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Mattar CN, Chew WL, Lai PS. Embryo and fetal gene editing: Technical challenges and progress toward clinical applications. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101229. [PMID: 38533521 PMCID: PMC10963250 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Gene modification therapies (GMTs) are slowly but steadily making progress toward clinical application. As the majority of rare diseases have an identified genetic cause, and as rare diseases collectively affect 5% of the global population, it is increasingly important to devise gene correction strategies to address the root causes of the most devastating of these diseases and to provide access to these novel therapies to the most affected populations. The main barriers to providing greater access to GMTs continue to be the prohibitive cost of developing these novel drugs at clinically relevant doses, subtherapeutic effects, and toxicity related to the specific agents or high doses required. In vivo strategy and treating younger patients at an earlier course of their disease could lower these barriers. Although currently regarded as niche specialties, prenatal and preconception GMTs offer a robust solution to some of these barriers. Indeed, treating either the fetus or embryo benefits from economy of scale, targeting pre-pathological tissues in the fetus prior to full pathogenesis, or increasing the likelihood of complete tissue targeting by correcting pluripotent embryonic cells. Here, we review advances in embryo and fetal GMTs and discuss requirements for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra N.Z. Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, Singapore 119228
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Wei Leong Chew
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore, Singapore 138672
| | - Poh San Lai
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, Singapore 119228
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Yuan YG, Liu SZ, Farhab M, Lv MY, Zhang T, Cao SX. Genome editing: An insight into disease resistance, production efficiency, and biomedical applications in livestock. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:81. [PMID: 38709433 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary concerns for the survival of the human species is the growing demand for food brought on by an increasing global population. New developments in genome-editing technology present promising opportunities for the growth of wholesome and prolific farm animals. Genome editing in large animals is used for a variety of purposes, including biotechnology to improve food production, animal health, and pest management, as well as the development of animal models for fundamental research and biomedicine. Genome editing entails modifying genetic material by removing, adding, or manipulating particular DNA sequences from a particular locus in a way that does not happen naturally. The three primary genome editors are CRISPR/Cas 9, TALENs, and ZFNs. Each of these enzymes is capable of precisely severing nuclear DNA at a predetermined location. One of the most effective inventions is base editing, which enables single base conversions without the requirement for a DNA double-strand break (DSB). As reliable methods for precise genome editing in studies involving animals, cytosine and adenine base editing are now well-established. Effective zygote editing with both cytosine and adenine base editors (ABE) has resulted in the production of animal models. Both base editors produced comparable outcomes for the precise editing of point mutations in somatic cells, advancing the field of gene therapy. This review focused on the principles, methods, recent developments, outstanding applications, the advantages and disadvantages of ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 base editors, and prime editing in diverse lab and farm animals. Additionally, we address the methodologies that can be used for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic alterations, as well as the significance of genome editing in animal models to better reflect real disease. We also look at methods designed to increase the effectiveness and precision of gene editing tools. Genome editing in large animals is used for a variety of purposes, including biotechnology to improve food production, animal health, and pest management, as well as the development of animal models for fundamental research and biomedicine. This review is an overview of the existing knowledge of the principles, methods, recent developments, outstanding applications, the advantages and disadvantages of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription-activator-like endonucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9), base editors and prime editing in diverse lab and farm animals, which will offer better and healthier products for the entire human race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Song-Zi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Farhab
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Yun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212499, China
| | - Shao-Xiao Cao
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision animal Breeding, Nanjing, 210014, China
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3
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Kwon DH, Gim GM, Yum SY, Jang G. Current status and future of gene engineering in livestock. BMB Rep 2024; 57:50-59. [PMID: 38053297 PMCID: PMC10828428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of gene engineering in livestock is necessary for various reasons, such as increasing productivity and producing disease resistance and biomedicine models. Overall, gene engineering provides benefits to the agricultural and research aspects, and humans. In particular, productivity can be increased by producing livestock with enhanced growth and improved feed conversion efficiency. In addition, the application of the disease resistance models prevents the spread of infectious diseases, which reduces the need for treatment, such as the use of antibiotics; consequently, it promotes the overall health of the herd and reduces unexpected economic losses. The application of biomedicine could be a valuable tool for understanding specific livestock diseases and improving human welfare through the development and testing of new vaccines, research on human physiology, such as human metabolism or immune response, and research and development of xenotransplantation models. Gene engineering technology has been evolving, from random, time-consuming, and laborious methods to specific, time-saving, convenient, and stable methods. This paper reviews the overall trend of genetic engineering technologies development and their application for efficient production of genetically engineered livestock, and provides examples of technologies approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for application in humans. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(1): 50-59].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeok Kwon
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | | | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- LARTBio Inc., Gwangmyeong 14322, Korea
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Popova J, Bets V, Kozhevnikova E. Perspectives in Genome-Editing Techniques for Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2580. [PMID: 37627370 PMCID: PMC10452040 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing of farm animals has undeniable practical applications. It helps to improve production traits, enhances the economic value of livestock, and increases disease resistance. Gene-modified animals are also used for biomedical research and drug production and demonstrate the potential to be used as xenograft donors for humans. The recent discovery of site-specific nucleases that allow precision genome editing of a single-cell embryo (or embryonic stem cells) and the development of new embryological delivery manipulations have revolutionized the transgenesis field. These relatively new approaches have already proven to be efficient and reliable for genome engineering and have wide potential for use in agriculture. A number of advanced methodologies have been tested in laboratory models and might be considered for application in livestock animals. At the same time, these methods must meet the requirements of safety, efficiency and availability of their application for a wide range of farm animals. This review aims at covering a brief history of livestock animal genome engineering and outlines possible future directions to design optimal and cost-effective tools for transgenesis in farm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Popova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
| | - Victoria Bets
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Center of Technological Excellence, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kozhevnikova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.P.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Cognitive and Emotional Disorders, Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Guo R, Wang H, Meng C, Gui H, Li Y, Chen F, Zhang C, Zhang H, Ding Q, Zhang J, Zhang J, Qian Y, Zhong J, Cao S. Efficient and Specific Generation of MSTN-Edited Hu Sheep Using C-CRISPR. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1216. [PMID: 37372396 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hu sheep, an indigenous breed in China known for its high fecundity, are being studied to improve their growth and carcass traits. MSTN is a negative regulator of muscle development, and its inactivation results in muscularity. The C-CRISPR system, utilizing multiple neighboring sgRNAs targeting a key exon, has been successfully used to generate genes for complete knockout (KO) monkeys and mice in one step. In this study, the C-CRISPR system was used to generate MSTN-edited Hu sheep; 70 embryos injected with Cas9 mRNA and four sgRNAs targeting exon 3 of sheep MSTN were transferred to 13 recipients. Out of 10 lambs born from five recipients after full-term pregnancies, nine had complete MSTN KO with various mutations. No off-target effects were found. These MSTN-KO Hu sheep showed a double-muscled (DM) phenotype, characterized by a higher body weight at 3 and 4 months old, prominent muscular protrusion, clearly visible intermuscular groves, and muscle hypertrophy. The molecular analysis indicated enhanced AKT and suppressed ERK1/2 signaling in the gluteus muscle of the edited Hu sheep. In conclusion, MSTN complete KO Hu sheep with a DM phenotype were efficiently and specifically generated using C-CRISPR, and the C-CRISPR method is a promising tool for farm animal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihong Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chunhua Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongbing Gui
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yinxia Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chenjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jifeng Zhong
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shaoxian Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
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Dua S, Bansal S, Gautam D, Jose B, Singh P, Singh MK, De S, Kumar D, Yadav PS, Kues W, Selokar NL. Production of MSTN Gene-Edited Embryos of Buffalo Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System and SCNT. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:121-127. [PMID: 37042654 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been used to produce genome-edited farm animal species for improved production and health traits; however, these tools are rarely used in the buffalo and can play a pivotal role in milk and meat production in tropical and subtropical countries. In this study, we aimed to produce myostatin (MSTN) gene-edited embryos of the Murrah buffalo using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and SCNT. For this, fibroblast cells were electroporated with sgRNAs carrying all-in-one CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting the first exon of the MSTN gene. Following puromycin selection, single-cell clonal populations were established and screened using the TA cloning and Sanger sequencing methods. Of eight single-cell clonal populations, one with a monoallelic and another with a biallelic heterozygous gene editing event were identified. These two gene-edited clonal cell populations were successfully used to produce blastocyst-stage embryos using the handmade cloning method. This work establishes the technical foundation for generation of genome-edited cloned embryos in the buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Dua
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Sonu Bansal
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Devika Gautam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Bosco Jose
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Prem Singh Yadav
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Wilfried Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Yang SP, Zhu XX, Qu ZX, Chen CY, Wu YB, Wu Y, Luo ZD, Wang XY, He CY, Fang JW, Wang LQ, Hong GL, Zheng ST, Zeng JM, Yan AF, Feng J, Liu L, Zhang XL, Zhang LG, Miao K, Tang DS. Production of MSTN knockout porcine cells using adenine base-editing-mediated exon skipping. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023:10.1007/s11626-023-00763-5. [PMID: 37099179 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Gene-knockout pigs have important applications in agriculture and medicine. Compared with CRISPR/Cas9 and cytosine base editing (CBE) technologies, adenine base editing (ABE) shows better safety and accuracy in gene modification. However, because of the characteristics of gene sequences, the ABE system cannot be widely used in gene knockout. Alternative splicing of mRNA is an important biological mechanism in eukaryotes for the formation of proteins with different functional activities. The splicing apparatus recognizes conserved sequences of the 5' end splice donor and 3' end splice acceptor motifs of introns in pre-mRNA that can trigger exon skipping, leading to the production of new functional proteins, or causing gene inactivation through frameshift mutations. This study aimed to construct a MSTN knockout pig by inducing exon skipping with the aid of the ABE system to expand the application of the ABE system for the preparation of knockout pigs. In this study, first, we constructed ABEmaxAW and ABE8eV106W plasmid vectors and found that their editing efficiencies at the targets were at least sixfold and even 260-fold higher than that of ABEmaxAW by contrasting the editing efficiencies at the gene targets of endogenous CD163, IGF2, and MSTN in pigs. Subsequently, we used the ABE8eV106W system to realize adenine base (the base of the antisense strand is thymine) editing of the conserved splice donor sequence (5'-GT) of intron 2 of the porcine MSTN gene. A porcine single-cell clone carrying a homozygous mutation (5'-GC) in the conserved sequence (5'-GT) of the intron 2 splice donor of the MSTN gene was successfully generated after drug selection. Unfortunately, the MSTN gene was not expressed and, therefore, could not be characterized at this level. No detectable genomic off-target edits were identified by Sanger sequencing. In this study, we verified that the ABE8eV106W vector had higher editing efficiency and could expand the editing scope of ABE. Additionally, we successfully achieved the precise modification of the alternative splice acceptor of intron 2 of the porcine MSTN gene, which may provide a new strategy for gene knockout in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Peng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Xiang-Xing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
| | - Zi-Xiao Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Cai-Yue Chen
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Yao-Bing Wu
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Zi-Dan Luo
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Chu-Yu He
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Jia-Wen Fang
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Ling-Qi Wang
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Guang-Long Hong
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Shu-Tao Zheng
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Jie-Mei Zeng
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Ai-Fen Yan
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Li-Gang Zhang
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
- Gene Editing Technology Center of Guangdong Province, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
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Kalds P, Zhou S, Huang S, Gao Y, Wang X, Chen Y. When Less Is More: Targeting the Myostatin Gene in Livestock for Augmenting Meat Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4216-4227. [PMID: 36862946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How to increase meat production is one of the main questions in animal breeding. Selection for improved body weight has been made and, due to recent genomic advances, naturally occurring variants that are responsible for controlling economically relevant phenotypes have been revealed. The myostatin (MSTN) gene, a superstar gene in animal breeding, was discovered as a negative controller of muscle mass. In some livestock species, natural mutations in the MSTN gene could generate the agriculturally desirable double-muscling phenotype. However, some other livestock species or breeds lack these desirable variants. Genetic modification, particularly gene editing, offers an unprecedented opportunity to induce or mimic naturally occurring mutations in livestock genomes. To date, various MSTN-edited livestock species have been generated using different gene modification tools. These MSTN gene-edited models have higher growth rates and increased muscle mass, suggesting the high potential of utilizing MSTN gene editing in animal breeding. Additionally, post-editing investigations in most livestock species support the favorable influence of targeting the MSTN gene on meat quantity and quality. In this Review, we provide a collective discussion on targeting the MSTN gene in livestock to further encourage its utilization opportunities. It is expected that, shortly, MSTN gene-edited livestock will be commercialized, and MSTN-edited meat will be on the tables of ordinary customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish 45511, Egypt
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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9
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Yamashita MS, Melo EO. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning: Combined Development and Future Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:121-149. [PMID: 37041332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in animal transgenesis began in 1981 and continues to become more efficient, cheaper, and faster to perform. New genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, are leading to a new era of genetically modified or edited organisms. Some researchers advocate this new era as the time of synthetic biology or re-engineering. Nonetheless, we are witnessing advances in high-throughput sequencing, artificial DNA synthesis, and design of artificial genomes at a fast pace. These advances in symbiosis with animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allow the development of improved livestock, animal models of human disease, and heterologous production of bioproducts for medical applications. In the context of genetic engineering, SCNT remains a useful technology to generate animals from genetically modified cells. This chapter addresses these fast-developing technologies driving this biotechnological revolution and their association with animal cloning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Yamashita
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Animal Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
- Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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10
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Du C, Zhou X, Zhang K, Huang S, Wang X, Zhou S, Chen Y. Inactivation of the MSTN gene expression changes the composition and function of the gut microbiome in sheep. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:273. [DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates the muscle growth in animals and MSTN deficient sheep have been widely reported previously. The goal of this study was to explore how MSTN inactivation influences their gut microbiota composition and potential functions.
Results
We compared the slaughter parameters and meat quality of 3 MSTN-edited male sheep and 3 wild-type male sheep, and analyzed the gut microbiome of the MSTN-edited sheep (8 female and 8 male sheep) and wild-type sheep (8 female and 8 male sheep) through metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that the body weight, carcass weight and eye muscle area of MSTN-edited sheep were significantly higher, but there were no significant differences in the meat quality indexes. At the microbial level, the alpha diversity was significantly higher in the MSTN-edited sheep (P < 0.05), and the microbial composition was significantly different by PCoA analysis in the MSTN-edited and wild-type sheep. The abundance of Firmicutes significantly increased and Bacteroidota significantly decreased in the MSTN-edited sheep. At genus level, the abundance of Flavonifractor, Subdoligranulum, Ruthenibacterium, Agathobaculum, Anaerotignum, Oribacterium and Lactobacillus were significantly increased in the MSTN-edited sheep (P < 0.05). Further analysis of functional differences was found that the carotenoid biosynthesis was significantly increased and the peroxisome, apoptosis, ferroptosis, N-glycan biosynthesis, thermogenesis, and adipocytokines pathways were decreased in the MSTN-edited sheep (P < 0.05). Moreover, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) results certified the abundance of the GH13_39, GH4, GH137, GH71 and PL17 were upregulated, and the GT41 and CBM20 were downregulated in the MSTN-edited sheep (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our study suggested that MSTN inactivation remarkably influenced the composition and potential function of hindgut microbial communities of the sheep, and significantly promoted growth performance without affecting meat quality.
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Kim DH, Lee J, Choi YM, Lee K. Research Note: Growth promoting potential in Mstn mutant quail dependent and independent of increased egg size. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102260. [PMID: 36370661 PMCID: PMC9660624 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In avian species, positive relationships between egg weight (EW) and body weight (BW) have been reported. However, the correlation between the body growth rate and different weights of eggs from genetically mutated avian species was not studied yet. Myostatin (Mstn), an anti-myogenic factor, mutant quail were recently developed, and it was reported that EW produced from Mstn homozygous mutant quail (HO) was heavier compared to those from wild-type quail (WT). In the current study, distributions of pre-incubated EW and associations between EW and BW were compared between the Mstn mutant and WT quail lines. Average egg weight for the HO group was significantly heavier than the WT (P < 0.001) and the number of eggs having heavier EW (over 11 g) was higher in the HO compared to the WT (P < 0.01). BWs at wk (W) 0, 4, and 6 after hatch were also significantly greater in the HO (P < 0.001 in all groups). In addition, linear regression analyses revealed positive relationships between EW and BW from W0 to W6, regardless of sexes and genotypes. Furthermore, Mstn mutant quail were a heavier BW compared to the WT quail originated from eggs with similar weights. These data indicate that increased BW by Mstn mutation is contributed by increased EW and/or growth promoting activity of Mstn mutation independent of increasing egg sizes. These findings provide Mstn as a desirable genetic factor for selection of poultry breeds with superior growth. In addition, the knowledge gained from this study could inspire similar proof-of-concept studies involving standard and commercial lines of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Corresponding author:
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12
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Kalds P, Zhou S, Gao Y, Cai B, Huang S, Chen Y, Wang X. Genetics of the phenotypic evolution in sheep: a molecular look at diversity-driving genes. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:61. [PMID: 36085023 PMCID: PMC9463822 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After domestication, the evolution of phenotypically-varied sheep breeds has generated rich biodiversity. This wide phenotypic variation arises as a result of hidden genomic changes that range from a single nucleotide to several thousands of nucleotides. Thus, it is of interest and significance to reveal and understand the genomic changes underlying the phenotypic variation of sheep breeds in order to drive selection towards economically important traits. REVIEW Various traits contribute to the emergence of variation in sheep phenotypic characteristics, including coat color, horns, tail, wool, ears, udder, vertebrae, among others. The genes that determine most of these phenotypic traits have been investigated, which has generated knowledge regarding the genetic determinism of several agriculturally-relevant traits in sheep. In this review, we discuss the genomic knowledge that has emerged in the past few decades regarding the phenotypic traits in sheep, and our ultimate aim is to encourage its practical application in sheep breeding. In addition, in order to expand the current understanding of the sheep genome, we shed light on research gaps that require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Although significant research efforts have been conducted in the past few decades, several aspects of the sheep genome remain unexplored. For the full utilization of the current knowledge of the sheep genome, a wide practical application is still required in order to boost sheep productive performance and contribute to the generation of improved sheep breeds. The accumulated knowledge on the sheep genome will help advance and strengthen sheep breeding programs to face future challenges in the sector, such as climate change, global human population growth, and the increasing demand for products of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, 45511 Egypt
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Bei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712100 China
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13
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Zhou S, Kalds P, Luo Q, Sun K, Zhao X, Gao Y, Cai B, Huang S, Kou Q, Petersen B, Chen Y, Ma B, Wang X. Optimized Cas9:sgRNA delivery efficiently generates biallelic MSTN knockout sheep without affecting meat quality. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:348. [PMID: 35524183 PMCID: PMC9078021 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing systems have been used to efficiently engineer livestock species with precise genetic alterations intended for biomedical and agricultural applications. Previously, we have successfully generated gene-edited sheep and goats via one-cell-stage embryonic microinjection of a Cas9 mRNA and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) mixture. However, most gene-edited animals produced using this approach were heterozygotes. Additionally, non-homozygous gene-editing outcomes may not fully generate the desired phenotype in an efficient manner. RESULTS We report the optimization of a Cas9 mRNA-sgRNA delivery system to efficiently generate homozygous myostatin (MSTN) knockout sheep for improved growth and meat production. Firstly, an sgRNA selection software (sgRNAcas9) was used to preliminarily screen for highly efficient sgRNAs. Ten sgRNAs targeting the MSTN gene were selected and validated in vitro using sheep fibroblast cells. Four out of ten sgRNAs (two in exon 1 and two in exon 2) showed a targeting efficiency > 50%. To determine the optimal CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection concentration, four levels of Cas9 mRNA and three levels of sgRNAs in mixtures were injected into sheep embryos. Microinjection of 100 ng/μL Cas9 mRNA and 200 ng/μL sgRNAs resulted in the most improved targeting efficiency. Additionally, using both the highly efficient sgRNAs and the optimal microinjection concentration, MSTN-knockout sheep were generated with approximately 50% targeting efficiency, reaching a homozygous knockout efficiency of 25%. Growth rate and meat quality of MSTN-edited lambs were also investigated. MSTN-knockout lambs exhibited increased body weight and average daily gain. Moreover, pH, drip loss, intramuscular fat, crude protein, and shear force of gluteal muscles of MSTN-knockout lambs did not show changes compared to the wild-type lambs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of in vitro evaluation for the optimization of sgRNAs and microinjection dosage of gene editing reagents. This approach enabled efficient engineering of homozygous knockout sheep. Additionally, this study confirms that MSTN-knockout lambs does not negatively impact meat quality, thus supporting the adoption of gene editing as tool to improve productivity of farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Qi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Tan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Petersen GEL, Buntjer JB, Hely FS, Byrne TJ, Doeschl-Wilson A. Modeling suggests gene editing combined with vaccination could eliminate a persistent disease in livestock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2107224119. [PMID: 35217603 PMCID: PMC8892294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107224119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in gene-editing technologies that can render individual animals fully resistant to infections may offer unprecedented opportunities for controlling future epidemics in farm animals. Yet, their potential for reducing disease spread is poorly understood as the necessary theoretical framework for estimating epidemiological effects arising from gene-editing applications is currently lacking. Here, we develop semistochastic modeling approaches to investigate how the adoption of gene editing may affect infectious disease prevalence in farmed animal populations and the prospects and time scale for disease elimination. We apply our models to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), one of the most persistent global livestock diseases to date. Whereas extensive control efforts have shown limited success, recent production of gene-edited pigs that are fully resistant to the PRRS virus have raised expectations for eliminating this deadly disease. Our models predict that disease elimination on a national scale would be difficult to achieve if gene editing was used as the only disease control. However, from a purely epidemiological perspective, disease elimination may be achievable within 3 to 6 y, if gene editing were complemented with widespread and sufficiently effective vaccination. Besides strategic distribution of genetically resistant animals, several other key determinants underpinning the epidemiological impact of gene editing were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaap B Buntjer
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | | | - Timothy John Byrne
- AbacusBio International, Roslin Innovation Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
- The Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland
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15
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Abstract
For four decades, genetically altered laboratory animals have provided invaluable information. Originally, genetic modifications were performed on only a few animal species, often chosen because of the ready accessibility of embryonic materials and short generation times. The methods were often slow, inefficient and expensive. In 2013, a new, extremely efficient technology, namely CRISPR/Cas9, not only made the production of genetically altered organisms faster and cheaper, but also opened it up to non-conventional laboratory animal species. CRISPR/Cas9 relies on a guide RNA as a 'location finder' to target DNA double strand breaks induced by the Cas9 enzyme. This is a prerequisite for non-homologous end joining repair to occur, an error prone mechanism often generating insertion or deletion of genetic material. If a DNA template is also provided, this can lead to homology directed repair, allowing precise insertions, deletions or substitutions. Due to its high efficiency in targeting DNA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification is now possible in virtually all animal species for which we have genome sequence data. Furthermore, modifications of Cas9 have led to more refined genetic alterations from targeted single base-pair mutations to epigenetic modifications. The latter offer altered gene expression without genome alteration. With this ever growing genetic toolbox, the number and range of genetically altered conventional and non-conventional laboratory animals with simple or complex genetic modifications is growing exponentially.
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16
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Kalds P, Crispo M, Li C, Tesson L, Anegón I, Chen Y, Wang X, Menchaca A. Generation of Double-Muscled Sheep and Goats by CRISPR /Cas9-Mediated Knockout of the Myostatin Gene. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2495:295-323. [PMID: 35696040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2301-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The myostatin (MSTN) gene has shown to play a critical role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass, and the translational inhibition of this gene has shown increased muscle mass, generating what is known as "double-muscling phenotype." Disruption of the MSTN gene expression using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system has shown improved muscle development and growth rates in livestock species, including sheep and goats. Here, we describe procedures for the generation of MSTN knockout sheep and goats using the microinjection approach of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, including the selection of targeting sgRNAs, the construction of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vector, the in vitro examination of system efficiency, the in vivo targeting to generate MSTN knockout founders, the genomic and phenotypic characterization of the generated offspring, and the assessment of off-target effects in gene-edited founders through targeted validation of predicted off-target sites, as well as genome-wide off-target analysis by whole-genome sequencing. Editing the MSTN gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system might be a rapid and promising alternative to promote meat production in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Martina Crispo
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio (UBAL), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Transgenesis Rat ImmunoPhenomic Facility (TRIP), Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegón
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- Transgenesis Rat ImmunoPhenomic Facility (TRIP), Nantes, France
- GenoCellEdit Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Alejo Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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17
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Myostatin Mutation in Japanese Quail Increased Egg Size but Reduced Eggshell Thickness and Strength. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010047. [PMID: 35011151 PMCID: PMC8749606 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian eggs provide huge benefits to both science and society by providing an important model for developmental studies and a high-quality protein source for the human diet. Especially, the hard-shell layer existing at the outer part of eggs is a unique characteristic, which is exclusive in avian species compared to other egg-laying species. Among various avian models developed to investigate genetic factors for potential industrial application, myostatin (MSTN) mutations in quail and chickens were recently generated, resulting in improved meat yield. In addition to previously reported growth and egg production traits in MSTN mutant quail, eggshell quality of mutants was further investigated in this study. Although eggshell height, width, and weight were increased by the MSTN mutation, eggshell breaking strength (EBS) and eggshell thickness were decreased in mutant eggs compared to wild-type eggs. Although these data indicated that decreased eggshell thickness contributed to decreased EBS in mutant eggs, the cellular mechanism of thinner eggshell formation in uterus by MSTN mutation needs to be further investigated using MSTN mutant quail. Abstract Recently developed myostatin (MSTN) mutant quail and chickens demonstrated similar effects of MSTN on muscle and fat developments between avian and mammalian species. However, the effect of MSTN mutation on the quality of eggshells, an important avian specific characteristic, has not yet been investigated although egg production traits of mutant quail have been studied. In this study, several parameters for eggshell quality, including eggshell size, eggshell weight, eggshell breaking strength (EBS), and eggshell thickness, were all compared between MSTN mutant and wild-type (WT) eggs. MSTN mutant eggs had greater height and width along with heavier eggshell weight compared to WT eggs, which shows proportional improvement in egg size as affected by the MSTN mutation. However, EBS and eggshell thickness were decreased in mutant eggs compared to WT eggs. In addition, the palisade layer, the thickest and most important layer for the strength of an eggshell, was also decreased without a change in the number of vesicular holes. These data indicated that decreases in the thickness of the eggshell and the palisade layer would be a main factor contributing to a lower EBS in mutant eggs. MSTN mutant quail provide a useful model to better understand the function of MSTN on avian uterine cell development and eggshell biomineralization.
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Dehdilani N, Taemeh SY, Goshayeshi L, Dehghani H. Genetically engineered birds; pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:24-46. [PMID: 34668968 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating biopharmaceuticals in genetically engineered bioreactors continues to reign supreme. Hence, genetically engineered birds have attracted considerable attention from the biopharmaceutical industry. Fairly recent genome engineering methods have made genome manipulation an easy and affordable task. In this review, we first provide a broad overview of the approaches and main impediments ahead of generating efficient and reliable genetically engineered birds, and various factors that affect the fate of a transgene. This section provides an essential background for the rest of the review, in which we discuss and compare different genome manipulation methods in the pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era in the field of avian genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Dehdilani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Yousefi Taemeh
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lena Goshayeshi
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Johnsson M, Jungnickel MK. Evidence for and localization of proposed causative variants in cattle and pig genomes. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:67. [PMID: 34461824 PMCID: PMC8404348 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reviews the localization of published potential causative variants in contemporary pig and cattle reference genomes, and the evidence for their causality. In spite of the difficulties inherent to the identification of causative variants from genetic mapping and genome-wide association studies, researchers in animal genetics have proposed putative causative variants for several traits relevant to livestock breeding. RESULTS For this review, we read the literature that supports potential causative variants in 13 genes (ABCG2, DGAT1, GHR, IGF2, MC4R, MSTN, NR6A1, PHGK1, PRKAG3, PLRL, RYR1, SYNGR2 and VRTN) in cattle and pigs, and localized them in contemporary reference genomes. We review the evidence for their causality, by aiming to separate the evidence for the locus, the proposed causative gene and the proposed causative variant, and report the bioinformatic searches and tactics needed to localize the sequence variants in the cattle or pig genome. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, there is usually good evidence for the association at the locus level, some evidence for a specific causative gene at eight of the loci, and some experimental evidence for a specific causative variant at six of the loci. We recommend that researchers who report new potential causative variants use referenced coordinate systems, show local sequence context, and submit variants to repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johnsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Melissa K. Jungnickel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
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20
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Application of the modified cytosine base-editing in the cultured cells of bama minipig. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1699-1714. [PMID: 34189671 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bama minipig is a unique miniature swine bred from China. Their favorable characteristics include delicious meat, strong adaptability, tolerance to rough feed, and high levels of stress tolerance. Unfavorable characteristics are their low lean meat percentage, high fat content, slow growth rate, and low feed conversion ratio. Genome-editing technology using CRISPR/Cas9 efficiently knocked out the myostatin gene (MSTN) that has a negative regulatory effect on muscle production, effectively promoting pig muscle growth and increasing lean meat percentage of the pigs. However, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology is based on random mutations implemented by DNA double-strand breaks, which may trigger genomic off-target effects and chromosomal rearrangements. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 to improve economic traits in pigs has raised biosafety concerns. Base editor (BE) developed based on CRISPR/Cas9 such as cytosine base editor (CBE) effectively achieve targeted modification of a single base without relying on DNA double-strand breaks. Hence, the method has greater safety in the genetic improvement of pigs. The aim of the present study is to utilize a modified CBE to generate MSTN-knockout cells of Bama minipigs. Our results showed that the constructed "all-in-one"-modified CBE plasmid achieved directional conversion of a single C·G base pair to a T·A base pair of the MSTN target in Bama miniature pig fibroblast cells. We successfully constructed multiple single-cell colonies of Bama minipigs fibroblast cells carrying the MSTN premature termination and verified that there were no genomic off-target effects detected. This study provides a foundation for further application of somatic cell cloning to construct MSTN-edited Bama minipigs that carry only a single-base mutation and avoids biosafety risks to a large extent, thereby providing experience and a reference for the base editing of other genetic loci in Bama minipigs.
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21
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Maximiano MR, Távora FTPK, Prado GS, Dias SC, Mehta A, Franco OL. CRISPR Genome Editing Technology: A Powerful Tool Applied to Developing Agribusiness. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6379-6395. [PMID: 34097395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The natural increase of the world's population implies boosting agricultural demand. In the current non-optimistic global scenario, where adverse climate changes come associated with substantial population growth, the main challenge in agribusiness is food security. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as a friendly gene editing biotechnological tool, enabling a precise manipulation of genomes and enhancement of desirable traits in several organisms. This review highlights the CRISPR/Cas system as a paramount tool for the improvement of agribusiness products and brings up-to-date findings showing its potential applications in improving agricultural-related traits in major plant crops and farm animals, all representing economic-relevant commodities responsible for feeding the world. Several applied pieces of research have successfully demonstrated the CRISPR/Cas ability in boosting interesting traits in agribusiness products, including animal productivity and welfare, crop yield growth, and seed quality, reflecting positive impacts in both socioeconomics and human health aspects. Hence, the CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized bioscience and biotechnology, and its concrete application in agribusiness goods is on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Fabiano T P K Távora
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Goiânia, Goiás 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Imunologia e DIP/Genética e Biotecnologia), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
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22
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Ebrahimi M, Mara L, Chessa B, Chessa F, Parham A, Dattena M. Optimizing injection time of GFP plasmid into sheep zygote. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:467-475. [PMID: 33368650 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection of exogenous DNA into the cytoplasm of matured oocytes or zygotes is a promising technique to generate transgenic animals. However, the data about the microinjection time and procedure in sheep are limited and have not treated in detail. To obtain more in-depth information, the Sarda sheep oocytes from abattoir-derived ovaries were subjected to IVM and IVF. Then, the GFP plasmid as a reporter gene was injected into the cytoplasm of MII oocytes (n: 95) and zygotes at different post-insemination intervals (6-8 hpi, n: 120; 8-10 hpi, n: 122; 10-12 hpi, n: 110 and 12-14 hpi, n: 96). There were no significant differences in the cleavage rates between the groups. However, blastocyst rate of injected zygotes at all-time intervals was significantly lower than injected MII oocytes and control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the proportion of GFP-positive embryos was higher at 8-10 hpi compared with other injected groups (4 % versus 0 %, p < 0.01). Among these, the proportion of mosaic embryos was high and two of those embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, we settled on the cytoplasmic microinjection of GFP plasmid at 8-10 hpi as an optimized time point for the production of transgenic sheep and subsequent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Ebrahimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Laura Mara
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Bernardo Chessa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chessa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Abbas Parham
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria Dattena
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
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23
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Perisse IV, Fan Z, Singina GN, White KL, Polejaeva IA. Improvements in Gene Editing Technology Boost Its Applications in Livestock. Front Genet 2021; 11:614688. [PMID: 33603767 PMCID: PMC7885404 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.614688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Viotti Perisse
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Galina N. Singina
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Kenneth L. White
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Irina A. Polejaeva
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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24
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Bennett EP, Petersen BL, Johansen IE, Niu Y, Yang Z, Chamberlain CA, Met Ö, Wandall HH, Frödin M. INDEL detection, the 'Achilles heel' of precise genome editing: a survey of methods for accurate profiling of gene editing induced indels. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11958-11981. [PMID: 33170255 PMCID: PMC7708060 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome editing technologies have enabled manipulation of genomes at the single base level. These technologies are based on programmable nucleases (PNs) that include meganucleases, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) nucleases and have given researchers the ability to delete, insert or replace genomic DNA in cells, tissues and whole organisms. The great flexibility in re-designing the genomic target specificity of PNs has vastly expanded the scope of gene editing applications in life science, and shows great promise for development of the next generation gene therapies. PN technologies share the principle of inducing a DNA double-strand break (DSB) at a user-specified site in the genome, followed by cellular repair of the induced DSB. PN-elicited DSBs are mainly repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) pathways, which can elicit a variety of small insertion or deletion (indel) mutations. If indels are elicited in a protein coding sequence and shift the reading frame, targeted gene knock out (KO) can readily be achieved using either of the available PNs. Despite the ease by which gene inactivation in principle can be achieved, in practice, successful KO is not only determined by the efficiency of NHEJ and MMEJ repair; it also depends on the design and properties of the PN utilized, delivery format chosen, the preferred indel repair outcomes at the targeted site, the chromatin state of the target site and the relative activities of the repair pathways in the edited cells. These variables preclude accurate prediction of the nature and frequency of PN induced indels. A key step of any gene KO experiment therefore becomes the detection, characterization and quantification of the indel(s) induced at the targeted genomic site in cells, tissues or whole organisms. In this survey, we briefly review naturally occurring indels and their detection. Next, we review the methods that have been developed for detection of PN-induced indels. We briefly outline the experimental steps and describe the pros and cons of the various methods to help users decide a suitable method for their editing application. We highlight recent advances that enable accurate and sensitive quantification of indel events in cells regardless of their genome complexity, turning a complex pool of different indel events into informative indel profiles. Finally, we review what has been learned about PN-elicited indel formation through the use of the new methods and how this insight is helping to further advance the genome editing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Odontology and Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ida Elisabeth Johansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yiyuan Niu
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Odontology and Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Özcan Met
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Odontology and Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Morten Frödin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Muscle differentiation induced by p53 signaling pathway-related genes in myostatin-knockout quail myoblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9531-9540. [PMID: 33225386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The myostatin (MSTN) gene is of interest in the livestock industry because mutations in this gene are closely related to growth performance and muscle differentiation. Thus, in this study, we established MSTN knockout (KO) quail myoblasts (QM7) and investigated the regulatory pathway of the myogenic differentiation process. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 to generate MSTN KO QM7 cells and subsequently isolated a single cell-derived MSTN KO QM7 subline with 10- and 16-nucleotide deletions that induced translational frameshift mutations. The differentiation capacity and proliferation rate of MSTN KO QM7 cells were enhanced. We conducted next-generation-sequencing (NGS) analysis to compare the global gene expression profiles of wild-type (WT) QM7 and MSTN KO QM7 cells. Intriguingly, NGS expression profiles showed different expression patterns of p21 and p53 in MSTN KO QM7 cells. Moreover, we identified downregulated expression patterns of leukemia inhibitory factor and DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 4, which are genes in the p53 signaling pathway. Using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and western blotting, we concluded that p53-related genes promote the cell cycle by upregulating p21 and enhancing muscle differentiation in MSTN KO QM7 cells. These results could be applied to improve economic traits in commercial poultry by regulating MSTN-related networks.
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26
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Van Eenennaam AL, De Figueiredo Silva F, Trott JF, Zilberman D. Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:453-478. [PMID: 33186503 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered (GE) livestock were first reported in 1985, and yet only a single GE food animal, the fast-growing AquAdvantage salmon, has been commercialized. There are myriad interconnected reasons for the slow progress in this once-promising field, including technical issues, the structure of livestock industries, lack of public research funding and investment, regulatory obstacles, and concern about public opinion. This review focuses on GE livestock that have been produced and documents the difficulties that researchers and developers have encountered en route. Additionally, the costs associated with delayed commercialization of GE livestock were modeled using three case studies: GE mastitis-resistant dairy cattle, genome-edited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-resistant pigs, and the AquAdvantage salmon. Delays of 5 or 10 years in the commercialization of GE livestock beyond the normative 10-year GE product evaluation period were associated with billions of dollars in opportunity costs and reduced global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA; ,
| | - David Zilberman
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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27
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Huang Y, Ding Y, Liu Y, Zhou S, Ding Q, Yan H, Ma B, Zhao X, Wang X, Chen Y. Optimisation of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 : single-guide RNA (sgRNA) delivery system in a goat model. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1533-1537. [PMID: 31079595 DOI: 10.1071/rd18485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is an efficient method for the production of gene-edited animals. We have successfully generated gene-modified goats and sheep via zygote injection of Cas9 mRNA and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) mixtures. However, the delivery system for microinjection largely refers to methods established for mice; optimised injection conditions are urgently required for the generation of large animals. Here, we designed a study to optimise the Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA delivery system for goats. By comparing four computational tools for sgRNA design and validating the targeting efficiency in goat fibroblasts, we suggest a protocol for the selection of desirable sgRNAs with higher targeting efficiency and negligible off-target mutations. We further evaluated the editing efficiency in goat zygotes injected with Cas9:sgRNA (sg8) and found that injection with 50ngμL-1 Cas9 mRNA and 25ngμL-1 sgRNA yielded an increased editing efficiency. Our results provide a reference protocol for the optimisation of the injection conditions for the efficient editing of large animal genomes via the zygote injection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; and Biomanufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Manufacturing Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yige Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; and Corresponding author.
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28
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Moro LN, Viale DL, Bastón JI, Arnold V, Suvá M, Wiedenmann E, Olguín M, Miriuka S, Vichera G. Generation of myostatin edited horse embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15587. [PMID: 32973188 PMCID: PMC7518276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of new technologies for gene editing in horses may allow the generation of improved sportive individuals. Here, we aimed to knock out the myostatin gene (MSTN), a negative regulator of muscle mass development, using CRISPR/Cas9 and to generate edited embryos for the first time in horses. We nucleofected horse fetal fibroblasts with 1, 2 or 5 µg of 2 different gRNA/Cas9 plasmids targeting the first exon of MSTN. We observed that increasing plasmid concentrations improved mutation efficiency. The average efficiency was 63.6% for gRNA1 (14/22 edited clonal cell lines) and 96.2% for gRNA2 (25/26 edited clonal cell lines). Three clonal cell lines were chosen for embryo generation by somatic cell nuclear transfer: one with a monoallelic edition, one with biallelic heterozygous editions and one with a biallelic homozygous edition, which rendered edited blastocysts in each case. Both MSTN editions and off-targets were analyzed in the embryos. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 proved an efficient method to edit the horse genome in a dose dependent manner with high specificity. Adapting this technology sport advantageous alleles could be generated, and a precision breeding program could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Natalia Moro
- LIAN-CONICET, Fundación FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diego Luis Viale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neurología y Citogenética Molecular, CESyMA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Mariana Suvá
- KHEIRON BIOTECH S.A, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Santiago Miriuka
- LIAN-CONICET, Fundación FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Zhou S, Ding Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li G, Zhang C, Li C, Wang Y, Kalds P, Gao Y, Zong B, Huang X, Huang S, Yu H, Kou Q, Petersen B, Huang X, Wang X, Ma B, Chen Y. Highly efficient generation of sheep with a defined FecB B mutation via adenine base editing. Genet Sel Evol 2020; 52:35. [PMID: 32611306 PMCID: PMC7328262 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-00554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Base editing has the potential to improve important economic traits in agriculture and can precisely convert single nucleotides in DNA or RNA sequences into minimal double-strand DNA breaks (DSB). Adenine base editors (ABE) have recently emerged as a base editing tool for the conversion of targeted A:T to G:C, but have not yet been used in sheep. ABEmax is one of the latest versions of ABE, which consists of a catalytically-impaired nuclease and a laboratory-evolved DNA-adenosine deaminase. The Booroola fecundity (FecBB) mutation (g.A746G, p.Q249R) in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) gene influences fecundity in many sheep breeds. In this study, by using ABEmax we successfully obtained lambs with defined point mutations that result in an amino acid substitution (p.Gln249Arg). The efficiency of the defined point mutations was 75% in newborn lambs, since six lambs were heterozygous at the FecBB mutation site (g.A746G, p.Q249R), and two lambs were wild-type. We did not detect off-target mutations in the eight edited lambs. Here, we report the validation of the first gene-edited sheep generated by ABE and highlight its potential to improve economically important traits in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yige Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Tan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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30
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Menchaca A, Dos Santos-Neto PC, Mulet AP, Crispo M. CRISPR in livestock: From editing to printing. Theriogenology 2020; 150:247-254. [PMID: 32088034 PMCID: PMC7102594 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Precise genome editing of large animals applied to livestock and biomedicine is nowadays possible since the CRISPR revolution. This review summarizes the latest advances and the main technical issues that determine the success of this technology. The pathway from editing to printing, from engineering the genome to achieving the desired animals, does not always imply an easy, fast and safe journey. When applied in large animals, CRISPR involves time- and cost-consuming projects, and it is mandatory not only to choose the best approach for genome editing, but also for embryo production, zygote microinjection or electroporation, cryopreservation and embryo transfer. The main technical refinements and most frequent questions to improve this disruptive biotechnology in large animals are presented. In addition, we discuss some CRISPR applications to enhance livestock production in the context of a growing global demand of food, in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the impact of farming on the environment, enhancing pest control, animal welfare and health. The challenge is no longer technical. Controversies and consensus, opportunities and threats, benefits and risks, ethics and science should be reconsidered to enter into the CRISPR era.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Cruz del Sur 2350, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - P C Dos Santos-Neto
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Cruz del Sur 2350, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A P Mulet
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Crispo
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
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31
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Lee J, Kim DH, Lee K. Current Approaches and Applications in Avian Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113937. [PMID: 32486292 PMCID: PMC7312999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome-editing technologies and sequencing of animal genomes enable researchers to generate genome-edited (GE) livestock as valuable animal models that benefit biological researches and biomedical and agricultural industries. As birds are an important species in biology and agriculture, their genome editing has gained significant interest and is mainly performed by using a primordial germ cell (PGC)-mediated method because pronuclear injection is not practical in the avian species. In this method, PGCs can be isolated, cultured, genetically edited in vitro, and injected into a recipient embryo to produce GE offspring. Recently, a couple of GE quail have been generated by using the newly developed adenovirus-mediated method. Without technically required in vitro procedures of the PGC-mediated method, direct injection of adenovirus into the avian blastoderm in the freshly laid eggs resulted in the production of germ-line chimera and GE offspring. As more approaches are available in avian genome editing, avian research in various fields will progress rapidly. In this review, we describe the development of avian genome editing and scientific and industrial applications of GE avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (D.-H.K.)
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.); (D.-H.K.)
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-688-7963
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Livestock Gene Editing by One-step Embryo Manipulation. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 89:103025. [PMID: 32563448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The breakthrough and rapid advance of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology has enabled the efficient generation of gene-edited animals by one-step embryo manipulation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein 9 delivery to the livestock embryos has been typically achieved by intracytoplasmic microinjection; however, recent studies show that electroporation may be a reliable, efficient, and practical method for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. The source of embryos used to generate gene-edited animals varies from in vivo to in vitro produced, depending mostly on the species of interest. In addition, different Cas9 and gRNA reagents can be used for embryo editing, ranging from Cas9-coding plasmid or messenger RNA to Cas9 recombinant protein, which can be combined with in vitro transcribed or synthetic guide RNAs. Mosaicism is reported as one of the main problems with generation of animals by embryo editing. On the other hand, off-target mutations are rarely found in livestock derived from one-step editing. In this review, we discussed these and other aspects of generating gene-edited animals by single-step embryo manipulation.
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de Graeff N, Jongsma KR, Johnston J, Hartley S, Bredenoord AL. The ethics of genome editing in non-human animals: a systematic review of reasons reported in the academic literature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180106. [PMID: 30905297 PMCID: PMC6452271 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, new genome editing technologies have emerged that can edit the genome of non-human animals with progressively increasing efficiency. Despite ongoing academic debate about the ethical implications of these technologies, no comprehensive overview of this debate exists. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review of the reasons reported in the academic literature for and against the development and use of genome editing technologies in animals. Most included articles were written by academics from the biomedical or animal sciences. The reported reasons related to seven themes: human health, efficiency, risks and uncertainty, animal welfare, animal dignity, environmental considerations and public acceptability. Our findings illuminate several key considerations about the academic debate, including a low disciplinary diversity in the contributing academics, a scarcity of systematic comparisons of potential consequences of using these technologies, an underrepresentation of animal interests, and a disjunction between the public and academic debate on this topic. As such, this article can be considered a call for a broad range of academics to get increasingly involved in the discussion about genome editing, to incorporate animal interests and systematic comparisons, and to further discuss the aims and methods of public involvement. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke de Graeff
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
| | - Josephine Johnston
- 2 Research Department, The Hastings Center , 21 Malcolm Gordon Road, Garrison, NY 10524 , USA
| | - Sarah Hartley
- 3 The University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter , Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4PU , UK
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- 1 Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht/Utrecht University , PO Box 85500, Utrecht, GA 3508 , The Netherlands
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Muscle Hyperplasia in Japanese Quail by Single Amino Acid Deletion in MSTN Propeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041504. [PMID: 32098368 PMCID: PMC7073117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in myostatin (MSTN), a negative regulator of muscle growth in skeletal muscle, resulted in increased muscle mass in mammals and fishes. However, MSTN mutation in avian species has not been reported. The objective of this study was to generate MSTN mutation in quail and investigate the effect of MSTN mutation in avian muscle growth. Recently, a new targeted gene knockout approach for the avian species has been developed using an adenoviral CRISPR/Cas9 system. By injecting the recombinant adenovirus containing CRISPR/Cas9 into the quail blastoderm, potential germline chimeras were generated and offspring with three base-pair deletion in the targeted region of the MSTN gene was identified. This non-frameshift mutation in MSTN resulted in deletion of cysteine 42 in the MSTN propeptide region and homozygous mutant quail showed significantly increased body weight and muscle mass with muscle hyperplasia compared to heterozygous mutant and wild-type quail. In addition, decreased fat pad weight and increased heart weight were observed in MSTN mutant quail in an age- and sex-dependent manner, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate anti-myogenic function of MSTN in the avian species and the importance of cysteine 42 in regulating MSTN function.
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Redesigning small ruminant genomes with CRISPR toolkit: Overview and perspectives. Theriogenology 2020; 147:25-33. [PMID: 32086048 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification is a rapidly developing field in which numerous significant breakthroughs have been achieved. Over the last few decades, genetic modification has evolved from insertional transgenesis to gene targeting and editing and, more recently, to base and prime editing using CRISPR-derived systems. Currently, CRISPR-based genome editing systems are showing great potential for generating gene-edited offspring with defined genetic characteristics. Domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats) have shown great potential as large animal models for genome engineering. Ovine and caprine genomes have been engineered using CRISPR-based systems for numerous purposes. These include generating superior agricultural breeds, expression of therapeutic agents in mammary glands, and developing animal models to be used in the study of human genetic disorders and regenerative medicine. The creation of these models has been facilitated by the continuous emergence and development of genetic modification tools. In this review, we provide an overview on how CRISPR-based systems have been used in the generation of gene-edited small ruminants through the two main pathways (embryonic microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer) and highlight the ovine and caprine genes that have been targeted via knockout, knockin, HDR-mediated point mutation, and base editing approaches, as well as the aims of these specific manipulations.
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36
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Bishop TF, Van Eenennaam AL. Genome editing approaches to augment livestock breeding programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb207159. [PMID: 32034040 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of genome editing offers a number of promising opportunities for livestock breeders. Firstly, these tools can be used in functional genomics to elucidate gene function, and identify causal variants underlying monogenic traits. Secondly, they can be used to precisely introduce useful genetic variation into structured livestock breeding programs. Such variation may include repair of genetic defects, the inactivation of undesired genes, and the moving of useful alleles and haplotypes between breeds in the absence of linkage drag. Editing could also be used to accelerate the rate of genetic progress by enabling the replacement of the germ cell lineage of commercial breeding animals with cells derived from genetically elite lines. In the future, editing may also provide a useful complement to evolving approaches to decrease the length of the generation interval through in vitro generation of gametes. For editing to be adopted, it will need to seamlessly integrate with livestock breeding schemes. This will likely involve introducing edits into multiple elite animals to avoid genetic bottlenecks. It will also require editing of different breeds and lines to maintain genetic diversity, and enable structured cross-breeding. This requirement is at odds with the process-based trigger and event-based regulatory approach that has been proposed for the products of genome editing by several countries. In the absence of regulatory harmony, researchers in some countries will have the ability to use genome editing in food animals, while others will not, resulting in disparate access to these tools, and ultimately the potential for global trade disruptions.
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Lamas-Toranzo I, Galiano-Cogolludo B, Cornudella-Ardiaca F, Cobos-Figueroa J, Ousinde O, Bermejo-Álvarez P. Strategies to reduce genetic mosaicism following CRISPR-mediated genome edition in bovine embryos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14900. [PMID: 31624292 PMCID: PMC6797768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism is the presence of more than two alleles on an individual and it is commonly observed following CRISPR microinjection of zygotes. This phenomenon appears when DNA replication precedes CRISPR-mediated genome edition and it is undesirable because it reduces greatly the odds for direct KO generation by randomly generated indels. In this study, we have developed alternative protocols to reduce mosaicism rates following CRISPR-mediated genome edition in bovine. In a preliminary study we observed by EdU incorporation that DNA replication has already occurred at the conventional microinjection time (20 hpi). Aiming to reduce mosaicism appearance, we have developed three alternative microinjection protocols: early zygote microinjection (10 hpi RNA) or oocyte microinjection before fertilization with either RNA or Ribonucleoprotein delivery (0 hpi RNA or 0 hpi RNP). All three alternative microinjection protocols resulted in similar blastocyst and genome edition rates compared to the conventional 20 hpi group, whereas mosaicism rates were significantly reduced in all early delivery groups (~10-30% of edited embryos being mosaic depending on the loci) compared to conventional 20 hpi microinjection (100% mosaicism rate). These strategies constitute an efficient way to reduce the number of indels, increasing the odds for direct KO generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - O Ousinde
- Animal Reproduction Department, INIA, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Owing to their high similarity to humans, non-human primates (NHPs) provide an exceedingly suitable model for the study of human disease. In this Review, we summarize the history of transgenic NHP models and the progress of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in NHPs, from the first proof-of-principle green fluorescent protein-expressing monkeys to sophisticated NHP models of human neurodegenerative disease that accurately phenocopy several complex disease features. We discuss not only the breakthroughs and advantages, but also the potential shortcomings of the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to NHPs that have emerged from the expanded understanding of this technology in recent years. Although off-target and mosaic mutations are the main concerns in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHP modeling, recent progress in genome editing techniques make it likely that these technical limitations will be overcome soon, bringing excellent prospects to human disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Kalds P, Zhou S, Cai B, Liu J, Wang Y, Petersen B, Sonstegard T, Wang X, Chen Y. Sheep and Goat Genome Engineering: From Random Transgenesis to the CRISPR Era. Front Genet 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31552084 PMCID: PMC6735269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats are valuable livestock species that have been raised for their production of meat, milk, fiber, and other by-products. Due to their suitable size, short gestation period, and abundant secretion of milk, sheep and goats have become important model animals in agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biomedical research. Genome engineering has been widely applied to sheep and goat research. Pronuclear injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer represent the two primary procedures for the generation of genetically modified sheep and goats. Further assisted tools have emerged to enhance the efficiency of genetic modification and to simplify the generation of genetically modified founders. These tools include sperm-mediated gene transfer, viral vectors, RNA interference, recombinases, transposons, and endonucleases. Of these tools, the four classes of site-specific endonucleases (meganucleases, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPRs) have attracted wide attention due to their DNA double-strand break-inducing role, which enable desired DNA modifications based on the stimulation of native cellular DNA repair mechanisms. Currently, CRISPR systems dominate the field of genome editing. Gene-edited sheep and goats, generated using these tools, provide valuable models for investigations on gene functions, improving animal breeding, producing pharmaceuticals in milk, improving animal disease resistance, recapitulating human diseases, and providing hosts for the growth of human organs. In addition, more promising derivative tools of CRISPR systems have emerged such as base editors which enable the induction of single-base alterations without any requirements for homology-directed repair or DNA donor. These precise editors are helpful for revealing desirable phenotypes and correcting genetic diseases controlled by single bases. This review highlights the advances of genome engineering in sheep and goats over the past four decades with particular emphasis on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Zhou S, Cai B, He C, Wang Y, Ding Q, Liu J, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhao X, Li G, Li C, Yu H, Kou Q, Niu W, Petersen B, Sonstegard T, Ma B, Chen Y, Wang X. Programmable Base Editing of the Sheep Genome Revealed No Genome-Wide Off-Target Mutations. Front Genet 2019; 10:215. [PMID: 30930940 PMCID: PMC6428697 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated base editors (BEs) with cytosine deaminase activity have been used to precisely and efficiently introduce single-base mutations in genomes, including those of human cells, mice, and crop species. Most production traits in livestock are induced by point mutations, and genome editing using BEs without homology-directed repair of double-strand breaks can directly alter single nucleotides. The p.96R > C variant of Suppressor cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) has profound effects on body weight, body size, and milk production in sheep. In the present study, we successfully obtained lambs with defined point mutations resulting in a p.96R > C substitution in SOCS2 by the co-injection of BE3 mRNA and a single guide RNA (sgRNA) into sheep zygotes. The observed efficiency of the single nucleotide exchange in newborn animals was as high as 25%. Observations of body size and body weight in the edited group showed that gene modification contributes to enhanced growth traits in sheep. Moreover, targeted deep sequencing and unbiased family trio-based whole genome sequencing revealed undetectable off-target mutations in the edited animals. This study demonstrates the potential for the application of BE-mediated point mutations in large animals for the improvement of production traits in livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chong He
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yige Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guanwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Tan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, China
| | - Wenzhi Niu
- Ningxia Tianyuan Tan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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41
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Brokowski C, Adli M. CRISPR Ethics: Moral Considerations for Applications of a Powerful Tool. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:88-101. [PMID: 29885329 PMCID: PMC6286228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of CRISPR technology, targeted editing of a wide variety of genomes is no longer an abstract hypothetical, but occurs regularly. As application areas of CRISPR are exceeding beyond research and biomedical therapies, new and existing ethical concerns abound throughout the global community about the appropriate scope of the systems' use. Here we review fundamental ethical issues including the following: 1) the extent to which CRISPR use should be permitted; 2) access to CRISPR applications; 3) whether a regulatory framework(s) for clinical research involving human subjects might accommodate all types of human genome editing, including editing of the germline; and 4) whether international regulations governing inappropriate CRISPR utilization should be crafted and publicized. We conclude that moral decision making should evolve as the science of genomic engineering advances and hold that it would be reasonable for national and supranational legislatures to consider evidence-based regulation of certain CRISPR applications for the betterment of human health and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Brokowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519-1362, USA
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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42
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Jiang S, Shen QW. Principles of gene editing techniques and applications in animal husbandry. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:28. [PMID: 30622866 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing techniques were developed chronologically, which include zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas 9). In this review, the working principles of these techniques were first introduced, their advantages and disadvantages were then discussed, their application in animal husbandry were elaborated, and finally human concerns about gene editing were presented. Compared to the two former techniques, the third-generation gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9 has higher targeting efficiency and accuracy, less off-target effect, lower cytotoxicity and lower costs for being easier for vector design and manipulation. Although some people may concern about social or ethical issues, the benefits of gene editing certainly overweigh its demerits. The three gene editing techniques have been successfully used to improve the production and quality of livestock products, animal fertility, resistance to diseases, and welfare in animal husbandry. With legislation and the development of gene editing technology per se, it anticipatable that gene editing will have a broader utilization and make our lives happier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Jiang
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Qingwu W Shen
- 2College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
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43
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An L, Yang L, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Du F. Generating Goat Mammary Gland Bioreactors for Producing Recombinant Proteins by Gene Targeting. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1874:391-401. [PMID: 30353527 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous genes can be site-specifically integrated into the genomic DNA of animals by homologous recombination, generating transgenic animals. These animals have a clear hereditary background, although position effects of the exogenous genes and potential functional disruption of host genes can be caused by the genetic inserts. Therefore, the generation of mammary gland bioreactors via gene-targeting methods is a great asset for producing recombinant proteins in milk. Here, we describe a method of generating gene-targeted goats with the human alpha-lactalbumin gene (hα-LA) integrated into the beta-lactoglobulin gene (BLG) locus. The milk from these goats will be less allergenic and will be enriched with components of human milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyou An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Lannuo Biotechnologies Wuxi Inc., Wuxi, China
| | - Yuejin Huang
- Shanghai Jenomed Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China. .,Renova Life, Inc., College Park, MD, USA.
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44
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Zhou S, Yu H, Zhao X, Cai B, Ding Q, Huang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Niu Y, Lei A, Kou Q, Huang X, Petersen B, Ma B, Chen Y, Wang X. Generation of gene-edited sheep with a defined Booroola fecundity gene (FecB B) mutation in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1616-1621. [PMID: 31039970 DOI: 10.1071/rd18086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system has been increasingly used to generate animals for economically important traits. However, most CRISPR/Cas9 applications have been focused on non-homologous end joining, which results in base deletions and insertions, leading to a functional knockout of the targeted gene. The Booroola fecundity gene (FecBB) mutation (p.Q249R) in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) has been demonstrated to exert a profound effect on fecundity in many breeds of sheep. In the present study, we successfully obtained lambs with defined point mutations resulting in a p.249Q>R substitution through the coinjection of Cas9 mRNA, a single guide RNA and single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides into Tan sheep zygotes. In the newborn lambs, the observed efficiency of the single nucleotide exchange was as high as 23.8%. We believe that our findings will contribute to improved reproduction traits in sheep, as well as to the generation of defined point mutations in other large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yiyuan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Anmin Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, 751999, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Neustadt 31535, Germany
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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45
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Niu Y, Zhao X, Zhou J, Li Y, Huang Y, Cai B, Liu Y, Ding Q, Zhou S, Zhao J, Zhou G, Ma B, Huang X, Wang X, Chen Y. Efficient generation of goats with defined point mutation (I397V) in GDF9 through CRISPR/Cas9. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:307-312. [PMID: 28692815 DOI: 10.1071/rd17068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system has attracted significant attention for its potential to improve traits of agricultural importance. However, most applications in livestock species to date have depended on aberrant DNA repair to generate frameshifting indels. Whether this genomic engineering technique involving homology-dependent repair (HDR) can be used to introduce defined point mutations has been less explored. Previously, we reported a G→A point mutation (g.231A>G, p.Val397Ile) in the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene that has a large effect on the litter size of cashmere goats. In the present study we report that by co-injecting synthesised RNAs and single-stranded oligo deoxynucleotide (ssODN) donor sequences into goat zygotes, we successfully introduced defined point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions in the proteins as expected. The efficiency of this precise single-nucleotide substitution in newborn kids was as high as 24% (4/17), indicating that ssODN-directed HDR via zygote injection is efficient at introducing point mutations in the goat genome. The findings of the present study further highlight the complex genome modifications facilitated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which is able to introduce defined point mutations. This represents a significant development for the improvement of reproduction traits in goats, as well as for validating the roles of specific nucleotides in functional genetic elements in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiankui Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, #100, Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yutai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guangxian Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, #100, Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, #22, Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China
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Lamas-Toranzo I, Ramos-Ibeas P, Pericuesta E, Bermejo-Álvarez P. Directions and applications of CRISPR technology in livestock research. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:292-300. [PMID: 34178152 PMCID: PMC8202460 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ablation (KO) or targeted insertion (KI) of specific genes or sequences has been essential
to test their roles on a particular biological process. Unfortunately, such genome modifications
have been largely limited to the mouse model, as the only way to achieve targeted mutagenesis
in other mammals required from somatic cell nuclear transfer, a time- and resource-consuming
technique. This difficulty has left research in livestock species largely devoided of KO
and targeted KI models, crucial tools to uncover the molecular roots of any physiological
or pathological process. Luckily, the eruption of site-specific endonucleases, and particularly
CRISPR technology, has empowered farm animal scientists to consider projects that could
not develop before. In this sense, the availability of genome modification in livestock species
is meant to change the way research is performed on many fields, switching from descriptive
and correlational approaches to experimental research. In this review we will provide some
guidance about how the genome can be edited by CRISPR and the possible strategies to achieve
KO or KI, paying special attention to an initially overlooked phenomenon: mosaicism. Mosaicism
is produced when the zygote´s genome edition occurs after its DNA has replicated,
and is characterized by the presence of more than two alleles in the same individual, an undesirable
outcome when attempting direct KO generation. Finally, the possible applications on different
fields of livestock research, such as reproduction or infectious diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Pericuesta
- Department Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Wang X, Liu J, Niu Y, Li Y, Zhou S, Li C, Ma B, Kou Q, Petersen B, Sonstegard T, Huang X, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Low incidence of SNVs and indels in trio genomes of Cas9-mediated multiplex edited sheep. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:397. [PMID: 29801435 PMCID: PMC5970491 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The simplicity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has enabled its widespread applications in generating animal models, functional genomic screening and in treating genetic and infectious diseases. However, unintended mutations produced by off-target CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease activity may lead to negative consequences. Especially, a very recent study found that gene editing can introduce hundreds of unintended mutations into the genome, and have attracted wide attention. Results To address the off-target concerns, urgent characterization of the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated off-target mutagenesis is highly anticipated. Here we took advantage of our previously generated gene-edited sheep and performed family trio-based whole genome sequencing which is capable of discriminating variants in the edited progenies that are inherited, naturally generated, or induced by genetic modification. Three family trios were re-sequenced at a high average depth of genomic coverage (~ 25.8×). After developing a pipeline to comprehensively analyze the sequence data for de novo single nucleotide variants, indels and structural variations from the genome; we only found a single unintended event in the form of a 2.4 kb inversion induced by site-specific double-strand breaks between two sgRNA targeting sites at the MSTN locus with a low incidence. Conclusions We provide the first report on the fidelity of CRISPR-based modification for sheep genomes targeted simultaneously for gene breaks at three coding sequence locations. The trio-based sequencing approach revealed almost negligible off-target modifications, providing timely evidences of the safe application of genome editing in vivo with CRISPR/Cas9. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4712-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yiyuan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qifang Kou
- Ningxia Tianyuan Tan Sheep Farm, Hongsibu, 751999, China
| | - Bjoern Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | | | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling, 712100, China.
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48
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Wang X, Niu Y, Zhou J, Zhu H, Ma B, Yu H, Yan H, Hua J, Huang X, Qu L, Chen Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediatedMSTNdisruption and heritable mutagenesis in goats causes increased body mass. Anim Genet 2018; 49:43-51. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Y. Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - J. Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai 201210 China
| | - H. Zhu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats; Yulin 719000 China
- Life Science Research Center; Yulin University; Yulin 719000 China
| | - B. Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - H. Yu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats; Yulin 719000 China
- Life Science Research Center; Yulin University; Yulin 719000 China
| | - H. Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats; Yulin 719000 China
- Life Science Research Center; Yulin University; Yulin 719000 China
| | - J. Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - X. Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai 201210 China
| | - L. Qu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats; Yulin 719000 China
- Life Science Research Center; Yulin University; Yulin 719000 China
| | - Y. Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
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49
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Fritsche S, Poovaiah C, MacRae E, Thorlby G. A New Zealand Perspective on the Application and Regulation of Gene Editing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1323. [PMID: 30258454 PMCID: PMC6144285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand (NZ) is a small country with an export-led economy with above 90% of primary production exported. Plant-based primary commodities derived from the pastoral, horticultural and forestry sectors account for around half of the export earnings. Productivity is characterized by a history of innovation and the early adoption of advanced technologies. Gene editing has the potential to revolutionize breeding programmes, particularly in NZ. Here, perennials such as tree crops and forestry species are key components of the primary production value chain but are challenging for conventional breeding and only recently domesticated. Uncertainty over the global regulatory status of gene editing products is a barrier to invest in and apply editing techniques in plant breeding. NZs major trading partners including Europe, Asia and Australia are currently evaluating the regulatory status of these technologies and have not made definitive decisions. NZ is one of the few countries where the regulatory status of gene editing has been clarified. In 2014, the NZ Environmental Protection Authority ruled that plants produced via gene editing methods, where no foreign DNA remained in the edited plant, would not be regulated as GMOs. However, following a challenge in the High Court, this decision was overturned such that NZ currently controls all products of gene editing as GMOs. Here, we illustrate the potential benefits of integrating gene editing into plant breeding programmes using targets and traits with application in NZ. The regulatory process which led to gene editing's current GMO classification in NZ is described and the importance of globally harmonized regulations, particularly to small export-driven nations is discussed.
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50
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Vilarino M, Rashid ST, Suchy FP, McNabb BR, van der Meulen T, Fine EJ, Ahsan SD, Mursaliyev N, Sebastiano V, Diab SS, Huising MO, Nakauchi H, Ross PJ. CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection in oocytes disables pancreas development in sheep. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17472. [PMID: 29234093 PMCID: PMC5727233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of regenerative medicine is the generation of patient-specific organs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Sheep are potential hosts for growing human organs through the technique of blastocyst complementation. We report here the creation of pancreatogenesis-disabled sheep by oocyte microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting PDX1, a critical gene for pancreas development. We compared the efficiency of target mutations after microinjecting the CRISPR/Cas9 system in metaphase II (MII) oocytes and zygote stage embryos. MII oocyte microinjection reduced lysis, improved blastocyst rate, increased the number of targeted bi-allelic mutations, and resulted in similar degree of mosaicism when compared to zygote microinjection. While the use of a single sgRNA was efficient at inducing mutated fetuses, the lack of complete gene inactivation resulted in animals with an intact pancreas. When using a dual sgRNA system, we achieved complete PDX1 disruption. This PDX1-/- fetus lacked a pancreas and provides the basis for the production of gene-edited sheep as a host for interspecies organ generation. In the future, combining gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 and PSCs complementation could result in a powerful approach for human organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Vilarino
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sheikh Tamir Rashid
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Liver Studies, King's College, London, UK
| | - Fabian Patrik Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bret Roberts McNabb
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eli J Fine
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Syed Daniyal Ahsan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Liver Studies, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nurlybek Mursaliyev
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Santiago Sain Diab
- Davis, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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