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Cruciani C, Gatto M, Iaccarino L, Doria A, Zen M. Monoclonal antibodies targeting interleukins for systemic lupus erythematosus: updates in early clinical drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:801-814. [PMID: 38958085 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2376566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The advent of biological therapies has already revolutionized treatment strategies and disease course of several rheumatologic conditions, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting cytokines and interleukins represent a considerable portion of this family of drugs. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) dysregulation of different cytokine and interleukin-related pathways have been linked to disease development and perpetration, offering palatable therapeutic targets addressable via such mAbs. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of the different biological therapies under development targeting cytokines and interleukins, with a focus on mAbs, while providing the rationale behind their choice as therapeutic targets and analyzing the scientific evidence linking them to SLE pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION An unprecedented number of clinical trials on biological drugs targeting different immunological pathways are ongoing in SLE. Their success might allow us to tackle present challenges of SLE management, including the overuse of glucocorticoids in daily clinical practice, as well as SLE heterogenicity in treatment response among different individuals, hopefully paving the way toward precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cruciani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin and Turin Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Zen
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Verma S, Shah S, Nanda R, Meher J, Rathore V, Patel S, Mohapatra E. Exploring the Role of Th10 Cells and IL-10 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cureus 2024; 16:e63875. [PMID: 39099913 PMCID: PMC11298017 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and immune complex deposition in various organs. The pathogenesis of SLE is multifactorial, involving genetic, hormonal, environmental, and immune factors. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by various immune cells and has conflicting roles in inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study involving 56 SLE patients and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS We found a significant increase in T helper 10 (Th10) cells and IL-10 levels in SLE patients compared to controls. Disease activity, measured by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, correlated positively with Th10 cells and IL-10 levels. Further analysis categorized patients into active and inactive SLE, showing significant differences in laboratory parameters, including C3, C4, Th10 cells, and IL-10, between the two groups. Notably, Th10 cells and IL-10 exhibited a significant positive correlation with SLEDAI scores. The study also explored SLE patients with and without nephritis, a severe manifestation of the disease. Th10 cell expression was significantly higher in nephritis patients, while IL-10 levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the association between Th10 cells, IL-10, and disease activity in SLE. The findings suggest that Th10 cells and IL-10 could serve as potential biomarkers for disease activity in SLE, offering a basis for further research into therapeutic interventions targeting these factors. These results contribute to our understanding of the complex immunological factors at play in SLE and may pave the way for more targeted and effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Verma
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Seema Shah
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Rachita Nanda
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Jhasaketan Meher
- General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Vinay Rathore
- Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Suprava Patel
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Eli Mohapatra
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
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Żak-Gołąb A, Cieślik P, Siekiera U, Kuśmierz D, Hrycek A, Holecki M. The Impact of the IL-10 Gene Polymorphism on mRNA Expression and IL-10 Serum Concentration in Polish Lupus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5511. [PMID: 38791549 PMCID: PMC11122543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against a lot of nuclear components. Despite many studies on the genetic background of this disease, the pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of the study is to comprehensively evaluate the polymorphism of the IL-10 promoter gene, its mRNA expression, and the serum IL-10 concentration of SLE female patients and females age-matched controls. Analyzing the association between the level of the tested cytokine and the polymorphism genotype-1082; -819; -592, we found statistically higher serum IL-10 levels in SLE patients compared to in healthy controls (11.9 ± 2.2 pg/mL vs. 9.4 ± 1.7 pg/mL, accordingly; p < 0.0001). We did not find statistically significant differences in the gene polymorphism of IL-10 among SLE patients and controls. The most significant observation derived from our study is that IL-10 mRNA transcripts are upregulated in SLE patients compared to in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). According to our results, the presence of the IL-10 genetic polymorphism has no clinical significance for the development of SLE, and subsequent differences in mRNA and IL-10 concentration results from the influence of other factors which should be the subject of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Żak-Gołąb
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.H.)
| | - Paweł Cieślik
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.H.)
| | - Urszula Siekiera
- Regional Blood Donation and Treatment Center, 40-074 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kuśmierz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Antoni Hrycek
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.H.)
| | - Michał Holecki
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.H.)
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Jha A, Joseph J, Prabhu SB, Chaudhary A, Yadav B, Mathew J. Utility of peripheral blood monocyte subsets, circulating immune complexes and serum cytokines in assessment of SLE activity: an observational, cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:209-217. [PMID: 38040877 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SLE disease measurements by current standards are less than perfect. Monocytes and their subsets are part of innate immunity, and one of our objectives was to look at their role in SLE disease activity. We also looked at the common serum cytokines and the role of circulating immune complex (CIC) estimation in the assessment of disease activity. METHODS We conducted a single-centre observational cross-sectional study of SLE patients with active and inactive disease as the comparison arms. Blood samples were collected for (a) peripheral blood monocyte separation and flowcytometric analysis of monocyte subsets based on CD14 and CD16 surface markers, and (b) ELISA for serum cytokines and CIC estimation. Results were analysed in terms of the difference in medians between the active and inactive disease groups using the Mann-Whitney U test (non-normally distributed data). RESULTS The absolute monocyte count was lower in the active group than the inactive group (median (IQR) of 329 (228.5) vs. 628 (257)/microliter, p = 0.001). The frequency (%) of the intermediate monocyte subset showed a trend towards an increase in active disease (median (IQR) of 15.10% (9.65) vs. 11.85% (8.00), p = 0.09). It also had a significant positive correlation to the SLEDAI scores (r = 0.33, p = 0.046). The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD163, expressed primarily by intermediate subsets, was increased, and CD11c MFI was reduced in active disease. Serum TNF-a level was elevated in active disease (median (IQR) of 38 (48.5) pg/ml vs. 9 (48.5) pg/ml, p = 0.042). CIC ELISA at an optimal cut-off of 10 meq/ml provided an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 for detecting active SLE. CONCLUSION Peripheral blood monocytes are depleted in active disease. The intermediate monocyte subset may have a role in disease activity. TNF-alpha correlated modestly with disease activity. CIC estimation by ELISA may be used in addition to or as an alternative to current standards of laboratory tests for the serological assessment of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Jha
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Josna Joseph
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Savit B Prabhu
- Wellcome trust research laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anita Chaudhary
- Wellcome trust research laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Mathew
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Córdoba-Moreno MO, Santos GC, Muxel SM, Dos Santos-Silva D, Quiles CL, Sousa KDS, Markus RP, Fernandes PACM. IL-10-induced STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk modulates pineal and extra-pineal melatonin synthesis. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12923. [PMID: 37990784 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Immune-pineal axis activation is part of the assembly of immune responses. Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit the pineal synthesis of melatonin while inducing it in macrophages by mechanisms dependent on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. Cytokines activating the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), modulate melatonin synthesis in the pineal, bone marrow (BM), and spleen. The stimulatory effect of IFN-γ upon the pineal gland depends on STAT1/NF-κB interaction, but the mechanisms controlling IL-10 effects on melatonin synthesis remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the role of STAT3 and NF-κB activation by IL-10 upon the melatonin synthesis of rats' pineal gland, BM, spleen, and peritoneal cells. The results show that IL-10-induced interaction of (p)STAT3 with specific NF-κB dimmers leads to different cell effects. IL-10 increases the pineal's acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin content via nuclear translocation of NF-κB/STAT3. In BM, the nuclear translocation of STAT3/p65-NF-κB complexes increases ASMT expression and melatonin content. Increased pSTAT3/p65-NF-κB nuclear translocation in the spleen enhances phosphorylated serotonin N-acetyltransferase ((p)SNAT) expression and melatonin content. Conversely, in peritoneal cells, IL-10 leads to NF-κB p50/p50 inhibitory dimmer nuclear translocation, decreasing (p)SNAT expression and melatonin content. In conclusion, IL-10's effects on melatonin production depend on the NF-κB subunits interacting with (p)STAT3. Thus, variations of IL-10 levels and downstream pathways during immune responses might be critical regulatory factors adjusting pineal and extra-pineal synthesis of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kassiano D S Sousa
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina P Markus
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bozovic I, Perovic V, Basta I, Peric S, Stevic Z, Popadic D, Vukovic I, Stojanov A, Milosevic E. Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy. Cells 2023; 12:2033. [PMID: 37626843 PMCID: PMC10453148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses exert their role in CIDP pathogenesis through cytokine production. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter cytokine gene expression, with a potential influence on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, cytokine gene SNPs have not been assessed in CIDP patients yet. We assessed functional SNPs in the genes encoding IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872 and rs3024505), IL-6 (rs1800795), TNF (rs1800629 and rs361525), IL-12B (rs3212227), IFN-γ (rs2430561), GM-CSF (rs25882) and IL-17F (rs11465553) in a cohort of 88 CIDP patients and 486 healthy controls (HCs) via qPCR. We found an association of SNP in the IL10 promotor and CIDP occurrence. Major homozygotes (AA) were more frequent in the HCs compared to CIDP patients (p = 0.049), but the GA genotype prevailed among the patients (p = 0.032). A lower frequency of the C allele was observed for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in CIDP patients compared to the HCs (p = 0.048). A higher proportion of A carriers at position -1082 (rs1800896) (presumed to be a low IL-10 producer) was noted in patients with milder disability (low INCAT). All mild-INCAT patients were C carriers for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in IL10 (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the IL6 rs1800795 GG genotype was more frequent in patients (p = 0.049) and the CG heterozygote in the HCs (p = 0.013). Among the CIDP patients, being a G carrier for this SNP was associated with a higher frequency of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to being a non-carrier (p = 0.032). Our data indicate a possible association of the IL10 and IL6 SNPs with CIDP, but also with disease severity and T2D occurrence. Given the paucity of CIDP patients, multicentric studies are necessary to draw definite conclusions on these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Bozovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Perovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (D.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Ivana Basta
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (S.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Stojan Peric
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (S.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zorica Stevic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (S.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Dusan Popadic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (D.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Irena Vukovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (D.P.); (I.V.)
| | | | - Emina Milosevic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (D.P.); (I.V.)
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Kamil Alhassbalawi N, Zare Ebrahimabad M, Seyedhosseini FS, Bagheri Y, Abdollahi N, Nazari A, Mohammadi S, Yazdani Y. Circulating miR-21 Overexpression Correlates with PDCD4 and IL-10 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 12:220-232. [PMID: 38317820 PMCID: PMC10838585 DOI: 10.61186/rbmb.12.2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects multiple organs significantly impacts morbidity and mortality. The development of SLE is influenced by genetic predisposition and dysregulated immune response. Our objective was to investigate miR-21, IL-10, and PDCD4 expression in SLE patient plasma and analyze their correlations and potential diagnostic and prognostic values. Methods The study included 100 healthy subjects, 50 newly diagnosed (ND), and 50 under-treatment (UT) SLE patients. The patients were observed for 24 weeks to track relapses. miR-21 and PDCD4 gene expression levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR, and IL-10 production was measured using ELISA. Results miR-21 and IL-10 expression levels were significantly greater in SLE patients than in healthy subjects, with the highest levels observed in ND patients. PDCD4 expression was also significantly greater in SLE patients than in subjects, with the highest levels observed in UT patients. ROC curve analyses and Cox-Mantel Log-rank tests indicated miR-21, PDCD4, and IL-10 as proper diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for SLE. The study also revealed a significant positive correlation between miR-21 and PDCD4 and IL-10 levels in SLE patients. Conclusions The studies suggest that dysregulation of miR-21, PDCD4, and IL-10 in patients with SLE may contribute to disease development and provides new diagnostic and prognostic markers. Additionally, the observed correlation between miR-21, PDCD4, and IL-10 levels in SLE patients signifies a potential interplay between these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibras Kamil Alhassbalawi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | | | | | - Yasser Bagheri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Nafiseh Abdollahi
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Nazari
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Akintunde J, Olayinka M, Ugbaja V, Akinfenwa C, Akintola T, Akamo A, Bello I. Downregulation of inflammatory erectile dysfunction by Mantisa religiosa egg-cake through NO-cGMP-PKG dependent NF-kB signaling cascade activated by mixture of salt intake. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:633-646. [PMID: 37250529 PMCID: PMC10220466 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized whether 10% praying-mantis-egg-cake (10% PMEC) can be applied against inflammatory-erectile-dysfunction and whether it could be linked to NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade. Ninety male albino-rats were randomly distributed into nine (n = 10) groups. Group I was given distilled water. Group II and III were pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl and 75 mg/kg MSG, respectively. Group IV was pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl + 75 mg/kg MSG. Group V was administered with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 3 mg/kg Amylopidin. Group VI was given 80 mg/kg NaCl + 10% PMEC. Group VII was treated with 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group IX was post-treated with 10% PMEC for 14 days. Penile PDE-51, arginase, ATP hydrolytic, cholinergic, dopaminergic (MAO-A) and adenosinergic (ADA) enzymes were hyperactive on intoxication with NaCl and MSG. The erectile dysfunction caused by inflammation was linked to alteration of NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade via up-regulation of key cytokines and chemokine (MCP-1). These lesions were prohibited by protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC). Thus, protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC) by a factor of 4 (25%) inhibited penile cytokines/MCP-1 on exposure to mixture of salt-intake through NO-cGMP-PKG dependent-NF-KB signaling cascade in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.K. Akintunde
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - M.C. Olayinka
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - V.C. Ugbaja
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - C.A. Akinfenwa
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - T.E. Akintola
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A.J. Akamo
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - I.J. Bello
- School of Applied Sciences, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria
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Wahadat MJ, van Tilburg SJ, Mueller YM, de Wit H, Van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, Langerak AW, Gruijters MJ, Mubarak A, Verkaaik M, Katsikis PD, Versnel MA, Kamphuis S. Targeted multiomics in childhood-onset SLE reveal distinct biological phenotypes associated with disease activity: results from an explorative study. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000799. [PMID: 37012057 PMCID: PMC10083882 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To combine targeted transcriptomic and proteomic data in an unsupervised hierarchical clustering method to stratify patients with childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) into similar biological phenotypes, and study the immunological cellular landscape that characterises the clusters. METHODS Targeted whole blood gene expression and serum cytokines were determined in patients with cSLE, preselected on disease activity state (at diagnosis, Low Lupus Disease Activity State (LLDAS), flare). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering, agnostic to disease characteristics, was used to identify clusters with distinct biological phenotypes. Disease activity was scored by clinical SELENA-SLEDAI (Safety of Estrogens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index). High-dimensional 40-colour flow cytometry was used to identify immune cell subsets. RESULTS Three unique clusters were identified, each characterised by a set of differentially expressed genes and cytokines, and by disease activity state: cluster 1 contained primarily patients in LLDAS, cluster 2 contained mainly treatment-naïve patients at diagnosis and cluster 3 contained a mixed group of patients, namely in LLDAS, at diagnosis and disease flare. The biological phenotypes did not reflect previous organ system involvement and over time, patients could move from one cluster to another. Healthy controls clustered together in cluster 1. Specific immune cell subsets, including CD11c+ B cells, conventional dendritic cells, plasmablasts and early effector CD4+ T cells, differed between the clusters. CONCLUSION Using a targeted multiomic approach, we clustered patients into distinct biological phenotypes that are related to disease activity state but not to organ system involvement. This supports a new concept where choice of treatment and tapering strategies are not solely based on clinical phenotype but includes measuring novel biological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Javad Wahadat
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm de Wit
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marike J Gruijters
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amani Mubarak
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Verkaaik
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan A Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Kamphuis
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rai H, Joner M, Wilson H, McGovern L, Richards G, Colleran R, Byrne RA. Interleukin-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism and its association with early or severe presentation of coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2023; 162:156103. [PMID: 36463660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with potent deactivating properties on macrophages and T cells; and plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque maturation and rupture. A guanine (G) to adenine (A) substitution in the IL-10 gene at -1082 bp (rs1800896) has been associated with reduced in IL-10 production in vitro. Against this background, we tested the association of IL-10 -1082G/A with early or severe presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD) using a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of published association studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified following a comprehensive online search on PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane library and Web of Science databases and stratified into two subgroups based on mode of CAD presentation: early or severe and non-severe. Study level odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random effects employing a Z test. RESULTS A total of 24 studies were included for quantitative synthesis with a cumulative sample of 19,135 (11,143 cases / 7,992 controls). A significant association was derived for IL-10 -1082G/A and early or severe CAD via dominant, recessive, and allelic genetic model comparisons [OR 1.24 (95 % CI 1.02, 1.50), p = 0.03; OR 1.32 (95 % CI 1.03, 1.69), p = 0.03 and OR 1.18 (95 % CI 1.02, 1.36), p = 0.02 respectively]. In contrast, no significant association was seen for the pooled group or non-severe CAD subgroup (p = NS). Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS IL-10 -1082G/A appears to be associated with early or severe presentation of CAD. Further studies are warranted to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Rai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael Joner
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurna McGovern
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gavin Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roisin Colleran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert A Byrne
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) Dublin, Mater Private Network, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Li Y, Jiang Q. Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128358. [PMID: 37090724 PMCID: PMC10117957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular platforms that organize in response to various damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Upon activation, inflammasome sensors (with or without the help of ASC) activate caspase-1 and other inflammatory caspases that cleave gasdermin D and pro-IL-1β/pro-IL-18, leading to pyroptosis and mature cytokine secretion. Pyroptosis enables intracellular pathogen niche disruption and intracellular content release at the cost of cell death, inducing pro-inflammatory responses in the neighboring cells. IL-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory regulator for neutrophil recruitment, macrophage activation, and T-cell expansion. Thus, pyroptosis and cytokine secretion are the two main mechanisms that occur downstream of inflammasome signaling; they maintain homeostasis, drive the innate immune response, and shape adaptive immunity. This review aims to discuss the possible mechanisms, timing, consequences, and significance of the two uncoupling preferences downstream of inflammasome signaling. While pyroptosis and cytokine secretion may be usually coupled, pyroptosis-predominant and cytokine-predominant uncoupling are also observed in a stimulus-, cell type-, or context-dependent manner, contributing to the pathogenesis and development of numerous pathological conditions such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, LPS-induced sepsis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Hyperactive cells consistently release IL-1β without LDH leakage and pyroptotic death, thereby leading to prolonged inflammation, expanding the lifespans of pyroptosis-resistant neutrophils, and hyperactivating stimuli-challenged macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and specific nonimmune cells. Death inflammasome activation also induces GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis with no IL-1β secretion, which may increase lethality in vivo. The sublytic GSDMD pore formation associated with lower expressions of pyroptotic components, GSDMD-mediated extracellular vesicles, or other GSDMD-independent pathways that involve unconventional secretion could contribute to the cytokine-predominant uncoupling; the regulation of caspase-1 dynamics, which may generate various active species with different activities in terms of GSDMD or pro-IL-1β, could lead to pyroptosis-predominant uncoupling. These uncoupling preferences enable precise reactions to different stimuli of different intensities under specific conditions at the single-cell level, promoting cooperative cell and host fate decisions and participating in the pathogen "game". Appropriate decisions in terms of coupling and uncoupling are required to heal tissues and eliminate threats, and further studies exploring the inflammasome tilt toward pyroptosis or cytokine secretion may be helpful.
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12
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Association of IL-8-251T/A (rs4073) gene polymorphism with Systemic lupus erythematosus in a cohort of Egyptian patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109528. [PMID: 36481529 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility was found to be correlated with genetic polymorphisms. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association of the IL-8-251 T/A polymorphism with the risk of SLE. METHODS A total of 135 SLE patients and 75 controls were enrolled in our study. The IL-8-251 T/A polymorphism was analysed by PCR-RFLP. Also, the serum concentration of IL-8 was measured using ELISA. Finally, investigate possible IL-8 pathways in SLE pathogenesis by using the STRING database. RESULTS Our results revealed that the risk of having SLE in AA genotype carriers was significantly increased (OR = 1.92, 95 % CI = 1.23-3.10, p = 0.006) when compared with TT genotype carriers. Patients with SLE had a significantly higher frequency of the A allele (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI = 1.09-1.7; P = 0.01) than controls. Serum IL-8 levels were significantly increased in SLE patients (77.81 ± 21.27; p < 0.001) when compared to healthy controls (48.85 ± 7.89). Also, it was found that the serum IL-8 level had significant positive correlations with proteinuria, ESR, ANA, urea and SELADI, and significant negative correlations with RBCs count, C3 and hemoglobin. According to ROC curve analysis, serum IL-8 levels are a good biomarker for the detection of SLE disease, with 87.5 % sensitivity and 85 % specificity. STRING analysis revealed that IL-8 interacts with key SLE signaling pathway members such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS There was a correlation between the IL-8-251 T/A polymorphism and the risk of SLE. Our findings also suggest that the IL8-251 A allele may be an important risk factor for the development of SLE.
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13
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Romero-Ramírez S, Sosa-Hernández VA, Cervantes-Díaz R, Carrillo-Vázquez DA, Meza-Sánchez DE, Núñez-Álvarez C, Torres-Ruiz J, Gómez-Martín D, Maravillas-Montero JL. Salivary IgA subtypes as novel disease biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1080154. [PMID: 36911711 PMCID: PMC9992540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1080154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main antibody isotype in body fluids such as tears, intestinal mucous, colostrum, and saliva. There are two subtypes of IgA in humans: IgA1, mainly present in blood and mucosal sites, and IgA2, preferentially expressed in mucosal sites like the colon. In clinical practice, immunoglobulins are typically measured in venous or capillary blood; however, alternative samples, including saliva, are now being considered, given their non-invasive and easy collection nature. Several autoimmune diseases have been related to diverse abnormalities in oral mucosal immunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We decided to evaluate the levels of both IgA subtypes in the saliva of SLE patients. A light chain capture-based ELISA measured specific IgA1 and IgA2 levels in a cohort of SLE patients compared with age and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Results Surprisingly, our results indicated that in the saliva of SLE patients, total IgA and IgA1 subtype were significantly elevated; we also found that salivary IgA levels, particularly IgA2, positively correlate with anti-dsDNA IgG antibody titers. Strikingly, we also detected the presence of salivary anti-nucleosome IgA antibodies in SLE patients, a feature not previously reported elsewhere. Conclusions According to our results and upon necessary validation, IgA characterization in saliva could represent a potentially helpful tool in the clinical care of SLE patients with the advantage of being a more straightforward, faster, and safer method than manipulating blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Romero-Ramírez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor A Sosa-Hernández
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Cervantes-Díaz
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Carrillo-Vázquez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David E Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Núñez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Xiong H, Tang Z, Xu Y, Shi Z, Guo Z, Liu X, Tan G, Ai X, Guo Q. CD19 +CD24 highCD27 + B cell and interleukin 35 as potential biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Adv Rheumatol 2022; 62:48. [PMID: 36494762 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-022-00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that associates with aberrant activation of B lymphocytes and excessive autoantibodies. Interleukin 10 (IL-10)/interleukin 35 (IL-35) and IL-10/IL-35-producing regulatory B cells have been demonstrated to possess immunosuppressive functions during systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we detected the proportion of CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells as well as IL-10 and IL-35 levels in peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, and investigated their relations with clinical features of SLE. METHODS 41 SLE patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The patients were divided into groups based on SLEDAI score, anti-dsDNA antibody, rash, nephritis and hematological disorder. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD24hiCD27+ B cells. ELISA was used to detect serum levels of IL-10 and IL-35. RESULTS Our results showed that the CD19+CD24highCD27+ B population was decreased in active SLE patients, and anti-correlated with the disease activity. Of note, we found significant increase of IL-10 and decrease of IL-35 in SLE patients with disease activity score > 4, lupus nephritis or hematological disorders compared to those without related clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CD19+CD24highCD27+ B cells expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Moreover, we supposed that IL-35 instead of IL-10 played a crucial role in immune regulation during SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengqi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenrui Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuechen Ai
- Department of Dermatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF. Rationale for IL-37 as a novel therapeutic agent in inflammation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1203-1206. [PMID: 35916240 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Melamud MM, Ermakov EA, Boiko AS, Kamaeva DA, Sizikov AE, Ivanova SA, Baulina NM, Favorova OO, Nevinsky GA, Buneva VN. Multiplex Analysis of Serum Cytokine Profiles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213829. [PMID: 36430309 PMCID: PMC9695219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cytokine profiles and cytokine networks are known to be a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, cytokine profiles research studies are usually based on the analysis of a small number of cytokines and give conflicting results. In this work, we analyzed cytokine profiles of 41 analytes in patients with SLE and MS compared with healthy donors using multiplex immunoassay. The SLE group included treated patients, while the MS patients were drug-free. Levels of 11 cytokines, IL-1b, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, MCP-1/CCL2, Fractalkine/CX3CL1, MIP-1a/CCL3, MIP-1b/CCL4, and TNFa, were increased, but sCD40L, PDGF-AA, and MDC/CCL22 levels were decreased in SLE patients. Thus, changes in the cytokine profile in SLE have been associated with the dysregulation of interleukins, TNF superfamily members, and chemokines. In the case of MS, levels of 10 cytokines, sCD40L, CCL2, CCL3, CCL22, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, EGF, IL-8, TGF-a, and VEGF, decreased significantly compared to the control group. Therefore, cytokine network dysregulation in MS is characterized by abnormal levels of growth factors and chemokines. Cross-disorder analysis of cytokine levels in MS and SLE showed significant differences between 22 cytokines. Protein interaction network analysis showed that all significantly altered cytokines in both SLE and MS are functionally interconnected. Thus, MS and SLE may be associated with impaired functional relationships in the cytokine network. A cytokine correlation networks analysis revealed changes in correlation clusters in SLE and MS. These data expand the understanding of abnormal regulatory interactions in cytokine profiles associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Melamud
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S. Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kamaeva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey E. Sizikov
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia M. Baulina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga O. Favorova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-51-27
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17
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Rabatscher PA, Trendelenburg M. Anti-C1q autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus patients enhance CD40-CD154-mediated inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1408. [PMID: 35928801 PMCID: PMC9345742 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Complement C1q has been shown to play a major role in SLE, and autoantibodies against C1q (anti‐C1q) are strongly associated with SLE disease activity and severe lupus nephritis suggesting a pathogenic role for anti‐C1q. Whereas C1q alone has anti‐inflammatory effects on human monocytes and macrophages, C1q/anti‐C1q complexes favor a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. This study aimed to elucidate the inflammatory effects of anti‐C1q on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Isolated monocytes, isolated T cells and bulk PBMCs of healthy donors with or without concomitant T cell activation were exposed to C1q or complexes of C1q and SLE patient‐derived anti‐C1q (C1q/anti‐C1q). Functional consequences of C1q/anti‐C1q on cells were assessed by determining cytokine secretion, monocyte surface marker expression, T cell activation and proliferation. Results Exposure of isolated T cells to C1q or C1q/anti‐C1q did not affect their activation and proliferation. However, unspecific T cell activation in PBMCs in the presence of C1q/anti‐C1q resulted in increased TNF, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 secretion compared with C1q alone. Co‐culture and inhibition experiments showed that the inflammatory effect of C1q/anti‐C1q on PBMCs was due to a direct CD40–CD154 interaction between activated T cells and C1q/anti‐C1q‐primed monocytes. The CD40‐mediated inflammatory reaction of monocytes involves TRAF6 and JAK3‐STAT5 signalling. Conclusion In conclusion, C1q/anti‐C1q have a pro‐inflammatory effect on monocytes that depends on T cell activation and CD40–CD154 signalling. This signalling pathway could serve as a therapeutic target for anti‐C1q‐mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland.,Division of Internal Medicine University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
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18
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Qin YF, Ren SH, Shao B, Qin H, Wang HD, Li GM, Zhu YL, Sun CL, Li C, Zhang JY, Wang H. The intellectual base and research fronts of IL-37: A bibliometric review of the literature from WoSCC. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931783. [PMID: 35935954 PMCID: PMC9354626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-37 is a recently identified cytokine with potent immunosuppressive functions. The research fronts of IL-37 are worth investigating, and there is no bibliometric analysis in this field. The purpose of this study is to construct the intellectual base and predict research hotspots of IL-37 research both quantitatively and qualitatively according to bibliometric analysis. Methods The articles were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from the inception of the database to 1 April 2022. CiteSpace 5.8.R3 (64-bit, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and Online Analysis Platform of Literature Metrology (https://bibliometric.com/) were used to perform bibliometric and knowledge-map analyses. Results A total of 534 papers were included in 200 academic journals by 2,783 authors in 279 institutions from 50 countries/regions. The journal Cytokine published the most papers on IL-37, while Nature Immunology was the most co-cited journal. The publications belonged mainly to two categories of Immunology and Cell Biology. USA and China were the most productive countries. Meanwhile, the University of Colorado Denver in USA produced the highest number of publications followed by Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and Monash University in Australia. Charles A. Dinarello published the most papers, while Marcel F. Nold had the most co-citations. Top 10 co-citations on reviews, mechanisms, and diseases were regarded as the knowledge base. The keyword co-occurrence and co-citations of references revealed that the mechanisms and immune-related disorders were the main aspects of IL-37 research. Notably, the involvement of IL-37 in various disorders and the additional immunomodulatory mechanisms were two emerging hotspots in IL-37 research. Conclusions The research on IL-37 was thoroughly reviewed using bibliometrics and knowledge-map analyses. The present study is a benefit for academics to master the dynamic evolution of IL-37 and point out the direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-fei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao-hua Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang-ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang-lin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-lu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ;
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Chen KF, Jones HM, Gill KL. PBPK modelling to predict drug-biologic interactions with cytokine modulators: Are these relevant and is IL-6 enough?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1322-1331. [PMID: 35868639 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that modulate cytokine levels are often used for the treatment of cancer as well as inflammatory or immunological disorders. Pharmacokinetic drug-biologic interactions (DBI) may arise from suppression or elevation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes caused by the increase or decrease in cytokine levels following administration of these therapies. There is in vitro and in vivo evidence that demonstrates a clear link between raised interleukin (IL)-6 levels and CYP suppression, in particular CYP3A4. However despite this, the changes in IL-6 levels in vivo rarely lead to significant drug interactions (AUC and Cmax ratios < 2-fold). The clinical significance of such interactions therefore remains questionable and is dependent on the therapeutic index of the small molecule therapy. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling has been used successfully to predict the impact of raised IL-6 on CYP activities. Beyond IL-6, published data show little evidence that IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17 suppress CYP enzymes. I n vitro data suggest that IL-1β, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ can cause suppression of CYP enzymes. Despite in vivo there being a link between IL-6 levels and CYP suppression, the evidence to support a direct effect of IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on CYP activity is inconclusive. This commentary will discuss the relevance of such drug-biologic interactions and whether current PBPK models considering only IL-6 are sufficient. Significance Statement This commentary summarizes the current in vitro and in vivo literature regarding cytokine-mediated CYP suppression and compares the relative suppressive potential of different cytokines in reference to IL-6. It also discusses the relevance of drug-biologic interactions to therapeutic use of small molecule drugs and whether current PBPK models considering only IL-6 are sufficient to predict the extent of drug-biologic interactions.
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Zeng H, Zhou K, Ye Z. Biology of interleukin‑37 and its role in autoimmune diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:495. [PMID: 35837057 PMCID: PMC9257848 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by dysfunction and tissue destruction, and recent studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-37 expression is dysregulated in AIDs. Among cytokines of the IL-1 family, most are pro-inflammatory agents, and as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-37 may have the potential to alleviate excessive inflammation and can be used as a ligand or transcription factor that is involved in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. IL-37 plays important roles in the development of AIDs. This review summarizes the biological characteristics and functions of IL-37 and discusses the potential of IL-37 as a therapeutic target for effective cytokine therapy and as a biomarker in AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
| | - Kaixia Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CUHK‑GIBH CAS Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, P.R. China
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21
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Rafiei A, Ahmadi R, Kazemian S, Rahimzadeh-Fallah T, Mohammad-Rezaei M, Azadegan-Dehkordi F, Sanami S, Mirzaei Y, Aghaei F, Bagheri N. Serum levels of IL-37 and correlation with inflammatory cytokines and clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1720-1727. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) due to atherosclerosis is one of the important reasons for death worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested the essential role of inflammation in the progression of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-37 is a critical anti-inflammatory member of the IL-1 family which regulates the inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of IL-37 in patients with CAD compared with the control group and its correlation with oxidative stress, cholesterol homeostasis, and inflammation in patients with CAD. A total of 42 patients with CAD and 42 sex-matched and age- matched controls who underwent coronary angiography were included in this study. The serum levels of IL-37 were evaluated via ELISA. Serum levels of biochemical risk factors were determined by enzymatic methods. Serum levels of IL-37 in the CAD group subjects were significantly lower than in the control group and IL-37 was significantly increased in men with CAD than in women with CAD. IL-37 significantly had an inverse correlation with IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-32, high-sensitivity C reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde. Also, IL-37 had a significantly positive correlation with ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. In addition, IL-37 has positively correlated with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum levels of the FRAP. A receiver operating characteristic test displayed that IL-37 level ratios were a relatively significant CAD predictor. Our results indicated that decreased serum levels of IL-37 in patients with CAD and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines and reverse cholesterol transport genes are more likely to be associated in the inflammatory process with disease pathology.
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22
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Association of High Calcitriol Serum Levels and Its Hydroxylation Efficiency Ratio with Disease Risk in SLE Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency. J Immunol Res 2022; 2021:2808613. [PMID: 35005031 PMCID: PMC8741361 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2808613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (calcidiol) deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is more frequent than in healthy subjects (HS); it is associated with clinical activity and damage in SLE. Although calcidiol is considered the best indicator of the vitamin D serum status, its deficiency could not reflect its hydroxylation efficiency ratio and calcitriol serum status. This study was aimed at assessing the association of calcidiol and calcitriol serum levels and its hydroxylation efficiency ratio with the risk to clinical and renal disease activities in SLE patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 308 SLE and HS women; calcidiol and calcitriol serum levels were evaluated by immunoassays. SLE patients showed lower calcidiol serum levels vs. HS (21.2 vs. 24.2 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Active SLE patients presented higher calcidiol/calcitriol ratio scores vs. inactive SLE patients (2.78 vs. 1.92 pg/ng; p = 0.02), and SLE patients with renal disease activity showed a pattern of calcidiol-deficient levels (19.5 vs. 25.3 ng/mL; p < 0.04) with higher calcitriol levels (47 pg/mL vs. 41.5 pg/mL; p = 0.02) and calcidiol/calcitriol ratio scores (2.13 vs. 1.54 pg/ng; p < 0.02) compared to SLE patients without renal disease activity. Calcidiol levels were negatively correlated with calcitriol levels (r = −0.26; p = 0.001) and urine proteins (mg/dL) (r = −0.39; p < 0.01). Regarding calcitriol levels, it was positively correlated with the blood lymphocyte count (r = 0.30; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate (r = −0.28; p = 0.001). Moreover, the calcitriol/calcidiol ratio was positively correlated with urine proteins (r = 0.38; p < 0.01). The calcidiol deficiency (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.15-4.49; p < 0.01), high calcitriol levels (T3rd, OR = 4.19, 95% CI = 2.23-7.90; p < 0.001), and a high calcitriol/calcidiol ratio score (T3rd, OR = 5.93, 95% CI: 3.08-11.5; p < 0.001) were associated with the risk for SLE. In conclusion, a pattern of calcidiol deficiency with high calcitriol serum levels and a high vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency ratio was associated with disease risk in SLE patients.
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23
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Ferreté-Bonastre AG, Cortés-Hernández J, Ballestar E. What can we learn from DNA methylation studies in lupus? Clin Immunol 2022; 234:108920. [PMID: 34973429 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past twenty years, a wide range of studies have established the existence of epigenetic alterations, particularly DNA methylation changes, in lupus. Epigenetic changes might have different contributions in children-onset versus adult-onset lupus. DNA methylation alterations have been identified and characterized in relation to disease activity and damage, different lupus subtypes and responses to drugs. However, to date there has been no practical application of these findings in the clinical milieu. In this article, we provide a review of key studies showing the relationship between DNA methylation and the many clinical aspects related to lupus. We also propose several options, in relation to the range of methodological developments and experimental design, that could optimize these findings and make them amenable for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Epigenetics in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Health Science Center (HSC), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, 200241, China.
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24
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Immunogenetics of Lupus Erythematosus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:213-257. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Murakami Y, Fukui R, Tanaka R, Motoi Y, Kanno A, Sato R, Yamaguchi K, Amano H, Furukawa Y, Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Tamura N, Yamashita N, Miyake K. Anti-TLR7 Antibody Protects Against Lupus Nephritis in NZBWF1 Mice by Targeting B Cells and Patrolling Monocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777197. [PMID: 34868046 PMCID: PMC8632649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and multiple organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate immune RNA sensor expressed in monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and B cells, promotes disease progression. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms through which TLR7 drives lupus nephritis. Here, we show that the anti-mouse TLR7 mAb, but not anti-TLR9 mAb, protected lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice from nephritis. The anti-TLR7 mAb reduced IgG deposition in glomeruli by inhibiting the production of autoantibodies to the RNA-associated antigens. We found a disease-associated increase in Ly6Clow patrolling monocytes that expressed high levels of TLR7 and had upregulated expression of lupus-associated IL-10, CD115, CD31, and TNFSF15 in NZBWF1 mice. Anti-TLR7 mAb abolished this lupus-associated increase in patrolling monocytes in the circulation, spleen, and glomeruli. These results suggested that TLR7 drives autoantibody production and lupus-associated monocytosis in NZBWF1 mice and, that anti-TLR7 mAb is a promising therapeutic tool targeting B cells and monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Tanaka
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Motoi
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kanno
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Amano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Rasquinha MT, Sur M, Lasrado N, Reddy J. IL-10 as a Th2 Cytokine: Differences Between Mice and Humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2205-2215. [PMID: 34663593 PMCID: PMC8544817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of IL-10 more than 30 years ago marked the beginning of our understanding of how cytokines regulate immune responses, based on cross-regulation between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Although multiple cell types were shown to produce IL-10, its identity as a Th2 cytokine remained strong because it was rigidly associated with Th2 clones in mice, whereas both Th1 and Th2 clones could secrete IL-10 in humans. However, as new Th1/Th2 cell functionalities emerged, anti-inflammatory action of IL-10 gained more attention than its inhibitory effect on Th1 cells, which may occur as an indirect consequence of suppression of APCs. This notion is also supported by the discovery of regulatory T cells, whose suppressor functions involve the mediation of IL-10, among other molecules. From this perspective, we discuss the functionalities of IL-10 by highlighting important differences between mice and humans with an emphasis on the Th1 and Th2 paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima T Rasquinha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Meghna Sur
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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27
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Santarelli DM, Vincent FB, Rudloff I, Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF, Russo MA. Circulating Interleukin-37 Levels in Healthy Adult Humans - Establishing a Reference Range. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708425. [PMID: 34367169 PMCID: PMC8343013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-37 has an important function in limiting excessive inflammation. Its expression is increased in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions and correlates with disease activity, suggesting it could have potential as a disease biomarker. Nevertheless, a reference range has yet to be determined. Our aim was to establish the first reference range of circulating IL-37 levels in healthy adult humans. PubMed was searched for studies reporting blood IL-37 concentrations in healthy adult subjects as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nineteen studies were included in the analysis. Mean IL-37 levels were weighted by sample sizes, and weighted mean lower and upper levels ( ± 2SD of means) were calculated to provide a weighted mean and reference range. IL-37 levels were quantified in either serum or plasma from a total of 1035 (647 serum; 388 plasma) healthy subjects. The serum, plasma and combined matrix weighted means (reference ranges) were 72.9 (41.5 – 104.4) pg/mL, 83.9 (41.1 – 126.8) pg/mL, and 77.1 (41.4 – 112.8) pg/mL, respectively. There were no significant differences between serum and plasma means and upper and lower limits. Study means and upper IL-37 levels were significantly higher in Chinese population studies. From our analysis, a preliminary reference range for circulating IL-37 levels in healthy human adults has been established. In order to determine a reliable reference range for clinical application, large, prospective, multi-ethnic, healthy population studies are necessary. In addition, demographics, sample matrix, collection, processing and storage methods potentially affecting IL-37 detection levels should be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien B Vincent
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc A Russo
- Genesis Research Services, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Pain Specialists, Broadmeadow, NSW, Australia
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28
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Carlsson E, Midgley A, Perkins S, Caamano-Gutierrez E, Gritzfeld JF, Beresford MW, Hedrich CM. Serum protein signatures differentiate paediatric autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. Clin Immunol 2021; 229:108790. [PMID: 34197952 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of their rarity, limited awareness among non-specialists, and significant overlaps in their clinical presentation, childhood autoimmune/inflammatory conditions represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), with its 7 sub-forms, is the most common paediatric "rheumatic" disease. Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) is a severe autoimmune/inflammatory disease that can affect any organ system and shares clinical features with JIA. To overcome issues around diagnostic approaches in the context of clinical overlap, we aimed at the definition of disease sub-form specific cytokine and chemokine profiles. Serum samples from patients with JIA (n = 77) and jSLE (n = 48), as well as healthy controls (n = 30), were collected. Samples were analysed using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) U-PLEX Biomarker Group 1 (hu) panel. Distinct serum protein signatures associate with JIA vs jSLE disease groups. Proteins with high discriminatory ability include IL-23, MIP-1β, MCP-1, M-CSF and MDC. Furthermore, serum IL-18, MIF, MIP-5 and YKL-40 discriminate between systemic JIA and other JIA subtypes. Thus, simultaneous quantification of serum proteins in a panel format may provide an avenue for the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood autoimmune/inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Carlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Midgley
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Perkins
- Computation Biology Facility, Technology Directorate, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Caamano-Gutierrez
- Computation Biology Facility, Technology Directorate, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna F Gritzfeld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Beresford
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, United Kingdom.
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29
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Vincent FB, Kandane-Rathnayake R, Koelmeyer R, Harris J, Hoi AY, Mackay F, Morand EF. Associations of serum soluble Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) with outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2021; 7:7/1/e000375. [PMID: 32546562 PMCID: PMC7299016 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2019-000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) and B cell-activating factor (BAFF) signalling have pivotal roles in SLE pathogenesis. We investigated the clinical associations of serum concentrations of soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble FasL (sFasL) in SLE and their relationship with BAFF. Methods Serum sFas and sFasL were quantified by multiplex assay, and BAFF by ELISA, in 118 patients with SLE and 17 healthy controls (HC). SLE disease activity and organ damage were assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index. Results sFas, sFasL and BAFF were detectable in all samples. Serum sFas and sFasL were significantly higher in SLE compared with HC. In univariable regression analyses, patients with active renal disease and those with flare had significantly higher levels of sFas compared with those without. High serum BAFF in patients with SLE was associated with increased sFas but not sFasL. The association between sFas and renal disease remained significant after adjusting for BAFF, but the association with flare attenuated. High sFas levels were associated with increased time-adjusted mean SLEDAI-2K, even after adjusting for BAFF, and with higher odds of flare over time. In contrast, high sFasL was associated with reduced organ damage over time. Serum sFasL/sFas ratio was negatively associated with active overall disease, flare and organ damage. Conclusions Serum sFas is associated with active renal SLE, and active disease and flare over time, while sFasL/sFas ratio is negatively associated with disease activity and organ damage accrual. Treatments correcting abnormal levels of sFas/FasL may be worthy of evaluation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B Vincent
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rangi Kandane-Rathnayake
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Koelmeyer
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alberta Y Hoi
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Nasonov EL. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and autoimmunity. RHEUMATOLOGY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 pandemic (coronavirus disease, COVID-19), etiologically related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), has once again reawakened healthcare professionals’ interest towards new clinical and conceptual issues of human immunology and immunopathology. An unprecedented number of clinical trials and fundamental studies of epidemiology, virology, immunology and molecular biology, of the COVID-19 clinical course polymorphism and pharmacotherapy have been conducted within one year since the outbreak of 2019 pandemic, bringing together scientists of almost all biological and physicians of almost all medical specialties. Their joint efforts have resulted in elaboration of several types of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and, in general, fashioning of more rational approaches to patient management. Also important for COVID-19 management were all clinical trials of biologics and “targeted” anti-inflammatory drugs modulating intracellular cytokine signaling, which have been specifically developed for treatment immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic disease (IMIRDs) over the past 20 years. It became obvious after a comprehensive analysis of the entire spectrum of clinical manifestations and immunopathological disorders in COVID-19 is accompanied by a wide range of extrapulmonary clinical and laboratory disorders, some of which are characteristic of IMIRDs and other autoimmune and auto-in-flammatory human diseases. All these phenomena substantiated the practice of anti-inflammatory drugs repurposing with off-label use of specific antirheumatic agents for treatment of COVID-19. This paper discusses potential use of glucocorticoids, biologics, JAK inhibitors, etc., blocking the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Nasonov
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation (Sechenov University)
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31
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Xiong ZH, Cao XS, Guan HL, Zheng HL. Immunotherapies application in active stage of systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:6396-6407. [PMID: 33392323 PMCID: PMC7760451 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i24.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus can worsen the condition from the stable to active stage, with quality of life and fertility desire being particular concerns. Pregnancy in the active stage of systemic lupus erythematosus (ASLE), although rare and complicated to manage, can be treated favorably with immunotherapies ifs used properly. Here we report such a success case.
CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old primigravida patient, diagnosed with SLE seven years ago, was induced ASLE after a cold at 21 + weeks. The patient’s vital signs on presentation were normal. Her laboratory exam was remarkable for significant proteinuria, liver and renal dysfunction, and low C3 and C4 levels. Infectious work-up was negative. The patient was diagnosed with ASLE. She was given immunosuppressive agents (methylprednisolone, gamma globulin and azathioprine etc.) and plasma adsorption therapy, monitoring blood pressure every 8 h, fetal heart rate twice a day, and liver and renal function at least twice a week. Successful maternal and fetal outcomes are presented here.
CONCLUSION Child-bearing in ASLE has become more promising, even for this difficult case of ASLE with multiple organ damage. Thorough antepartum counseling, cautious maternal-fetal monitoring, and multi-organ function monitoring by multidisciplinary specialties are keys to favorable pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Song Cao
- Department of Medical Clinic, Lanxi No. 5 Middle School, Lanxi 321100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Lian Guan
- Department of Obstetrics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
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Nickles MA, Huang K, Chang YS, Tsoukas MM, Sweiss NJ, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Gene Co-expression Networks Identifies Common Hub Genes Between Cutaneous Sarcoidosis and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:606461. [PMID: 33324666 PMCID: PMC7724034 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.606461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we analyzed gene co-expression networks of three immune-related skin diseases: cutaneous sarcoidosis (CS), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), and psoriasis. We propose that investigation of gene co-expression networks may provide insights into underlying disease mechanisms. Microarray expression data from two cohorts of patients with CS, DLE, or psoriasis skin lesions were analyzed. We applied weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to construct gene-gene similarity networks and cluster genes into modules based on similar expression profiles. A module of interest that was preserved between datasets and corresponded with case/control status was identified. This module was related to immune activation, specifically leukocyte activation, and was significantly increased in both CS lesions and DLE lesions compared to their respective controls. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks constructed for this module revealed seven common hub genes between CS lesions and DLE lesions: TLR1, ITGAL, TNFRSF1B, CD86, SPI1, BTK, and IL10RA. Common hub genes were highly upregulated in CS lesions and DLE lesions compared to their respective controls in a differential expression analysis. Our results indicate common gene expression patterns in the immune processes of CS and DLE, which may have indications for future therapeutic targets and serve as Th1-mediated disease biomarkers. Additionally, we identified hub genes unique to CS and DLE, which can help differentiate these diseases from one another and may serve as unique therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Notably, we find common gene expression patterns in the immune processes of CS and DLE through utilization of WGCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Nickles
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yi-Shin Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria M. Tsoukas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nadera J. Sweiss
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David L. Perkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patricia W. Finn
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Abbasifard M, Kamiab Z, Hasani M, Rahnama A, Saeed-Askari P, Khorramdelazad H. Assessing the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines in the newly diagnosed systemic lupus Erythematosus patients: a focus on B cells. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:58. [PMID: 33198645 PMCID: PMC7670657 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunosuppressive effects of regulatory B-cells (Bregs) and their immunosuppressive cytokines on immune responses in autoimmune disorders, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have been recently established. Therefore, the purpose of this article has been the exploration of the expressions of cytokines produced by B cells in newly diagnosed SLE patients. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the gene expression of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-35, PD-L1, and FasL was significantly up-regulated in SLE patients compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Additionally, the results revealed that serum levels of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-35, PD-L1 were remarkably increased in patients with SLE compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). However, serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β decreased significantly with increasing SLEDAI score in studied patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-10 and TGF-β, might inhibit immune responses and autoreactive immune cells in a compensatory manner in SLE patients with mild to moderate disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abbasifard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Rahnama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Pooya Saeed-Askari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Edwards NJ, Hwang C, Marini S, Pagani CA, Spreadborough PJ, Rowe CJ, Yu P, Mei A, Visser N, Li S, Hespe GE, Huber AK, Strong AL, Shelef MA, Knight JS, Davis TA, Levi B. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps and TLR signaling in skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:15753-15770. [PMID: 33089917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000994rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury results in devastating skeletal muscle fibrosis. Here, we recapitulate this injury with a mouse model of hindlimb IR injury which leads to skeletal muscle fibrosis. Injury resulted in extensive immune infiltration with robust neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the skeletal muscle, however, direct targeting of NETs via the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mechanism was insufficient to reduce muscle fibrosis. Circulating levels of IL-10 and TNFα were significantly elevated post injury, indicating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in muscle injury. Administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a small molecule inhibitor of TLR7/8/9, following injury reduced NET formation, IL-10, and TNFα levels and ultimately mitigated muscle fibrosis and improved myofiber regeneration following IR injury. HCQ treatment decreased fibroadipogenic progenitor cell proliferation and partially inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the injured tissue, suggesting it may act through a combination of TLR7/8/9 and ERK signaling mechanisms. We demonstrate that treatment with FDA-approved HCQ leads to decreased muscle fibrosis and increased myofiber regeneration following IR injury, suggesting short-term HCQ treatment may be a viable treatment to prevent muscle fibrosis in ischemia reperfusion and traumatic extremity injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip J Spreadborough
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassie J Rowe
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pauline Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annie Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noelle Visser
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hespe
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy L Strong
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Harden OC, Hammad SM. Sphingolipids and Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Organ Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586737. [PMID: 33101319 PMCID: PMC7546393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves multiple organs and disproportionality affects females, especially African Americans from 15 to 44 years of age. SLE can lead to end organ damage including kidneys, lungs, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric systems, with cardiovascular complications being the primary cause of death. Usually, SLE is diagnosed and its activity is assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SLICC/ACR), and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Scales, which unfortunately often occurs after a certain degree of systemic involvements, disease activity or organ damage already exists. There is certainly a need for the identification of early biomarkers to diagnose and assess disease activity as well as to evaluate disease prognosis and response to treatment earlier in the course of the disease. Here we review advancements made in the area of sphingolipidomics as a diagnostic/prognostic tool for SLE and its co-morbidities. We also discuss recent reports on differential sphingolipid metabolism and blood sphingolipid profiles in SLE-prone animal models as well as in diverse cohorts of SLE patients. In addition, we address targeting sphingolipids and their metabolism as a method of treating SLE and some of its complications. Although such treatments have already shown promise in preventing organ-specific pathology caused by SLE, further investigational studies and clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Harden
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Wang GH, Zuo T, Zuo ZC. Impact of IL-10 gene polymorphisms and its interaction with environment on susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2020; 34:2058738420945916. [PMID: 32842808 PMCID: PMC7453486 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420945916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the impact of interleukin (IL)-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and its interaction with environment on the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Chi-square testing method was used to investigate whether the distributions for genotype of four SNPs were differed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Logistic regression was used to test the association between IL-10 SNPs and SLE risk. The best interaction combinations between IL-10 SNPs and environmental factors were assessed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR). Both rs1800896-G and rs1800871-T alleles were associated with increased risk of SLE, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the two SNPs were 1.68 (1.25-2.09) and 1.47 (1.12-1.94), respectively. Then, we used the GMDR method to analyze the high-order interactions of four SNPs within IL-10 gene and environmental factors on SLE risk. We found a significant interaction combination (two-locus model with P = 0.001) between rs1800896 and smoking, after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol drinking. We also used two-variable stratified analysis by logistic regression to analyze the synergistic effect between two variables (rs1800896 and smoking), which had significant significance in GMDR model. We found that current smokers with rs1800896-AG or GG genotype have the highest SLE risk, compared with never smokers with the rs1800896-AA genotype, OR (95% CI) = 2.24 (1.52-3.58). The rs1800896-G and rs1800871-T alleles and interaction between rs1800896 and current smoking were all associated with increased risk of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Anqing Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Ting Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Anqing Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zheng-Cai Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Anqing Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
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Meltendorf S, Fu H, Pierau M, Lindquist JA, Finzel S, Mertens PR, Gieseler-Halbach S, Ambach A, Thomas U, Lingel H, Voll RE, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. Cell Survival Failure in Effector T Cells From Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Following Insufficient Up-Regulation of Cold-Shock Y-Box Binding Protein 1. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1721-1733. [PMID: 32475063 DOI: 10.1002/art.41382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of cold-shock Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) for cell homeostasis is well-documented based on prior observations of its association with certain cancer entities. This study was undertaken to explore the role of YB-1 in T cell homeostasis and survival and the potential contribution of YB-1 to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS In the peripheral blood from 25 SLE patients and 25 healthy donors, the expression of YB-1 and frequency of T cell apoptosis was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting of CD4+ T cells ex vivo and also analyzed in T cells in vitro after 6 days of stimulation with anti-CD3-coupled or anti-CD3/anti-CD28-coupled microspheres. YB-1 was overexpressed using lentiviral transduction with wild-type green fluorescent protein (wtGFP) YB-1, and knockdown of YB-1 was achieved using specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) (3-fold reduction; P < 0.0001). RESULTS YB-1 expression was significantly lower in apoptosis-prone T cells and in activated T cells from SLE patients compared to YB-1 expression in nonapoptotic T cells and activated T cells from healthy donors (P = 0.001). Knockdown of YB-1 in T cells consequently led to expression of proapoptotic molecules and caspase 3 activation (1.6-fold), and subsequently, to apoptosis. Furthermore, YB-1 promoted survival pathways involving enhanced protein expression of the kinase Akt (2-fold) and Bcl-2 (3-fold), even when Fas/CD95 was triggered. YB-1-mediated T cell survival was reversed by Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inactivation. In SLE patients, rescue of YB-1 expression strongly promoted survival of T cells and even prevented cell death in T cells that were extremely apoptosis-prone. CONCLUSION Our data show that failure of YB-1 up-regulation in T cells from SLE patients led to enhanced apoptosis. These findings imply that YB-1 plays a crucial role in the disturbed homeostasis of activated T cells leading to hematopoietic alterations in SLE. These insights may help facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meltendorf
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto von uericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hang Fu
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto von uericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pierau
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto von uericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Finzel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Ambach
- Department of Dermatology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Thomas
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holger Lingel
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, Otto von uericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kamel AM, Badary MS, Mohamed WA, Ahmed GH, El-Feky MA. Evaluation of autophagy-related genes in Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:1226-1232. [PMID: 32783391 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in autophagy are known to be implicated in autoimmune disorders. Many studies have connected polymorphisms in autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG-5) to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our aim was the determination of the expression level of ATG-5, Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein-light chain 3 (LC-3) in Egyptian SLE patients to investigate the impact of disturbances in autophagy genes on the incidence and progression of the disease. Also, we investigated the incidence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs573775 in ATG-5 gene among Egyptian SLE patients. Our results showed that the mean levels of Beclin-1, LC-3 and interleukin (IL)-10 transcripts were significantly higher in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. The previous transcripts were positively correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Beclin-1 and LC-3 transcripts were negatively correlated to complement component 3 (C3) levels. Only LC-3 transcripts were negatively correlated to complement component 4 (C4). The rs573775 SNP of ATG-5 with the variant allele was significantly associated with disease susceptibility, conferring a higher risk of SLE development. This variant allele was more prevalent in patients below 30 years, patients with anemia and in patients with anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), confirming the essential role of ATG-5 polymorphism in the susceptibility of Egyptian patients to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat M Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Badary
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wegdan A Mohamed
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ghada H Ahmed
- Rheumatoloy Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Feky
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Lee YH, Song GG. Circulating Interleukin-37 Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Their Correlations With Disease Activity: A Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2020.27.3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Umare V, Pradhan V, Dadheech S, Rajadhyaksha A, Ghosh K, Nadkarni A. Clinical implications of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms on disease susceptibility in Indian SLE patients. Lupus 2020; 29:587-598. [PMID: 32233730 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320913619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes including interleukin-10 have been described to play a vital role in the overall pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, due to a lack of evidence from the Indian population, this study was conducted to analyse the possible influence of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms over the disease susceptibility, serum interleukin-10 level and clinical manifestations of the disease in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In total, 200 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 201 controls were recruited under this study. Genotyping of interleukin-10 (−1082A/G; −819T/C and −592C/A) polymorphisms was done by direct DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods respectively. Serum interleukin-10 levels were measured by multiplex assay. Interleukin-10 −1082G and −592A allele frequencies were significantly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (corrected p value <0.05). Also, combined −1082AG+GG, −819TC+CC and −592CA+AA genotype frequencies were significantly increased in the patient group. A higher trend of association between −1082AG+GG genotype frequency was observed in patients with serositis (odds ratio = 2.7, p = 0.0233, corrected p value = 0.2097). Serum interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (4.3 ± 3.1 pg/ml) than controls (2.6 ± 1.4 pg/ml) ( p < 0.0001). Furthermore, interleukin-10 levels were positively correlated with disease activity ( p = 0.39, p < 0.0001). The frequency of the GCA (−1082, −819, −592) haplotype was significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (10.6%) than controls (1.6%) (odds ratio = 5.4, p = 0.0330). Moreover, ACC, GCC and GCA haplotypes were found to be strongly associated with serositis. However, the frequency of the ACC haplotype was significantly higher in patients with neurologic involvement (odds ratio = 14.9, corrected p value <0.001). Thus, interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms suggest they have a proactive role in increased susceptibility to the disease among Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Umare
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Pradhan
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Dadheech
- Hemoglobinopathies Satellite Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Immunohaematology, Chandrapur, India
| | | | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Nadkarni
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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High interleukin-18 and low FOXP3 mRNAs in peripheral blood of women with severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int 2020; 40:727-735. [PMID: 32152765 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis of peripheral blood cells may provide valuable information about the triggered molecular processes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The study aimed to quantify the mRNA in peripheral blood of seven target genes, including inflammatory cytokine genes (IL23A, IL12B, TNFA, IL18), and T regulatory-related genes (FOXP3, TGFB1, IL10) in patients with SLE and to correlate expression levels with disease activity and/or clinical manifestations. The relative quantification of target genes was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood obtained from 28 adult SLE females and 17 healthy women. The highest up-regulation in the blood of SLE patients was observed for IL23A with a median 9.54 (p < 0.0001), followed by TGFB1 (median: 2.07; p = 0.047) and IL10 (median: 1.84; p = 0.013). IL12B and TNFA were significantly down-regulated in patients compared to controls (median: 0.521; p = 0.0023, and median: 0.519; p = 0.0003, respectively). FOXP3 mRNA was lower among patients with higher degree of disease activity (median: 0.338; p = 0.029) and showed inverse correlation with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). IL18 mRNA correlated positively with the SLEDAI and was highly expressed during severe flares (median: 1.216; p = 0.021). IL18 up-regulation was associated with anti-dsDNA antibody positivity, while FOXP3 down-regulation with lupus nephritis. Our study pointed out the relationship of SLE disease activity and particular clinical manifestations with IL18 and FOXP3 expression, and the significant contribution of IL23A in the SLE immunopathogenesis. Hence, the peripheral blood cytokine mRNAs should be exploited as novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Carranza-León DA, Oeser A, Marton A, Wang P, Gore JC, Titze J, Stein CM, Chung CP, Ormseth MJ. Tissue sodium content in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity and markers of inflammation. Lupus 2020; 29:455-462. [PMID: 32070186 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320908934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sodium (Na+) is stored in the skin and muscle and plays an important role in immune regulation. In animal models, increased tissue Na+ is associated with activation of the immune system, and high salt intake exacerbates autoimmune disease and worsens hypertension. However, there is no information about tissue Na+ and human autoimmune disease. We hypothesized that muscle and skin Na+ content is (a) higher in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in control subjects, and (b) associated with blood pressure, disease activity, and inflammation markers (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-17 A) in SLE. METHODS Lower-leg skin and muscle Na+ content was measured in 23 patients with SLE and in 28 control subjects using 23Na+ magnetic resonance imaging. Demographic and clinical information was collected from interviews and chart review, and blood pressure was measured. Disease activity was assessed using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Plasma inflammation markers were measured by multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Muscle Na+ content was higher in patients with SLE (18.8 (16.7-18.3) mmol/L) than in control subjects (15.8 (14.7-18.3) mmol/L; p < 0.001). Skin Na+ content was also higher in SLE patients than in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. Among patients with SLE, muscle Na+ was associated with SLEDAI and higher concentrations of IL-10 after adjusting for age, race, and sex. Skin Na+ was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, but this was attenuated after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSION Patients with SLE had higher muscle Na+ content than control subjects. In patients with SLE, higher muscle Na+ content was associated with higher disease activity and IL-10 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Oeser
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - A Marton
- Department of Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - P Wang
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - J C Gore
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - J Titze
- Department of Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - C M Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - C P Chung
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, USA
| | - M J Ormseth
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, USA
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43
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Leu CM, Hsu TS, Kuo YP, Lai MZ, Liu PC, Chen MH, Chang DM, Tsai CY, Chen MH. Deltex1 suppresses T cell function and is a biomarker for diagnosis and disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:719-728. [PMID: 30629240 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deletion of Deltex1 (DTX1) in mice caused hyperactivation of T cells and lupus-like autoimmune syndromes, however, the association of DTX1 with human autoimmune diseases is totally unknown. This study investigated the role of DTX1 in human T cell functions and its correlation with disease activity in patients with SLE. METHODS The influence of DTX1 on T cell function was evaluated using human primary cells. DTX1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls and SLE patients was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and the SLEDAI was used to assess disease activity. RESULTS After stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, silencing of DTX1 expression enhanced IFN-γ secretion by human T cells. The expression of DTX1 in PBMCs was significantly lower in 100 SLE patients than in 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (DTX1/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 0.452 vs 1.269, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve of the model was 0.737 (95% CI 0.658, 0.815). Intriguingly, a low DTX1 level in T cells led to high IFN-γ production in SLE patients and had a correlation with severe disease activity. In addition, low DTX1 expression in SLE patients was associated with active LN, lung involvement or hypocomplementaemia. CONCLUSION Knockdown DTX1 expression in human T cells reduced IFN-γ secretion. DTX1 expression in the PBMCs was significantly lower in SLE patients and had an inverse correlation with disease activity, indicating that the DTX1 level may be a good disease marker of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Taiwan.,Infection and Immunity Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Sheng Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Kuo
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Zong Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Youh Tsai
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Chen Y, Guo KM, Nagy T, Guo TL. Chronic oral exposure to glycated whey proteins increases survival of aged male NOD mice with autoimmune prostatitis by regulating the gut microbiome and anti-inflammatory responses. Food Funct 2020; 11:153-162. [PMID: 31829366 PMCID: PMC6992484 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycated whey proteins have been shown to be protective against type 1 diabetes in our previous studies, suggesting their potential application as medical food. To determine if the protection could be extended to other autoimmune diseases, aged male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that develop a wide spectrum of autoimmune pathologies, including spontaneous autoimmune prostatitis, were used. After a 6-month oral exposure to whey protein-derived early glycation products (EGPs), EGP-treated NOD mice had an increased survival rate, decreased macrophage infiltration in the anterior lobe and decreased inflammation in the prostate when compared to the mice that received non-reacted controls. The systemic immunity was regulated towards anti-inflammation, evidenced by an increase in serum IL-10 level and decreases in total splenocytes, splenic M1 macrophages, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells. Consistent with an overall anti-inflammatory status, the gut microbiome was altered in abundance but not diversity, with increased Allobaculum, Anaerostipes, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Prevotella and decreased Adlercreutzia and Roseburia at the genus level. Moreover, increased Bacteroides acidifaciens correlated with most of the immune parameters measured. Collectively, chronic oral exposure to EGPs produced an anti-inflammatory effect in aged male NOD mice, which might contribute to the protective effects against spontaneous autoimmune prostatitis and/or other organ specific autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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45
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Pan Y, Wen X, Hao D, Wang Y, Wang L, He G, Jiang X. The role of IL-37 in skin and connective tissue diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109705. [PMID: 31918276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-37 was discovered as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine of the IL-1 family. Significant advancements in the understanding of signaling pathways associated with IL-37 have been made in recent years. IL-37 binds to IL-18R and recruits IL-1R8 to form the IL-37/IL-1R8/IL-18Rα complex. Capase-1 plays a key role in the nuclear transduction of IL-37 signal, processing precursor IL-37 into the mature isoform, and interacting with Smad3. IL-37 exerts its role by activating anti-inflammation pathways including AMPK, PTEN, Mer, STAT3 and p62, and promoting tolerogenic dendritic cells and Tregs. In addition, IL-37 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and suppresses Fyn, MAPK, TAK1, NFκB, and mTOR signaling. The final effects of IL-37 depend on the interaction among IL-18R, IL-1R8, IL-37 and IL-18BP. Previous studies have deciphered the role of IL-37 in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, chronic infections and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-37 in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, Behcet's diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other skin and connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Dan Hao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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He W, Kapate N, Shields CW, Mitragotri S. Drug delivery to macrophages: A review of targeting drugs and drug carriers to macrophages for inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 165-166:15-40. [PMID: 31816357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in defending against foreign pathogens, healing wounds, and regulating tissue homeostasis. Driving this versatility is their phenotypic plasticity, which enables macrophages to respond to subtle cues in tightly coordinated ways. However, when this coordination is disrupted, macrophages can aid the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease. The central link between these disorders is aberrant macrophage polarization, which misguides their functional programs, secretory products, and regulation of the surrounding tissue microenvironment. As a result of their important and deterministic roles in both health and disease, macrophages have gained considerable attention as targets for drug delivery. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages in the initiation and progression of various inflammatory diseases, summarize the leading drugs used to regulate macrophages, and review drug delivery systems designed to target macrophages. We emphasize strategies that are approved for clinical use or are poised for clinical investigation. Finally, we provide a prospectus of the future of macrophage-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Muhammad Yusoff F, Wong KK, Mohd Redzwan N. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2019; 53:8-20. [PMID: 31771364 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1693545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the breakdown of immune tolerance leading to excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Imbalance in the levels of cytokines represents one of the multifactorial causes of SLE pathogenesis and it contributes to disease severity. Deregulated levels of T helper type 1 (Th1), type 2 (Th2), and type 17 (Th17) cytokines have been associated with autoimmune inflammation. Growing evidence has shown deregulated levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients compared to healthy controls associated with disease activity and severity. In this review, we describe and discuss the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients, and clinical trials involving Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in SLE patients. In particular, with the exception of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β1, the levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines are increased in SLE patients associated with disease severity. Current phase II or III studies involve therapeutic antibodies targeting IFN-α and type I IFN receptor, while low-dose IL-2 therapy is assessed in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Muhammad Yusoff
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Norhanani Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Cantarelli C, Guglielmo C, Hartzell S, Salem FE, Andrighetto S, Gazivoda VP, Fiaccadori E, La Manna G, Zaza G, Leventhal J, Tassiulas I, Cravedi P. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Ameliorates Murine Lupus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2695. [PMID: 31824490 PMCID: PMC6879550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Current guidelines encourage administering pneumococcal vaccine Prevnar-13 to patients with lupus, but whether such vaccinations affect disease severity is unclear. To address this issue, we treated 3-month-old MRL-lpr mice, that spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome, with Prevnar-13 or vehicle control. After 3 months, we quantified circulating anti-Pneumococcal polysaccharide capsule (PPS) antibodies and signs of disease severity, including albuminuria, renal histology and skin severity score. We also compared immunophenotypes and function of T and B cells from treated and untreated animals. Prevnar-13 elicited the formation of anti-pneumococcal IgM and IgG. Prevnar-13 treated animals showed reduced albuminuria, renal histological lesions, and milder dermatitis compared to vehicle-treated controls. Mitigated disease severity was associated with reduced and increased T follicular helper cells (TFH) and T follicular regulatory cells (TFR), respectively, in Prevnar-treated animals. T cells from Prevnar-13 vaccinated mice showed differential cytokine production after aCD3/aCD28 stimulation, with significantly decreased IL-17 and IL-4, and increased IL-10 production compared to non-vaccinated mice. In conclusion, pneumococcal vaccination elicits anti-pneumococcal antibody response and ameliorates disease severity in MRL-lpr mice, which associates with fewer TFH and increased TFR. Together, the data support use of Prevnar vaccination in individuals with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cantarelli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Unità Operativa Complessa di Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Parma, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Guglielmo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, St. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susan Hartzell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fadi El Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sofia Andrighetto
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Victor P Gazivoda
- Department of Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Parma, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, St. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jeremy Leventhal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ioannis Tassiulas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Navarro Quiroz E, Chavez-Estrada V, Macias-Ochoa K, Ayala-Navarro MF, Flores-Aguilar AS, Morales-Navarrete F, de la Cruz Lopez F, Gomez Escorcia L, Musso CG, Aroca Martinez G, Gonzales Torres H, Diaz Perez A, Cadena Bonfanti A, Sarmiento Gutierrez J, Meza J, Diaz Arroyo E, Bello Lemus Y, Ahmad M, Navarro Quiroz R. Epigenetic Mechanisms and Posttranslational Modifications in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5679. [PMID: 31766160 PMCID: PMC6888206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex physiology of eukaryotic cells is regulated through numerous mechanisms, including epigenetic changes and posttranslational modifications. The wide-ranging diversity of these mechanisms constitutes a way of dynamic regulation of the functionality of proteins, their activity, and their subcellular localization as well as modulation of the differential expression of genes in response to external and internal stimuli that allow an organism to respond or adapt to accordingly. However, alterations in these mechanisms have been evidenced in several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The present review aims to provide an approach to the current knowledge of the implications of these mechanisms in SLE pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Valeria Chavez-Estrada
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44100, Mexico; (V.C.-E.); (K.M.-O.); (M.F.A.-N.)
| | - Karime Macias-Ochoa
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44100, Mexico; (V.C.-E.); (K.M.-O.); (M.F.A.-N.)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando de la Cruz Lopez
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Lorena Gomez Escorcia
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Carlos G. Musso
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires B1675, Argentina;
| | - Gustavo Aroca Martinez
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Nephrology, Clinica de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Henry Gonzales Torres
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Anderson Diaz Perez
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Corporacion Universitaria Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena de Indias 130001, Colombia
| | - Andres Cadena Bonfanti
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Nephrology, Clinica de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Joany Sarmiento Gutierrez
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Nephrology, Clinica de la Costa, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Jainy Meza
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Yesit Bello Lemus
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (F.d.l.C.L.); (L.G.E.); (G.A.M.); (H.G.T.); (A.D.P.); (A.C.B.); (J.S.G.); (J.M.); (Y.B.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Roberto Navarro Quiroz
- CMCC—Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Laboratório do Biología Computacional e Bioinformática—LBCB, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Paulo 01023, Brazil;
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50
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Elevated interleukin-25 and its association to Th2 cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224707. [PMID: 31697750 PMCID: PMC6837487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that is associated with lupus nephritis, initiated by the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney; subsequently, this induces the overexpression of cytokines. Lupus nephritis is known as one of the major clinical manifestations that affect the disease severity in SLE patients. An increased number of resident periglomerular and immune cells in the kidney has the potential to affect the equilibrium of different immune cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs, which may be central to the induction of tissue damage in kidney by exerting either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, or both. This equilibrium has yet to be confirmed, as new players such as IL-25 remain undiscovered. IL-25 is a cytokine of the IL-17 family, which stimulates Th2-mediated immune response when overly expressed. Thus, the aim of this research is to determine the plasma levels of IL-25 and Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13) in SLE patients with (SLE-LN) and without lupus nephritis. Sixty-four (n = 64) SLE patients and fifteen (n = 15) healthy individuals were recruited. This study demonstrated that the IL-9, IL-10 and IL-25 had significantly increased expressions in SLE-LN, followed by SLE without LN, compared to healthy controls. Meanwhile, IL-5 and IL-6 had significantly reduced. No significant difference was observed with IL-13, while the level of IL-4 was undetectable. Furthermore, IL-9 and IL-10 were significantly correlated with the IL-25, and IL-25, IL-9 and IL-10 were positively correlated with the disease severity score, SLEDAI. In conclusion, IL-25 and its associated Th2 cytokines (IL-9 and IL-10) may be involved in SLE pathogenesis. These cytokines could be potential biomarkers in monitoring and predicting the disease severity during SLE pathogenesis.
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