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Camera A, Tabetah M, Castañeda V, Kim J, Galsinh AS, Haro-Vinueza A, Salinas I, Seylani A, Arif S, Das S, Mori MA, Carano A, de Oliveira LC, Muratani M, Barker R, Zaksas V, Goel C, Dimokidis E, Taylor DM, Jeong J, Overbey E, Meydan C, Porterfield DM, Díaz JE, Caicedo A, Schisler JC, Laiakis EC, Mason CE, Kim MS, Karouia F, Szewczyk NJ, Beheshti A. Aging and putative frailty biomarkers are altered by spaceflight. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13098. [PMID: 38862573 PMCID: PMC11166946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human space exploration poses inherent risks to astronauts' health, leading to molecular changes that can significantly impact their well-being. These alterations encompass genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased inflammation, homeostatic dysregulation, and various epigenomic changes. Remarkably, these changes bear similarities to those observed during the aging process on Earth. However, our understanding of the connection between these molecular shifts and disease development in space remains limited. Frailty syndrome, a clinical syndrome associated with biological aging, has not been comprehensively investigated during spaceflight. To bridge this knowledge gap, we leveraged murine data obtained from NASA's GeneLab, along with astronaut data gathered from the JAXA and Inspiration4 missions. Our objective was to assess the presence of biological markers and pathways related to frailty, aging, and sarcopenia within the spaceflight context. Through our analysis, we identified notable changes in gene expression patterns that may be indicative of the development of a frailty-like condition during space missions. These findings suggest that the parallels between spaceflight and the aging process may extend to encompass frailty as well. Consequently, further investigations exploring the utility of a frailty index in monitoring astronaut health appear to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camera
- Intitute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marshall Tabetah
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - JangKeun Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aman Singh Galsinh
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Alissen Haro-Vinueza
- Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ivonne Salinas
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Allen Seylani
- Riverside-School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Shehbeel Arif
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saswati Das
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony Carano
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | | | - Masafumi Muratani
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Victoria Zaksas
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Clever Research Lab, Springfield, IL, 62704, USA
| | - Chirag Goel
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Deanne M Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19041, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jisu Jeong
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eliah Overbey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Marshall Porterfield
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Juan Esteban Díaz
- Data Science Institute, School of Business, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Man S Kim
- Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fathi Karouia
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Space Research Within Reach, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
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2
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Mandracchia B, Zheng C, Rajendran S, Liu W, Forghani P, Xu C, Jia S. High-speed optical imaging with sCMOS pixel reassignment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4598. [PMID: 38816394 PMCID: PMC11139943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has undergone rapid advancements, offering unprecedented visualization of biological events and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing living organisms. However, the exploration of rapid biological dynamics still poses a significant challenge due to the limitations of current digital camera architectures and the inherent compromise between imaging speed and other capabilities. Here, we introduce sHAPR, a high-speed acquisition technique that leverages the operating principles of sCMOS cameras to capture fast cellular and subcellular processes. sHAPR harnesses custom fiber optics to convert microscopy images into one-dimensional recordings, enabling acquisition at the maximum camera readout rate, typically between 25 and 250 kHz. We have demonstrated the utility of sHAPR with a variety of phantom and dynamic systems, including high-throughput flow cytometry, cardiomyocyte contraction, and neuronal calcium waves, using a standard epi-fluorescence microscope. sHAPR is highly adaptable and can be integrated into existing microscopy systems without requiring extensive platform modifications. This method pushes the boundaries of current fluorescence imaging capabilities, opening up new avenues for investigating high-speed biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Mandracchia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- E.T.S.I. Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Corey Zheng
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suraj Rajendran
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shu Jia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Nie HY, Ge J, Liu KG, Yue Y, Li H, Lin HG, Yan HF, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang JW, Zhou JL, Cui Y. The effects of microgravity on stem cells and the new insights it brings to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:1-17. [PMID: 38670635 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques may undergo modifications in the future, as life scientists have widely acknowledged the ability of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems to accurately simulate in vivo biology. In recent years, researchers have discovered that microgravity devices can address many challenges associated with 3D cell culture. Stem cells, being pluripotent cells, are regarded as a promising resource for regenerative medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that 3D culture in microgravity devices can effectively guide stem cells towards differentiation and facilitate the formation of functional tissue, thereby exhibiting advantages within the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, We delineate the impact of microgravity on the biological behavior of various types of stem cells, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing these alterations. These findings offer exciting prospects for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Nie
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Ge Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Hai-Guan Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Wu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, China; Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China.
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4
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Jogdand A, Landolina M, Chen Y. Organs in orbit: how tissue chip technology benefits from microgravity, a perspective. FRONTIERS IN LAB ON A CHIP TECHNOLOGIES 2024; 3:1356688. [PMID: 38915901 PMCID: PMC11195915 DOI: 10.3389/frlct.2024.1356688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Tissue chips have become one of the most potent research tools in the biomedical field. In contrast to conventional research methods, such as 2D cell culture and animal models, tissue chips more directly represent human physiological systems. This allows researchers to study therapeutic outcomes to a high degree of similarity to actual human subjects. Additionally, as rocket technology has advanced and become more accessible, researchers are using the unique properties offered by microgravity to meet specific challenges of modeling tissues on Earth; these include large organoids with sophisticated structures and models to better study aging and disease. This perspective explores the manufacturing and research applications of microgravity tissue chip technology, specifically investigating the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jogdand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Maxwell Landolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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5
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Arzt M, Mozneb M, Escopete S, Moses J, Sharma A. The Benefits of Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering in Low-Earth Orbit. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:143-147. [PMID: 38326760 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, there has been a significant shift in biomedical research toward a major focus on stem cell research. Although stem cells and their derivatives exhibit potential in modeling and mitigating human diseases, the ongoing objective is to enhance their utilization and translational potential. Stem cells are increasingly employed in both academic and commercial settings for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications in regenerative medicine. Notably, accessibility to stem cell research in low-Earth orbit (LEO) has expanded, driven by the unique properties of space, such as microgravity, which cannot exactly be replicated on Earth. As private enterprises continue to grow and launch low-orbit payloads alongside government-funded spaceflight, space has evolved into a more viable destination for scientific exploration. This review underscores the potential benefits of microgravity on fundamental stem cell properties, highlighting the adaptability of cells to their environment and emphasizing physical stimuli as a key factor influencing cultured cells. Previous studies suggest that stimuli such as magnetic fields, shear stress, or gravity impact not only cell kinetics, including differentiation and proliferation, but also therapeutic effects such as cells with improved immunosuppressive capabilities or the ability to identify novel targets to refine disease treatments. With the rapid progress and sustained advocacy for space research, we propose that the advantageous properties of LEO create novel opportunities in biomanufacturing for regenerative medicine, spanning disease modeling, the development of stem cell-derived products, and biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Arzt
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maedeh Mozneb
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sean Escopete
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Graduate PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jemima Moses
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- CIRM Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, California State University, Channel Islands, California, USA
| | - Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Ye Y, Xie W, Ma Z, Wang X, Wen Y, Li X, Qi H, Wu H, An J, Jiang Y, Lu X, Chen G, Hu S, Blaber EA, Chen X, Chang L, Zhang W. Conserved mechanisms of self-renewal and pluripotency in mouse and human ESCs regulated by simulated microgravity using a 3D clinostat. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:68. [PMID: 38336777 PMCID: PMC10858198 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit unique attributes of boundless self-renewal and pluripotency, making them invaluable for fundamental investigations and clinical endeavors. Previous examinations of microgravity effects on ESC self-renewal and differentiation have predominantly maintained a descriptive nature, constrained by limited experimental opportunities and techniques. In this investigation, we present compelling evidence derived from murine and human ESCs, demonstrating that simulated microgravity (SMG)-induced stress significantly impacts self-renewal and pluripotency through a previously unidentified conserved mechanism. Specifically, SMG induces the upregulation of heat shock protein genes, subsequently enhancing the expression of core pluripotency factors and activating the Wnt and/or LIF/STAT3 signaling pathways, thereby fostering ESC self-renewal. Notably, heightened Wnt pathway activity, facilitated by Tbx3 upregulation, prompts mesoendodermal differentiation in both murine and human ESCs under SMG conditions. Recognizing potential disparities between terrestrial SMG simulations and authentic microgravity, forthcoming space flight experiments are imperative to validate the impact of reduced gravity on ESC self-renewal and differentiation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Xie
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhaoru Ma
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongqian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinnan An
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Elizabeth A Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Jiangsu Province International Joint Laboratory For Regeneration Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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7
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Forghani P, Rashid A, Armand LC, Wolfson D, Liu R, Cho HC, Maxwell JT, Jo H, Salaita K, Xu C. Simulated microgravity improves maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2243. [PMID: 38278855 PMCID: PMC10817987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) possess tremendous potential for basic research and translational application. However, these cells structurally and functionally resemble fetal cardiomyocytes, which is a major limitation of these cells. Microgravity can significantly alter cell behavior and function. Here we investigated the effect of simulated microgravity on hiPSC-CM maturation. Following culture under simulated microgravity in a random positioning machine for 7 days, 3D hiPSC-CMs had increased mitochondrial content as detected by a mitochondrial protein and mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA ratio. The cells also had increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Consistently, simulated microgravity increased mitochondrial respiration in 3D hiPSC-CMs, as indicated by higher levels of maximal respiration and ATP content, suggesting improved metabolic maturation in simulated microgravity cultures compared with cultures under normal gravity. Cells from simulated microgravity cultures also had improved Ca2+ transient parameters, a functional characteristic of more mature cardiomyocytes. In addition, these cells had improved structural properties associated with more mature cardiomyocytes, including increased sarcomere length, z-disc length, nuclear diameter, and nuclear eccentricity. These findings indicate that microgravity enhances the maturation of hiPSC-CMs at the structural, metabolic, and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Aysha Rashid
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lawrence C Armand
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Wolfson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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8
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Hwang H, Rampoldi A, Forghani P, Li D, Fite J, Boland G, Maher K, Xu C. Space microgravity increases expression of genes associated with proliferation and differentiation in human cardiac spheres. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:88. [PMID: 38071377 PMCID: PMC10710480 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient generation of cardiomyocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is important for their application in basic and translational studies. Space microgravity can significantly change cell activities and function. Previously, we reported upregulation of genes associated with cardiac proliferation in cardiac progenitors derived from hiPSCs that were exposed to space microgravity for 3 days. Here we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of hiPSC-cardiac progenitors to space microgravity on global gene expression. Cryopreserved 3D hiPSC-cardiac progenitors were sent to the International Space Station (ISS) and cultured for 3 weeks under ISS microgravity and ISS 1 G conditions. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed upregulation of genes associated with cardiac differentiation, proliferation, and cardiac structure/function and downregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix regulation in the ISS microgravity cultures compared with the ISS 1 G cultures. Gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes mapping identified the upregulation of biological processes, molecular function, cellular components, and pathways associated with cell cycle, cardiac differentiation, and cardiac function. Taking together, these results suggest that space microgravity has a beneficial effect on the differentiation and growth of cardiac progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin Maher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Cortés-Sánchez JL, Melnik D, Sandt V, Kahlert S, Marchal S, Johnson IRD, Calvaruso M, Liemersdorf C, Wuest SL, Grimm D, Krüger M. Fluid and Bubble Flow Detach Adherent Cancer Cells to Form Spheroids on a Random Positioning Machine. Cells 2023; 12:2665. [PMID: 37998400 PMCID: PMC10670461 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In preparing space and microgravity experiments, the utilization of ground-based facilities is common for initial experiments and feasibility studies. One approach to simulating microgravity conditions on Earth is to employ a random positioning machine (RPM) as a rotary bioreactor. Combined with a suitable low-mass model system, such as cell cultures, these devices simulating microgravity have been shown to produce results similar to those obtained in a space experiment under real microgravity conditions. One of these effects observed under real and simulated microgravity is the formation of spheroids from 2D adherent cancer cell cultures. Since real microgravity cannot be generated in a laboratory on Earth, we aimed to determine which forces lead to the detachment of individual FTC-133 thyroid cancer cells and the formation of tumor spheroids during culture with exposure to random positioning modes. To this end, we subdivided the RPM motion into different static and dynamic orientations of cell culture flasks. We focused on the molecular activation of the mechanosignaling pathways previously associated with spheroid formation in microgravity. Our results suggest that RPM-induced spheroid formation is a two-step process. First, the cells need to be detached, induced by the cell culture flask's rotation and the subsequent fluid flow, as well as the presence of air bubbles. Once the cells are detached and in suspension, random positioning prevents sedimentation, allowing 3D aggregates to form. In a comparative shear stress experiment using defined fluid flow paradigms, transcriptional responses were triggered comparable to exposure of FTC-133 cells to the RPM. In summary, the RPM serves as a simulator of microgravity by randomizing the impact of Earth's gravity vector especially for suspension (i.e., detached) cells. Simultaneously, it simulates physiological shear forces on the adherent cell layer. The RPM thus offers a unique combination of environmental conditions for in vitro cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cortés-Sánchez
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viviann Sandt
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Shannon Marchal
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Ian R. D. Johnson
- Research in Space Environments Group, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Marco Calvaruso
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy;
| | - Christian Liemersdorf
- Department of Gravitational Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Simon L. Wuest
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland;
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.L.C.-S.); (D.M.); (V.S.); (S.M.); (D.G.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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10
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Li D, Armand LC, Sun F, Hwang H, Wolfson D, Rampoldi A, Liu R, Forghani P, Hu X, Yu WM, Qu CK, Jones DP, Wu R, Cho HC, Maxwell JT, Xu C. AMPK activator-treated human cardiac spheres enhance maturation and enable pathological modeling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:322. [PMID: 37941041 PMCID: PMC10633979 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac pathological outcome of metabolic remodeling is difficult to model using cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) due to low metabolic maturation. METHODS hiPSC-CM spheres were treated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators and examined for hiPSC-CM maturation features, molecular changes and the response to pathological stimuli. RESULTS Treatment of hiPSC-CMs with AMPK activators increased ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential and content, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial function and fatty acid uptake, indicating increased metabolic maturation. Conversely, the knockdown of AMPK inhibited mitochondrial maturation of hiPSC-CMs. In addition, AMPK activator-treated hiPSC-CMs had improved structural development and functional features-including enhanced Ca2+ transient kinetics and increased contraction. Transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling identified differential levels of expression of genes, proteins and metabolites associated with a molecular signature of mature cardiomyocytes in AMPK activator-treated hiPSC-CMs. In response to pathological stimuli, AMPK activator-treated hiPSC-CMs had increased glycolysis, and other pathological outcomes compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSION AMPK activator-treated cardiac spheres could serve as a valuable model to gain novel insights into cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence C Armand
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Wolfson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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11
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Alsobaie S, Alsobaie T, Alshammary AF, Abudawood M, Mantalaris A. Alginate Beads as a Promising Tool for Successful Production of Viable and Pluripotent Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a 3D Culture System. Stem Cells Cloning 2023; 16:61-73. [PMID: 37790697 PMCID: PMC10544263 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s409139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Two-dimensional (2D)-based cell culture systems, limited by their inherent heterogeneity and scalability, are a bottleneck in the production of high-quality cells for downstream biomedical applications. Finding the optimal conditions for large-scale stem cell culture while maintaining good cellular status is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three-dimensional (3D) culture on the viability, proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). Patients and Methods Various culture conditions were evaluated to determine the optimal conditions to maintain the viability and proliferation of human IPSCs in a 3D environment: static versus dynamic culture, type of adhesion protein added to alginate (Matrigel™ versus gelatin), and the addition of Y-27632t on long-term 3D culture. The proliferation ability of the cells was evaluated via the MTS proliferation assay; the expression levels of the pluripotency markers Nanog and Oct3/4, PAX6 as an ectoderm marker, and laminin-5 and fibronectin as markers of extracellular matrix synthesis were assessed; and HIF1α and HIF2α levels were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Using a high-aspect-ratio vessel bioreactor with a gentle, low-sheer, and low-turbulence environment with sufficient oxygenation and effective mass transfer of nutrients and waste, we verified its ability to promote cell proliferation and self-renewal. The findings showed that human IPSCs have the ability to maintain pluripotency in a feeder-free system and by inhibiting ROCK signaling and using hypoxia to improve single-cell viability in 3D culture. Furthermore, these cells demonstrated increased self-renewal and proliferation when inoculated as single cells in 3D alginate beads by adding RI during the culture period. Conclusion Dynamic 3D culture is desirable for the large-scale expansion of undifferentiated human IPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamador Alsobaie
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amal F Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Abudawood
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Ren Z, Harriot AD, Mair DB, Chung MK, Lee PHU, Kim DH. Biomanufacturing of 3D Tissue Constructs in Microgravity and their Applications in Human Pathophysiological Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300157. [PMID: 37483106 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in bioengineering in-vivo-like 3D functional tissues has led to novel approaches to the biomanufacturing process as well as expanded applications for these unique tissue constructs. Microgravity, as seen in spaceflight, is a unique environment that may be beneficial to the tissue-engineering process but cannot be completely replicated on Earth. Additionally, the expense and practical challenges of conducting human and animal research in space make bioengineered microphysiological systems an attractive research model. In this review, published research that exploits real and simulated microgravity to improve the biomanufacturing of a wide range of tissue types as well as those studies that use microphysiological systems, such as organ/tissue chips and multicellular organoids, for modeling human diseases in space are summarized. This review discusses real and simulated microgravity platforms and applications in tissue-engineered microphysiological systems across three topics: 1) application of microgravity to improve the biomanufacturing of tissue constructs, 2) use of tissue constructs fabricated in microgravity as models for human diseases on Earth, and 3) investigating the effects of microgravity on human tissues using biofabricated in vitro models. These current achievements represent important progress in understanding the physiological effects of microgravity and exploiting their advantages for tissue biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Anicca D Harriot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Devin B Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Peter H U Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southcoast Health, Fall River, MA, 02720, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
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13
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Mandracchia B, Liu W, Hua X, Forghani P, Lee S, Hou J, Nie S, Xu C, Jia S. Optimal sparsity allows reliable system-aware restoration of fluorescence microscopy images. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9245. [PMID: 37647399 PMCID: PMC10468132 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most indispensable and informative driving forces for biological research, but the extent of observable biological phenomena is essentially determined by the content and quality of the acquired images. To address the different noise sources that can degrade these images, we introduce an algorithm for multiscale image restoration through optimally sparse representation (MIRO). MIRO is a deterministic framework that models the acquisition process and uses pixelwise noise correction to improve image quality. Our study demonstrates that this approach yields a remarkable restoration of the fluorescence signal for a wide range of microscopy systems, regardless of the detector used (e.g., electron-multiplying charge-coupled device, scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, or photomultiplier tube). MIRO improves current imaging capabilities, enabling fast, low-light optical microscopy, accurate image analysis, and robust machine intelligence when integrated with deep neural networks. This expands the range of biological knowledge that can be obtained from fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Mandracchia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Scientific-Technical Central Units, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
- ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuanwen Hua
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soojung Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Hou
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shu Jia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Cui Y, Liu W, Zhao S, Zhao Y, Dai J. Advances in Microgravity Directed Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202768. [PMID: 36893386 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to generate functional biological substitutes to repair, sustain, improve, or replace tissue function affected by disease. With the rapid development of space science, the application of simulated microgravity has become an active topic in the field of tissue engineering. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that microgravity offers excellent advantages for tissue engineering by modulating cellular morphology, metabolism, secretion, proliferation, and stem cell differentiation. To date, there have been many achievements in constructing bioartificial spheroids, organoids, or tissue analogs with or without scaffolds in vitro under simulated microgravity conditions. Herein, the current status, recent advances, challenges, and prospects of microgravity related to tissue engineering are reviewed. Current simulated-microgravity devices and cutting-edge advances of microgravity for biomaterials-dependent or biomaterials-independent tissue engineering to offer a reference for guiding further exploration of simulated microgravity strategies to produce engineered tissues are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Shuaijing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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15
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Darwish T, Swaidan NT, Emara MM. Stress Factors as Possible Regulators of Pluripotent Stem Cell Survival and Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 37627003 PMCID: PMC10452095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research efforts have been directed toward pluripotent stem cells, primarily due to their remarkable capacity for pluripotency. This unique attribute empowers these cells to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types originating from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers. The delicate balance and precise regulation of self-renewal and differentiation are essential for the survival and functionality of these cells. Notably, exposure to specific environmental stressors can activate numerous transcription factors, initiating a diverse array of stress response pathways. These pathways play pivotal roles in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis, ultimately aiming to preserve cell survival and maintain cellular functions. Reactive oxygen species, heat shock, hypoxia, osmotic stress, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mechanical stress are among the examples of such stressors. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the impact of environmental stressors on the growth of embryonic cells. Furthermore, we provide a summary of the distinct stress response pathways triggered when pluripotent stem cells are exposed to different environmental stressors. Additionally, we highlight recent discoveries regarding the role of such stressors in the generation, differentiation, and self-renewal of induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed M. Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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16
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Alsobaie S, Alsobaie T, Alshammary A, Mantalaris S. Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into functional lung alveolar epithelial cells in 3D dynamic culture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1173149. [PMID: 37388774 PMCID: PMC10303808 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1173149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding lung epithelium cell development from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) in vitro can lead to an individualized model for lung engineering, therapy, and drug testing. Method: We developed a protocol to produce lung mature type I pneumocytes using encapsulation of human IPSCs in 1.1% (w/v) alginate solution within a rotating wall bioreactor system in only 20 days without using feeder cells. The aim was to reduce exposure to animal products and laborious interventions in the future. Results: The three-dimensional (3D) bioprocess allowed cell derivation into endoderm, and subsequently into type II alveolar epithelial cells within a very short period. Cells successfully expressed surfactant proteins C and B associated with type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the key structure of lamellar bodies and microvilli was shown by transmission electron microscopy. The survival rate was the highest under dynamic conditions, which reveal the possibility of adapting this integration for large-scale cell production of alveolar epithelial cells from human IPSCs. Discussion: We were able to develop a strategy for the culture and differentiation of human IPSCs into alveolar type II cells using an in vitro system that mimics the in vivo environment. Hydrogel beads would offer a suitable matrix for 3D cultures and that the high-aspect-ratio vessel bioreactor can be used to increase the differentiation of human IPSCs relative to the results obtained with traditional monolayer cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamador Alsobaie
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakis Mantalaris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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17
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Bealer E, Crumley K, Clough D, King J, Behrend M, Annulis C, Li F, Soleimanpour S, Shea LD. Extrahepatic transplantation of 3D cultured stem cell-derived islet organoids on microporous scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3645-3655. [PMID: 37017294 PMCID: PMC10192035 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation methods have been developed to produce cells capable of insulin secretion which are showing promise in clinical trials for treatment of type-1 diabetes. Nevertheless, opportunities remain to improve cell maturation and function. Three-dimensional (3D) culture has demonstrated improved differentiation and metabolic function in organoid systems, with biomaterial scaffolds employed to direct cell assembly and facilitate cell-cell contacts. Herein, we investigate 3D culture of human stem cell-derived islet organoids, with 3D culture initiated at the pancreatic progenitor, endocrine progenitor, or immature β-cell stage. Clusters formed by reaggregation of immature β-cells could be readily seeded into the microporous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold, with control over cell number. Culture of islet organoids on scaffolds at the early to mid-stage beta cell progenitors had improved in vitro glucose stimulated insulin secretion relative to organoids formed at the pancreatic progenitor stage. Reaggregated islet organoids were transplanted into the peritoneal fat of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, which resulted in reduced blood glucose levels and the presence of systemic human C-peptide. In conclusion, 3D cell culture supports development of islet organoids as indicated by insulin secretion in vitro and supports transplantation to extrahepatic sites that leads to a reduction of hyperglycemia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bealer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kelly Crumley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Daniel Clough
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jessica King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Maya Behrend
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Connor Annulis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Feiran Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Scott Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Medicine Service, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, USA
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18
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Hwang H, Liu R, Eldridge R, Hu X, Forghani P, Jones DP, Xu C. Chronic ethanol exposure induces mitochondrial dysfunction and alters gene expression and metabolism in human cardiac spheroids. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:643-658. [PMID: 36799338 PMCID: PMC10149610 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption in adults can induce various cardiac toxicities such as arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the risk of developing congenital heart defects among offspring. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term alcohol exposure-induced cardiotoxicity can help guide the development of therapeutic strategies. METHODS Cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) were engineered into cardiac spheroids and treated with clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (17 and 50 mM) for 5 weeks. The cells were then analyzed for changes in mitochondrial features, transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles, and integrated omics outcomes. RESULTS Following chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration and changes in expression of mitochondrial function-related genes were observed. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed changes in various metabolic processes, heart development, response to hypoxia, and extracellular matrix-related activities. Metabolomic analysis revealed dysregulation of energy metabolism and increased metabolites associated with the upregulation of inflammation. Integrated omics analysis further identified functional subclusters and revealed potentially affected pathways associated with cardiac toxicities. CONCLUSION Chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs resulted in overall decreased mitochondrial function, increased glycolysis, disrupted fatty acid oxidation, and impaired cardiac structural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronald Eldridge
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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19
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Rampoldi A, Forghani P, Li D, Hwang H, Armand LC, Fite J, Boland G, Maxwell J, Maher K, Xu C. Space microgravity improves proliferation of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2272-2285. [PMID: 36084640 PMCID: PMC9561632 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In microgravity, cells undergo profound changes in their properties. However, how human cardiac progenitors respond to space microgravity is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of space microgravity on differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiac progenitors compared with 1G cultures on the International Space Station (ISS). Cryopreserved 3D cardiac progenitors were cultured for 3 weeks on the ISS. Compared with 1G cultures, the microgravity cultures had 3-fold larger sphere sizes, 20-fold higher counts of nuclei, and increased expression of proliferation markers. Highly enriched cardiomyocytes generated in space microgravity showed improved Ca2+ handling and increased expression of contraction-associated genes. Short-term exposure (3 days) of cardiac progenitors to space microgravity upregulated genes involved in cell proliferation, survival, cardiac differentiation, and contraction, consistent with improved microgravity cultures at the late stage. These results indicate that space microgravity increased proliferation of hiPSC-cardiomyocytes, which had appropriate structure and function. Cryopreserved 3D hiPSC-cardiac progenitors differentiated efficiently in space Microgravity cultures had increased sphere sizes and cellular proliferation Beating cardiomyocytes in microgravity cultures had improved Ca2+ handling Microgravity cultures had upregulated genes in cardiac contraction
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rampoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence Christian Armand
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Maher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Kahn-Krell A, Pretorius D, Guragain B, Lou X, Wei Y, Zhang J, Qiao A, Nakada Y, Kamp TJ, Ye L, Zhang J. A three-dimensional culture system for generating cardiac spheroids composed of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, smooth-muscle cells, and cardiac fibroblasts derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908848. [PMID: 35957645 PMCID: PMC9361017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), smooth-muscle cells (SMCs), and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) differentiated from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are the fundamental components of cell-based regenerative myocardial therapy and can be used as in-vitro models for mechanistic studies and drug testing. However, newly differentiated hiPSC-CMs tend to more closely resemble fetal CMs than the mature CMs of adult hearts, and current techniques for improving CM maturation can be both complex and labor-intensive. Thus, the production of CMs for commercial and industrial applications will require more elementary methods for promoting CM maturity. CMs tend to develop a more mature phenotype when cultured as spheroids in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, rather than as two-dimensional monolayers, and the activity of ECs, SMCs, and CFs promote both CM maturation and electrical activity. Here, we introduce a simple and reproducible 3D-culture-based process for generating spheroids containing all four cardiac-cell types (i.e., cardiac spheroids) that is compatible with a wide range of applications and research equipment. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the inclusion of vascular cells and CFs was associated with an increase in spheroid size, a decline in apoptosis, an improvement in sarcomere maturation and a change in CM bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Kahn-Krell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bijay Guragain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xi Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yuhua Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aijun Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Jianyi Zhang,
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21
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Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Cell Growth and Migration of A549 Cells under Simulated Microgravity. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111879. [PMID: 35683734 PMCID: PMC9182076 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing application of nanomaterials in aerospace technology, the long-term space exposure to nanomaterials especially in the space full of radiation coupled with microgravity condition has aroused great health concerns of the astronauts. However, few studies have been conducted to assess these effects, which are crucial for seeking the possible intervention strategy. Herein, using a random positioning machine (RPM) to simulate microgravity, we investigated the behaviors of cells under simulated microgravity and also evaluated the possible toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), a multifunctional nanomaterial with potential application in aerospace. Pulmonary epithelial cells A549 were exposed to normal gravity (1 g) and simulated gravity (~10−3 g), respectively. The results showed that simulated microgravity had no significant effect on the viability of A549 cells as compared with normal gravity within 48 h. The effects of TiO2 NPs exposure on cell viability and apoptosis were marginal with only a slightly decrease in cell viability and a subtle increase in apoptosis rate observed at a high concentration of TiO2 NPs (100 μg/mL). However, it was observed that the exposure to simulated microgravity could obviously reduce A549 cell migration compared with normal gravity. The disruption of F-actin network and the deactivation of FAK (Tyr397) might be responsible for the impaired mobility of simulated microgravity-exposed A549 cells. TiO2 NPs exposure inhibited cell migration under two different gravity conditions, but to different degrees, with a milder inhibition under simulated microgravity. Meanwhile, it was found that A549 cells internalized more TiO2 NPs under normal gravity than simulated microgravity, which may account for the lower cytotoxicity and the lighter inhibition of cell migration induced by the same exposure concentration of TiO2 NPs under simulated microgravity at least partially. Our study has provided some tentative information on the effects of TiO2 NPs exposure on cell behaviors under simulated microgravity.
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22
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Baran R, Marchal S, Garcia Campos S, Rehnberg E, Tabury K, Baselet B, Wehland M, Grimm D, Baatout S. The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 10:59. [PMID: 35052739 PMCID: PMC8773383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to several hazards including a prolonged state of microgravity that induces a myriad of physiological adaptations leading to orthostatic intolerance. This review summarises all known cardiovascular diseases related to human spaceflight and focusses on the cardiovascular changes related to human spaceflight (in vivo) as well as cellular and molecular changes (in vitro). Upon entering microgravity, cephalad fluid shift occurs and increases the stroke volume (35-46%) and cardiac output (18-41%). Despite this increase, astronauts enter a state of hypovolemia (10-15% decrease in blood volume). The absence of orthostatic pressure and a decrease in arterial pressures reduces the workload of the heart and is believed to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac atrophy in space. Cellular and molecular changes include altered cell shape and endothelial dysfunction through suppressed cellular proliferation as well as increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Human spaceflight is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. Through the use of microgravity platforms, multiple physiological changes can be studied and stimulate the development of appropriate tools and countermeasures for future human spaceflight missions in low Earth orbit and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Shannon Marchal
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Sebastian Garcia Campos
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Forghani P, Rashid A, Sun F, Liu R, Li D, Lee MR, Hwang H, Maxwell JT, Mandawat A, Wu R, Salaita K, Xu C. Carfilzomib Treatment Causes Molecular and Functional Alterations of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022247. [PMID: 34873922 PMCID: PMC9075231 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Anticancer therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes; however, cardiac side effects from cancer therapies remain a significant challenge. Cardiotoxicity following treatment with proteasome inhibitors such as carfilzomib is known in clinical settings, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Methods and Results Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a cell model for drug-induced cytotoxicity in combination with traction force microscopy, functional assessments, high-throughput imaging, and comprehensive omic analyses, we examined the molecular mechanisms involved in structural and functional alterations induced by carfilzomib in hiPSC-CMs. Following the treatment of hiPSC-CMs with carfilzomib at 0.01 to 10 µmol/L, we observed a concentration-dependent increase in carfilzomib-induced toxicity and corresponding morphological, structural, and functional changes. Carfilzomib treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, and mitochondrial oxidative respiration and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. In addition, carfilzomib treatment affected contractility of hiPSC-CMs in 3-dimensional microtissues. At a single cell level, carfilzomib treatment impaired Ca2+ transients and reduced integrin-mediated traction forces as detected by piconewton tension sensors. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that carfilzomib treatment downregulated the expression of genes involved in extracellular matrices, integrin complex, and cardiac contraction, and upregulated stress responsive proteins including heat shock proteins. Conclusions Carfilzomib treatment causes deleterious changes in cellular and functional characteristics of hiPSC-CMs. Insights into these changes could be gained from the changes in the expression of genes and proteins identified from our omic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Forghani
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Aysha Rashid
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA
| | - Rui Liu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Megan R Lee
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA
| | - Anant Mandawat
- Department of Medicine & Winship Cancer Institute Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Biomolecular Chemistry Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Atlanta GA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA
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24
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Li F, Ye Y, Lei X, Zhang W. Effects of Microgravity on Early Embryonic Development and Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation: Phenotypic Characterization and Potential Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:797167. [PMID: 34926474 PMCID: PMC8675004 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, mankind’s exploration of outer space has increased tremendously. Settling in outer space or on other planets could help solve the Earth’s resource crisis, but such settlement will first face the problem of reproduction. There are considerable differences between outer space and the Earth’s environment, with the effects of gravity being one of the most significant. Studying the possible effects and underlying mechanisms of microgravity on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and embryonic development could help provide solutions to healthy living and reproduction in deep space. This article summarizes recent research progress on the effects of microgravity on ESCs and early embryonic development and proposes hypotheses regarding the potential mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the controversies and key questions in the field and indicate directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Cam-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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25
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Sharma A, Clemens RA, Garcia O, Taylor DL, Wagner NL, Shepard KA, Gupta A, Malany S, Grodzinsky AJ, Kearns-Jonker M, Mair DB, Kim DH, Roberts MS, Loring JF, Hu J, Warren LE, Eenmaa S, Bozada J, Paljug E, Roth M, Taylor DP, Rodrigue G, Cantini P, Smith AW, Giulianotti MA, Wagner WR. Biomanufacturing in low Earth orbit for regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:1-13. [PMID: 34971562 PMCID: PMC8758939 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in low Earth orbit (LEO) has become more accessible. The 2020 Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium reviewed space-based regenerative medicine research and discussed leveraging LEO to advance biomanufacturing for regenerative medicine applications. The symposium identified areas where financial investments could stimulate advancements overcoming technical barriers. Opportunities in disease modeling, stem-cell-derived products, and biofabrication were highlighted. The symposium will initiate a roadmap to a sustainable market for regenerative medicine biomanufacturing in space. This perspective summarizes the 2020 Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium, highlights key biomanufacturing opportunities in LEO, and lays the framework for a roadmap to regenerative medicine biomanufacturing in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Orquidea Garcia
- Johnson & Johnson 3D Printing Innovation & Customer Solutions, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute and Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kelly A Shepard
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Siobhan Malany
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mary Kearns-Jonker
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Devin B Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | | | - Jianying Hu
- Center for Computational Health IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lara E Warren
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Sven Eenmaa
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Joe Bozada
- Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Paljug
- Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Gary Rodrigue
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Patrick Cantini
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amelia W Smith
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Marc A Giulianotti
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Inc, Melbourne, FL, USA.
| | - William R Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Surgery, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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26
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Simulated Microgravity Induces the Proliferative Inhibition and Morphological Changes in Porcine Granulosa Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:2210-2219. [PMID: 34940129 PMCID: PMC8929043 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are always faced with serious health problems during prolonged spaceflights. Previous studies have shown that weightlessness significantly affects the physiological function of female astronauts, including a change in reproductive hormones and ovarian cells, such as granulosa and theca cells. However, the effects of microgravity on these cells have not been well characterized, especially in granulosa cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the proliferation and morphology of porcine granulosa cells (pGCs). pGC proliferation from the SMG group was inhibited, demonstrated by the reduced O.D. value and cell density in the WST-1 assay and cell number counting. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited an increased ratio of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a decreased ratio of cells in the S and G2/M phase. Western blot analysis indicated a down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6), leading to the prevention of the G1-S transition and inducing the arrest phase. pGCs under the SMG condition showed an increase in nuclear area. This caused a reduction in nuclear shape value in pGCs under the SMG condition. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited different morphologies, including fibroblast-like shape, rhomboid shape, and pebble-like shape. These results revealed that SMG inhibited proliferation and induced morphological changes in pGCs.
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27
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Basirun C, Ferlazzo ML, Howell NR, Liu GJ, Middleton RJ, Martinac B, Narayanan SA, Poole K, Gentile C, Chou J. Microgravity × Radiation: A Space Mechanobiology Approach Toward Cardiovascular Function and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:750775. [PMID: 34778261 PMCID: PMC8586646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.750775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in space exploration, supported by the accelerated technological advancements in the field. This has led to a new potential environment that humans could be exposed to in the very near future, and therefore an increasing request to evaluate the impact this may have on our body, including health risks associated with this endeavor. A critical component in regulating the human pathophysiology is represented by the cardiovascular system, which may be heavily affected in these extreme environments of microgravity and radiation. This mini review aims to identify the impact of microgravity and radiation on the cardiovascular system. Being able to understand the effect that comes with deep space explorations, including that of microgravity and space radiation, may also allow us to get a deeper understanding of the heart and ultimately our own basic physiological processes. This information may unlock new factors to consider with space exploration whilst simultaneously increasing our knowledge of the cardiovascular system and potentially associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Basirun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie L. Ferlazzo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicholas R. Howell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Anand Narayanan
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Chou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chronic Ethanol Exposure Induces Deleterious Changes in Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2314-2331. [PMID: 34564802 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption in adults can induce cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and heart failure. In newborns, prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the risk of congenital heart diseases. Understanding biological mechanisms involved in the long-term alcohol exposure-induced cardiotoxicity is pivotal to the discovery of therapeutic strategies. In this study, cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) were treated with clinically relevant doses of ethanol for various durations up to 5 weeks. The treated cells were characterized for their cellular properties and functions, and global proteomic profiling was conducted to understand the molecular changes associated with long-term ethanol exposure. Increased cell death, oxidative stress, deranged Ca2+ handling, abnormal action potential, altered contractility, and suppressed structure development were observed in ethanol-treated cells. Many dysregulated proteins identified by global proteomic profiling were involved in apoptosis, heart contraction, and extracellular collagen matrix. In addition, several signaling pathways including the Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways were affected due to long-term ethanol treatment. Therefore, chronic ethanol treatment of hiPSC-CMs induces cardiotoxicity, impairs cardiac functions, and alters protein expression and signaling pathways. This study demonstrates the utility of hiPSC-CMs as a novel model for chronic alcohol exposure study and provides the molecular mechanisms associated with long-term alcohol exposure in human cardiomyocytes.
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Swaminathan V, Bechtel G, Tchantchaleishvili V. Artificial tissue creation under microgravity conditions: Considerations and future applications. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1446-1455. [PMID: 34223657 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional tissue engineering methods often fail to promote robust cell growth and differentiation, limiting the development of functioning tissues. However, the microgravity conditions created by rotating wall vessel bioreactors minimize shear stress and unload the gravitational force usually placed on cells. In a microgravity environment, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and the 3D organization of cells are altered, potentially encouraging the formation of more biosimilar artificial tissues for certain cell types. Additionally, cells in these engineered tissues display lowered immunogenicity, pointing to the transplantation potential of tissues engineered in microgravity conditions. However, these benefits are not consistent across all cell types, and the long-term impact of microgravity on tissue development and stability remains an unanswered question. Even so, there is potential that with further research, microgravity tissue engineering will have productive clinical applications for medical and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Swaminathan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Gravitational Influence on Human Living Systems and the Evolution of Species on Earth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092784. [PMID: 34066886 PMCID: PMC8125950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well.
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32
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Module to Support Real-Time Microscopic Imaging of Living Organisms on Ground-Based Microgravity Analogs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since opportunities for spaceflight experiments are scarce, ground-based microgravity simulation devices (MSDs) offer accessible and economical alternatives for gravitational biology studies. Among the MSDs, the random positioning machine (RPM) provides simulated microgravity conditions on the ground by randomizing rotating biological samples in two axes to distribute the Earth’s gravity vector in all directions over time. Real-time microscopy and image acquisition during microgravity simulation are of particular interest to enable the study of how basic cell functions, such as division, migration, and proliferation, progress under altered gravity conditions. However, these capabilities have been difficult to implement due to the constantly moving frames of the RPM as well as mechanical noise. Therefore, we developed an image acquisition module that can be mounted on an RPM to capture live images over time while the specimen is in the simulated microgravity (SMG) environment. This module integrates a digital microscope with a magnification range of 20× to 700×, a high-speed data transmission adaptor for the wireless streaming of time-lapse images, and a backlight illuminator to view the sample under brightfield and darkfield modes. With this module, we successfully demonstrated the real-time imaging of human cells cultured on an RPM in brightfield, lasting up to 80 h, and also visualized them in green fluorescent channel. This module was successful in monitoring cell morphology and in quantifying the rate of cell division, cell migration, and wound healing in SMG. It can be easily modified to study the response of other biological specimens to SMG.
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33
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Saraf A, Rampoldi A, Chao M, Li D, Armand L, Hwang H, Liu R, Jha R, Fu H, Maxwell JT, Xu C. Functional and molecular effects of TNF-α on human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res 2021; 52:102218. [PMID: 33592567 PMCID: PMC8080119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory molecule tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is predominantly elevated in cytokine storm as well as worsening cardiac function. Here we model the molecular and functional effects of TNF-α in cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). We found that treatment of hiPSC-CMs with TNF-α increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase 3/7 activity and caused cell death and apoptosis. TNF-α treatment also resulted in dysregulation of cardiomyocyte function with respect to the increased abnormal calcium handling, calcium wave propagation between cells and excitation–contraction coupling. We also uncovered significant changes in gene expression and protein localization caused by TNF-α treatment. Notably, TNF-α treatment altered the expression of ion channels, dysregulated cadherins, and affected the localization of gap-junction protein connexin-43. In addition, TNF-α treatment up-regulated IL-32 (a human specific cytokine, not present in rodents and an inducer of TNF-α) and IL-34 and down-regulated glutamate receptors and cardiomyocyte contractile proteins. These findings provide insights into the molecular and functional consequences from the exposure of human cardiomyocytes to TNF-α. Our study provides a model to incorporate inflammatory factors into hiPSC-CM-based studies to evaluate mechanistic aspects of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Saraf
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics and McGowan Regenerative Institute, 200 Lothorop Street, PUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Antonio Rampoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Myra Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lawrence Armand
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajnesh Jha
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center and the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Response of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Environmental Stress and Its Application for Directed Differentiation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020084. [PMID: 33498611 PMCID: PMC7912122 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental changes in oxygen concentration, temperature, and mechanical stimulation lead to the activation of specific transcriptional factors and induce the expression of each downstream gene. In general, these responses are protective machinery against such environmental stresses, while these transcriptional factors also regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and organ development in mammals. In the case of pluripotent stem cells, similar response mechanisms normally work and sometimes stimulate the differentiation cues. Up to now, differentiation protocols utilizing such environmental stresses have been reported to obtain various types of somatic cells from pluripotent stem cells. Basically, environmental stresses as hypoxia (low oxygen), hyperoxia, (high oxygen) and mechanical stress from cell culture plates are relatively safer than chemicals and gene transfers, which affect the genome irreversibly. Therefore, protocols designed with such environments in mind could be useful for the technology development of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this manuscript, we summarize recent findings of environmental stress-induced differentiation protocols and discuss their mechanisms. Abstract Pluripotent stem cells have unique characteristics compared to somatic cells. In this review, we summarize the response to environmental stresses (hypoxic, oxidative, thermal, and mechanical stresses) in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their applications in the differentiation methods directed to specific lineages. Those stresses lead to activation of each specific transcription factor followed by the induction of downstream genes, and one of them regulates lineage specification. In short, hypoxic stress promotes the differentiation of ESCs to mesodermal lineages via HIF-1α activation. Concerning mechanical stress, high stiffness tends to promote mesodermal differentiation, while low stiffness promotes ectodermal differentiation via the modulation of YAP1. Furthermore, each step in the same lineage differentiation favors each appropriate stiffness of culture plate; for example, definitive endoderm favors high stiffness, while pancreatic progenitor favors low stiffness during pancreatic differentiation of human ESCs. Overall, treatments utilizing those stresses have no genotoxic or carcinogenic effects except oxidative stress; therefore, the differentiated cells are safe and could be useful for cell replacement therapy. In particular, the effect of mechanical stress on differentiation is becoming attractive for the field of regenerative medicine. Therefore, the development of a stress-mediated differentiation protocol is an important matter for the future.
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Rampoldi A, Jha R, Fite J, Boland G, Xu C. Cryopreservation and CO 2-independent culture of 3D cardiac progenitors for spaceflight experiments. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120673. [PMID: 33493770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Space experimentation of cardiomyocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells offers an exciting opportunity to explore the potential of these cells for disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Previous studies on the International Space Station were done with 2D non-cryopreserved cultures of cardiomyocytes being loaded and cultivated in spaceflight culture modules with CO2. Here we report the development of methods of cryopreservation and CO2-independent culture of 3D cardiac progenitors. The cryopreservation allows preparation and pretesting of the cells before spaceflight, makes it easier to transport the cell culture, reduces the impact of strong gravitational force exerted on the cells during the launch of spaceflight, and accommodates a more flexible working schedule for the astronauts. The use of CO2-independent medium with supplements supports cell growth and differentiation without a CO2 incubator. With these methods, we conducted a spaceflight experiment through the SpaceX-20 mission to evaluate the effect of microgravity on the survival and differentiation of 3D cardiac progenitors. Our cryopreserved cardiac progenitor spheres were successfully cultivated in a spaceflight culture module without CO2 for 3 weeks aboard the International Space Station. Beating cardiomyocytes were generated and returned to the earth for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rampoldi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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36
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Willey JS, Britten RA, Blaber E, Tahimic CG, Chancellor J, Mortreux M, Sanford LD, Kubik AJ, Delp MD, Mao XW. The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:129-179. [PMID: 33902391 PMCID: PMC8274610 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.1885283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Both microgravity and radiation exposure in the spaceflight environment have been identified as hazards to astronaut health and performance. Substantial study has been focused on understanding the biology and risks associated with prolonged exposure to microgravity, and the hazards presented by radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPEs) outside of low earth orbit (LEO). To date, the majority of the ground-based analogues (e.g., rodent or cell culture studies) that investigate the biology of and risks associated with spaceflight hazards will focus on an individual hazard in isolation. However, astronauts will face these challenges simultaneously Combined hazard studies are necessary for understanding the risks astronauts face as they travel outside of LEO, and are also critical for countermeasure development. The focus of this review is to describe biologic and functional outcomes from ground-based analogue models for microgravity and radiation, specifically highlighting the combined effects of radiation and reduced weight-bearing from rodent ground-based tail suspension via hind limb unloading (HLU) and partial weight-bearing (PWB) models, although in vitro and spaceflight results are discussed as appropriate. The review focuses on the skeletal, ocular, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, and stem cells responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | - Marie Mortreux
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Larry D. Sanford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | - Angela J. Kubik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Michael D. Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University
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37
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Hwang H, Liu R, Maxwell JT, Yang J, Xu C. Machine learning identifies abnormal Ca 2+ transients in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16977. [PMID: 33046816 PMCID: PMC7550597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) provide an excellent platform for potential clinical and research applications. Identifying abnormal Ca2+ transients is crucial for evaluating cardiomyocyte function that requires labor-intensive manual effort. Therefore, we develop an analytical pipeline for automatic assessment of Ca2+ transient abnormality, by employing advanced machine learning methods together with an Analytical Algorithm. First, we adapt an existing Analytical Algorithm to identify Ca2+ transient peaks and determine peak abnormality based on quantified peak characteristics. Second, we train a peak-level Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier by using human-expert assessment of peak abnormality as outcome and profiled peak variables as predictive features. Third, we train another cell-level SVM classifier by using human-expert assessment of cell abnormality as outcome and quantified cell-level variables as predictive features. This cell-level SVM classifier can be used to assess additional Ca2+ transient signals. By applying this pipeline to our Ca2+ transient data, we trained a cell-level SVM classifier using 200 cells as training data, then tested its accuracy in an independent dataset of 54 cells. As a result, we obtained 88% training accuracy and 87% test accuracy. Further, we provide a free R package to implement our pipeline for high-throughput CM Ca2+ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Center for Computational and Quantitative Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
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38
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Liu R, Sun F, Forghani P, Armand LC, Rampoldi A, Li D, Wu R, Xu C. Proteomic Profiling Reveals Roles of Stress Response, Ca 2+ Transient Dysregulation, and Novel Signaling Pathways in Alcohol-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2187-2199. [PMID: 32981093 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use in pregnancy increases the risk of abnormal cardiac development, and excessive alcohol consumption in adults can induce cardiomyopathy, contractile dysfunction, and arrhythmias. Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced cardiac toxicity could provide guidance in the development of therapeutic strategies. METHODS We have performed proteomic and bioinformatic analysis to examine protein alterations globally and quantitatively in cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) treated with ethanol (EtOH). Proteins in both cell lysates and extracellular culture media were systematically quantitated. RESULTS Treatment with EtOH caused severe detrimental effects on hiPSC-CMs as indicated by significant cell death and deranged Ca2+ handling. Treatment of hiPSC-CMs with EtOH significantly affected proteins responsible for stress response (e.g., GPX1 and HSPs), ion channel-related proteins (e.g. ATP1A2), myofibril structure proteins (e.g., MYL2/3), and those involved in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix (e.g., ILK and PXN). Proteins involved in the TNF receptor-associated factor 2 signaling (e.g., CPNE1 and TNIK) were also affected by EtOH treatment. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in protein expression highlight the involvement of oxidative stress and dysregulation of Ca2+ handling and contraction while also implicating potential novel targets in alcohol-induced cardiotoxicity. These findings facilitate further exploration of potential mechanisms, discovery of novel biomarkers, and development of targeted therapeutics against EtOH-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, (RL), the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangxu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, (FS, RW), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Parvin Forghani
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lawrence C Armand
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Antonio Rampoldi
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dong Li
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ronghu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, (FS, RW), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunhui Xu
- From the, Department of Pediatrics, (RL, PF, LCA, AR, DL, CX), Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, (CX), Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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39
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Jha R, Li D, Wu Q, Ferguson KE, Forghani P, Gibson GC, Xu C. A long non-coding RNA GATA6-AS1 adjacent to GATA6 is required for cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:14336-14352. [PMID: 32888237 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000206r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in many cellular processes, yet relatively few have been shown to regulate human cardiomyocyte differentiation. Here, we demonstrate an essential role of GATA6 antisense RNA 1 (GATA6-AS1) in cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). GATA6-AS1 is adjacent to cardiac transcription factor GATA6. We found that GATA6-AS1 was nuclear-localized and transiently upregulated along with GATA6 during the early stage of cardiomyocyte differentiation. The knockdown of GATA6-AS1 did not affect undifferentiated cell pluripotency but inhibited cardiomyocyte differentiation, as indicated by no or few beating cardiomyocytes and reduced expression of cardiomyocyte-specific proteins. Upon cardiac induction, the knockdown of GATA6-AS1 decreased GATA6 expression, altered Wnt-signaling gene expression, and reduced mesoderm development. Further characterization of the intergenic region between genomic regions of GATA6-AS1 and GATA6 indicated that the expression of GATA6-AS1 and GATA6 were regulated by a bidirectional promoter within the intergenic region. Consistently, GATA6-AS1 and GATA6 were co-expressed in several human tissues including the heart, similar to the mirror expression pattern of GATA6-AS1 and GATA6 during cardiomyocyte differentiation. Overall, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized and functional role of lncRNA GATA6-AS1 in controlling human cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qingling Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine E Ferguson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parvin Forghani
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory C Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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40
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Aligned nanofiber scaffolds improve functionality of cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13575. [PMID: 32782331 PMCID: PMC7419298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), capable of differentiating into multiple cardiac cell types including cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, are promising candidates for cardiac repair/regeneration. In vitro model systems where cells are grown in a more in vivo-like environment, such as 3D cultures, have been shown to be more predictive than 2D culture for studying cell biology and disease pathophysiology. In this report, we focused on using Wnt inhibitors to study the differentiation of human iPSC-CPCs under 2D or 3D culture conditions by measuring marker protein and gene expression as well as intracellular Ca2+ oscillation. Our results show that the 3D culture with aligned nanofiber scaffolds, mimicing the architecture of the extracellular matrix of the heart, improve the differentiation of iPSC-CPCs to functional cardiomyocytes induced by Wnt inhibition, as shown with increased number of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT)-positive cells and synchronized intracellular Ca2+ oscillation. In addition, we studied if 3D nanofiber culture can be used as an in vitro model for compound screening by testing a number of other differentiation factors including a ALK5 inhibitor and inhibitors of BMP signaling. This work highlights the importance of using a more relevant in vitro model and measuring not only the expression of marker proteins but also the functional readout in a screen in order to identify the best compounds and to investigate the resulting biology.
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41
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Grimm D, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Richter P, Prasad B, Bauer J, Egli M, Kopp S, Lebert M, Krüger M. The effects of microgravity on differentiation and cell growth in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:882-894. [PMID: 32352658 PMCID: PMC7381804 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A spaceflight has enormous influence on the health of space voyagers due to the combined effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation. Known effects of microgravity (μg) on cells are changes in differentiation and growth. Considering the commercialization of spaceflight, future space exploration, and long-term manned flights, research focusing on differentiation and growth of stem cells and cancer cells exposed to real (r-) and simulated (s-) μg is of high interest for regenerative medicine and cancer research. In this review, we focus on platforms to study r- and s-μg as well as the impact of μg on cancer stem cells in the field of gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, and osteosarcoma. Moreover, we review the current knowledge of different types of stem cells exposed to μg conditions with regard to differentiation and engineering of cartilage, bone, vasculature, heart, skin, and liver constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Richter
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marcel Egli
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Space Biology Group, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Space Biology Unlimited SAS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Rampoldi A, Singh M, Wu Q, Duan M, Jha R, Maxwell JT, Bradner JM, Zhang X, Saraf A, Miller GW, Gibson G, Brown LA, Xu C. Cardiac Toxicity From Ethanol Exposure in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:280-292. [PMID: 31059573 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use prior to and during pregnancy remains a significant societal problem and can lead to developmental fetal abnormalities including compromised myocardia function and increased risk for heart disease later in life. Alcohol-induced cardiac toxicity has traditionally been studied in animal-based models. These models have limitations due to physiological differences from human cardiomyocytes (CMs) and are also not suitable for high-throughput screening. We hypothesized that human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (hiPSC-CMs) could serve as a useful tool to study alcohol-induced cardiac defects and/or toxicity. In this study, hiPSC-CMs were treated with ethanol at doses corresponding to the clinically relevant levels of alcohol intoxication. hiPSC-CMs exposed to ethanol showed a dose-dependent increase in cellular damage and decrease in cell viability, corresponding to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, ethanol exposure also generated dose-dependent increased irregular Ca2+ transients and contractility in hiPSC-CMs. RNA-seq analysis showed significant alteration in genes belonging to the potassium voltage-gated channel family or solute carrier family, partially explaining the irregular Ca2+ transients and contractility in ethanol-treated hiPSC-CMs. RNA-seq also showed significant upregulation in the expression of genes associated with collagen and extracellular matrix modeling, and downregulation of genes involved in cardiovascular system development and actin filament-based process. These results suggest that hiPSC-CMs can be a novel and physiologically relevant system for the study of alcohol-induced cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rampoldi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Monalisa Singh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qingling Wu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Anita Saraf
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lou Ann Brown
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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43
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Laco F, Lam ATL, Woo TL, Tong G, Ho V, Soong PL, Grishina E, Lin KH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Selection of human induced pluripotent stem cells lines optimization of cardiomyocytes differentiation in an integrated suspension microcarrier bioreactor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:118. [PMID: 32183888 PMCID: PMC7076930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of large quantities of cardiomyocyte is essential for the needs of cellular therapies. This study describes the selection of a human-induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC) line suitable for production of cardiomyocytes in a fully integrated bioprocess of stem cell expansion and differentiation in microcarrier stirred tank reactor. Methods Five hiPSC lines were evaluated first for their cardiac differentiation efficiency in monolayer cultures followed by their expansion and differentiation compatibility in microcarrier (MC) cultures under continuous stirring conditions. Results Three cell lines were highly cardiogenic but only one (FR202) of them was successfully expanded on continuous stirring MC cultures. FR202 was thus selected for cardiac differentiation in a 22-day integrated bioprocess under continuous stirring in a stirred tank bioreactor. In summary, we integrated a MC-based hiPSC expansion (phase 1), CHIR99021-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation step (phase 2), purification using the lactate-based treatment (phase 3) and cell recovery step (phase 4) into one process in one bioreactor, under restricted oxygen control (< 30% DO) and continuous stirring with periodic batch-type media exchanges. High density of undifferentiated hiPSC (2 ± 0.4 × 106 cells/mL) was achieved in the expansion phase. By controlling the stirring speed and DO levels in the bioreactor cultures, 7.36 ± 1.2 × 106 cells/mL cardiomyocytes with > 80% Troponin T were generated in the CHIR99021-induced differentiation phase. By adding lactate in glucose-free purification media, the purity of cardiomyocytes was enhanced (> 90% Troponin T), with minor cell loss as indicated by the increase in sub-G1 phase and the decrease of aggregate sizes. Lastly, we found that the recovery period is important for generating purer and functional cardiomyocytes (> 96% Troponin T). Three independent runs in a 300-ml working volume confirmed the robustness of this process. Conclusion A streamlined and controllable platform for large quantity manufacturing of pure functional atrial, ventricular and nodal cardiomyocytes on MCs in conventional-type stirred tank bioreactors was established, which can be further scaled up and translated to a good manufacturing practice-compliant production process, to fulfill the quantity requirements of the cellular therapeutic industry. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
| | - Tsung-Liang Woo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Gerine Tong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Valerie Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Poh-Loong Soong
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elina Grishina
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
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44
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Guo NN, Liu LP, Zheng YW, Li YM. Inducing human induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation through embryoid bodies: A practical and stable approach. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:25-34. [PMID: 32110273 PMCID: PMC7031760 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable resources for producing high-quality differentiated cells in unlimited quantities for both basic research and clinical use. They are particularly useful for studying human disease mechanisms in vitro by making it possible to circumvent the ethical issues of human embryonic stem cell research. However, significant limitations exist when using conventional flat culturing methods especially concerning cell expansion, differentiation efficiency, stability maintenance and multicellular 3D structure establishment, differentiation prediction. Embryoid bodies (EBs), the multicellular aggregates spontaneously generated from iPSCs in the suspension system, might help to address these issues. Due to the unique microenvironment and cell communication in EB structure that a 2D culture system cannot achieve, EBs have been widely applied in hiPSC-derived differentiation and show significant advantages especially in scaling up culturing, differentiation efficiency enhancement, ex vivo simulation, and organoid establishment. EBs can potentially also be used in early prediction of iPSC differentiation capability. To improve the stability and feasibility of EB-mediated differentiation and generate high quality EBs, critical factors including iPSC pluripotency maintenance, generation of uniform morphology using micro-pattern 3D culture systems, proper cellular density inoculation, and EB size control are discussed on the basis of both published data and our own laboratory experiences. Collectively, the production of a large quantity of homogeneous EBs with high quality is important for the stability and feasibility of many PSCs related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Guo
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 234-0006, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
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45
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Tissue Chips in Space: Modeling Human Diseases in Microgravity. Pharm Res 2019; 37:8. [PMID: 31848830 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as "organs-on-chips" or "tissue chips," leverage recent advances in cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication to create in vitro models of human organs and tissues. These systems offer promising solutions for modeling human physiology and disease in vitro and have multiple applications in areas where traditional cell culture and animal models fall short. Recently, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory have coordinated efforts to facilitate the launch and use of these MPS platforms onboard the ISS. Here, we provide an introduction to the NIH Tissue Chips in Space initiative and an overview of the coordinated efforts between NIH and the ISS National Laboratory. We also highlight the current progress in addressing the scientific and technical challenges encountered in the development of these ambitious projects. Finally, we describe the potential impact of the Tissue Chips in Space program for the MPS field as well as the wider biomedical and health research communities.
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46
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Sung TC, Liu CH, Huang WL, Lee YC, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Ling QD, Hsu ST, Higuchi A. Efficient differentiation of human ES and iPS cells into cardiomyocytes on biomaterials under xeno-free conditions. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:5467-5481. [PMID: 31656967 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current xeno-free and chemically defined methods for the differentiation of hPSCs (human pluripotent stem cells) into cardiomyocytes are not efficient and are sometimes not reproducible. Therefore, it is necessary to develop reliable and efficient methods for the differentiation of hPSCs into cardiomyocytes for future use in cardiovascular research related to drug discovery, cardiotoxicity screening, and disease modeling. We evaluated two representative differentiation methods that were reported previously, and we further developed original, more efficient methods for the differentiation of hPSCs into cardiomyocytes under xeno-free, chemically defined conditions. The developed protocol successively differentiated hPSCs into cardiomyocytes, approximately 90-97% of which expressed the cardiac marker cTnT, with beating speeds and sarcomere lengths that were similar to those of a healthy adult human heart. The optimal cell culture biomaterials for the cardiac differentiation of hPSCs were also evaluated using extracellular matrix-mimetic material-coated dishes. Synthemax II-coated and Laminin-521-coated dishes were found to be the most effective and efficient biomaterials for the cardiac differentiation of hPSCs according to the observation of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with high survival ratios, high beating colony numbers, a similar beating frequency to that of a healthy adult human heart, high purity levels (high cTnT expression) and longer sarcomere lengths similar to those of a healthy adult human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Sung
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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47
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Effects of Spaceflight on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Structure and Function. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:960-969. [PMID: 31708475 PMCID: PMC6915842 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With extended stays aboard the International Space Station (ISS) becoming commonplace, there is a need to better understand the effects of microgravity on cardiac function. We utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to study the effects of microgravity on cell-level cardiac function and gene expression. The hiPSC-CMs were cultured aboard the ISS for 5.5 weeks and their gene expression, structure, and functions were compared with ground control hiPSC-CMs. Exposure to microgravity on the ISS caused alterations in hiPSC-CM calcium handling. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that 2,635 genes were differentially expressed among flight, post-flight, and ground control samples, including genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism. This study represents the first use of hiPSC technology to model the effects of spaceflight on human cardiomyocyte structure and function.
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48
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Vahdat S, Pahlavan S, Mahmoudi E, Barekat M, Ansari H, Bakhshandeh B, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Expansion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Early Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells by a Cocktail of Signaling Factors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16006. [PMID: 31690816 PMCID: PMC6831601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are proposed to be invaluable cell sources for experimental and clinical studies. This wide range of applications necessitates large-scale production of CPCs in an in vitro culture system, which enables both expansion and maintenance of these cells. In this study, we aimed to develop a defined and efficient culture medium that uses signaling factors for large-scale expansion of early CPCs, called cardiogenic mesodermal cells (CMCs), which were derived from hPSCs. Chemical screening resulted in a medium that contained a reproducible combination of three factors (A83-01, bFGF, and CHIR99021) that generated 1014 CMCs after 10 passages without the propensity for tumorigenicity. Expanded CMCs retained their gene expression pattern, chromosomal stability, and differentiation tendency through several passages and showed both the safety and possible cardio-protective potentials when transplanted into the infarcted rat myocardium. These CMCs were efficiently cryopreserved for an extended period of time. This culture medium could be used for both adherent and suspension culture conditions, for which the latter is required for large-scale CMC production. Taken together, hPSC-derived CMCs exhibited self-renewal capacity in our simple, reproducible, and defined medium. These cells might ultimately be potential, promising cell sources for cardiovascular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Vahdat
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Mahmoudi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Barekat
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ansari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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49
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Calzia D, Ottaggio L, Cora A, Chiappori G, Cuccarolo P, Cappelli E, Izzotti A, Tavella S, Degan P. Characterization of C2C12 cells in simulated microgravity: Possible use for myoblast regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3508-3518. [PMID: 31549411 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle loss is a major problem for many in lifetime. Muscle and bone degeneration has also been observed in individuals exposed to microgravity and in unloading conditions. C2C12 myoblst cells are able to form myotubes, and myofibers and these cells have been employed for muscle regeneration purposes and in myogenic regeneration and transplantation studies. We exposed C2C12 cells in an random position machine to simulate microgravity and study the energy and the biochemical challenges associated with this treatment. Simulated microgravity exposed C2C12 cells maintain positive proliferation indices and delay the differentiation process for several days. On the other hand this treatment significantly alters many of the biochemical and the metabolic characteristics of the cell cultures including calcium homeostasis. Recent data have shown that these perturbations are due to the inhibition of the ryanodine receptors on the membranes of intracellular calcium stores. We were able to reverse this perturbations treating cells with thapsigargin which prevents the segregation of intracellular calcium ions in the mitochondria and in the sarco/endoplasmic reticula. Calcium homeostasis appear a key target of microgravity exposure. In conclusion, in this study we reported some of the effects induced by the exposure of C2C12 cell cultures to simulated microgravity. The promising information obtained is of fundamental importance in the hope to employ this protocol in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calzia
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, Univiversity of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Ottaggio
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cora
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chiappori
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Cuccarolo
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Rare Diseases, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Enrico Cappelli
- Department of Integrated Pediatric and Hemato-oncological Sciences, Haematology Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Tavella
- Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Univiversity of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- Mutagenesis and Preventive Oncology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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50
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Lindoso RS, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Monnerat Cahli G, Collino F, Bastos Carvalho A, Campos de Carvalho AC, Vieyra A. Proteomics in the World of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070703. [PMID: 31336746 PMCID: PMC6678893 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Omics approaches have significantly impacted knowledge about molecular signaling pathways driving cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have revolutionized the field of biological sciences and proteomics and, in particular, has been instrumental in identifying key elements operating during the maintenance of the pluripotent state and the differentiation process to the diverse cell types that form organisms. This review covers the evolution of conceptual and methodological strategies in proteomics; briefly describes the generation of iPSC from a historical perspective, the state-of-the-art of iPSC-based proteomics; and compares data on the proteome and transcriptome of iPSC to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). Finally, proteomics of healthy and diseased cells and organoids differentiated from iPSC are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Tais H Kasai-Brunswick
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Monnerat Cahli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Bastos Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, Brazil.
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