LRAs affect immune cells. We have performed a comparative in depth analysis of the cytotoxicity of several compounds belonging to four LRA classes on T cells, B cells, and NK cells. In addition, the effect of these LRAs on activation and inhibitory receptor expression of CD8+ T cells was examined. We show that the HDAC inhibitors romidepsin and panobinostat are highly cytotoxic for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas the PKC agonists bryostatin and prostratin and BET inhibitors JQ1 and OXT-015 were less cytotoxic. The BAF inhibitors CAPE and pyrimethamine exhibit no cytotoxicity. Drug-specific cytotoxicity on CD8+ T cells was comparable between healthy controls and cART-treated HIV-infected patients. Bryostatin and both BET inhibitors downregulated the expression of CD279 on CD8+ T cells without affecting their activation. Our comparison of LRAs identified differences in cytotoxicity between LRA classes and members within a class and suggests that some LRAs such as bryostatin and BET inhibitors may also downregulate inhibitory receptors on activated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings may guide the use of LRAs that have the capacity to preserve or restore CD8+ T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ke R, Conway JM, Margolis DM, Perelson AS. Determinants of the efficacy of HIV latency-reversing agents and implications for drug and treatment design. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123052. [PMID: 30333308 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV eradication studies have focused on developing latency-reversing agents (LRAs). However, it is not understood how the rate of latent reservoir reduction is affected by different steps in the process of latency reversal. Furthermore, as current LRAs are host-directed, LRA treatment is likely to be intermittent to avoid host toxicities. Few careful studies of the serial effects of pulsatile LRA treatment have yet been done. This lack of clarity makes it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of candidate LRAs or predict long-term treatment outcomes. We constructed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of latently infected cells under LRA treatment. Model analysis showed that, in addition to increasing the immune recognition and clearance of infected cells, the duration of HIV antigen expression (i.e., the period of vulnerability) plays an important role in determining the efficacy of LRAs, especially if effective clearance is achieved. Patients may benefit from pulsatile LRA exposures compared with continuous LRA exposures if the period of vulnerability is long and the clearance rate is high, both in the presence and absence of an LRA. Overall, the model framework serves as a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy and the rational design of LRAs and combination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruian Ke
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS-K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and.,Department of Epidemiology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS-K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Natural product-derived compounds in HIV suppression, remission, and eradication strategies. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:63-77. [PMID: 30063970 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has successfully converted HIV to a chronic but manageable infection in many parts of the world, HIV continues to persist within latent cellular reservoirs, which can become reactivated at any time to produce infectious virus. New therapies are therefore needed not only for HIV suppression but also for containing or eliminating HIV reservoirs. Compounds derived from plant, marine, and other natural products have been found to combat HIV infection and/or target HIV reservoirs, and these discoveries have substantially guided current HIV therapy-based studies. Here we summarize the role of natural product-derived compounds in current HIV suppression, remission, and cure strategies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Ferraro AS, Adorno G, Doria M. In Vitro Exposure to Prostratin but Not Bryostatin-1 Improves Natural Killer Cell Functions Including Killing of CD4 + T Cells Harboring Reactivated Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1514. [PMID: 30008723 PMCID: PMC6033996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the attempt of purging the HIV-1 reservoir through the “shock-and-kill” strategy, it is important to select latency-reversing agents (LRAs) devoid of deleterious effects on the antiviral function of immune effector cells. Here, we investigated two LRAs with PKC agonist activity, prostratin (PRO) and bryostatin-1 (BRY), for their impact on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the major effectors of innate immunity whose potential in HIV-1 eradication has emerged in recent clinical trials. Using NK cells of healthy donors, we found that exposure to either PRO or BRY potently activated NK cells, resulting in upmodulation of NKG2D and NKp44 activating receptors and matrix metalloprotease-mediated shedding of CD16 receptor. Despite PRO and BRY affected NK cell phenotype in the same manner, their impact on NK cell function was diverse and showed considerable donor-to-donor variation. Altogether, in most tested donors, the natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells were either improved or maintained by PRO, while both activities were impaired by BRY. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of these drugs on the capacity of treated NK cells to kill autologous latently infected CD4+ T cells reactivated via the same treatment. First, we found that PRO but not BRY increased upmodulation of the ULBP2 ligand for NKG2D on reactivated p24+ cells. Importantly, we showed that clearance of reactivated p24+ cells by NK cells was enhanced when both targets and effectors were exposed to PRO but not to BRY. Overall, PRO had a superior potential compared with BRY as to the impact on key NK cell functions and on NK-cell-mediated clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the effects on NK cells of candidate “shock-and-kill” interventions. With respect to combinative approaches, the impact on NK cells of each LRA should be re-evaluated upon combination with a second LRA, which may have analogous or opposite effects, or with immunotherapy targeting NK cells. In addition, avoiding co-administration of LRAs that negatively impact ADCC activity by NK cells might be essential for successful application of antibodies or vaccination to “shock-and-kill” strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaspare Adorno
- SIMT, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clutton GT, Jones RB. Diverse Impacts of HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on CD8+ T-Cell Function: Implications for HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1452. [PMID: 29988382 PMCID: PMC6023971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy regimens durably suppress HIV replication, but do not cure infection. This is partially attributable to the persistence of long-lived pools of resting CD4+ T-cells harboring latent replication-competent virus. Substantial clinical and pre-clinical research is currently being directed at purging this viral reservoir by combining pharmacological latency reversal with immune effectors, such as HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells, capable of eliminating reactivated targets-the so-called "shock-and-kill" approach. However, several studies indicate that the latency-reversing agents (LRAs) may affect CD8+ T-cell function. The current review aims to frame recent advances, and ongoing challenges, in implementing "shock-and-kill" strategies from the perspective of effectively harnessing CD8+ T-cells. We review and contextualize findings indicating that LRAs often have unintended impacts on CD8+ T-cell function, both detrimental and beneficial. We identify and attempt to bridge the gap between viral reactivation, as measured by the detection of RNA or protein, and bona fide presentation of viral antigens to CD8+ T-cells. Finally, we highlight factors on the effector (CD8+) and target (CD4+) cell sides that contribute to whether or not infected-cell recognition results in killing/elimination. These perspectives may contribute to an integrated view of "shock-and-kill," with implications for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tyndale Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
CHOMONT N, OKOYE AA, FAVRE D, TRAUTMANN L. Wake me up before you go: a strategy to reduce the latent HIV reservoir. AIDS 2018; 32:293-298. [PMID: 29135580 PMCID: PMC5758429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to eliminate or reduce the HIV reservoir, shock and kill strategies require the combined administration of a latency reversing agent (LRA) to reactivate the latent reservoir and an intervention to boost effector functions to clear this reservoir. Both parts of this strategy are quite inefficient when LRAs are administered to HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART for several years, possibly due to low levels of induced antigen expression, negative impact of LRAs on clearance mechanisms, and very low number of effective cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). Here we provide rationale for an approach that would require only the administration of an LRA at the time of ART initiation to significantly reduce the HIV reservoir. The advantage of this strategy is an efficient reactivation of the latent HIV reservoir when high numbers of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are present. This strategy may also potentiate more effective CTL responses and the establishment of a longer period of immune surveillance. This “window of opportunity” has been validated in silico , can be tested in preclinical non-human primate (NHP) models and translated rapidly in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas CHOMONT
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Faculty of Medicine. Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Afam A. OKOYE
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - David FAVRE
- GlaxoSmithKline, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lydie TRAUTMANN
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang SH, Ren Y, Thomas AS, Chan D, Mueller S, Ward AR, Patel S, Bollard CM, Cruz CR, Karandish S, Truong R, Macedo AB, Bosque A, Kovacs C, Benko E, Piechocka-Trocha A, Wong H, Jeng E, Nixon DF, Ho YC, Siliciano RF, Walker BD, Jones RB. Latent HIV reservoirs exhibit inherent resistance to elimination by CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:876-889. [PMID: 29355843 DOI: 10.1172/jci97555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of persistent, latent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells obstructs current efforts to cure infection. The so-called kick-and-kill paradigm proposes to purge these reservoirs by combining latency-reversing agents with immune effectors such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Support for this approach is largely based on success in latency models, which do not fully reflect the makeup of latent reservoirs in individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent studies have shown that CD8+ T cells have the potential to recognize defective proviruses, which comprise the vast majority of all infected cells, and that the proviral landscape can be shaped over time due to in vivo clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we have shown that treating CD4+ T cells from ART-treated individuals with combinations of potent latency-reversing agents and autologous CD8+ T cells consistently reduced cell-associated HIV DNA, but failed to deplete replication-competent virus. These CD8+ T cells recognized and potently eliminated CD4+ T cells that were newly infected with autologous reservoir virus, ruling out a role for both immune escape and CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Thus, our results suggest that cells harboring replication-competent HIV possess an inherent resistance to CD8+ T cells that may need to be addressed to cure infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Allison S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam R Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Amanda B Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hing Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Jeng
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang W, Sun Z, Hua C, Wang Q, Xu W, Deng Q, Pan Y, Lu L, Jiang S. Chidamide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor-based anticancer drug, effectively reactivates latent HIV-1 provirus. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:626-634. [PMID: 29126877 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is highly effective in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, it fails to eradicate the virus from HIV-1-infected individuals because HIV-1 integrates into the resting CD4+ T cells, establishing latently infected reservoirs. Histone deacetylation is a key element in regulating HIV-1 latent infection. Chidamide, a new anticancer drug, is a novel type of selective histone deacetylase inhibitor. Here we showed that chidamide effectively reactivated HIV-1 latent provirus in different latently infected cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Chidamide had relatively low cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and other latent cell lines. We have demonstrated that chidamide reactivated HIV-1 latent provirus through the NF-κB signaling pathway. The replication of the newly reactivated HIV-1 could then be effectively inhibited by the anti-HIV-1 drugs Zidovudine, Nevirapine, and Indinavir. Therefore, chidamide might be used in combination with cART for functional HIV-1 cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Aris Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bristol, PA19007, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has rendered HIV-1 infection a treatable illness; however, ART is not curative owing to the persistence of replication-competent, latent proviruses in long-lived resting T cells. Strategies that target these latently infected cells and allow immune recognition and clearance of this reservoir will be necessary to eradicate HIV-1 in infected individuals. This review describes current pharmacologic approaches to reactivate the latent reservoir so that infected cells can be recognized and targeted, with the ultimate goal of achieving an HIV-1 cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tapia G, Højen JF, Ökvist M, Olesen R, Leth S, Nissen SK, VanBelzen DJ, O'Doherty U, Mørk A, Krogsgaard K, Søgaard OS, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Pantaleo G, Sommerfelt MA. Sequential Vacc-4x and romidepsin during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART): Immune responses to Vacc-4x regions on p24 and changes in HIV reservoirs. J Infect 2017; 75:555-571. [PMID: 28917661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The REDUC clinical study Part B investigated Vacc-4x/rhuGM-CSF therapeutic vaccination prior to HIV latency reversal using romidepsin. The main finding was a statistically significant reduction from baseline in viral reservoir measurements. Here we evaluated HIV-specific functional T-cell responses following Vacc-4x/rhuGM-CSF immunotherapy in relation to virological outcomes on the HIV reservoir. METHODS This study, conducted in Aarhus, Denmark, enrolled participants (n = 20) with CD4>500 cells/mm3 on cART. Six Vacc-4x (1.2 mg) intradermal immunizations using rhuGM-CSF (60 μg) as adjuvant were followed by 3 weekly intravenous infusions of romidepsin (5 mg/m2). Immune responses were determined by IFN-γ ELISpot, T-cell proliferation to p24 15-mer peptides covering the Vacc-4x region, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) to the entire HIVGag and viral inhibition. RESULTS The frequency of participants with CD8+ T-cell proliferation assay positivity was 8/16 (50%) at baseline, 11/15 (73%) post-vaccination, 6/14 (43%) during romidepsin, and 9/15 (60%)post-romidepsin. Participants with CD8+ T-cell proliferation assay positivity post-vaccination showed reductions in total HIV DNA post-vaccination (p = 0.006; q = 0.183), post-latency reversal (p = 0.005; q = 0.183), and CA-RNA reductions post-vaccination (p = 0.015; q = 0.254). Participants (40%) were defined as proliferation 'Responders' having ≥2-fold increase in assay positivity post-baseline. Robust ELISpot baseline responses were found in 87.5% participants. No significant changes were observed in the proportion of polyfunctional CD8+ T-cells to HIVGag by ICS. There was a trend towards increased viral inhibition from baseline to post-vaccination (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS In this 'shock and kill' approach supported by therapeutic vaccination, CD8+ T-cell proliferation represents a valuable means to monitor functional immune responses as part of the path towards functional HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Tapia
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH10-527, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J F Højen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Ökvist
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O.Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Olesen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S Leth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S K Nissen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - D J VanBelzen
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - U O'Doherty
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104 PA, USA
| | - A Mørk
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O.Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | - K Krogsgaard
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O.Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway
| | - O S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - L Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - G Pantaleo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH10-527, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M A Sommerfelt
- Bionor Pharma AS, P.O.Box 1477 Vika, NO-0116 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sung JA, Sholtis K, Kirchherr J, Kuruc JD, Gay CL, Nordstrom JL, Bollard CM, Archin NM, Margolis DM. Vorinostat Renders the Replication-Competent Latent Reservoir of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vulnerable to Clearance by CD8 T Cells. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:52-58. [PMID: 28803740 PMCID: PMC5605299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Latently human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells are transcriptionally quiescent and invisible to clearance by the immune system. To demonstrate that the latency reversing agent vorinostat (VOR) induces a window of vulnerability in the latent HIV reservoir, defined as the triggering of viral antigen production sufficient in quantity and duration to allow for recognition and clearance of persisting infection, we developed a latency clearance assay (LCA). The LCA is a quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) that includes the addition of immune effectors capable of clearing cells expressing viral antigen. Here we show a reduction in the recovery of replication-competent virus from VOR exposed resting CD4 T cells following addition of immune effectors for a discrete period. TAKE HOME MESSAGE VOR exposure leads to sufficient production of viral protein on the cell surface, creating a window of vulnerability within this latent reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV-infected individuals that allows the clearance of latently infected cells by an array of effector mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine M Bollard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, United States
| | | | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center; Departments of Medicine; Microbiology & Immunology; UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Turner AMW, Margolis DM. Chromatin Regulation and the Histone Code in HIV Latency
. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:229-243. [PMID: 28656010 PMCID: PMC5482300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a latent reservoir of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection hidden from immune clearance remains a significant obstacle to approaches to eradicate HIV infection. Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of HIV persistence, there is a growing body of work implicating epigenetic regulation of chromatin in establishment and maintenance of this latent reservoir. Here we discuss recent advances in the field of chromatin regulation, specifically in our understanding of the histone code, and how these discoveries relate to our current knowledge of the chromatin mechanisms linked to HIV transcriptional repression and the reversal of latency. We also examine mechanisms unexplored in the context of HIV latency and briefly discuss current therapies aimed at the induction of proviral expression within latently infected cells. We aim to emphasize that a greater understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms which govern HIV latency could lead to new therapeutic targets for latency reversal and clearance cure strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie W. Turner
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: David Margolis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016 Genetic Medicine Building, CB#7042, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, Tel: (919) 966-6388, .
| |
Collapse
|