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Jameie M, Ahli B, Ghadir S, Azami M, Amanollahi M, Ebadi R, Rafati A, Naser Moghadasi A. The hidden link: How oral and respiratory microbiomes affect multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 88:105742. [PMID: 38964239 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has explored the role of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of microbial communities in the oral cavity and respiratory tract on MS is an emerging area of investigation. PURPOSE We aimed to review the current literature related to the nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS). METHODS We conducted a narrative review of clinical and preclinical original studies on PubMed that explored the relationship between the bacterial or viral composition of the nasal, lung, and oral microbiota and MS. Additionally, to find relevant studies not retrieved initially, we also searched for references in related review papers, as well as the references cited within the included studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Thirteen studies were meticulously reviewed in three sections; oral microbiota (n = 8), nasal microbiota (n = 3), and lung microbiota (n = 2), highlighting considerable alterations in the oral and respiratory microbiome of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs). Genera like Aggregatibacter and Streptococcus were less abundant in the oral microbiota of PwMS compared to HCs, while Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides showed increased abundance in PwMS. Additionally, the presence of specific bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis, within the oral microbiota was suggested to influence Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, a well-established risk factor for MS. Studies related to the nasal microbiome indicated elevated levels of specific Staphylococcus aureus toxins, as well as nasal glial cell infection with human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in PwMS. Emerging research on lung microbiome in animal models demonstrated that manipulating the lung microbiome towards lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria might suppress MS symptoms. These findings open avenues for potential therapeutic strategies. However, further research is crucial to fully understand the complex interactions between the microbiome and MS. This will help identify the most effective timing, bacterial strains, and modulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Ahli
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadir
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mobin Azami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mobina Amanollahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ebadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rafati
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jones TB, Chu P, Wilkey B, Lynch L, Jentarra G. Regional Differences in Microbial Infiltration of Brain Tissue from Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Control Individuals. Brain Sci 2024; 14:677. [PMID: 39061418 PMCID: PMC11274863 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline and neuropathology including amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau). Factors initiating or driving these pathologies remain unclear, though microbes have been increasingly implicated. Our data and others' findings indicate that microbes may be common constituents of the brain. It is notable that Aβ and tau have antimicrobial properties, suggesting a response to microbes in the brain. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to compare major bacterial phyla in post-mortem tissues from individuals exhibiting a range of neuropathology and cognitive status in two brain regions variably affected in AD. Our data indicate that strong regional differences exist, driven in part by the varied presence of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. We confirmed our data using ELISA of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid in the same brain tissue. We identified a potential association between the composition of phyla and the presence of neuropathology but not cognitive status. Declining cognition and increasing pathology correlated closely with serum LPS, but not brain levels of LPS, although brain LPS showed a strong negative correlation with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Collectively, our data suggest a region-specific heterogeneity of microbial populations in brain tissue potentially associated with neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bucky Jones
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (T.B.J.); (P.C.); (L.L.)
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
| | - Ping Chu
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (T.B.J.); (P.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Brooke Wilkey
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
- School of Medicine, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Leigha Lynch
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (T.B.J.); (P.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Garilyn Jentarra
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (T.B.J.); (P.C.); (L.L.)
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA;
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Fioriti F, Rifflet A, Gomperts Boneca I, Zugasti O, Royet J. Bacterial peptidoglycan serves as a critical modulator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:878-897. [PMID: 38710338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and compounds derived from gut-associated bacteria can modulate numerous physiological processes in the host, including immunity and behavior. Using a model of oral bacterial infection, we previously demonstrated that gut-derived peptidoglycan (PGN), an essential constituent of the bacterial cell envelope, influences female fruit fly egg-laying behavior by activating the NF-κB cascade in a subset of brain neurons. These findings underscore PGN as a potential mediator of communication between gut bacteria and the brain in Drosophila, prompting further investigation into its impact on all brain cells. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry, we now show that PGN fragments produced by gut bacteria can rapidly reach the central nervous system. In Addition, by employing a combination of whole-genome transcriptome analyses, comprehensive genetic assays, and reporter gene systems, we reveal that gut bacterial infection triggers a PGN dose-dependent NF-κB immune response in perineurial glia, forming the continuous outer cell layer of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, we demonstrate that persistent PGN-dependent NF-κB activation in perineurial glial cells correlates with a reduction in lifespan and early neurological decline. Overall, our findings establish gut-derived PGN as a critical mediator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Fioriti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| | - Aline Rifflet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Zugasti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Royet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
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Schumacher SM, Doyle WJ, Hill K, Ochoa-Repáraz J. Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and animal models. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38817090 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease marked by a host immune reaction that targets and destroys the neuronal myelin sheath. MS and correlating animal disease models show comorbidities, including intestinal barrier disruption and alterations of the commensal microbiome. It is accepted that diet plays a crucial role in shaping the microbiota composition and overall gastrointestinal (GI) tract health, suggesting an interplay between nutrition and neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis. Unfortunately, poor host health and diet lead to microbiota modifications that could lead to significant responses in the host, including inflammation and neurobehavioral changes. Beneficial microbial metabolites are essential for host homeostasis and inflammation control. This review will highlight the importance of the gut microbiota in the context of host inflammatory responses in MS and MS animal models. Additionally, microbial community restoration and how it affects MS and GI barrier integrity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William J Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, ID, USA
| | - Kristina Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, ID, USA
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Zhu K, Jin Y, Zhao Y, He A, Wang R, Cao C. Proteomic scrutiny of nasal microbiomes: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:169-179. [PMID: 38420723 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2323983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nasal cavity is the initial site of the human respiratory tract and is one of the habitats where microorganisms colonize. The findings from a growing number of studies have shown that the nasal microbiome is an important factor for human disease and health. 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) are the most commonly used means of microbiome evaluation. Among them, 16S rRNA sequencing is the primary method used in previous studies of nasal microbiomes. However, neither 16S rRNA sequencing nor mNGS can be used to analyze the genes specifically expressed by nasal microorganisms and their functions. This problem can be addressed by proteomic analysis of the nasal microbiome. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize current advances in research on the nasal microbiome, introduce the methods for proteomic evaluation of the nasal microbiome, and focus on the important roles of proteomic evaluation of the nasal microbiome in the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases. EXPERT OPINION The detection method for microbiome-expressed proteins is known as metaproteomics. Metaproteomic analysis can help us dig deeper into the nasal microbiomes and provide new targets and ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of many nasal dysbiosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Andong He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Ningbo, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Liu K, Guo Q, Ding Y, Luo L, Huang J, Zhang Q. Alterations in nasal microbiota of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:162-171. [PMID: 37482646 PMCID: PMC10798702 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Links between alterations in gut microbiota composition and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have previously been reported. This study aimed to examine the microbiota in the nasal cavity of ALS. METHODS Sixty-six ALS patients and 40 healthy caregivers who live in close proximity with patients were enrolled. High throughput metagenomic sequencing of the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) gene V3-V4 region of nasal microbiota was used to characterize the alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of bacterial taxa, predict function, and conduct correlation analysis between specific taxa and clinical features. RESULTS The nasal microbiome of ALS patients showed lower alpha diversity than that of corresponding healthy family members. Genera Gaiella , Sphingomonas , Polaribacter _1, Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136_group, Klebsiella , and Alistipes were differentially enriched in ALS patients compared to controls. Nasal microbiota composition in ALS patients significantly differed from that in healthy subjects (unweighted UniFrac P = 0.001), while Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis indicated that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominated healthy nasal communities at the phylum level, whereas Actinobacteria was the predominant phylum and Thermoleophilia was the predominant class in ALS patients. Genus Faecalibacterium and Alistipes were positively correlated with ALS functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R; rs = 0.349, P = 0.020 and rs = 0.393, P = 0.008), while Prevotella -9 and Bacteroides operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were positively associated with lung function (FVC) in ALS patients ( rs = 0.304, P = 0.045, and rs = 0.300, P = 0.048, respectively). Prevotella -1 was positively correlated with white blood cell counts (WBC, rs = 0.347, P = 0.021), neutrophil percentage (Neu%, rs = 0.428, P = 0.004), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR, rs = 0.411, P = 0.006), but negatively correlated with lymphocyte percentage (Lym%, rs = -0.408, P = 0.006). In contrast, Streptococcus was negatively associated with Neu% ( rs = -0.445, P = 0.003) and NLR ( rs = -0.436, P = 0.003), while positively associated with Lym% ( rs = 0.437, P = 0.003). No significant differences in nasal microbiota richness and evenness were detected among the severe and mild ALS patients. CONCLUSIONS ALS is accompanied by altered nasal microbial community composition and diversity. The findings presented here highlight the need to understand how dysbiosis of nasal microbiota may contribute to the development of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Qifu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Jianchai Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
| | - Qijie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350212, China
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Chowdhary A, Van Gelder RN, Sundararajan M. Methodologic Considerations for Studying the Ocular Surface Microbiome. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100408. [PMID: 38025161 PMCID: PMC10654231 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiome, unlike that of the skin or gut, has not been well characterized. Culture experiments historically suggested a nearly sterile ocular surface, but initial application of molecular methods such as 16S ribosomal RNA and high-throughput sequencing demonstrated a surprisingly rich ocular surface microbiome. However, a major limitation in studying such a low-biomass niche is the potential for artifactual results when amplification-based techniques such as ribosomal polymerase chain reaction and shotgun sequencing are used. It will be essential to establish standards across the field for sample collection, positive and negative controls, and limitation of contamination in both the laboratory setting and computational analysis. New developments in ocular microbiome research, including the generation of reference reagents and fluoroscopic imaging techniques, provide improved means to validate sequencing results and to visualize complex interactions between host cells and bacteria. Through more thorough characterization of the ocular surface microbiome, the connections between a dysregulated surface and ophthalmic disease may be better understood. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Chowdhary
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Russell N. Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miel Sundararajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Arabi TZ, Alabdulqader AA, Sabbah BN, Ouban A. Brain-inhabiting bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases: the "brain microbiome" theory. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1240945. [PMID: 37927338 PMCID: PMC10620799 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1240945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversies surrounding the validity of the toxic proteinopathy theory of Alzheimer's disease have led the scientific community to seek alternative theories in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders (ND). Recent studies have provided evidence of a microbiome in the central nervous system. Some have hypothesized that brain-inhabiting organisms induce chronic neuroinflammation, leading to the development of a spectrum of NDs. Bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Cutibacterium acnes have been found to inhabit the brains of ND patients. Furthermore, several fungi, including Candida and Malassezia species, have been identified in the central nervous system of these patients. However, there remains several limitations to the brain microbiome hypothesis. Varying results across the literature, concerns regarding sample contamination, and the presence of exogenous deoxyribonucleic acids have led to doubts about the hypothesis. These results provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of NDs. Herein, we provide a review of the evidence for and against the brain microbiome theory and describe the difficulties facing the hypothesis. Additionally, we define possible mechanisms of bacterial invasion of the brain and organism-related neurodegeneration in NDs and the potential therapeutic premises of this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abderrahman Ouban
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Doyle WJ, Walters D, Shi X, Hoffman K, Magori K, Roullet JB, Ochoa-Repáraz J. Farnesol brain transcriptomics in CNS inflammatory demyelination. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109752. [PMID: 37673223 PMCID: PMC10619994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesol (FOL) prevents the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE We examined the transcriptomic profile of the brains of EAE mice treated with daily oral FOL using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq). METHODS Transcriptomics from whole brains of treated and untreated EAE mice at the peak of EAE was performed. RESULTS EAE-induced mice, compared to naïve, healthy mice, overall showed increased expression in pathways for immune response, as well as an increased cytokine signaling pathway, with downregulation of cellular stress proteins. FOL downregulates pro-inflammatory pathways and attenuates the immune response in EAE. FOL downregulated the expression of genes involved in misfolded protein response, MAPK activation/signaling, and pro-inflammatory response. CONCLUSION This study provides insight into the molecular impact of FOL in the brain and identifies potential therapeutic targets of the isoprenoid pathway in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Dana Walters
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Xutong Shi
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristina Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Krisztian Magori
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA 99004, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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Moné Y, Earl JP, Król JE, Ahmed A, Sen B, Ehrlich GD, Lapides JR. Evidence supportive of a bacterial component in the etiology for Alzheimer's disease and for a temporal-spatial development of a pathogenic microbiome in the brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1123228. [PMID: 37780846 PMCID: PMC10534976 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1123228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last few decades, a growing body of evidence has suggested a role for various infectious agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Despite diverse pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi) being detected in AD subjects' brains, research has focused on individual pathogens and only a few studies investigated the hypothesis of a bacterial brain microbiome. We profiled the bacterial communities present in non-demented controls and AD subjects' brains. Results We obtained postmortem samples from the brains of 32 individual subjects, comprising 16 AD and 16 control age-matched subjects with a total of 130 samples from the frontal and temporal lobes and the entorhinal cortex. We used full-length 16S rRNA gene amplification with Pacific Biosciences sequencing technology to identify bacteria. We detected bacteria in the brains of both cohorts with the principal bacteria comprising Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and two species each of Acinetobacter and Comamonas genera. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method to detect differences in relative abundance among AD and control groups. Because of large abundance variances, we also employed a new analysis approach based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, used in computational linguistics. This allowed us to identify five sample classes, each revealing a different microbiota. Assuming that samples represented infections that began at different times, we ordered these classes in time, finding that the last class exclusively explained the existence or non-existence of AD. Conclusions The AD-related pathogenicity of the brain microbiome seems to be based on a complex polymicrobial dynamic. The time ordering revealed a rise and fall of the abundance of C. acnes with pathogenicity occurring for an off-peak abundance level in association with at least one other bacterium from a set of genera that included Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Caulobacter, Delftia, and Variovorax. C. acnes may also be involved with outcompeting the Comamonas species, which were strongly associated with non-demented brain microbiota, whose early destruction could be the first stage of disease. Our results are also consistent with a leaky blood-brain barrier or lymphatic network that allows bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens to enter the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Moné
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua P Earl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jarosław E Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bhaswati Sen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Lapides
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Branton WG, Fernandes JP, Mohammadzadeh N, Doan MAL, Laman JD, Gelman BB, Fagrouch Z, Kondova I, Mooij P, Koopman G, Power C. Microbial molecule ingress promotes neuroinflammation and brain CCR5 expression in persons with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:110-123. [PMID: 36202168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation accompanies HIV-1 infection, resulting in microbial translocation from different tissues. We investigated interactions between lentivirus infections, neuroinflammation and microbial molecule presence in the brain. METHODS Brain tissues from adult humans with (n = 22) and without HIV-1 (n = 11) infection as well as adult nonhuman primates (NHPs) with (n = 11) and without (n = 4) SIVmac251 infection were investigated by RT-PCR/ddPCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Studies of viral infectivity, host immune gene expression and viability were performed in primary human neural cells. FINDINGS Among NHPs, SIV DNA quantitation in brain showed increased levels among animals with SIV encephalitis (n = 5) that was associated with bacterial genomic copy number as well as CCR5 and CASP1 expression in brain. Microbial DnaK and peptidoglycan were immunodetected in brains from uninfected and SIV-infected animals, chiefly in glial cells. Human microglia infected by HIV-1 showed increased p24 production after exposure to peptidoglycan that was associated CCR5 induction. HIV-1 Vpr application to human neurons followed by peptidoglycan exposure resulted in reduced mitochondrial function and diminished beta-III tubulin expression. In human brains, bacterial genome copies (250-550 copies/gm of tissue), were correlated with increased bacterial rRNA and GroEL transcript levels in patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Glial cells displayed microbial GroEL and peptidoglycan immunoreactivity accompanied by CCR5 induction in brains from patients with HAND. INTERPRETATION Increased microbial genomes and proteins were evident in brain tissues from lentivirus-infected humans and animals and associated with neurological disease. Microbial molecule translocation into the brain might exacerbate neuroinflammatory disease severity and represent a driver of lentivirus-associated brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Branton
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason P Fernandes
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Mathew A L Doan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology and Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Department of Virology and Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology and Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology and Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Christopher Power
- Departments of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Gioacchini FM, Ferlito S, Ralli M, Scarpa A, La Mantia I, Re M, Romani L, Di Stadio A. Nasal Microbiota and Neuroinflammation: Relationship between Nasal Flora and Multiple Sclerosis Onset/Progression. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122043. [PMID: 36556408 PMCID: PMC9788357 DOI: 10.3390/life12122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of nasal microbiota in contributing to neuroinflammation is gradually emerging. Multiple sclerosis and chronic rhinosinusitis share important clinical and epidemiological similarities, and the hypothetical connection among these two pathological entities should be carefully investigated. This editorial is based on a review of available literature on this topic. The main international databases were searched using the following keywords: neuroinflammation, nasal microbiota, multiple sclerosis, chronic rhino-sinusal disorders, chronic sinusitis. Four fully-consistent articles that investigated nasal microbiota alteration and/or chronic rhinosinusitis presence in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis were identified. Overall, these studies showed a significant connection between nasal microbiota dysbiosis and the presence of multiple sclerosis. New specific studies to analyze the nasal microbiota and its metabolism in patients affected by multiple sclerosis should be performed. In fact, a series of treatments able to change this flora could improve the rhino-sinusal state with consequent reduction of recurrent episodes of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Organ of Sense Department, University La Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alfonso Scarpa
- Otolaryngology Department, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ignazio La Mantia
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Microbiology Department, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Stadio
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Rebeaud J, Peter B, Pot C. How Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Link the Gut to the Brain during Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710128. [PMID: 36077526 PMCID: PMC9456539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-derived metabolites are important molecules connecting the gut to the brain. Over the last decade, several studies have highlighted the importance of gut-derived metabolites in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, microbiota-derived metabolites modulate the immune system and affect demyelination. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about microbiota-derived metabolites implications in MS and in different mouse models of neuroinflammation. We focus on the main families of microbial metabolites that play a role during neuroinflammation. A better understanding of the role of those metabolites may lead to new therapeutical avenues to treat neuroinflammatory diseases targeting the gut–brain axis.
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14
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Nasal Microbiota, Olfactory Health, Neurological Disorders and Aging—A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071405. [PMID: 35889124 PMCID: PMC9320618 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal region is one of the distinct environments for the survival of various microbiota. The human microbial niche begins to inhabit the human body right from birth, and the microbiota survive as commensals or opportunistic pathogens throughout the life of humans in their bodies in various habitats. These microbial communities help to maintain a healthy microenvironment by preventing the attack of pathogens and being involved in immune regulation. Any dysbiosis of microbiota residing in the mucosal surfaces, such as the nasal passages, guts, and genital regions, causes immune modulation and severe infections. The coexistence of microorganisms in the mucosal layers of respiratory passage, resulting in infections due to their co-abundance and interactions, and the background molecular mechanisms responsible for such interactions, need to be considered for investigation. Additional clinical evaluations can explain the interactions among the nasal microbiota, nasal dysbiosis and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The respiratory airways usually act as a substratum place for the microbes and can act as the base for respiratory tract infections. The microbial metabolites and the microbes can cross the blood–brain barrier and may cause NDs, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The scientific investigations on the potential role of the nasal microbiota in olfactory functions and the relationship between their dysfunction and neurological diseases are limited. Recently, the consequences of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with neurological diseases are under exploration. The crosstalk between the gut and the nasal microbiota is highly influential, because their mucosal regions are the prominent microbial niche and are connected to the olfaction, immune regulation, and homeostasis of the central nervous system. Diet is one of the major factors, which strongly influences the mucosal membranes of the airways, gut, and lung. Unhealthy diet practices cause dysbiosis in gut microbiota and the mucosal barrier. The current review summarizes the interrelationship between the nasal microbiota dysbiosis, resulting olfactory dysfunctions, and the progression of NDs during aging and the involvement of coronavirus disease 2019 in provoking the NDs.
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15
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Li C, Liang Y, Qiao Y. Messengers From the Gut: Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites on Host Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863407. [PMID: 35531300 PMCID: PMC9073088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the natural habitat for trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, which play indispensable roles in maintaining host health. Defining the underlying mechanistic basis of the gut microbiota-host interactions has important implications for treating microbiota-associated diseases. At the fundamental level, the gut microbiota encodes a myriad of microbial enzymes that can modify various dietary precursors and host metabolites and synthesize, de novo, unique microbiota-derived metabolites that traverse from the host gut into the blood circulation. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites serve as key effector molecules to elicit host responses. In this review, we summarize recent studies in the understanding of the major classes of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) on their regulatory effects on host functions. Elucidation of the structures and biological activities of such gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the host represents an exciting and critical area of research.
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16
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Cocchi M, Mondo E, Romeo M, Traina G. The Inflammatory Conspiracy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Crossroads of Clues and Insights through Mast Cells, Platelets, Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, Mood Disorders and Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063253. [PMID: 35328673 PMCID: PMC8950240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. This pathology, still largely of unknown etiology, carries within it a complex series of etiopathogenetic components of which it is difficult to trace the origin. An inflammatory state is likely to be the basis of the pathology. Crucial elements of the inflammatory process are the interactions between platelets and mast cells as well as the bacterial component of the intestinal microbiota. In addition, the involvement of mast cells in autoimmune demyelinating diseases has been shown. The present work tries to hang up on that Ariadne’s thread which, in the molecular complexity of the interactions between mast cells, platelets, microbiota and inflammation, characterizes Multiple Sclerosis and attempts to bring the pathology back to the causal determinism of psychopathological phenomenology. Therefore, we consider the possibility that the original error of Multiple Sclerosis can be investigated in the genetic origin of the depressive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Marcello Romeo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Traina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Bonnechère B, Amin N, van Duijn C. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuropsychiatric Diseases – Creation of An Atlas-Based on Quantified Evidence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:831666. [PMID: 35360098 PMCID: PMC8964285 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.831666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence highlighting the significant role of gut microbiota in various pathologies. We performed a systematic review to review the different microbiota involved in neuropsychiatric diseases. 50 studies (23 studies for autism spectrum disorders, 18 for major depression, and 9 for schizophrenia), representing 2,137 patients and 2,844 controls. Concerning the microbiota, the genera Prevotella, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Megamonas, and Faecalbacterium were the ones detected with the most frequent variation of their relatives abundance. We also assess the overlap between the different pathologies. This study provides new insights into the complex relationship between the brain and the gut and the implications in neuropsychiatric pathologies. The identification of unique signatures in neuropsychiatric diseases suggests new possibilities in targeted anti or probiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Cornelia van Duijn,
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18
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Xie J, Tian S, Liu J, Cao R, Yue P, Cai X, Shang Q, Yang M, Han L, Zhang DK. Dual role of the nasal microbiota in neurological diseases—An unignorable risk factor or a potential therapy carrier. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Luan M, Jin J, Wang Y, Li X, Xie A. Association of PGLYRP2 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson's disease in northern Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136547. [PMID: 35218888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut inflammation is increasingly corroborated to take part in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The PGLYRP2 gene has been proven to increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The present study aimed to explore the genetic relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the PGLYRP2 gene and the risk of sporadic PD in the Han population of northern China. The genotypes of the rs3813135 T/C, rs733731 C/T and rs892145 A/T polymorphisms of the PGLYRP2 gene in 400 Chinese Han patients with PD and 400 healthy age-and sex-matched individuals were identified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The results showed that the frequency of the rs892145 AT heterozygote significantly differed between the PD and control groups (OR = 1.459, 95%CI = 1.459-1.039, P = 0.029), as well as the early-onset PD and control groups (P = 0.024). The rs3813135 polymorphism yielded only one significant result: C allele was more common in the male PD group than in the male control group (P = 0.045). Conversely, no significant difference in the genotype frequency of rs733731 was found between the PD and control groups. Five common haplotypes were assessed, of which the TTA and TCA haplotypes were related to PD susceptibility. In summary, our results indicated that the PGLYRP2 gene is associated with sporadic PD in the Chinese Han population, in which the rs892145 AT heterozygote might increase the risk of PD and possibly the risk of early-onset PD. Moreover, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed these three PGLYRP2 polymorphisms has a strong linkage in causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Luan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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20
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Park J, Kim CH. Regulation of common neurological disorders by gut microbial metabolites. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1821-1833. [PMID: 34857900 PMCID: PMC8741890 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is connected to the CNS by immunological mediators, lymphocytes, neurotransmitters, microbes and microbial metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that the microbiome exerts significant effects on immune cells and CNS cells. These effects frequently result in the suppression or exacerbation of inflammatory responses, the latter of which can lead to severe tissue damage, altered synapse formation and disrupted maintenance of the CNS. Herein, we review recent progress in research on the microbial regulation of CNS diseases with a focus on major gut microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and secondary bile acids. Pathological changes in the CNS are associated with dysbiosis and altered levels of microbial metabolites, which can further exacerbate various neurological disorders. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these gut microbial metabolites regulate inflammatory diseases in the CNS are discussed. We highlight the similarities and differences in the impact on four major CNS diseases, i.e., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorder, to identify common cellular and molecular networks governing the regulation of cellular constituents and pathogenesis in the CNS by microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and Rogel Center for Cancer Research, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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21
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Dallabernardina P, Benazzi V, Laman JD, Seeberger PH, Loeffler FF. Automated glycan assembly of peptidoglycan backbone fragments. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9829-9832. [PMID: 34734957 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the automated glycan assembly (AGA) of different oligosaccharide fragments of the bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) backbone. Iterative addition on a solid support of an acetyl glucosamine and a new muramic acid building block is followed by cleavage from the solid support and final deprotection providing 10 oligosaccharides up to six units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Valentina Benazzi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. .,University of Pavia, Department of Organic Chemistry, V.le Torquato Taramelli, 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. .,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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22
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Sun P, Su L, Zhu H, Li X, Guo Y, Du X, Zhang L, Qin C. Gut Microbiota Regulation and Their Implication in the Development of Neurodegenerative Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112281. [PMID: 34835406 PMCID: PMC8621510 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, human gut microbiota have become one of the most promising areas of microorganism research; meanwhile, the inter-relation between the gut microbiota and various human diseases is a primary focus. As is demonstrated by the accumulating evidence, the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system interact through the gut–brain axis, which includes neuronal, immune-mediated and metabolite-mediated pathways. Additionally, recent progress from both preclinical and clinical studies indicated that gut microbiota play a pivotal role in gut–brain interactions, whereas the imbalance of the gut microbiota composition may be associated with the pathogenesis of neurological diseases (particularly neurodegenerative diseases), the underlying mechanism of which is insufficiently studied. This review aims to highlight the relationship between gut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases, and to contribute to our understanding of the function of gut microbiota in neurodegeneration, as well as their relevant mechanisms. Furthermore, we also discuss the current application and future prospects of microbiota-associated therapy, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), potentially shedding new light on the research of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Su
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xue Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yaxi Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaopeng Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China; (P.S.); (L.S.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.G.); (X.D.); (L.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8777-8141
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23
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Influence of a High-Impact Multidimensional Rehabilitation Program on the Gut Microbiota of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137173. [PMID: 34281224 PMCID: PMC8268819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative inflammatory condition mediated by autoreactive immune processes. Due to its potential to influence host immunity and gut-brain communication, the gut microbiota has been suggested to be involved in the onset and progression of MS. To date, there is no definitive cure for MS, and rehabilitation programs are of the utmost importance, especially in the later stages. However, only a few people generally participate due to poor support, knowledge, and motivation, and no information is available on gut microbiota changes. Herein we evaluated the potential of a brief high-impact multidimensional rehabilitation program (B-HIPE) in a leisure environment to affect the gut microbiota, mitigate MS symptoms and improve quality of life. B-HIPE resulted in modulation of the MS-typical dysbiosis, with reduced levels of pathobionts and the replenishment of beneficial short-chain fatty acid producers. This partial recovery of a eubiotic profile could help counteract the inflammatory tone typically observed in MS, as supported by reduced circulating lipopolysaccharide levels and decreased populations of pro-inflammatory lymphocytes. Improved physical performance and fatigue relief were also found. Our findings pave the way for integrating clinical practice with holistic approaches to mitigate MS symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life.
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24
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Westfall S, Dinh DM, Pasinetti GM. Investigation of Potential Brain Microbiome in Alzheimer's Disease: Implications of Study Bias. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:559-570. [PMID: 32310171 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiotic microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract promotes and aggravates neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been shown to correlate to dysbiotic bacteria and the immune, metabolic, and endocrine abnormalities associated with abnormal gut-brain-axis signaling. Recent reports also indicate that brain dysbacteriosis may play a role in AD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence and differences of brain-region dependent microbiomes in control and AD subjects and the contribution of study bias. METHODS Two independent cohorts of postmortem AD brain samples were collected from separate locations, processed with different extraction protocols and investigated for the presence of bacterial DNA indicative of a brain microbiome with V4 16S next generation sequencing. RESULTS In both cohorts, few differences between the control and AD groups were observed in terms of alpha and beta diversities, phyla and genera proportions. Independent of study in both AD and control subjects the most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Variations in beta diversity between hippocampal and cerebellum samples were observed indicating an impact of brain region on the presence of microbial DNA. Importantly, differences in alpha and beta diversities between the two independent cohorts were found indicating a significant cohort- and processing-dependent effect on the microbiome. Finally, there were cohort-specific correlations between the gut microbiome and subject demographics indicate that postmortem interval may have a significant impact on brain microbiome determination. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the study bias, this study concludes that bacterial DNA can be isolated from the human brain suggesting that a brain microbiome may exist; however, more studies are required to understand the variation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Westfall
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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25
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Potential role of the gut microbiota in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Implication for intervention. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 82:193-199. [PMID: 33257156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of neuroimmunological diseases. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by the peripheral production of the disease-specific serum autoantibody aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG. Recently, accumulating evidence has provided insights into the associations of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal mucosal barrier destruction with NMOSD, but the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Thus, a microbiota intervention might be a potential therapeutic strategy for NMOSD by regulating the gut microbiota, repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, and modulating intestinal immunity and peripheral immunity.
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Hasic Telalovic J, Music A. Using data science for medical decision making case: role of gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:262. [PMID: 33046051 PMCID: PMC7549194 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decade ago, the advancements in the microbiome data sequencing techniques initiated the development of research of the microbiome and its relationship with the host organism. The development of sophisticated bioinformatics and data science tools for the analysis of large amounts of data followed. Since then, the analyzed gut microbiome data, where microbiome is defined as a network of microorganisms inhabiting the human intestinal system, has been associated with several conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome - IBS, colorectal cancer, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, and lately in the study of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases as well. This paper aims to provide an understanding of differences between microbial data of individuals who have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and those who were not by exploiting data science techniques on publicly available data. METHODS This study examines the relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune central nervous system disease, and gut microbial community composition, using the samples acquired by 16s rRNA sequencing technique. We have used three different sets of MS samples sequenced during three independent studies (Jangi et al, Nat Commun 7:1-11, 2016), (Miyake et al, PLoS ONE 10:0137429, 2015), (McDonald et al, Msystems 3:00031-18, 2018) and this approach strengthens our results. Analyzed sequences were from healthy control and MS groups of sequences. The extracted set of statistically significant bacteria from the (Jangi et al, Nat Commun 7:1-11, 2016) dataset samples and their statistically significant predictive functions were used to develop a Random Forest classifier. In total, 8 models based on two criteria: bacteria abundance (at six taxonomic levels) and predictive functions (at two levels), were constructed and evaluated. These include using taxa abundances at different taxonomy levels as well as predictive function analysis at different hierarchical levels of KEGG pathways. RESULTS The highest accuracy of the classification model was obtained at the genus level of taxonomy (76.82%) and the third hierarchical level of KEGG pathways (70.95%). The second dataset's 18 MS samples (Miyake et al, PLoS ONE 10:0137429, 2015) and 18 self-reported healthy samples from the (McDonald et al, Msystems 3:00031-18, 2018) dataset were used to validate the developed classification model. The significance of this step is to show that the model is not overtrained for a specific dataset but can also be used on other independent datasets. Again, the highest classification model accuracy for both validating datasets combined was obtained at the genus level of taxonomy (70.98%) and third hierarchical level of KEGG pathways (67.24%). The accuracy of the independent set remained very relevant. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the developed classification model provides a good tool that can be used to suggest the presence or absence of MS condition by collecting and analyzing gut microbiome samples. The accuracy of the model can be further increased by using sequencing methods that allow higher taxa resolution (i.e. shotgun metagenomic sequencing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Hasic Telalovic
- University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Hrasnicka cesta 3a, Ilidza, 71210 Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Azra Music
- University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Hrasnicka cesta 3a, Ilidza, 71210 Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bharucha T, Oeser C, Balloux F, Brown JR, Carbo EC, Charlett A, Chiu CY, Claas ECJ, de Goffau MC, de Vries JJC, Eloit M, Hopkins S, Huggett JF, MacCannell D, Morfopoulou S, Nath A, O'Sullivan DM, Reoma LB, Shaw LP, Sidorov I, Simner PJ, Van Tan L, Thomson EC, van Dorp L, Wilson MR, Breuer J, Field N. STROBE-metagenomics: a STROBE extension statement to guide the reporting of metagenomics studies. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e251-e260. [PMID: 32768390 PMCID: PMC7406238 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term metagenomics refers to the use of sequencing methods to simultaneously identify genomic material from all organisms present in a sample, with the advantage of greater taxonomic resolution than culture or other methods. Applications include pathogen detection and discovery, species characterisation, antimicrobial resistance detection, virulence profiling, and study of the microbiome and microecological factors affecting health. However, metagenomics involves complex and multistep processes and there are important technical and methodological challenges that require careful consideration to support valid inference. We co-ordinated a multidisciplinary, international expert group to establish reporting guidelines that address specimen processing, nucleic acid extraction, sequencing platforms, bioinformatics considerations, quality assurance, limits of detection, power and sample size, confirmatory testing, causality criteria, cost, and ethical issues. The guidance recognises that metagenomics research requires pragmatism and caution in interpretation, and that this field is rapidly evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehmina Bharucha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos.
| | - Clarissa Oeser
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Julianne R Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Prevention and Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Ellen C Carbo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andre Charlett
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric C J Claas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jutte J C de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England, London, UK; Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jim F Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, UK; School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Duncan MacCannell
- Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sofia Morfopoulou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Lauren B Reoma
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liam P Shaw
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Igor Sidorov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patricia J Simner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Le Van Tan
- Emerging Infections Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nigel Field
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Saito LB, Fernandes JP, Smith MJ, Doan MAL, Branton WG, Schmitt LM, Wuest M, Monaco MC, Major EO, Wuest F, Power C. Intranasal anti-caspase-1 therapy preserves myelin and glucose metabolism in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Glia 2020; 69:216-229. [PMID: 32882086 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination and axonal injury in the central nervous system (CNS) are cardinal features of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), and linked to activated brain macrophage-like cells (BMCs) including resident microglia and trafficking macrophages. Caspase-1 is a pivotal mediator of inflammation and cell death in the CNS. We investigated the effects of caspase-1 activation and its regulation in models of MS. Brains from progressive MS and non-MS patients, as well as cultured human oligodendrocytes were examined by transcriptomic and morphological methods. Next generation transcriptional sequencing of progressive MS compared to non-MS patients' normal appearing white matter (NAWM) showed induction of caspase-1 as well as other inflammasome-associated genes with concurrent suppression of neuron-specific genes. Oligodendrocytes exposed to TNFα exhibited upregulation of caspase-1 with myelin gene suppression in a cell differentiation state-dependent manner. Brains from cuprizone-exposed mice treated by intranasal delivery of the caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765 or its vehicle, were investigated in morphological and molecular studies, as well as by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging. Cuprizone exposure resulted in BMC and caspase-1 activation accompanied by demyelination and axonal injury, which was abrogated by intranasal VX-765 treatment. FDG-PET imaging revealed suppressed glucose metabolism in the thalamus, hippocampus and cortex of cuprizone-exposed mice that was restored with VX-765 treatment. These studies highlight the caspase-1 dependent interactions between inflammation, demyelination, and glucose metabolism in progressive MS and associated models. Intranasal delivery of an anti-caspase-1 therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for progressive MS and other neuro-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leina B Saito
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason P Fernandes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mackenzie J Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew A L Doan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura M Schmitt
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Iqbal UH, Zeng E, Pasinetti GM. The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4920. [PMID: 32664669 PMCID: PMC7404195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. With success in interventions aimed at depleting amyloid-β peptides being limited at best, a greater understanding of the physiological role of amyloid-β peptides is needed. The development of amyloid-β plaques has been determined to occur 10-20 years prior to AD symptom manifestation, hence earlier interventions might be necessary to address presymptomatic AD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that amyloid-β peptides may play a role in innate immunity as an antimicrobial peptide. These findings, coupled with the evidence of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in AD brains, suggests that the buildup of amyloid-β plaques could be a response to the presence of viruses and bacteria. This has led to the foundation of the antimicrobial hypothesis for AD. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (U.H.I.); (E.Z.)
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30
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Liu G, Chong HX, Chung FYL, Li Y, Liong MT. Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 Modulated Bowel Movement and Gut Microbiota Associated with Dopamine and Serotonin Pathways in Stressed Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4608. [PMID: 32610495 PMCID: PMC7370301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 for 12 weeks reduced stress and anxiety in stressed adults as compared to the placebo group, in association with changes along the brain neurotransmitters pathways of serotonin and dopamine-norepinephrine. We now aim to evaluate the effects of DR7 on gut functions, gut microbiota compositional changes, and determine the correlations between microbiota changes and the pathways of brain neurotransmitters. The administration of DR7 prevented an increase of defecation frequency over 12 weeks as compared to the placebo (p = 0.044), modulating the increase of stress-induced bowel movement. Over 12 weeks, alpha diversity of gut microbiota was higher in DR7 than the placebo group across class (p = 0.005) and order (p = 0.018) levels, while beta diversity differed between groups at class and order levels (p < 0.001). Differences in specific bacterial groups were identified, showing consistency at different taxonomic levels that survived multiplicity correction, along the phyla of Bacteroides and Firmicutes and along the classes of Deltaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidales which were reduced in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with gene expression of dopamine beta hydrolase (DBH, dopamine pathway; p < 0.001), while Bacteroidia and Bacteroidales showed correlation with tryptophan hydroxylase-II (TPH2, serotonin pathway; p = 0.001). A correlation was observed between DBH and Firmicutes (p = 0.002), Clostridia (p < 0.001), Clostridiales (p = 0.001), Blautia (p < 0.001), and Romboutsia (p < 0.001), which were increased in abundance in the placebo group. Blautia was also associated with TDO (p = 0.001), whereas Romboutsia had an opposing correlation with TPH2 (p < 0.001). Deltaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionales which were decreased in abundance in the placebo group showed opposing correlation with DBH (p = 0.001), whereas Bilophila was associated with TPH2 (p = 0.001). Our present data showed that physiological changes induced by L. plantarum DR7 could be associated with changes in specific taxa of the gut microbiota along the serotonin and dopamine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Hui-Xian Chong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (H.-X.C.); (F.Y.-L.C.)
| | - Fiona Yi-Li Chung
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (H.-X.C.); (F.Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (H.-X.C.); (F.Y.-L.C.)
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31
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Carrasco L, Pisa D, Alonso R. Polymicrobial Infections and Neurodegenerative Diseases. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Power C, Dziarski R. Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:670-682. [PMID: 32589935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a cell wall component of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Signature fragments of PGN are proinflammatory through engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on resident tissue cells and circulating leukocytes. Despite its abundance in the gut microbiota, there is limited recognition that PGN could contribute to chronic neuroinflammation. This review highlights current insights into the roles of PGN as a determinant of brain inflammation, notably in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Recent studies demonstrate PGN in blood of healthy adult humans. PGN amplifies autoimmune pathology via activation of innate immune cells. Novel uptake routes through (altered) gut mucosa by myeloid leukocyte subsets promote PGN transport to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Dziarski
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN, USA
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33
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Pisa D, Alonso R, Carrasco L. Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1135-1152. [PMID: 32174790 PMCID: PMC7053320 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.42257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor disorders and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to motor disability, many patients with PD present a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including cognitive decline, psychiatric alterations, loss of smell and bladder dysfunction, among others. Neuroinflammation is one of the most salient features of PD, but the nature of the trigger remains unknown. A plausible mechanism to explain inflammation and the range of clinical symptoms in these patients is the presence of systemic microbial infection. Accordingly, the present study provides extensive evidence for the existence of mixed microbial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with PD. Assessment of CNS sections by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies revealed the presence of both fungi and bacteria. Moreover, different regions of the CNS were positive for a variety of microbial morphologies, suggesting infection by a number of microorganisms. Identification of specific fungal and bacterial species in different CNS regions from six PD patients was accomplished using nested PCR analysis and next-generation sequencing, providing compelling evidence of polymicrobial infections in the CNS of PD. Most of the fungal species identified belong to the genera Botrytis, Candida, Fusarium and Malassezia. Some relevant bacterial genera were Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, with most bacterial species belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Interestingly, we noted similarities and differences between the microbiota present in the CNS of patients with PD and that in other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, our observations lend strong support to the concept that mixed microbial infections contribute to or are a risk factor for the neuropathology of PD. Importantly, these results provide the basis for effective treatments of this disease using already approved and safe antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
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34
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Wu J, Frazier K, Zhang J, Gan Z, Wang T, Zhong X. Emerging role of m 6 A RNA methylation in nutritional physiology and metabolism. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12942. [PMID: 31475777 PMCID: PMC7427634 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenine (m6 A) is the most prevalent type of internal RNA methylation in eukaryotic mRNA and plays critical roles in regulating gene expression for fundamental cellular processes and diverse physiological functions. Recent evidence indicates that m6 A methylation regulates physiology and metabolism, and m6 A has been increasingly implicated in a variety of human diseases, including obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Conversely, nutrition and diet can modulate or reverse m6 A methylation patterns on gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of the m6 A methylation mechanisms and highlight the crosstalk between m6 A modification, nutritional physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Katya Frazier
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago. Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jingfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhending Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
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35
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Wilson MR, O'Donovan BD, DeRisi JL. Misinterpretation of Study Data-Reply. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:113-114. [PMID: 30477022 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Brian D O'Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
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36
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Wilson MR, O'Donovan BD, Gelfand JM, Sample HA, Chow FC, Betjemann JP, Shah MP, Richie MB, Gorman MP, Hajj-Ali RA, Calabrese LH, Zorn KC, Chow ED, Greenlee JE, Blum JH, Green G, Khan LM, Banerji D, Langelier C, Bryson-Cahn C, Harrington W, Lingappa JR, Shanbhag NM, Green AJ, Brew BJ, Soldatos A, Strnad L, Doernberg SB, Jay CA, Douglas V, Josephson SA, DeRisi JL. Chronic Meningitis Investigated via Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:947-955. [PMID: 29710329 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Identifying infectious causes of subacute or chronic meningitis can be challenging. Enhanced, unbiased diagnostic approaches are needed. Objective To present a case series of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supported by a statistical framework generated from mNGS of control samples from the environment and from patients who were noninfectious. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, mNGS data obtained from the CSF of 94 patients with noninfectious neuroinflammatory disorders and from 24 water and reagent control samples were used to develop and implement a weighted scoring metric based on z scores at the species and genus levels for both nucleotide and protein alignments to prioritize and rank the mNGS results. Total RNA was extracted for mNGS from the CSF of 7 participants with subacute or chronic meningitis who were recruited between September 2013 and March 2017 as part of a multicenter study of mNGS pathogen discovery among patients with suspected neuroinflammatory conditions. The neurologic infections identified by mNGS in these 7 participants represented a diverse array of pathogens. The patients were referred from the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (n = 2), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (n = 2), Cleveland Clinic (n = 1), University of Washington (n = 1), and Kaiser Permanente (n = 1). A weighted z score was used to filter out environmental contaminants and facilitate efficient data triage and analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Pathogens identified by mNGS and the ability of a statistical model to prioritize, rank, and simplify mNGS results. Results The 7 participants ranged in age from 10 to 55 years, and 3 (43%) were female. A parasitic worm (Taenia solium, in 2 participants), a virus (HIV-1), and 4 fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus oryzae, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida dubliniensis) were identified among the 7 participants by using mNGS. Evaluating mNGS data with a weighted z score-based scoring algorithm reduced the reported microbial taxa by a mean of 87% (range, 41%-99%) when taxa with a combined score of 0 or less were removed, effectively separating bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences so that, in each case, the causative pathogen was found within the top 2 scoring microbes identified using the algorithm. Conclusions and Relevance Diverse microbial pathogens were identified by mNGS in the CSF of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis, including a case of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis that defied diagnosis for 1 year, the first reported case of CNS vasculitis caused by Aspergillus oryzae, and the fourth reported case of C dubliniensis meningitis. Prioritizing metagenomic data with a scoring algorithm greatly clarified data interpretation and highlighted the problem of attributing biological significance to organisms present in control samples used for metagenomic sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | | | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Hannah A Sample
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Felicia C Chow
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - John P Betjemann
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco.,Web Editor
| | - Maulik P Shah
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Megan B Richie
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco.,Images in Neurology Editor
| | - Mark P Gorman
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rula A Hajj-Ali
- Department of Rheumatology/Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - John E Greenlee
- Neurology Service, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Gary Green
- Permanente Medical Group, Inc, Oakland, California.,Kaiser Permanente Santa Rosa Medical Center, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Lillian M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Debarko Banerji
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Chloe Bryson-Cahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Whitney Harrington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jairam R Lingappa
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Niraj M Shanbhag
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Ari J Green
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco.,Associate Editor
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ariane Soldatos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luke Strnad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Sarah B Doernberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Cheryl A Jay
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - Vanja Douglas
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco
| | - S Andrew Josephson
- UCSF (University of California, San Francisco) Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco.,Editor
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
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37
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Zeng Q, Junli Gong, Liu X, Chen C, Sun X, Li H, Zhou Y, Cui C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu A, Shu Y, Hu X, Lu Z, Zheng SG, Qiu W, Lu Y. Gut dysbiosis and lack of short chain fatty acids in a Chinese cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.,Department of Immunology-Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.,Neuroinfectious Diseases Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.,Editorial Board
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39
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Balcom EF, Roda WC, Cohen EA, Li MY, Power C. HIV-1 persistence in the central nervous system: viral and host determinants during antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:54-62. [PMID: 31390580 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable therapeutic advances in the past two decades, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from latent reservoirs constitutes a major barrier to eradication and preventing neurological disease associated with HIV/AIDS. Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by HIV-1 occurs early in infection, leading to viral infection and productive persistence in brain macrophage-like cells (BMCs) including resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. HIV-1 persistence in the brain and chronic neuroinflammation occur despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review examines the evidence from clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro models for HIV-1 CNS persistence, as well as therapeutic considerations in targeting latent CNS reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Balcom
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W C Roda
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E A Cohen
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Y Li
- Department of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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40
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Absent in melanoma 2 regulates tumor cell proliferation in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2019; 144:265-273. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Zhan X. Author response: Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2019; 88:2338. [PMID: 28607142 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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42
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43
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ALSUntangled No. 50: Antifungal Therapy. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2019; 20:625-629. [PMID: 31155963 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2019.1622197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Abdurasulova IN, Tarasova EA, Nikiforova IG, Il'ves AG, Ivashkova EV, Matsulevich AV, Tatarinov AE, Shangina LV, Ermolenko EI, Klimenko VM, Stolyarov ID, Suvorov AN. [The intestinal microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving different disease-modifying therapies DMT]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:62-69. [PMID: 30160670 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811808262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe characteristics of the intestinal microbiota in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with glatiramer acetate (GA) or fingolimode (FG) for understanding causal relationships between gut microbiota and autoimmune processes in MS patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 34 patients treated with GA (n=17) or FG (n=17). GA was used in a dose of 20 mg/kg subcutaneously once a day, FG in a dose of 0.5 mg daily. All patients were examined during remission. To assess the composition of gut microbiota, bacteriological and real-time PCR techniques were used. DNA was extracted from feces using DNA-EXPRESS kit. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There was a decrease in numbers of Escherichia coli with normal enzymatic activity, which was replaced by atypical forms of E. coli, Enterobacter spp. and fungi of the genus Candida, and, during treatment with GA, by atypical forms of E. coli, Proteus spp., Parvimonas micra. These differences indicate the effect of the therapy on the intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Abdurasulova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia; St-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Tarasova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - A G Il'ves
- Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain, St-Petersburg
| | - E V Ivashkova
- Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain, St-Petersburg
| | | | - A E Tatarinov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L V Shangina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E I Ermolenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia; St-Petersburg State University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V M Klimenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I D Stolyarov
- Bekhtereva Institute of the Human Brain, St-Petersburg
| | - A N Suvorov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St-Petersburg, Russia; St-Petersburg State University, St-Petersburg, Russia
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45
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Araman C, 't Hart BA. Neurodegeneration meets immunology - A chemical biology perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1911-1924. [PMID: 30910473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and the Institute for Chemical Immunology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B A 't Hart
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Free University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Norins LC. The Beehive Theory: Role of microorganisms in late sequelae of traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses 2019; 128:1-5. [PMID: 31203899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are both major health problems, well-publicized for the severe delayed effects attributed to them, including cognitive decline, psychiatric disorders, seizures, impaired motor function, and personality changes. For convenience, the two afflictions are considered together under the rubric traumatic brain injury. Despite the need for neuroprotective agents, no substances have shown efficacy in clinical studies. Thus, a deeper understanding of the neuropathological mechanism of such injury is still needed. Proposed here is a theory that microorganisms from within the brain and elsewhere in the body contribute to the long-term neurological deterioration characteristic of traumatic brain injury. The label, "The Beehive Theory", is drawn from the well-known fact that disturbing a tranquil beehive with a blow can cause a swarm of angry bees to exit their dwelling place and attack nearby humans. Similarly, an impact to the head can initiate dislocations and disruptions in the microbiota present in the brain and body. First, since the normal human brain is not sterile, but is host to a variety of microorganisms, blows to the skull may dislodge them from their accustomed local environments, in which they have been living in quiet equilibrium with neighboring brain cells. Deleterious substances may be released by the displaced microbes, including metabolic products and antigens. Second, upon impact commensal microbes already resident on surfaces of the nose, mouth, and eyes, and potentially harmful organisms from the environment, may gain access to the brain through the distal ends of the olfactory and optic nerves or even a disrupted blood-brain barrier. Third, microbes dwelling in more distant parts of the body may be propelled through the walls of local blood vessels into the bloodstream, and then leak out into damaged areas of the brain that have increased blood-brain barrier permeability. Fourth, the impact may cause dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal microbiome, thereby disrupting signaling via the gut-brain axis. Possible preventatives or therapeutics that would address the adverse contributions of microbes to the late sequelae of traumatic brain injury include anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antivirals, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Norins
- Alzheimer's Germ Quest, Inc., 4301 Gulfshore Blvd, Suite 1404, Naples, FL 34103, USA.
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47
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Fan Y, Zhang J. Dietary Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota: Future Opportunities in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31040833 PMCID: PMC6476896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies on MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown that the composition and abundance of microbes in the intestinal microbiota are an environmental risk factor for the development of MS and EAE. Changes in certain microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract can cause MS in humans, but MS inflammation can be reduced or even prevented by introducing other commensal microbes that produce beneficial metabolites. Other risk factors for MS include the presence of an altered gut physiology and the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the immune system. Metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, are the primary signaling molecules produced by the intestinal microbiota that interact with the host immune system, suggesting an association between MS pathophysiology and gut microbiota. In addition, several host microRNAs present in the gut have been found to interact with the intestinal microbial community, these interactions may indirectly affect the neurological system. Increasing evidence has shown that regulation of the intestinal microbiota is an important approach for reducing MS inflammation. Thus, here we review the use of diet to alter the gut microbiota and its application in the treatment and prevention of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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48
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Meng X, Zhou HY, Shen HH, Lufumpa E, Li XM, Guo B, Li BZ. Microbe-metabolite-host axis, two-way action in the pathogenesis and treatment of human autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:455-475. [PMID: 30844549 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of microorganism in human diseases cannot be ignored. These microorganisms have evolved together with humans and worked together with body's mechanism to maintain immune and metabolic function. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbe and their metabolites open up new doors for the study of human response mechanism. The complexity and interdependence of these microbe-metabolite-host interactions are rapidly being elucidated. There are various changes of microbial levels in models or in patients of various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In addition, the relevant metabolites involved in mechanism mainly include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and polysaccharide A (PSA). Meanwhile, the interaction between microbes and host genes is also a factor that must be considered. It has been demonstrated that human microbes are involved in the development of a variety of AIDs, including organ-specific AIDs and systemic AIDs. At the same time, microbes or related products can be used to remodel body's response to alleviate or cure diseases. This review summarizes the latest research of microbes and their related metabolites in AIDs. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential therapeutics, including fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Nonetheless, exact mechanisms still remain elusive, and future research will focus on finding a specific strain that can act as a biomarker of an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao-Yue Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Eniya Lufumpa
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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49
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Melbye P, Olsson A, Hansen TH, Søndergaard HB, Bang Oturai A. Short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2019; 139:208-219. [PMID: 30427062 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurological disease of the central nervous system with a complex and still not fully understood aetiology. In recent years, the gut microbiota and fermentative metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have received increased attention in relation to the development and disease course of MS. This systematic review highlights and summarizes the existing literature within this field. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed was conducted on 12 October 2017, to find published original studies on SCFAs and their impact on MS and the animal model of MS experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, all studies analysing the gut microbiota in MS patients were included. A total of 14 studies were eligible for this review. RESULTS Short-chain fatty acids have been shown to ameliorate the disease course in EAE, but no studies specifically addressing the role of SCFAs in human MS patients were identified. However, some investigations have shown that the microbiota of MS patients is characterized by a reduction in SCFA-producing bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Studies of EAE in mice suggest that SCFAs may play a role in the development and progression of EAE, but so far this has not been confirmed in humans. An aberrant gut microbiota in MS patients has been reported to be differentially abundant compared with healthy controls, although with little consistency in the bacterial taxa. Further investigations are required to elucidate the involvement of the gut microbiota and its metabolites, including potential beneficial effects of SCFAs, in the development and course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Melbye
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anna Olsson
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tue H. Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Section for Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helle B. Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Annette Bang Oturai
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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50
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Carrasco L. Searching for Bacteria in Neural Tissue From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:171. [PMID: 30863279 PMCID: PMC6399391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts in the investigation, the exact etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a matter of intensive research. We recently advanced the idea that ALS might be caused by fungal infection. Indeed, fungal yeast and hyphal structures can be directly visualized in neural tissue of ALS patients, and a number of fungal species have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present work, we tested the possibility that bacterial infections can accompany these mycoses. Our findings establish the presence of bacterial DNA in different regions of the CNS from all ALS patients examined. Specifically, we used PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) to precisely determine the bacterial species present in ALS tissue. Consistent with these findings, immunohistochemistry analysis of CNS sections using specific anti-bacterial antibodies identified prokaryotic cells in neural tissue. Finally, we assayed for the repeat expansion of the hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC in C9orf72, which is considered the most common genetic cause of ALS in patients, using DNA extracted from ALS CNS tissue. We failed to find this repeated sequence in any of the eleven patients analyzed. Our results indicate that bacterial DNA and prokaryotic cells are present in CNS tissue, leading to the concept that both fungal and bacterial infections coexist in patients with ALS. These observations lay the groundwork for the use of appropriate therapies to eradicate the polymicrobial infections in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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