1
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Ngo GL, Nguyen L, Hermier JP, Lai ND. On-Chip 3D Printing of Polymer Waveguide-Coupled Single-Photon Emitter Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092201. [PMID: 37177347 PMCID: PMC10180566 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of quantum technology, there has been a growing interest in fully integrated systems that employ single photons due to their potential for high performance and scalability. Here, a simple method is demonstrated for creating on-chip 3D printed polymer waveguide-coupled single-photon emitters based on colloidal quantum dots (QDs). By using a simple low-one photon absorption technique, we were able to create a 3D polymeric crossed-arc waveguide structure with a bright QD on top. These waveguides can conduct both excitation laser and emitted single photons, which facilitates the characterization of single-photon signals at different outputs with a conventional confocal scanning system. To optimize the guiding effect of the polymeric waveguide structures, comprehensive 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations were performed. Our method provides a straightforward and cost-effective way to integrate high-performance single-photon sources with on-chip photonic devices, enabling scalable and versatile quantum photonic circuits for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Long Ngo
- LuMIn, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- GEMaC, UVSQ, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Long Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Ngoc Diep Lai
- LuMIn, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Preuß JA, Gehring H, Schmidt R, Jin L, Wendland D, Kern J, Pernice WHP, de Vasconcellos SM, Bratschitsch R. Low-Divergence hBN Single-Photon Source with a 3D-Printed Low-Fluorescence Elliptical Polymer Microlens. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:407-413. [PMID: 36445803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently collecting light from single-photon emitters is crucial for photonic quantum technologies. Here, we develop and use an ultralow fluorescence photopolymer to three-dimensionally print micrometer-sized elliptical lenses on individual precharacterized single-photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocrystals, operating in the visible regime. The elliptical lens design beams the light highly efficiently into the far field, rendering bulky objective lenses obsolete. Using back focal plane imaging, we confirm that the emission is collimated to a narrow low-divergence beam with a half width at half-maximum of 2.2°. Using photon correlation measurements, we demonstrate that the single-photon character remains undisturbed by the polymer lens. The strongly directed emission and increased collection efficiency is highly beneficial for quantum optical experiments. Furthermore, our approach paves the way for a highly parallel fiber-based detection of single photons from hBN nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann A Preuß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendland
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kern
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Michaelis de Vasconcellos
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Toninelli C, Gerhardt I, Clark AS, Reserbat-Plantey A, Götzinger S, Ristanović Z, Colautti M, Lombardi P, Major KD, Deperasińska I, Pernice WH, Koppens FHL, Kozankiewicz B, Gourdon A, Sandoghdar V, Orrit M. Single organic molecules for photonic quantum technologies. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1615-1628. [PMID: 33972762 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolating single molecules in the solid state has allowed fundamental experiments in basic and applied sciences. When cooled down to liquid helium temperature, certain molecules show transition lines that are tens of megahertz wide, limited by only the excited-state lifetime. The extreme flexibility in the synthesis of organic materials provides, at low costs, a wide palette of emission wavelengths and supporting matrices for such single chromophores. In the past few decades, their controlled coupling to photonic structures has led to an optimized interaction efficiency with light. Molecules can hence be operated as single-photon sources and as nonlinear elements with competitive performance in terms of coherence, scalability and compatibility with diverse integrated platforms. Moreover, they can be used as transducers for the optical read-out of fields and material properties, with the promise of single-quanta resolution in the sensing of charges and motion. We show that quantum emitters based on single molecules hold promise to play a key role in the development of quantum science and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toninelli
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - I Gerhardt
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A S Clark
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - S Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Z Ristanović
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Colautti
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P Lombardi
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K D Major
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Deperasińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W H Pernice
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - F H L Koppens
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - V Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Begantsova YE, Zvagelsky R, Baranov EV, Chubich DA, Chechet YV, Kolymagin DA, Pisarenko AV, Vitukhnovsky AG, Chesnokov SA. Imidazole-containing photoinitiators for fabrication of sub-micron structures by 3D two-photon polymerization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Weber K, Wang Z, Thiele S, Herkommer A, Giessen H. Distortion-free multi-element Hypergon wide-angle micro-objective obtained by femtosecond 3D printing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2784-2787. [PMID: 32412466 DOI: 10.1364/ol.392253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a 3D-printed complex wide-angle multi-element Hypergon micro-objective, composed of aspherical lenses smaller than 1 mm, which exhibits distortion-free imaging performance. The objective is fabricated by a multi-step femtosecond two-photon lithography process. To realize the design, we apply a novel (to the best of our knowledge) approach using shadow evaporation to create highly non-transparent aperture stops, which are crucial components in many optical systems. We achieve a field-of-view (FOV) of 70°, at a resolution of 12.4 µm, and distortion-free imaging over the entire FOV. In the future, such objectives can be directly printed onto complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imaging chips to produce extremely compact, high-quality image sensors to yield integrated sensor devices used in industry.
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6
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Fehler KG, Ovvyan AP, Gruhler N, Pernice WHP, Kubanek A. Efficient Coupling of an Ensemble of Nitrogen Vacancy Center to the Mode of a High-Q, Si 3N 4 Photonic Crystal Cavity. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6891-6898. [PMID: 31184854 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrated nanophotonics is an emerging field with high potential for quantum technology applications such as quantum sensing or quantum networks. A desired photonics platform is Si3N4 due to low-photon loss and well-established fabrication techniques. However, quantum optics applications are not yet established. Here, we investigate an approach toward Si3N4-based quantum photonics utilizing a crossed waveguide, pump-probe design. The platform enables efficient, on-chip excitation, strong background suppression, and at the same time, efficient coupling to the mode of a high- Q photonic crystal cavity. The freestanding photonic crystal cavities reach high Q-factors up to 47 × 103. To test our platform, we positioned an ensemble of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers located in a nanodiamond within the interaction zone of the photonic crystal cavity. We quantify the efficiency of the coupling with the βλ-factor reaching values as large as 0.71. We further demonstrate on-chip excitation of the quantum emitter with strong suppression (∼20 dB) of the background fluorescence. Our results unfold the potential to utilize negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamonds and Si3N4 platforms as an efficient, on-chip spin-photon interface in quantum photonics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Fehler
- Institut für Quantenoptik and IQST , Universität Ulm , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Anna P Ovvyan
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Nico Gruhler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology , University of Münster , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Alexander Kubanek
- Institut für Quantenoptik and IQST , Universität Ulm , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
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7
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Ortiz-Huerta F, Chen L, Taverne M, Hadden JP, Johnson M, Ho YLD, Rarity JG. Fabrication of hybrid Fabry-Pérot microcavity using two-photon lithography for single-photon sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33245-33252. [PMID: 30645480 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For an efficient single-photon source a high-count rate into a well-defined spectral and spatial mode is desirable. Here we have developed a hybrid planar Fabry-Pérot microcavity by using a two-photon polymerization process (2PP) where coupling between single-photon sources (diamond colour centres) and resonance modes is observed. The first step consists of using the 2PP process to build a polymer table structure around previously characterized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres on top of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with a high reflectivity at the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL). Afterwards, the polymer structure is covered with a silver layer to create a weak (low Q) cavity where resonance fluorescence measurements from the NVs are shown to be in good agreement with analytical and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) results.
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8
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Hadden JP, Bharadwaj V, Sotillo B, Rampini S, Osellame R, Witmer JD, Jayakumar H, Fernandez TT, Chiappini A, Armellini C, Ferrari M, Ramponi R, Barclay PE, Eaton SM. Integrated waveguides and deterministically positioned nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond created by femtosecond laser writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3586-3589. [PMID: 30067630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond's nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is an optically active defect with long spin coherence times, showing great potential for both efficient nanoscale magnetometry and quantum information processing schemes. Recently, both the formation of buried 3D optical waveguides and high-quality single NVs in diamond were demonstrated using the versatile femtosecond laser-writing technique. However, until now, combining these technologies has been an outstanding challenge. In this Letter, we fabricate laser-written photonic waveguides in quantum grade diamond which are aligned to within micron resolution to single laser-written NVs, enabling an integrated platform providing deterministically positioned waveguide-coupled NVs. This fabrication technology opens the way toward on-chip optical routing of single photons between NVs and optically integrated spin-based sensing.
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9
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Pazzagli S, Lombardi P, Martella D, Colautti M, Tiribilli B, Cataliotti FS, Toninelli C. Self-Assembled Nanocrystals of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Show Photostable Single-Photon Emission. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4295-4303. [PMID: 29630340 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantum technologies could largely benefit from the control of quantum emitters in sub-micrometric size crystals. These are naturally prone to integration in hybrid devices, including heterostructures and complex photonic devices. Currently available quantum emitters in nanocrystals suffer from spectral instability, preventing their use as single-photon sources for most quantum optics operations. In this work we report on the performances of single-photon emission from organic nanocrystals (average size of hundreds of nm), made of anthracene (Ac) and doped with dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules. The source has hours-long photostability with respect to frequency and intensity, both at room and at cryogenic temperature. When cooled to 3 K, the 00-zero phonon line shows linewidth values (50 MHz) close to the lifetime limit. Such optical properties in a nanocrystalline environment recommend the proposed organic nanocrystals as single-photon sources for integrated photonic quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pazzagli
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via Sansone 1 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Daniele Martella
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Maja Colautti
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Bruno Tiribilli
- CNR-ISC Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi , Via Madonna del Piano 10 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Cataliotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via Sansone 1 , I-50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- QSTAR , Largo Fermi 2 , I-50125 Firenze , Italy
| | - Costanza Toninelli
- CNR-INO , Istituto Nazionale di Ottica , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- LENS and Università di Firenze , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto F.no, Firenze , Italy
- QSTAR , Largo Fermi 2 , I-50125 Firenze , Italy
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10
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Fujiwara M, Neitzke O, Schröder T, Schell AW, Wolters J, Zheng J, Mouradian S, Almoktar M, Takeuchi S, Englund D, Benson O. Fiber-Coupled Diamond Micro-Waveguides toward an Efficient Quantum Interface for Spin Defect Centers. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7194-7202. [PMID: 31457298 PMCID: PMC6645309 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct integration and efficient coupling of nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond nanophotonic structures into a fiber-based photonic architecture at cryogenic temperatures. NV centers are embedded in diamond micro-waveguides (μWGs), which are coupled to fiber tapers. Fiber tapers have low-loss connection to single-mode optical fibers and hence enable efficient integration of NV centers into optical fiber networks. We numerically optimize the parameters of the μWG-fiber-taper devices designed particularly for use in cryogenic experiments, resulting in 35.6% coupling efficiency, and experimentally demonstrate cooling of these devices to the liquid helium temperature of 4.2 K without loss of the fiber transmission. We observe sharp zero-phonon lines in the fluorescence of NV centers through the pigtailed fibers at 100 K. The optimized devices with high photon coupling efficiency and the demonstration of cooling to cryogenic temperatures are an important step to realize fiber-based quantum nanophotonic interfaces using diamond spin defect centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Fujiwara
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20W10, Kita-Ward, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka
8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Oliver Neitzke
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Schröder
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Niels Bohr
Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas W. Schell
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janik Wolters
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiabao Zheng
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sara Mouradian
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohamed Almoktar
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20W10, Kita-Ward, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka
8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Physics
Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Shigeki Takeuchi
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20W10, Kita-Ward, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka
8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department
of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto
University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Dirk Englund
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Oliver Benson
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse
15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Fischbach S, Schlehahn A, Thoma A, Srocka N, Gissibl T, Ristok S, Thiele S, Kaganskiy A, Strittmatter A, Heindel T, Rodt S, Herkommer A, Giessen H, Reitzenstein S. Single Quantum Dot with Microlens and 3D-Printed Micro-objective as Integrated Bright Single-Photon Source. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:1327-1332. [PMID: 28670600 PMCID: PMC5485799 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Integrated single-photon sources with high photon-extraction efficiency are key building blocks for applications in the field of quantum communications. We report on a bright single-photon source realized by on-chip integration of a deterministic quantum dot microlens with a 3D-printed multilens micro-objective. The device concept benefits from a sophisticated combination of in situ 3D electron-beam lithography to realize the quantum dot microlens and 3D femtosecond direct laser writing for creation of the micro-objective. In this way, we obtain a high-quality quantum device with broadband photon-extraction efficiency of (40 ± 4)% and high suppression of multiphoton emission events with g(2)(τ = 0) < 0.02. Our results highlight the opportunities that arise from tailoring the optical properties of quantum emitters using integrated optics with high potential for the further development of plug-and-play fiber-coupled single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fischbach
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlehahn
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Thoma
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Srocka
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gissibl
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Ristok
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arsenty Kaganskiy
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Strittmatter
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Heindel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Rodt
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alois Herkommer
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th
Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE and Institute for Applied Optics and
Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität
Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Cleaving Direct-Laser-Written Microstructures on Demand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5625-5629. [PMID: 28407401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using an advanced functional photoresist we introduce direct-laser-written (DLW) 3D microstructures capable of complete degradation on demand. The networks consist exclusively of reversible bonds, formed by irradiation of a phenacyl sulfide linker, giving disulfide bonds in a radical-free step-growth polymerization via a reactive thioaldehyde. The bond formation was verified in solution by ESI-MS. To induce cleavage, dithiothreitol causes a thiol-disulfide exchange, erasing the written structure. The mild cleavage of the disulfide network is highly orthogonal to other, for example, acrylate-based DLW structures. To emphasize this aspect, DLW structures were prepared incorporating reversible structural elements into a non-reversible acrylate-based standard scaffold, confirming subsequent selective cleavage. The high lateral resolution achievable was verified by the preparation of well-defined line gratings with line separations of down to 300 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Zieger
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander S Quick
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
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Zieger MM, Mueller P, Quick AS, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Gezielte Spaltung von durch direktes Laserschreiben hergestellten Mikrostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Zieger
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Patrick Mueller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Alexander S. Quick
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Institut für Nanotechnologie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Präparative Makromolekulare Chemie; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George St. QLD 4000 Brisbane Australien
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Blasco E, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Driven Polymeric Network Formation: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28075059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric networks have been intensely investigated and a large number of applications have been found in areas ranging from biomedicine to materials science. Network fabrication via light-induced reactions is a particularly powerful tool, since light provides ready access to temporal and spatial control, opening an array of synthetic access routes for structuring the network geometry as well as functionality. Herein, the most recent light-induced modular reactions and their use in the formation of precision polymeric networks are collated. The synthetic strategies including photoinduced thiol-based reactions, Diels-Alder systems, and photogenerated reactive dipoles, as well as photodimerizations, are discussed in detail. Importantly, applications of the fabricated networks via the aforementioned reactions are highlighted with selected examples. Concomitantly, we provide future directions for the field, emphasizing the most critically required advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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