1
|
Sandhu M, Irfan HM, Arshad L, Ullah A, Shah SA, Ali H. Friedelin and Glutinol induce neuroprotection against ethanol induced neurotoxicity in pup's brain through reduction of TNF-α, NF-kB, caspase-3 and PARP-1. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:274-281. [PMID: 37939858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol administration triggers an inflammatory response that leads to a complex series of immune responses including the release of an excessive amount of inflammatory mediators particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-KB) which produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species. The inflammatory-induced cytotoxicity is increased when the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway is inhibited. Some studies have also shown that ethanol suppresses the PI3-kinase signaling pathway induced by receptor activation. Friedelin and Glutinol belong to pentacyclic triterpenoid class and are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to elucidate the effects of these phytoconstituents on one of the key ethanol-induced neuronal damage pathways. The pups having (5-7 g average body weight) were used and randomly divided into groups. The control and ethanol treated pups were administered 0.9% normal saline while treated pups received glutinol and friedelin (30 mg/kg subcutaneously) respectively. After four hours all the experimental animals were sacrificed and their brains were collected carefully for protein expression analysis of p-Akt, TNF-α, NF-KB, caspase-3 and PARP-1 employing immunoblotting technique. Hemolytic, DNA protection, chelating power and β-carotene assays results revealed that freidelin and glutinol are safe for parenteral administration. Glutinol administration with ethanol significantly abridged the ethanol induced over expression of TNF-α, caspase-3 and PARP-1 in pup's brain. Similarly, freidelin attenuated the neurodegeneration by inhibiting the ethanol induced p-JNK and NF-kB expression in pups' brain. This protection may be attributed to the revival of p-Akt signaling for cell survival. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates the neuro-protective effects of friedelin and glutinol via modulating the capase-3 and PARP-1 expression and modulating the neuronal apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marva Sandhu
- College of pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Drugs control and traditional medicines division, NIH Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozpur Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Saba Medical Center, P.O. Box 20316, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahid Ali Shah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Pakistan; Neuro Molecular Medicines Research Center (NMMRC), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Drugs control and traditional medicines division, NIH Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh SK, Shrivastava S, Mishra AK, Kumar D, Pandey VK, Srivastava P, Pradhan B, Behera BC, Bahuguna A, Baek KH. Friedelin: Structure, Biosynthesis, Extraction, and Its Potential Health Impact. Molecules 2023; 28:7760. [PMID: 38067489 PMCID: PMC10707989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies are investigating more source matrices for natural bioactive chemicals. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from various plant species from different families as well as mosses and lichen. The fundamental compounds of these friedelane triterpenoids are abundantly found in cork tissues and leaf materials of diverse plant genera such as Celastraceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. They possess many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Friedelin also has an anti-insect effect and the ability to alter the soil microbial ecology, making it vital to agriculture. Ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and acid hydrolysis extract friedelin with reduced environmental impact. Recently, the high demand for friedelin has led to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and gene overexpression plasmids to produce friedelin using genetically engineered yeast. Friedelin with low cytotoxicity to normal cells can be the best phytochemical for the drug of choice. The review summarizes the structural interpretation, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, quantification, and various forms of pharmacological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Shweta Shrivastava
- School of Pharmacy, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Darshan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Vijay Kant Pandey
- Department of Agriculture, Netaji Subhas University, Jamshedpur 831012, Jharkhand, India;
| | - Pratima Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur 832108, Jharkhand, India; (S.K.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Biswaranjan Pradhan
- S.K. Dash Centre of Excellence of Biosciences and Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Bikash Chandra Behera
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Xu Y, Di J, Liu A, Jiang J. The triterpenoid saponin content difference is associated with the two type oxidosqualene cyclase gene copy numbers of Pulsatilla chinensis and Pulsatilla cernua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144738. [PMID: 36909385 PMCID: PMC9995806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatilla chinensis is an important medicinal herb, its dried radix is used to treat the inflammation since ancient China. Triterpenoid saponins are proved to be the main active compounds of Pulsatilla genus. The triterpenoid saponin contents vary widely in different Pulsatilla species. But no enzyme involved in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway was identified in Pulsitilla genus. This seriously limits the explanation of the triterpene content difference of Pulsatilla species. In this article, we obtained two oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes from P. chinensis and P. cernua by touchdown PCR and anchored PCR. These two OSCs converted 2,3-oxidosqualene into different triterpenoids. The OSC from P. cernua is a monofunctional enzyme for β-amyrin synthesis, while the OSC from P. chinensis is a multifunctional enzyme for lupeol and β-amyrin synthesis, and the lupeol is the main product. Then we identified the 260th amino acid residue was the key site for the product difference by gene fusion and site-directed mutant technology. When the 260th amino acid residue was tryptophan (W260) and phenylalanine (F260), the main catalysate was β-amyrin and lupeol, respectively. Then we found that the expression of these two genes was strongly correlated with the lupeol-type and β-amyrin-type triterpenoid contents in P. cernua and P. chinensis. Finally, we found the gene copy number difference of these two genotypes leaded to the triterpenoid diversity in P. cernua and P. chinensis. This study provides useful information for the molecular breeding and quality improvement of P. chinensis and a molecular marker to identify the P. chinensis decoction pieces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An Liu
- *Correspondence: Jinzhu Jiang, ; An Liu,
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lertphadungkit P, Qiao X, Ye M, Bunsupa S. Characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases from Trichosanthes cucumerina L. reveals key amino acids responsible for substrate specificity of isomultiflorenol synthase. PLANTA 2022; 256:58. [PMID: 35980476 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two key amino acids of isomultiflorenol synthase, Y125 and M254, were first proposed. They could be associated with the production of isomultiflorenol. Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are the first committed enzymes in the triterpenoid biosynthesis by converting 2,3-oxidosqualene to specific triterpenoid backbones. Thus, these enzymes are potential targets for developing plant-active compounds through the study of triterpenoid biosynthesis. We applied transcriptome information and metabolite profiling from Trichosanthes cucumerina L. to define the diversity of triterpenoids in this plant through OSCs. Isomultiflorenol synthase and cucurbitadienol synthase were previously identified in this plant. Here, three new OSCs, TcBAS, TcLAS, and TcCAS, were cloned and functionally characterized as β-amyrin synthase, lanosterol synthase, and cycloartenol synthase activities, respectively. We also took advantage of the multiple sequence alignment and molecular docking of OSCs exhibiting in this plant and other plant OSCs to identify key residues associated with isomultiflorenol synthase specificity. Two novel key amino acids, referred to the Y125 and M254, were first discovered. These results provide information on a possible catalytic mechanism for plant OSCs that produce specific products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pornpatsorn Lertphadungkit
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Somnuk Bunsupa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identification of Putative Candidate Genes from Galphimia spp. Encoding Enzymes of the Galphimines Triterpenoids Synthesis Pathway with Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141879. [PMID: 35890513 PMCID: PMC9318123 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galphimia spp. is popularly used in Mexican traditional medicine. Some populations of Galphimia exert anxiolytic and sedative effects due to the presence of the modified triterpenoids galphimines. However, the galphimine synthesis pathway has not yet been elucidated. Hence, in this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis between two contrasting populations of Galphimia spp., a galphimine-producer, and a non-galphimine-producer, is performed using RNA-Seq in the Illumina Next Seq 550 platform to identify putative candidates genes that encode enzymes of this metabolic pathway. Transcriptome functional annotation was performed using the Blast2GO in levels of gene ontology. For differential expression analysis, edgeR, pheatmap, and Genie3 library were used. To validate transcriptome data, qPCR was conducted. In producer and non-producer plants of both populations of Galphimia spp., most of the transcripts were grouped in the Molecular Function level of gene ontology. A total of 680 differentially expressed transcripts between producer and non-producer plants were detected. In galphimine-producer plants, a larger number of highly expressed transcripts related to acyclic and polycyclic terpene synthesis were identified. As putative candidate genes involved in the galphimine synthesis pathway, P450 family members and enzymes with kinase activity were identified.
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular dissection of genes and promoters involved in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis revealed phytohormone induced modulation in Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Gene 2022; 836:146682. [PMID: 35714794 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study reports cloning and characterization of complete biosynthetic gene cluster committed to glycyrrhizin biosynthesis along with their corresponding promoter regions from Glycyrrhiza glabra. The identified genes namely, β-amyrin synthase, β-amyrin-11-oxidase, 11-oxo-beta-amyrin 30-oxidase and UDP-dependent glucosyltransferase, were hetrologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana for functional validation. The phyto-hormone, naphthalene acetic acid was shown to prompt maximum up regulation (1.3-14.0 folds) of all the genes, followed by gibberellic acid (0.001-10.0 folds) and abscisic acid (0.2-7.7 folds) treatments. The promoter-GUS fusion constructs infiltrated leaves of the identified genes exhibited enhanced promoter activity of β-amyrin synthase (3.9 & 3.0 folds) and 11-oxo-beta-amyrin 30-oxidase (3.6 & 3.2 folds) under the GA3 and NAA treatments, respectively as compared to their respective untreated controls. The transcriptional control of the three phytohormones studied could be correlated to the cis-responsive elements present in the upstream regions of the individual genes. The study provided an insight into the intricate interaction between hormone-responsive motifs with the corresponding co-expression of the glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway genes. The study will help in understanding the phytohormones-mediated regulation of glycyrrhizin biosynthesis and its modulation in the plant.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao HY, Zhao H, Hu TY, Jiang ZQ, Xia M, Zhang YF, Lu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y, Chen XC, Luo YF, Zhou JW, Wang JD, Gao J, Gao W, Huang LQ. Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for High-Level Friedelin via Genetic Manipulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:805429. [PMID: 35198543 PMCID: PMC8859104 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.805429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedelin, the most rearranged pentacyclic triterpene, also exhibits remarkable pharmacological and anti-insect activities. In particular, celastrol with friedelin as the skeleton, which is derived from the medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, is a promising drug due to its anticancer and antiobesity activities. Although a previous study achieved friedelin production using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strains capable of producing high-level friedelin have not been stably engineered. In this study, a combined strategy was employed with integration of endogenous pathway genes into the genome and knockout of inhibiting genes by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which successfully engineered multiple strains. After introducing an efficient TwOSC1T502E, all strains with genetic integration (tHMG1, ERG1, ERG20, ERG9, POS5, or UPC2.1) showed a 3.0∼6.8-fold increase in friedelin production compared with strain BY4741. Through further double knockout of inhibiting genes, only strains GD1 and GD3 produced higher yields. Moreover, strains GQ1 and GQ3 with quadruple mutants (bts1; rox1; ypl062w; yjl064w) displayed similar increases. Finally, the dominant strain GQ1 with TwOSC1T502E was cultured in an optimized medium in shake flasks, and the final yield of friedelin reached 63.91 ± 2.45 mg/L, which was approximately 65-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain BY4741 and 229% higher than that in ordinary SD-His-Ura medium. It was the highest titer for friedelin production to date. Our work provides a good example for triterpenoid production in microbial cell factories and lays a solid foundation for the mining, pathway analysis, and efficient production of valuable triterpenoids with friedelin as the skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Qian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Dian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gao, ; Lu-Qi Huang,
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gao, ; Lu-Qi Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu Y, Luo Y, Zhou J, Hu T, Tu L, Tong Y, Su P, Liu Y, Wang J, Jiang Z, Wu X, Chen X, Huang L, Gao W. Probing the functions of friedelane-type triterpene cyclases from four celastrol-producing plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:555-567. [PMID: 34750899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are among the most diverse plant natural products, and their diversity is closely related to various triterpene skeletons catalyzed by different 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Celastrol, a friedelane-type triterpene with significant bioactivities, is specifically distributed in higher plants, such as Celastraceae species. Friedelin is an important precursor for the biosynthesis of celastrol, and it is synthesized through the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, with the highest number of rearrangements being catalyzed by friedelane-type triterpene cyclases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the catalysis of friedelin production by friedelane-type triterpene cyclases have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, transcriptome data of four celastrol-producing plants from Celastraceae were used to identify a total of 21 putative OSCs. Through functional characterization, the friedelane-type triterpene cyclases were separately verified in the four plants. Analysis of the selection pressure showed that purifying selection acted on these OSCs, and the friedelane-type triterpene cyclases may undergo weaker selective restriction during evolution. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that changes in some amino acids that are unique to friedelane-type triterpene cyclases may lead to variations in catalytic specificity or efficiency, thereby affecting the synthesis of friedelin. Our research explored the functional diversity of triterpene synthases from a multispecies perspective. It also provides some references for further research on the relative mechanisms of friedelin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Methionine 549 and Leucine 552 Residues of Friedelin Synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia Are Important for Substrate Binding Specificity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226806. [PMID: 34833897 PMCID: PMC8617677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedelin, a pentacyclic triterpene found in the leaves of the Celastraceae species, demonstrates numerous biological activities and is a precursor of quinonemethide triterpenes, which are promising antitumoral agents. Friedelin is biosynthesized from the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, involving a series of rearrangements to form a ketone by deprotonation of the hydroxylated intermediate, without the aid of an oxidoreductase enzyme. Mutagenesis studies among oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) have demonstrated the influence of amino acid residues on rearrangements during substrate cyclization: loss of catalytic activity, stabilization, rearrangement control or specificity changing. In the present study, friedelin synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae) was expressed heterologously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were performed by replacing phenylalanine with tryptophan at position 473 (Phe473Trp), methionine with serine at position 549 (Met549Ser) and leucine with phenylalanine at position 552 (Leu552Phe). Mutation Phe473Trp led to a total loss of function; mutants Met549Ser and Leu552Phe interfered with the enzyme specificity leading to enhanced friedelin production, in addition to α-amyrin and β-amyrin. Hence, these data showed that methionine 549 and leucine 552 are important residues for the function of this synthase.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang J, Guo Y, Yin X, Wang X, Qi X, Xue Z. Diverse triterpene skeletons are derived from the expansion and divergent evolution of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases in plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 57:113-132. [PMID: 34601979 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites and exhibit diverse structures, which are derived from C30 skeletons that are biosynthesized via the isoprenoid pathway by cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene. Triterpenoids have a wide range of biological activities, and are used in functional foods, drugs, and as industrial materials. Due to the low content levels in their native plants and limited feasibility and efficiency of chemical synthesis, heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoids is the most promising strategy. Herein, we classified 121 triterpene alcohols/ketones according to their conformation and ring numbers, among which 51 skeletons have been experimentally characterized as the products of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Interestingly, 24 skeletons that have not been reported from nature source were generated by OSCs in heterologous expression. Comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the identified 152 OSCs from 75 species in 25 plant orders show that several pentacyclic triterpene synthases repeatedly originated in multiple plant lineages. Comparative analysis of OSC catalytic reaction revealed that stabilization of intermediate cations, steric hindrance, and conformation of active center amino acid residues are primary factors affecting triterpene formation. Optimization of OSC could be achieved by changing of side-chain orientations of key residues. Recently, methods, such as rationally design of pathways, regulation of metabolic flow, compartmentalization engineering, etc., were introduced in improving chassis for the biosynthesis of triterpenoids. We expect that extensive study of natural variation of large number of OSCs and catalytical mechanism will provide basis for production of high level of triterpenoids by application of synthetic biology strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xue Yin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Hu T, Liu Y, Tu L, Song Y, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Tong Y, Zhao Y, Su P, Wu X, Huang L, Gao W. Cytochrome P450 catalyses the 29-carboxyl group formation of celastrol. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112868. [PMID: 34273756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Celastrol, a potent anticancer and anti-obesity drug, was first isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and it is produced in small quantities in many members of the Celastraceae family. The heterologous reconstitution of celastrol biosynthesis could be a promising method for the efficient production of celastrol and natural and unnatural derivatives thereof, yet only part of the biosynthetic pathway is known. Here, we report a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (TwCYP712K1) from T. wilfordii that performs the three-step oxidation of friedelin to polpunonic acid in the celastrol pathway. Heterologous expression of TwCYP712K1 showed that TwCYP712K1 catalyses not only the transformation of friedelin to polpunonic acid but also the oxidation of β-amyrin or α-amyrin. The role of TwCYP712K1 in the biosynthesis of celastrol was further revealed via RNA interference. Some key residues of TwCYP712K1 were also screened by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Our results lay a solid foundation for further elucidating the biosynthesis of celastrol and related triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ping Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pitakbut T, Spiteller M, Kayser O. In Vitro Production and Exudation of 20-Hydroxymaytenin from Gymnosporia heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.) Loes. Cell Culture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1493. [PMID: 34451538 PMCID: PMC8398937 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolite 20-Hydroxymaytenin (20-HM) is a member of the quinone-methide pentacyclic triterpenoids (QMTs) group. This metabolite group is present only in Celastraceae plants, and it has shown various biological activities from antioxidant to anticancer properties. However, most QMTs metabolites including 20-HM cannot be synthesized in a laboratory. Therefore, we optimized a plant tissue culture protocol and examined the potential of Gymnosporia heterophylla (synonym. Maytenus heterophylla) to produce 20-HM in an in vitro experiment. For the first time, we reported the optimum callus induction medium with a high percentage success rate of 82% from the combination of 1 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid and 5 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid. Later, our cell suspension culture cultivated in the optimum medium provided approximately 0.35 mg/g fresh weight of 20-HM. This concentration is roughly 87.5 times higher than a concentration of 20-HM presenting in Elaeodendron croceum (Celastraceae) leaves. In addition, we also found that 20-HM presented in a cultivation medium, suggesting that G. heterophylla cells secreted 20-HM as an exudate in our experiment. Noticeably, 20-HM was missing when Penicillium cf. olsonii occurred in the medium. These findings hint at an antifungal property of 20-HM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanet Pitakbut
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Site-directed mutagenesis and substrate compatibility to reveal the structure-function relationships of plant oxidosqualene cyclases. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2261-2275. [PMID: 33988197 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to May 2020Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) catalyze one of the most complex polycyclization reactions in nature, using the linear 2,3-oxidosqualene to generate an array of triterpene skeletons in plants. Despite the structural diversity of the products, the protein sequences of plant OSCs are highly conserved, where a few key amino acids could govern the product selectivity. Due to the absence of crystal structures, site-directed mutagenesis and substrate structural modification become key approaches to understand the cyclization mechanism. In this review, 98 mutation sites in 25 plant OSCs have been summarized, and the conserved key residues have been identified by sequence alignment. Structure-function relationships are further discussed. Meanwhile, the substrate selectivity has been summarized to probe the active site cavity of plant OSCs. A total of 77 references are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oxidosqualene cyclases involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Quercus suber cork. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8011. [PMID: 32415159 PMCID: PMC7229149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cork is a water-impermeable, suberin-based material harboring lignin, (hemi)cellulose, and extractable small molecules (primarily triterpenoids). Extractables strongly influence the properties of suberin-based materials. Though these previous findings suggest a key role for triterpenoids in cork material quality, directly testing this idea is hindered in part because it is not known which genes control cork triterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine that the majority (>85%) of non-polar extractables from cork were pentacyclic triterpenoids, primarily betulinic acid, friedelin, and hydroxy-friedelin. In other plants, triterpenoids are generated by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Accordingly, we mined Quercus suber EST libraries for OSC fragments to use in a RACE PCR-based approach and cloned three full-length OSC transcripts from cork (QsOSC1-3). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that QsOSC1-3 respectively encoded enzymes with lupeol synthase, mixed α- and β-amyrin synthase, and mixed β-amyrin and friedelin synthase activities. These activities together account for the backbone structures of the major cork triterpenoids. Finally, we analyzed the sequences of QsOSC1-3 and other plant OSCs to identify residues associated with specific OSC activities, then combined this with analyses of Q. suber transcriptomic and genomic data to evaluate potential redundancies in cork triterpenoid biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hansen NL, Miettinen K, Zhao Y, Ignea C, Andreadelli A, Raadam MH, Makris AM, Møller BL, Stærk D, Bak S, Kampranis SC. Integrating pathway elucidation with yeast engineering to produce polpunonic acid the precursor of the anti-obesity agent celastrol. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:15. [PMID: 31992268 PMCID: PMC6988343 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol is a promising anti-obesity agent that acts as a sensitizer of the protein hormone leptin. Despite its potent activity, a sustainable source of celastrol and celastrol derivatives for further pharmacological studies is lacking. RESULTS To elucidate the celastrol biosynthetic pathway and reconstruct it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we mined a root-transcriptome of Tripterygium wilfordii and identified four oxidosqualene cyclases and 49 cytochrome P450s as candidates to be involved in the early steps of celastrol biosynthesis. Using functional screening of the candidate genes in Nicotiana benthamiana, TwOSC4 was characterized as a novel oxidosqualene cyclase that produces friedelin, the presumed triterpenoid backbone of celastrol. In addition, three P450s (CYP712K1, CYP712K2, and CYP712K3) that act downstream of TwOSC4 were found to effectively oxidize friedelin and form the likely celastrol biosynthesis intermediates 29-hydroxy-friedelin and polpunonic acid. To facilitate production of friedelin, the yeast strain AM254 was constructed by deleting UBC7, which afforded a fivefold increase in friedelin titer. This platform was further expanded with CYP712K1 to produce polpunonic acid and a method for the facile extraction of products from the yeast culture medium, resulting in polpunonic acid titers of 1.4 mg/L. CONCLUSION Our study elucidates the early steps of celastrol biosynthesis and paves the way for future biotechnological production of this pharmacologically promising compound in engineered yeast strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj L Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yong Zhao
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Aggeliki Andreadelli
- Institute of Applied Biosciences-Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Morten H Raadam
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences-Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Birger L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan Stærk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guimarães LD, Amaral FMD, Santos NBD, Joffily A, Anholeti MC, Paiva SRD. A chemophenetic study of the genus Maytenus s.l. (Celastraceae): contribution to the rational search of its bioactive metabolites. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Maytenus s.l. is a genus of the Celastraceae family and many of its species are used in traditional medicine. Most of the substances responsible for the biological activities of plants come from their secondary metabolism, such as terpenoids and flavonoids, which have multiple functions in the plant and can occur in a similar way in plant groups. Chemophenetics analyzes the occurrence of these substances in a taxon and can infer evolutionary trends and contribute to the rational search for new drugs. Chemosystematic parameters were used to analyze the data obtained through a bibliographic survey. The species of Maytenus s.l. were separated into three groups: species with accepted names, synonymous species with the genus Monteverdia and synonymous species with the genus Gymnosporia. Due to their great occurrence and structural variety in Maytenus s.l., triterpenes were chosen as chemosystematic markers, with friedelanes and quinone methide triterpenes being the most expressive types. Studies have already demonstrated the analgesic potential of quinone methides and the antitumor potential of phenolic triterpenes and dimers of these units. Together, the three classes assist in the circumscription of Maytenus s.s. and Monteverdia, while lupanes can be used in the separation of these genera. Oleanans are representative of Gymnosporia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bicalho KU, Santoni MM, Arendt P, Zanelli CF, Furlan M, Goossens A, Pollier J. CYP712K4 Catalyzes the C-29 Oxidation of Friedelin in the Maytenus ilicifolia Quinone Methide Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2510-2522. [PMID: 31350564 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The native Brazilian plant Maytenus ilicifolia accumulates a set of quinone methide triterpenoids with important pharmacological properties, of which maytenin, pristimerin and celastrol accumulate exclusively in the root bark of this medicinal plant. The first committed step in the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to friedelin, catalyzed by the oxidosqualene cyclase friedelin synthase (FRS). In this study, we produced heterologous friedelin by the expression of M. ilicifolia FRS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain engineered using CRISPR/Cas9. Furthermore, friedelin-producing N. benthamiana leaves and S. cerevisiae cells were used for the characterization of CYP712K4, a cytochrome P450 from M. ilicifolia that catalyzes the oxidation of friedelin at the C-29 position, leading to maytenoic acid, an intermediate of the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Maytenoic acid produced in N. benthamiana leaves was purified and its structure was confirmed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The three-step oxidation of friedelin to maytenoic acid by CYP712K4 can be considered as the second step of the quinone methide triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, and may form the basis for further discovery of the pathway and heterologous production of friedelanes and ultimately quinone methide triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keylla U Bicalho
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Santoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cleslei F Zanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Furlan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, S�o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, S�o Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou J, Hu T, Gao L, Su P, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Chen S, Tu L, Song Y, Wang X, Huang L, Gao W. Friedelane-type triterpene cyclase in celastrol biosynthesis from Tripterygium wilfordii and its application for triterpenes biosynthesis in yeast. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:722-735. [PMID: 30895623 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Celastrol is a promising bioactive compound isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii and has been shown to possess many encouraging preclinical applications. However, the celastrol biosynthetic pathway is poorly understood, especially the key oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme responsible for cyclisation of the main scaffold. Here, we report on the isolation and characterisation of three OSCs from T. wilfordii: TwOSC1, TwOSC2 and TwOSC3. Both TwOSC1 and TwOSC3 were multiproduct friedelin synthases, while TwOSC2 was a β-amyrin synthase. We further found that TwOSC1 and TwOSC3 were involved in the biosynthesis of celastrol and that their common product, friedelin, was a precursor of celastrol. We then reconstituted the biosynthetic pathway of friedelin in engineered yeast constructed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with protein modification and medium optimisation, leading to heterologous production of friedelin at 37.07 mg l-1 in a shake flask culture. Our study was the first to identify the genes responsible for biosynthesis of the main scaffold of celastrol and other triterpenes in T. wilfordii. As friedelin has been found in many plants, the results and approaches described here have laid a solid foundation for further explaining the biosynthesis of celastrol and related triterpenoids. Moreover, our results provide insights for metabolic engineering of friedelane-type triterpenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Linhui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Müller B, Fuchs L, Vorwerk K, Unland K, Bröker JN, Scherer E, Huber C, Eisenreich W, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. The enzymes OSC1 and CYP716A263 produce a high variety of triterpenoids in the latex of Taraxacum koksaghyz. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5942. [PMID: 30976052 PMCID: PMC6459903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Only very little is known about the resin composition of natural rubber from the dandelion species Taraxacum koksaghyz, thus its full characterization could provide new insights into how the isoprenoid end-products influence the physical properties of natural rubber, and this resin might be a good source of highly diverse triterpenoids. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the triterpenoid composition in an acetone extract and identified 13 triterpenes and triterpenoids also including the so far unknown pentacyclic compounds lup-19(21)-en-3-ol (1) and its ketone lup-19(21)-en-3-one (2). We purified single triterpenes from the acetone extract by developing a two-step HPLC system that is adapted to the structural differences of the described triterpenoids. Furthermore, we isolated six different oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and two P450 enzymes, and we functionally characterized TkOSC1 and CYP716A263 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in detail. TkOSC1 is a multifunctional OSC that was capable of synthesizing at least four of the latex-predominant pentacyclic triterpenes (taraxasterol, α-, β-amyrin and lup-19(21)-en-3-ol) while CYP716A263 oxidized pentacyclic triterpenes at the C-3 position. The identified enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and modification of pentacyclic triterpenes in T. koksaghyz latex may represent excellent tools for bioengineering approaches to produce pentacyclic triterpenes heterologously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Pütter
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Fuchs
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Vorwerk
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Bröker
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Emely Scherer
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pavarini DP, Selegato DM, Castro-Gamboa I, do Sacramento LVS, Furlan M. Ecological Insights to Track Cytotoxic Compounds among Maytenus ilicifolia Living Individuals and Clones of an Ex Situ Collection. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061160. [PMID: 30909567 PMCID: PMC6471723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is key for maintenance of life and source of richness. Nevertheless, concepts such as phenotype expression are also pivotal to understand how chemical diversity varies in a living organism. Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids (SPAs) and quinonemethide triterpenes (QMTs) accumulate in root bark of Celastraceae plants. However, despite their known bioactive traits, there is still a lack of evidence regarding their ecological functions. Our present contribution combines analytical tools to study clones and individuals of Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae) kept alive in an ex situ collection and determine whether or not these two major biosynthetic pathways could be switched on simultaneously. The relative concentration of the QMTs maytenin (1) and pristimerin (2), and the SPA aquifoliunin E1 (3) were tracked in raw extracts by HPLC-DAD and 1H-NMR. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) was used to group individuals according their ability to accumulate these metabolites. Semi-quantitative analysis showed an extensive occurrence of QMT in most individuals, whereas SPA was only detected in minor abundance in five samples. Contrary to QMTs, SPAs did not accumulate extensively, contradicting the hypothesis of two different biosynthetic pathways operating simultaneously. Moreover, the production of QMT varied significantly among samples of the same ex situ collection, suggesting that the terpene contents in root bark extracts were not dependent on abiotic effects. HCA results showed that QMT occurrence was high regardless of the plant age. This data disproves the hypothesis that QMT biosynthesis was age-dependent. Furthermore, clustering analysis did not group clones nor same-age samples together, which might reinforce the hypothesis over gene regulation of the biosynthesis pathways. Indeed, plants from the ex situ collection produced bioactive compounds in a singular manner, which postulates that rhizosphere environment could offer ecological triggers for phenotypical plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petinatti Pavarini
- Instituto de Química, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Cloreen Park, Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5HN, UK.
| | - Denise Medeiros Selegato
- Instituto de Química, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
| | - Ian Castro-Gamboa
- Instituto de Química, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Vitor Silva do Sacramento
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, University, Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Furlan
- Instituto de Química, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han JY, Ahn CH, Adhikari PB, Kondeti S, Choi YE. Functional characterization of an oxidosqualene cyclase (PdFRS) encoding a monofunctional friedelin synthase in Populus davidiana. PLANTA 2019; 249:95-111. [PMID: 30145615 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An oxidosqualene cyclase (PdFRS) from Populus davidiana was characterized as a monofunctional friedelin synthase by its heterologous expression in yeast and overexpression in plants. Triterpenes are one of the largest classes of plant chemical compounds composed of three terpene units, which form the basic skeleton of all sterols and saponins. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one), a pentacyclic triterpene, occurs in many plant families and is particularly present in rich amounts in cork tissues from trees. The biosynthesis of friedelin occurs through the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that generates friedelin from 2,3-oxidosqualene after the maximum rearrangement of a triterpene skeleton. Populus davidiana is called Korean aspen and grows in northern East Asia. From 57,322 unique sequences generated from the P. davidiana transcriptome database, one complete coding sequence (PdFRS) was obtained from a contig, which showed 74% identity to Betula platyphylla β-amyrin synthase and 73% identity with friedelin synthase from Maytenus ilicifolia. The open reading frame (ORF) region of the PdFRS sequence was 2280 bp long and composed a 759 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 87.81 kDa. qPCR analysis revealed that methyl jasmonate treatments strongly upregulated PdFRS gene expression and resulted in enhanced friedelin accumulation in leaves. Heterologous expression of the PdFRS gene in yeast resulted in the production of friedelin triterpene as a single product, which was confirmed by comparison with the mass fragmentation pattern from an authentic friedelin standard by GC/MS analysis. Transgenic P. davidiana overexpressing the PdFRS gene was constructed via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of PdFRS in transgenic P. davidiana lines resulted in enhanced friedelin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Ahn
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Subramanyam Kondeti
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Souza-Moreira TM, Navarrete C, Chen X, Zanelli CF, Valentini SR, Furlan M, Nielsen J, Krivoruchko A. Screening of 2A peptides for polycistronic gene expression in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4956763. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Souza-Moreira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Clara Navarrete
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Cleslei F Zanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Sandro R Valentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jau km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Maysa Furlan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anastasia Krivoruchko
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- Biopetrolia AB, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alves TB, Souza-Moreira TM, Valentini SR, Zanelli CF, Furlan M. Friedelin in Maytenus ilicifolia Is Produced by Friedelin Synthase Isoforms. Molecules 2018; 23:E700. [PMID: 29558378 PMCID: PMC6017009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes are interesting compounds because they play an important role in cell homeostasis and a wide variety exhibiting defense functions is produced by plant secondary metabolism. Those same plant secondary metabolites also exhibit biological properties with promising therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents. Friedelin is a triterpene ketone with anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities and it is a precursor of relevant antitumor quinonemethides. Although many triterpene synthases have been described, only two friedelin synthases were characterized and there is no information about their genomic features and alleles. In the present work, we aimed to identify the gene and new isoforms of friedelin synthase in Maytenus ilicifolia leaves to be functionally characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene sequence analysis elucidated the exon/intron structure and confirmed the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms with four non-synonymous mutations outside the active site of the enzyme. Therefore, two new isoforms were observed and the heterologous production of the enzymes in yeast showed similar production of friedelin. This first description of different alleles of the gene of friedelin synthase in M. ilicifolia can guide their validation as markers for friedelin-producer specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís B Alves
- Instituto de Química, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana M Souza-Moreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Sandro R Valentini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Cleslei F Zanelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Furlan
- Instituto de Química, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jin J, Moore MK, Wilson WK, Matsuda SPT. Astertarone A Synthase from Chinese Cabbage Does Not Produce the C4-Epimer: Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:1802-1805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Das J, Sarkar A, Ghosh P. Friedelane triterpenoids: transformations toward A-ring modifications including 2-homoderivatives. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Common reaction strategies were employed on suitable substrates to achieve a series of C2,C3-; C3,C4- and C2,C3,C4-functionalized (including 2-homo-) friedelane triterpenoids with just one to four efficient steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Das
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Antara Sarkar
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hoshino T. β-Amyrin biosynthesis: catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2869-2891. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past five years, there have been remarkable advances in the study of β-amyrin synthase. This review outlines the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition in β-amyrin biosynthesis, which have been attained by the site-directed mutagenesis and substrate analog experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Niigata University
- Niigata 950-2181
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|