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Zhang A, Gao L. The Refined Application and Evolution of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Radiosensitivity During Radiotherapy: Transitioning from Gold Nanoparticles to Multifunctional Nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6233-6256. [PMID: 37936951 PMCID: PMC10626338 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s436268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal method for treating malignant tumors, and enhancing the therapeutic gain ratio of radiotherapy through physical techniques is the direction of modern precision radiotherapy. Due to the inherent physical properties of high-energy radiation, enhancing the therapeutic gain ratio of radiotherapy through radiophysical techniques inevitably encounters challenges. The combination of hyperthermia and radiotherapy can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, reduce their radioresistance, and holds significant clinical utility in radiotherapy. Multifunctional nanomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and safety have garnered widespread attention in tumor hyperthermia research, demonstrating promising potential. Utilizing nanotechnology as a sensitizing carrier in conjunction with radiotherapy, and high atomic number nanomaterials can also serve independently as radiosensitizing carriers. This synergy between tumor hyperthermia and radiotherapy may overcome many challenges currently limiting tumor radiotherapy, offering new opportunities for its further advancement. In recent years, the continuous progress in the synthesis and design of novel nanomaterials will propel the future development of medical imaging and cancer treatment. This article summarizes the radiosensitizing mechanisms and effects based on gold nanotechnology and provides an overview of the advancements of other nanoparticles (such as bismuth-based nanomaterials, magnetic nanomaterials, selenium nanomaterials, etc.) in the process of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Oncology Department, Huabei Petroleum Administration Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Imaging Department, Huabei Petroleum Administration Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Youden B, Jiang R, Carrier AJ, Servos MR, Zhang X. A Nanomedicine Structure-Activity Framework for Research, Development, and Regulation of Future Cancer Therapies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17497-17551. [PMID: 36322785 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite their clinical success in drug delivery applications, the potential of theranostic nanomedicines is hampered by mechanistic uncertainty and a lack of science-informed regulatory guidance. Both the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicity of nanoformulations are tightly controlled by the complex interplay of the nanoparticle's physicochemical properties and the individual patient/tumor biology; however, it can be difficult to correlate such information with observed outcomes. Additionally, as nanomedicine research attempts to gradually move away from large-scale animal testing, the need for computer-assisted solutions for evaluation will increase. Such models will depend on a clear understanding of structure-activity relationships. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the field of cancer nanomedicine and provides a knowledge framework and foundational interaction maps that can facilitate future research, assessments, and regulation. By forming three complementary maps profiling nanobio interactions and pathways at different levels of biological complexity, a clear picture of a nanoparticle's journey through the body and the therapeutic and adverse consequences of each potential interaction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Youden
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Runqing Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 1G3, Canada
| | - Andrew J Carrier
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia B1P 6L2, Canada
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Differential Radiosensitizing Effect of 50 nm Gold Nanoparticles in Two Cancer Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081193. [PMID: 36009820 PMCID: PMC9404963 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanoparticle treatment on tumor cells is proposed for its potential radiosensitizing properties, increasing the radiation effect on tumor cells and reducing the adverse effects on healthy tissues. The present study evaluates, on two cell lines derived from colon and breast adenocarcinomas, the impact of irradiation in the presence of specifically targeted gold nanoparticles. Cells were irradiated in the absence and in the presence of non-functionalized or specifically functionalized gold nanoparticles. The results pointed out that actively targeting gold nanoparticles has a clear radiosensitizing effect in both cell lines. Abstract Radiation therapy is widely used as an anti-neoplastic treatment despite the adverse effects it can cause in non-tumoral tissues. Radiosensitizing agents, which can increase the effect of radiation in tumor cells, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), have been described. To evaluate the radiosensitizing effect of 50 nm GNPs, we carried out a series of studies in two neoplastic cell lines, Caco2 (colon adenocarcinoma) and SKBR3 (breast adenocarcinoma), qualitatively evaluating the internalization of the particles, determining with immunofluorescence the number of γ-H2AX foci after irradiation with ionizing radiation (3 Gy) and evaluating the viability rate of both cell lines after treatment by means of an MTT assay. Nanoparticle internalization varied between cell lines, though they both showed higher internalization degrees for functionalized GNPs. The γ-H2AX foci counts for the different times analyzed showed remarkable differences between cell lines, although they were always significantly higher for functionalized GNPs in both lines. Regarding cell viability, in most cases a statistically significant decreasing tendency was observed when treated with GNPs, especially those that were functionalized. Our results led us to conclude that, while 50 nm GNPs induce a clear radiosensitizing effect, it is highly difficult to describe the magnitude of this effect as universal because of the heterogeneity found between cell lines.
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Intercomparison of radiosensitization induced by gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in human glioblastoma cells irradiated by 6 MV photons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9602. [PMID: 35688846 PMCID: PMC9187689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, an intercomparison of sensitization effects produced by gold (GNP) and dextran-coated iron oxide (SPION-DX) nanoparticles in M059J and U87 human glioblastoma cells was performed using 6 MV-photons. Three variables were mapped: the nanoparticle material, treatment concentration, and cell radiosensitivity. For U87, GNP treatments resulted in high sensitization enhancement ratios (SER\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{10\%}$$\end{document}10% up to 2.04). More modest effects were induced by SPION-DX, but still significant reductions in survival were achieved (maximum SER\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{10\%}=1.61$$\end{document}10%=1.61 ). For the radiosensitive M059J, sensitization by both NPs was poor. SER\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{10\%}$$\end{document}10% increased with the degree of elemental uptake in the cells, but not necessarily with treatment concentration. For GNP, where exposure concentration and elemental uptake were found to be proportional, SER\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{10\%}$$\end{document}10% increased linearly with concentration in both cell lines. For SPION-DX, saturation of sensitization enhancement and metal uptake occurred at high exposures. Fold change in the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\alpha /\beta$$\end{document}α/β ratios extracted from survival curves are reduced by the presence of SPION-DX but strongly increased by GNPs , suggesting that sensitization by GNPs occurs mainly via promotion of lethal damage, while for SPION-DX repairable damage dominates. The NPs were more effective in eliminating the radioresistant glioblastoma cells, an interesting finding, as resistant cells are key targets to improve treatment outcome.
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Shcherbakov V, Denisov SA, Mostafavi M. The mechanism of organic radical oxidation catalysed by gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26494-26500. [PMID: 34806743 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles can catalyze reactions involving organic free radicals. From the first studies focused on the catalytic reduction of water by free radicals until today, the catalytic oxidation of organic radicals has not received attention. In this work, we present the results on the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles in the oxidation of 2-propanol to acetone and acetanilide hydroxylation during water radiolysis. A detailed reaction mechanism of α-hydroxyisopropyl radical oxidation is discussed, explaining the increase in acetone formation by ca. 340% in the presence of gold nanoparticles. In the case of acetanilide hydroxylation in the presence of nanoparticles, a strong effect of oxygen in the reaction mechanism was observed: the increase in the oxygen concentration from 0 to 1.22 mM leads to a 40-fold decrease in hydroxylation product formation. This observation is unexpected since, in the absence of gold nanoparticles, oxygen stimulates hydroxylation reactions. We propose that in the presence of both oxygen and nanoparticles, oxygen attaches first to acetanilide OH-adducts, and then nanoparticles catalyze the oxidation of peroxyl type radicals, which does not lead to the formation of hydroxylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Shcherbakov
- Institute de Chimie Physique UMR8000, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Sergey A Denisov
- Institute de Chimie Physique UMR8000, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Institute de Chimie Physique UMR8000, CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Gutiérrez-Tarriño S, Gaona-Miguélez J, Oña-Burgos P. Tailoring the electron density of cobalt oxide clusters to provide highly selective superoxide and peroxide species for aerobic cyclohexane oxidation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15370-15379. [PMID: 34642710 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic aerobic cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (KA oil) is an industrially relevant reaction. This work is focused on the synthesis of tailor-made catalysts based on the well-known Co4O4 core in order to successfully deal with cyclohexane oxidation reaction. The catalytic activity and selectivity of the synthesized catalysts can be correlated with the electronic density of the cluster, modulated by changing the organic ligands. This is not trivial in cyclohexane oxidation. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of kinetics and spin trapping experiments, confirming that the electronic density of the catalyst has a clear influence on the distribution of the reaction products. In addition, in situ Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the oxygen species formed on the cobalt cluster during the oxidation reaction. Altogether, it can be concluded that the catalyst with the highest oxidation potential promotes the formation of peroxide and superoxide species, which is the best way to oxidize inactivated CH bonds in alkanes. Finally, based on the results of the mechanistic studies, the contribution of these cobalt oxide clusters in each single reaction step of the whole process has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gutiérrez-Tarriño
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Gaona-Miguélez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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7
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Jinga LI, Popescu-Pelin G, Socol G, Mocanu S, Tudose M, Culita DC, Kuncser A, Ionita P. Chemical Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye Using TiO 2/Au Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1605. [PMID: 34207350 PMCID: PMC8234427 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (~10 nm) were deposited on titanium dioxide nanoparticles (~21 nm) and the material obtained was characterized using IR, UV-Vis, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, DLS, EDS (EDX), TEM, XPS, and XRD techniques. It was found that the methylene blue dye is degraded in the presence of this material when using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Tests were performed at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h, with hydrogen peroxide contents varying from 1 to 5 mg/mL. Longer exposure time and a higher content of oxidant led to the degradation of methylene blue dye at up to 90%. The material can be reused several times with no loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Izabela Jinga
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.P.-P.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianina Popescu-Pelin
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.P.-P.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriel Socol
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.P.-P.); (G.S.)
| | - Sorin Mocanu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Madalina Tudose
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Daniela C. Culita
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Andrei Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Petre Ionita
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania;
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8
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Shcherbakov V, Denisov SA, Mostafavi M. Selective Oxidation of Transient Organic Radicals in the Presence of Gold Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:727. [PMID: 33799351 PMCID: PMC7998999 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to catalyze reactions involving radicals is poorly studied. However, AuNPs are used in applications where chemical reactions involving transient radicals occur. Herein, we investigate AuNPs' catalytic effect on 2-propanol oxidation and acetanilide hydroxylation in aqueous solutions under ionizing radiation at room temperature. In both cases, the presence of AuNPs led to selective oxidation of organic radicals, significantly changing the products' composition and ratio. Based on these observations, we stress how AuNPs' catalytic activity can affect the correctness of reactive oxygen species concentration determination utilizing organic dyes. We also provide a discussion on the role of AuNPs' catalytic activity in the radiosensitization effect actively studied for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey A. Denisov
- Institute de Chimie Physique (ICP), CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Institute de Chimie Physique (ICP), CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
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9
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Tejeda‐Serrano M, Lloret V, Márkus BG, Simon F, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Doménech‐Carbó A, Abellán G, Leyva‐Pérez A. Few-layer Black Phosphorous Catalyzes Radical Additions to Alkenes Faster than Low-valence Metals. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:2226-2232. [PMID: 32421028 PMCID: PMC7216949 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of catalytic metals by p-block main elements has a tremendous impact not only in the fundamentals but also in the economic and ecological fingerprint of organic reactions. Here we show that few-layer black phosphorous (FL-BP), a recently discovered and now readily available 2D material, catalyzes different radical additions to alkenes with an initial turnover frequency (TOF0) up to two orders of magnitude higher than representative state-of-the-art metal complex catalysts at room temperature. The corresponding electron-rich BP intercalation compound (BPIC) KP6 shows a nearly twice TOF0 increase with respect to FL-BP. This increase in catalytic activity respect to the neutral counterpart also occurs in other 2D materials (graphene vs. KC8) and metal complex catalysts (Fe0 vs. Fe2- carbon monoxide complexes). This reactive parallelism opens the door for cross-fertilization between 2D materials and metal catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tejeda‐Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Bence G. Márkus
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsPO Box 91H-1521BudapestHungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Spintronics Research Group (PROSPIN)POBox 91H-1521BudapestHungary
| | - Ferenc Simon
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsPO Box 91H-1521BudapestHungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Spintronics Research Group (PROSPIN)POBox 91H-1521BudapestHungary
| | - Frank Hauke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Antonio Doménech‐Carbó
- Departamento de Química AnalíticaUniversitat de ValènciaDr. Moliner 5046100Burjassot, ValènciaSpain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaCatedrático José Beltrán 246980Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Leyva‐Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
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Formation and Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles in Bovine Serum Albumin Solution. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183395. [PMID: 31540504 PMCID: PMC6766809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were investigated in pH 7 buffer solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at room temperature. The processes were monitored by UV-Vis, circular dichroism, Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. TEM microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were used to evidence changes in particle size during nanoparticle formation and growth. The formation of AuNPs at pH 7 in the absence of BSA was not observed, which proves that the albumin is involved in the first step of Au(III) reduction. Changes in the EPR spectral features of two spin probes, CAT16 and DIS3, with affinity for BSA and AuNPs, respectively, allowed us to monitor the particle growth and to demonstrate the protective role of BSA for AuNPs. The size of AuNPs formed in BSA solution increases slowly with time, resulting in nanoparticles of different morphologies, as revealed by TEM. Raman spectra of BSA indicate the interaction of albumin with AuNPs through sulfur-containing amino acid residues. This study shows that albumins act as both reducing agents and protective corona of AuNPs.
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Baschieri A, Del Secco B, Zaccheroni N, Valgimigli L, Amorati R. The Role of Onium Salts in the Pro-Oxidant Effect of Gold Nanoparticles in Lipophilic Environments. Chemistry 2018; 24:9113-9119. [PMID: 29689123 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are reported to be toxic due to the generation of free radicals at their surface. Relatively inert thiol-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been reported to induce radical formation in the presence of hydroperoxides, which would conflict with their potential use as inert scaffolds for the design of novel nano-antioxidants. With the aim of clarifying this aspect, we investigated the pro-oxidant activity of dodecanethiol-capped AuNPs (∼5 nm diameter), prepared through the Brust-Schiffrin synthesis, by oxygen-uptake kinetic studies. The pro-oxidant activity was found to be proportional to the impurities of the transfer agent tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) left from the synthesis and decreased on repeated washing of the nanoparticles. Under identical settings similar batches of AuNP (∼9 nm diameter) prepared through the Ulman method without onium salts showed no pro-oxidant behavior. The alternative onium phase-transfer agents Oct4 NBF4 (Oct=octyl), Hex4 NBF4 (Hex=hexyl), and Hex4 NPF6 were comparatively investigated and showed lower pro-oxidant activity depending on the counterion (Br- >PF6- >BF4- ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baschieri
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Del Secco
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Spyratou E, Makropoulou M, Efstathopoulos EP, Georgakilas AG, Sihver L. Recent Advances in Cancer Therapy Based on Dual Mode Gold Nanoparticles. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9120173. [PMID: 29257070 PMCID: PMC5742821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor-targeted strategies have been used worldwide to limit the side effects and improve the effectiveness of therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), etc. Biophotonic therapy modalities comprise very promising alternative techniques for cancer treatment with minimal invasiveness and side-effects. These modalities use light e.g., laser irradiation in an extracorporeal or intravenous mode to activate photosensitizer agents with selectivity in the target tissue. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive technique for cancer treatment which uses laser-activated photoabsorbers to convert photon energy into heat sufficient to induce cells destruction via apoptosis, necroptosis and/or necrosis. During the last decade, PTT has attracted an increased interest since the therapy can be combined with customized functionalized nanoparticles (NPs). Recent advances in nanotechnology have given rise to generation of various types of NPs, like gold NPs (AuNPs), designed to act both as radiosensitizers and photothermal sensitizing agents due to their unique optical and electrical properties i.e., functioning in dual mode. Functionalized AuNPS can be employed in combination with non-ionizing and ionizing radiation to significantly improve the efficacy of cancer treatment while at the same time sparing normal tissues. Here, we first provide an overview of the use of NPs for cancer therapy. Then we review many recent advances on the use of gold NPs in PTT, RT and PTT/RT based on different types of AuNPs, irradiation conditions and protocols. We refer to the interaction mechanisms of AuNPs with cancer cells via the effects of non-ionizing and ionizing radiations and we provide recent existing experimental data as a baseline for the design of optimized protocols in PTT, RT and PTT/RT combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellas Spyratou
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Mersini Makropoulou
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Efstathios P Efstathopoulos
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Lembit Sihver
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria.
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Smith CL, Best SP, Gagliardi F, Tominaga T, Geso M. The effects of gold nanoparticles concentrations and beam quality/LET on dose enhancement when irradiated with X-rays and protons using alanine/EPR dosimetry. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Liu X, Conte M, He Q, Knight DW, Murphy DM, Taylor SH, Whiston K, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Cyclohexane by Bimetallic Ag/Pd Nanoparticles on Magnesium Oxide. Chemistry 2017; 23:11834-11842. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- Syncat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co., Ltd; Beijing 101407 P.R. China
| | - Marco Conte
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- Department of Chemistry; Dainton Building; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Qian He
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Lehigh University; 5 East Packer Avenue Bethlehem PA 18015-3195 USA
| | - David W. Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Damien M. Murphy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Stuart H. Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Keith Whiston
- INVISTA Textiles (UK) Limited; P.O. Box 2002 Wilton, Redcar TS10 4XX UK
| | - Christopher J. Kiely
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Lehigh University; 5 East Packer Avenue Bethlehem PA 18015-3195 USA
| | - Graham J. Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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15
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Gold nanoparticles, radiations and the immune system: Current insights into the physical mechanisms and the biological interactions of this new alliance towards cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:1-17. [PMID: 28322970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering both cancer's serious impact on public health and the side effects of cancer treatments, strategies towards targeted cancer therapy have lately gained considerable interest. Employment of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), in combination with ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, has been shown to improve the effect of radiation treatment significantly. GNPs, as high-Z particles, possess the ability to absorb ionizing radiation and enhance the deposited dose within the targeted tumors. Furthermore, they can convert non-ionizing radiation into heat, due to plasmon resonance, leading to hyperthermic damage to cancer cells. These observations, also supported by experimental evidence both in vitro and in vivo systems, reveal the capacity of GNPs to act as radiosensitizers for different types of radiation. In addition, they can be chemically modified to selectively target tumors, which renders them suitable for future cancer treatment therapies. Herein, a current review of the latest data on the physical properties of GNPs and their effects on GNP circulation time, biodistribution and clearance, as well as their interactions with plasma proteins and the immune system, is presented. Emphasis is also given with an in depth discussion on the underlying physical and biological mechanisms of radiosensitization. Furthermore, simulation data are provided on the use of GNPs in photothermal therapy upon non-ionizing laser irradiation treatment. Finally, the results obtained from the application of GNPs at clinical trials and pre-clinical experiments in vivo are reported.
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Rosa S, Connolly C, Schettino G, Butterworth KT, Prise KM. Biological mechanisms of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization. Cancer Nanotechnol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28217176 PMCID: PMC5288470 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-017-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of nanomaterials for a range of biomedical applications over the last number of years. In particular, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) possess a number of unique properties that make them ideal candidates as radiosensitizers on the basis of their strong photoelectric absorption coefficient and ease of synthesis. However, despite promising preclinical evidence in vitro supported by a limited amount of in vivo experiments, along with advances in mechanistic understanding, GNPs have not yet translated into the clinic. This may be due to disparity between predicted levels of radiosensitization based on physical action, observed biological response and an incomplete mechanistic understanding, alongside current experimental limitations. This paper provides a review of the current state of the field, highlighting the potential underlying biological mechanisms in GNP radiosensitization and examining the barriers to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Rosa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris Connolly
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, London, TW11 0LW UK
| | | | - Karl T. Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE Northern Ireland, UK
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Her S, Jaffray DA, Allen C. Gold nanoparticles for applications in cancer radiotherapy: Mechanisms and recent advancements. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:84-101. [PMID: 26712711 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as novel radiosensitizers owing to their high X-ray absorption, synthetic versatility, and unique chemical, electronic and optical properties. Multi-disciplinary research performed over the past decade has demonstrated the potential of AuNP-based radiosensitizers, and identified possible mechanisms underlying the observed radiation enhancement effects of AuNPs. Despite promising findings from pre-clinical studies, the benefits of AuNP radiosensitization have yet to successfully translate into clinical practice. In this review, we present an overview of the current state of AuNP-based radiosensitization in the context of the physical, chemical and biological modes of radiosensitization. As well, recent advancements that focus on formulation design and enable multi-modality treatment and clinical utilization are discussed, concluding with design considerations to guide the development of next generation AuNPs for clinical applications.
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Haume K, Rosa S, Grellet S, Śmiałek MA, Butterworth KT, Solov’yov AV, Prise KM, Golding J, Mason NJ. Gold nanoparticles for cancer radiotherapy: a review. Cancer Nanotechnol 2016; 7:8. [PMID: 27867425 PMCID: PMC5095165 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-016-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is currently used in around 50% of cancer treatments and relies on the deposition of energy directly into tumour tissue. Although it is generally effective, some of the deposited energy can adversely affect healthy tissue outside the tumour volume, especially in the case of photon radiation (gamma and X-rays). Improved radiotherapy outcomes can be achieved by employing ion beams due to the characteristic energy deposition curve which culminates in a localised, high radiation dose (in form of a Bragg peak). In addition to ion radiotherapy, novel sensitisers, such as nanoparticles, have shown to locally increase the damaging effect of both photon and ion radiation, when both are applied to the tumour area. Amongst the available nanoparticle systems, gold nanoparticles have become particularly popular due to several advantages: biocompatibility, well-established methods for synthesis in a wide range of sizes, and the possibility of coating of their surface with a large number of different molecules to provide partial control of, for example, surface charge or interaction with serum proteins. This gives a full range of options for design parameter combinations, in which the optimal choice is not always clear, partially due to a lack of understanding of many processes that take place upon irradiation of such complicated systems. In this review, we summarise the mechanisms of action of radiation therapy with photons and ions in the presence and absence of nanoparticles, as well as the influence of some of the core and coating design parameters of nanoparticles on their radiosensitisation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Haume
- Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Soraia Rosa
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Sophie Grellet
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Małgorzata A. Śmiałek
- Department of Control and Power Engineering, Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karl T. Butterworth
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | | | - Kevin M. Prise
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Jon Golding
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Nigel J. Mason
- Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
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Goldstein A, Soroka Y, Frušić-Zlotkin M, Lewis A, Kohen R. The bright side of plasmonic gold nanoparticles; activation of Nrf2, the cellular protective pathway. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11748-11759. [PMID: 27224746 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely investigated for cancer therapy, due to their ability to strongly absorb light and convert it to heat and thus selectively destroy tumor cells. In this study we shed light on a new aspect of AuNPs and their plasmonic excitation, wherein they can provide anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory protection by stimulating the cellular protective Nrf2 pathway. Our study was carried out on cells of the immune system, macrophages, and on skin cells, keratinocytes. A different response to AuNPs was noted in the two types of cells, explained by their distinct uptake profiles. In keratinocytes, the exposure to AuNPs, even at low concentrations, was sufficient to activate the Nrf2 pathway, without any irradiation, due to the presence of free AuNPs inside the cytosol. In contrast, in macrophages, the plasmonic excitation of the AuNPs by a low, non-lethal irradiation dose was required for their release from the constraining vesicles. The mechanism by which AuNPs activate the Nrf2 pathway was studied. Direct and indirect activation were suggested, based on the inherent ability of the AuNPs to react with thiol groups and to generate reactive oxygen species, in particular, under plasmonic excitation. The ability of AuNPs to directly activate the Nrf2 pathway renders them good candidates for treatment of disorders in which the up-regulation of Nrf2 is beneficial, specifically for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Goldstein
- The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel. and Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yoram Soroka
- The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel.
| | - Marina Frušić-Zlotkin
- The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel.
| | - Aaron Lewis
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron Kohen
- The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel.
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Penhoat M, Vanbésien T, Cocud A, Addad A, Vezin H, Rolando C. PTFE supported gold nanoparticles as photocatalysts for oxidative esterification of aldehydes. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fast and mild visible light photocatalytic conditions for oxidative esterification of aldehydes using H2O2 and the AuNP/PTFE catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Penhoat
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique
| | - Théodore Vanbésien
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique
| | - Adrien Cocud
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique
| | - Ahmed Addad
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- FR CNRS
| | - Hervé Vezin
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- FR 2638
- Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul
- FR CNRS
| | - Christian Rolando
- Université de Lille
- CNRS
- USR 3290
- MSAP
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique
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21
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Insights into the Reaction Mechanism of Cyclohexane Oxidation Catalysed by Molybdenum Blue Nanorings. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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23
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Sheet D, Halder P, Paine TK. Enhanced Reactivity of a Biomimetic Iron(II) α-Keto Acid Complex through Immobilization on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Sheet D, Halder P, Paine TK. Enhanced Reactivity of a Biomimetic Iron(II) α-Keto Acid Complex through Immobilization on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13314-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Lucas K, Maes M. Role of the Toll Like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:190-204. [PMID: 23436141 PMCID: PMC7091222 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex, a receptor of the innate immune system, may underpin the pathophysiology of many human diseases, including asthma, cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, clinical depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, alcohol abuse, and toluene inhalation. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that recognize damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria. Here we focus on the environmental factors, which are known to trigger TLR4, e.g., ozone, atmosphere particulate matter, long-lived reactive oxygen intermediate, pentachlorophenol, ionizing radiation, and toluene. Activation of the TLR4 pathways may cause chronic inflammation and increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and oxidative and nitrosative stress and therefore TLR-related diseases. This implies that drugs or substances that modify these pathways may prevent or improve the abovementioned diseases. Here we review some of the most promising drugs and agents that have the potential to attenuate TLR-mediated inflammation, e.g., anti-LPS strategies that aim to neutralize LPS (synthetic anti-LPS peptides and recombinant factor C) and TLR4/MyD88 antagonists, including eritoran, CyP, EM-163, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 6-shogaol, cinnamon extract, N-acetylcysteine, melatonin, and molecular hydrogen. The authors posit that activation of the TLR radical (ROS/RNS) cycle is a common pathway underpinning many "civilization" disorders and that targeting the TLR radical cycle may be an effective method to treat many inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Lucas
- Sportzenkoppel 54, 22359, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Conte M, Liu X, Murphy DM, Whiston K, Hutchings GJ. Cyclohexane oxidation using Au/MgO: an investigation of the reaction mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16279-85. [PMID: 23132082 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane was undertaken using Au/MgO and the reaction mechanism was investigated by means of continuous wave (CW) EPR spectroscopy employing the spin trapping technique. Activity tests aimed to determine the conversion and selectivity of Au/MgO catalyst showed that Au was capable of selectivity control to cyclohexanol formation up to 70%, but this was accompanied by a limited enhancement in conversion when compared with the reaction in the absence of catalyst. In contrast, when radical initiators were used, in combination with Au/MgO, an activity comparable to that observed in industrial processes at ca. 5% conversion was found, with retained high selectivity. By studying the free radical autoxidation of cyclohexane and the cyclohexyl hydroperoxide decomposition in the presence of spin traps, we show that Au nanoparticles are capable of an enhanced generation of cyclohexyl alkoxy radicals, and the role of Au is identified as a promoter of the catalytic autoxidation processes, therefore demonstrating that the reaction proceeds via a radical chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conte
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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27
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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28
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Kim SU, Villamena FA. Reactivities of superoxide and hydroperoxyl radicals with disubstituted cyclic nitrones: a DFT study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:886-98. [PMID: 22085265 PMCID: PMC3349087 DOI: 10.1021/jp209896n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The unique ability of nitrone spin traps to detect and characterize transient free radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has fueled the development of new spin traps with improved properties. Among a variety of free radicals in chemical and biological systems, superoxide radical anion (O(2)(•-)) plays a critical role as a precursor to other more oxidizing species such as hydroxyl radical (HO(•)), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and therefore the direct detection of O(2)(•-) is important. To overcome the limitations of conventional cyclic nitrones, that is, poor reactivity with O(2)(•-), instability of the O(2)(•-) adduct, and poor cellular target specificity, synthesis of disubstituted nitrones has become attractive. Disubstituted nitrones offer advantages over the monosubstituted ones because they allow bifunctionalization of spin traps, therefore accommodating all the desired spin trap properties in one molecular design. However, because of the high number of possible disubstituted analogues as candidate, a systematic computational study is needed to find leads for the optimal spin trap design for biconjugation. In this paper, calculation of the energetics of O(2)(•-) and HO(2)(•) adduct formation from various disubstituted nitrones at PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory was performed to determine the most favorable disubstituted nitrones for this reaction. In addition, our results provided general trends of radical reactivity that is dependent upon but not exclusive to the charge densities of nitronyl-C, the position of substituents including stereoselectivities, and the presence of intramolecular H-bonding interaction. Unusually high exoergic ΔG(298K,aq)'s for O(2)(•-) and HO(2)(•) adduct formation were predicted for (3S,5S)-5-methyl-3,5-bis(methylcarbamoyl)-1-pyrroline N-oxide (11-cis) and (4S,5S)-5-dimethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-4-ethoxycarbonyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (29-trans) with ΔG(298K,aq) = -3.3 and -9.4 kcal/mol, respectively, which are the most exoergic ΔG(298K,aq) observed thus far for any nitrone at the level of theory employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-U Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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29
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Raghunandan D, Ravishankar B, Sharanbasava G, Mahesh DB, Harsoor V, Yalagatti MS, Bhagawanraju M, Venkataraman A. Anti-cancer studies of noble metal nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts. Cancer Nanotechnol 2011; 2:57-65. [PMID: 26069485 PMCID: PMC4451508 DOI: 10.1007/s12645-011-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofunctionalized gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts of guava and clove in vitro anti-cancer efficacy against four different cancer cell lines human colorectal adenocarcinoma, human kidney, human chronic myelogenous, leukemia, bone marrow, and human cervix have been studied and reported. The present experimental study suggests that flavonoids functionalized gold nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous clove buds extract are more potential than guava leaf extract towards anti-cancer activities. The microscopic and 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay infer that the functionalized irregular shaped gold nanoparticles synthesized with aqueous clove bud extract showed a satisfactory anti-cancer effect on all the cell lines. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using same extracts are devoid of anti-cancer activity. The XTT assay revealed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines. The study revealed that the free radicals generated by gold nanoparticles are responsible for anti-cancer effect. To confirm the free-radical scavenging efficacy of gold nanoparticle, nitric oxide assay is followed. We observed that the gold nanoparticles swabbed the free radicals in dose-dependent manner. With continued improvements, these nanoparticles may prove to be potential anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshpande Raghunandan
- HKES Matoshree Taradevi Rampure Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sedam Road, Gulbarga-585105, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhat Ravishankar
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Material Science, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106 Karnataka, India
| | - Ganachari Sharanbasava
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Material Science, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106 Karnataka, India
| | - D Bedre Mahesh
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Material Science, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106 Karnataka, India
| | - Vasanth Harsoor
- Periferal Cancer Institute, Sedam Road, Gulbarga-585105, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath S Yalagatti
- Sri Krupa institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Village Velkatta, Siddipet-502277, Medak, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - M Bhagawanraju
- CM College of Pharmacy, Maisammaguda, Dulapally, Hyderabad-500014, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - A Venkataraman
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Material Science, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585106 Karnataka, India
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30
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Radicals in transition metal catalyzed reactions? transition metal catalyzed radical reactions?: a fruitful interplay anyway: part 3: catalysis by group 10 and 11 elements and bimetallic catalysis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 320:323-451. [PMID: 22143611 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of transition metal catalyzed reactions involving radical intermediates in organic chemistry. This part focuses on radical-based methods catalyzed by group 10 and group 11 metal complexes. Reductive and redox-neutral C-C bond formations catalyzed by low-valent metal complexes as well as catalytic oxidative methods are reviewed. Catalytic processes which rely on the combination of two metal complexes are also covered.
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31
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Kim SU, Liu Y, Nash KM, Zweier JL, Rockenbauer A, Villamena FA. Fast reactivity of a cyclic nitrone-calix[4]pyrrole conjugate with superoxide radical anion: theoretical and experimental studies. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17157-73. [PMID: 21070040 PMCID: PMC3121924 DOI: 10.1021/ja105198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrone spin traps have been employed as probes for the identification of transient radical species in chemical and biological systems using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and have exhibited pharmacological activity against oxidative-stress-mediated diseases. Since superoxide radical anion (O2(•-)) is a major precursor to most reactive oxygen species and calix[4]pyrroles have been shown to exhibit high affinity to anions, a cyclic nitrone conjugate of calix[4]pyrrole (CalixMPO) was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Computational studies at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level suggest a pendant-type linkage between the calix[4]pyrrole and the nitrone to be the most efficient design for spin trapping of O2(•-), giving exoergic reaction enthalpies (ΔH(298K,aq)) and free energies (ΔG(298K,aq)) of -16.9 and -2.1 kcal/mol, respectively. (1)H NMR study revealed solvent-dependent conformational changes in CalixMPO leading to changes in the electronic properties of the nitronyl group upon H-bonding with the pyrrole groups as also confirmed by calculations. CalixMPO spin trapping of O2(•-) exhibited robust EPR spectra. Kinetic analysis of O2(•-) adduct formation and decay in polar aprotic solvents using UV-vis stopped-flow and EPR methods gave a larger trapping rate constant for CalixMPO and a longer half-life for its O2(•-) adduct compared to the commonly used nitrones. The unusually high reactivity of CalixMPO with O2(•-) was rationalized to be due to the synergy between the α-effect and electrostatic effect by the calix[4]pyrrole moiety on O2(•-) and the nitrone, respectively. This work demonstrates for the first time the application of an anion receptor for the detection of one of the most important radical intermediates in biological and chemical systems (i.e., O2(•-)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-U Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yangping Liu
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin M. Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Chemical Research Center, Institute of Structural Chemistry, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri 59, Hungary
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Conte M, Wilson K, Chechik V. A catalytic reactor for the trapping of free radicals from gas phase oxidation reactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:104102. [PMID: 21034101 DOI: 10.1063/1.3492247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic reactor for the trapping of free radicals originating from gas phase catalytic reactions is described and discussed. Radical trapping and identification were initially carried out using a known radical generator such as dicumyl peroxide. The trapping of radicals was further demonstrated by investigating genuine radical oxidation processes, e.g., benzaldehyde oxidation over manganese and cobalt salts. The efficiency of the reactor was finally proven by the partial oxidation of cyclohexane over MoO(3), Cr(2)O(3), and WO(3), which allowed the identification of all the radical intermediates responsible for the formation of the products cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. Assignment of the trapped radicals was carried out using spin trapping technique and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conte
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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Homberger M, Simon U. On the application potential of gold nanoparticles in nanoelectronics and biomedicine. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:1405-53. [PMID: 20156830 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of high interest to research dedicated to future technologies such as nanoelectronics or biomedical applications. This research interest arises from the unique size-dependent properties such as surface plasmon resonance or Coulomb charging effects. It is shown here how the unique properties of individual AuNPs and AuNP assemblies can be used to create new functional materials for applications in a technical or biological environment. While the term technical environment focuses on the potential use of AuNPs as subunits in nanoelectronic devices, the term biological environment addresses issues of toxicity and novel concepts of controlling biomolecular reactions on the surface of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Homberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Mendez V, Guillois K, Daniele S, Tuel A, Caps V. Aerobic methylcyclohexane-promoted epoxidation of stilbene over gold nanoparticles supported on Gd-doped titania. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8457-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Shimakoshi H, Kaieda T, Hisaeda Y. The Single- and Double-Strand Cleavage of DNA by a Cationic Dicobalt Complex by Visible Light. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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36
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Vignolle J, Tilley TD. N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles and their assembly into 3D superlattices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7230-2. [PMID: 19921039 DOI: 10.1039/b913884f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile one-phase synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles (NHC-AuNP) by reduction of NHC-gold(I) complexes and their self-assembly into 3D superlattices is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Vignolle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Conte M, Miyamura H, Kobayashi S, Chechik V. Enhanced acyl radical formation in the Au nanoparticle-catalysed aldehyde oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009; 46:145-7. [PMID: 20024321 DOI: 10.1039/b918200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EPR spectroscopy and spin-trapping experiments showed that polymer-encapsulated Au nanoparticles promote aldehyde oxidation via a radical pathway by initiating formation of acyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conte
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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38
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Pan Y, Leifert A, Ruau D, Neuss S, Bornemann J, Schmid G, Brandau W, Simon U, Jahnen-Dechent W. Gold nanoparticles of diameter 1.4 nm trigger necrosis by oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2067-76. [PMID: 19642089 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are generally considered nontoxic, similar to bulk gold, which is inert and biocompatible. AuNPs of diameter 1.4 nm capped with triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPMS), Au1.4MS, are much more cytotoxic than 15-nm nanoparticles (Au15MS) of similar chemical composition. Here, major cell-death pathways are studied and it is determined that the cytotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress. Indicators of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial potential and integrity, and mitochondrial substrate reduction are all compromised. Genome-wide expression profiling using DNA gene arrays indicates robust upregulation of stress-related genes after 6 and 12 h of incubation with a 2 x IC50 concentration of Au1.4MS but not with Au15MS nanoparticles. The caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk does not rescue the cells, which suggests that necrosis, not apoptosis, is the predominant pathway at this concentration. Pretreatment of the nanoparticles with reducing agents/antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, and TPPMS reduces the toxicity of Au1.4MS. AuNPs of similar size but capped with glutathione (Au1.1GSH) likewise do not induce oxidative stress. Besides the size dependency of AuNP toxicity, ligand chemistry is a critical parameter determining the degree of cytotoxicity. AuNP exposure most likely causes oxidative stress that is amplified by mitochondrial damage. Au1.4MS nanoparticle cytotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, endogenous ROS production, and depletion of the intracellular antioxidant pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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39
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Han Y, Liu Y, Rockenbauer A, Zweier JL, Durana G, Villamena FA. Lipophilic beta-cyclodextrin cyclic-nitrone conjugate: synthesis and spin trapping studies. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5369-80. [PMID: 19530689 PMCID: PMC2736355 DOI: 10.1021/jo900856x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrone spin traps are commonly employed as probes for the identification of transient radicals in chemical and biological systems using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Nitrones have also found applications as therapeutic agent in the treatment of radical-mediated diseases. Therefore, a spin trap that incorporates high reactivity to superoxide radical anion (O2(*-)), more persistent superoxide adduct, enhanced bioavailability, and selective targeting in one molecular design is desirable. In this work, the synthesis of a nitrone spin trap, 4, that is tethered via amide bonds to a beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and a dodecyl chain was achieved with the expectation that the beta-cyclodextrin would lead to increased reactivity to O2(*-) and persistent O2(*-) adduct while the lipophilic chain would impart membrane targeting property. The two constitutional racemic isomers, 4a and 4b, were separated using preparative HPLC, and structural analysis and self-aggregation properties were carried out using NMR, induced circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and computational approach. EPR spin trapping of O2(*-) by 4a and 4b was only successful in DMSO and not in an aqueous system, due most likely to the amphiphilic character of 4 that can favor conformations (or aggregation) hindering radical addition to nitrone. Kinetics of formation and decay of the 4a-O2H adduct in polar aprotic solvents show faster reactivity to O2(*-) and more persistent O2(*-) adduct compared to nitrones not conjugated to beta-CD. Computational analysis of 4a and 4b as well as 4a-OOH and 4b-OOH adducts were carried out, and results show that isomerism, both constitutional and stereochemical, affects the orientations of aminoxyl-NO and/or hydroperoxyl groups relative to the beta-CD annulus for optimal H-bond interaction and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Han
- Department of Pharmacology, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yangping Liu
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Chemical Research Center, Institute of Structural Chemistry, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri 59, Hungary
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Grégory Durana
- Laboratoire de Chimie BioOrganique et des Systèmes Moléculaires Vectoriels, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 33 Rue Louis Pasteur, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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40
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Conte M, Miyamura H, Kobayashi S, Chechik V. Spin Trapping of Au−H Intermediate in the Alcohol Oxidation by Supported and Unsupported Gold Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7189-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conte
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu̅ Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Villamena FA, Liu Y, Zweier JL. Superoxide radical anion adduct of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. 4. Conformational effects on the EPR hyperfine splitting constants. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:12607-15. [PMID: 19012384 DOI: 10.1021/jp8070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spin trapping has been commonly employed in the detection of superoxide radical anion in chemical and biological systems; hence, accurate interpretation of the hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc's) arising from the O(2)(*-) adducts (also referred to as hydroperoxyl (HO(2)(*)) radical adducts) of various nitrones is important. In this work, the nature of the relevant hfsc's was investigated by examining the effect of conformational changes in the hydroperoxyl moiety of the O(2)(*-) adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO), 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPO), 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO), and 7-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-6-one N-oxide, (CPCOMPO) on the magnitude of a(N), a(beta-H), and a(gamma-H). Conformational change around the substituents and their effect on the hfsc's were also explored. Results indicate that a(beta-H) is most sensitive to conformational changes of the hydroperoxyl and substituent groups relative to hfsc's of other nuclei. The orbital overlap between the C-H sigma-orbital and the SOMO of the nitroxyl nitrogen plays a crucial factor in determining the magnitude of the a(beta-H). The hfsc values for the O(2)(*-) adducts were predicted with high accuracy by using a low-cost computational method at the PCM(water)/BHandHLYP/EPR-III//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory without taking into account the explicit water interaction.
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42
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Lu S, Duffin R, Poland C, Daly P, Murphy F, Drost E, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K. Efficacy of simple short-term in vitro assays for predicting the potential of metal oxide nanoparticles to cause pulmonary inflammation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:241-7. [PMID: 19270794 PMCID: PMC2649226 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been concern regarding risks from inhalation exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). The large number of particles requiring testing means that alternative approaches to animal testing are needed. OBJECTIVES We set out to determine whether short-term in vitro assays that assess intrinsic oxidative stress potential and membrane-damaging potency of a panel of metal oxide NPs can be used to predict their inflammogenic potency. METHODS For a panel of metal oxide NPs, we investigated intrinsic free radical generation, oxidative activity in an extracellular environment, cytotoxicity to lung epithelial cells, hemolysis, and inflammation potency in rat lungs. All exposures were carried out at equal surface area doses. RESULTS Only nickel oxide (NiO) and alumina 2 caused significant lung inflammation when instilled into rat lungs at equal surface area, suggesting that these two had extra surface reactivity. We observed significant free radical generation with 4 of 13 metal oxides, only one of which was inflammogenic. Only 3 of 13 were significantly hemolytic, two of which were inflammogenic. CONCLUSIONS Potency in generating free radicals in vitro did not predict inflammation, whereas alumina 2 had no free radical activity but was inflammogenic. The hemolysis assay was correct in predicting the proinflammatory potential of 12 of 13 of the particles examined. Using a battery of simple in vitro tests, it is possible to predict the inflammogenicity of metal oxide NPs, although some false-positive results are likely. More research using a larger panel is needed to confirm the efficacy and generality of this approach for metal oxide NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Lu
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Paul Daly
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Conte M, Wilson K, Chechik V. Radical intermediates in chloroform reactions over triphenylphosphine-protected Au nanoparticles. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1361-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b819627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marin ML, McGilvray KL, Scaiano JC. Photochemical Strategies for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Au(III) and Au(I) Using Photoinduced Free Radical Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16572-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803490n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Marin
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Katherine L. McGilvray
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain, and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
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45
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Corma A, Garcia H. Supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts for organic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:2096-126. [PMID: 18762848 DOI: 10.1039/b707314n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Caragheorgheopol A, Chechik V. Mechanistic aspects of ligand exchange in Au nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5029-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b805551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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