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Orlando C, Rizzo IC, Arrigoni F, Zampolli J, Mangiagalli M, Di Gennaro P, Lotti M, De Gioia L, Marino T, Greco C, Bertini L. Mechanism of non-phenolic substrate oxidation by the fungal laccase Type 1 copper site from Trametes versicolor: the case of benzo[ a]pyrene and anthracene. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12152-12161. [PMID: 38989958 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases with the capability to oxidize diverse phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. While the molecular mechanism of their activity towards phenolic substrates is well-established, their reactivity towards non-phenolic substrates, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), remains unclear. To elucidate the oxidation mechanism of PAHs, particularly the activation mechanism of the sp2 aromatic C-H bond, we conducted a density functional theory investigation on the oxidation of two PAHs (anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene) using an extensive model of the T1 copper catalytic site of the fungal laccase from Trametes versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Orlando
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 14c, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Isabella Cecilia Rizzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Arrigoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Jessica Zampolli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Mangiagalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Di Gennaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marina Lotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 14c, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Claudio Greco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Bertini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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Bossa M, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Monesterolo NE, Monge MDP, Coria YM, Chulze SN, Chiotta ML. Aflatoxin Decontamination in Maize Steep Liquor Obtained from Bioethanol Production Using Laccases from Species within the Basidiomycota Phylum. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:27. [PMID: 38251243 PMCID: PMC10819231 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in Argentina. Aspergillus section Flavi can infect this crop at the pre-harvest stage, and the harvested grains can be contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). During the production of bioethanol from maize, AF levels can increase up to three times in the final co-products, known as, dry and wet distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS and WDGS), intended for animal feed. Fungal enzymes like laccases can be a useful tool for reducing AF contamination in the co-products obtained from this process. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of laccase enzymes included in enzymatic extracts (EE) produced by different species in the Basidiomycota phylum to reduce AF (AFB1 and AFB2) accumulation under the conditions of in vitro assays. Four laccase activities (5, 10, 15, and 20 U/mL) exerted by nine isolates were evaluated in the absence and presence of vanillic acid (VA), serving as a laccase redox mediator for the degradation of total AFs. The enzymatic stability in maize steep liquor (MSL) was confirmed after a 60 h incubation period. The most effective EE in terms of reducing AF content in the buffer was selected for an additional assay carried out under the same conditions using maize steep liquor obtained after the saccharification stage during the bioethanol production process. The highest degradation percentages were observed at 20 U/mL of laccase enzymatic activity and 1 mM of VA, corresponding to 26% for AFB1 and 26.6% for AFB2. The present study provides valuable data for the development of an efficient tool based on fungal laccases for preventing AF accumulation in the co-products of bioethanol produced from maize used for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Bossa
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Noelia Edith Monesterolo
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - María del Pilar Monge
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Yamila Milagros Coria
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)—Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.B.); (M.S.A.-Z.); (M.d.P.M.); (Y.M.C.); (S.N.C.)
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3
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Bao C, Liu Y, Li F, Cao H, Dong B, Cao Y. Expression and Characterization of Laccase Lac1 from Coriolopsis trogii Strain Mafic-2001 in Pichia pastoris and Its Degradation of Lignin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6150-6167. [PMID: 36847985 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The laccase gene (Lac1) was cloned from Coriolopsis trogii strain Mafic-2001. Full-length sequence of Lac1 containing 11 exons and 10 introns is composed of 2140 nucleotides (nts). mRNA of Lac1 encoded for a protein of 517 aa. Nucleotide sequence of the laccase was optimized and expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular weight of the purified recombinant laccase rLac1 was about 70 kDa. The optimum temperature and pH of rLac1 were 40 ℃ and 3.0, respectively. rLac1 showed high residual activity (90%) in the solutions after 1 h incubation at the pH ranging from 2.5 to 8.0. rLac1 maintained over 60% of laccase activity at the temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C, and kept higher than 50% of its activity at 40 °C for 2 h. The activity of rLac1 was promoted by Cu2+ and inhibited by Fe2+. Under optimal conditions, lignin degradation rates of rLac1 on the substrates of rice straw, corn stover, and palm kernel cake were 50.24%, 55.49%, and 24.43% (the lignin contents of substrates untreated with rLac1 were 100%), respectively. Treated with rLac1, the structures of agricultural residues (rice straw, corn stover, and palm kernel cake) were obviously loosened which was reflected by the analysis of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on the specific activity of rLac1 on the degradation of lignin, rLac1 from Coriolopsis trogii strain Mafic-2001 has the potential for in-depth utilization of agricultural residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Ali M, Bhardwaj P, Ishqi HM, Shahid M, Islam A. Laccase Engineering: Redox Potential Is Not the Only Activity-Determining Feature in the Metalloproteins. Molecules 2023; 28:6209. [PMID: 37687038 PMCID: PMC10488915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase, one of the metalloproteins, belongs to the multicopper oxidase family. It oxidizes a wide range of substrates and generates water as a sole by-product. The engineering of laccase is important to broaden their industrial and environmental applications. The general assumption is that the low redox potential of laccases is the principal obstacle, as evidenced by their low activity towards certain substrates. Therefore, the primary goal of engineering laccases is to improve their oxidation capability, thereby increasing their redox potential. Even though some of the determinants of laccase are known, it is still not entirely clear how to enhance its redox potential. However, the laccase active site has additional characteristics that regulate the enzymes' activity and specificity. These include the electrostatic and hydrophobic environment of the substrate binding pocket, the steric effect at the substrate binding site, and the orientation of the binding substrate with respect to the T1 site of the laccase. In this review, these features of the substrate binding site will be discussed to highlight their importance as a target for future laccase engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Priyanka Bhardwaj
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Hassan Mubarak Ishqi
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; (M.A.); (P.B.)
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Buzzo BB, Giuliatti S, Pereira PAM, Gomes-Pepe ES, Lemos EGDM. Molecular Docking of Lac_CB10: Highlighting the Great Potential for Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Chemical Compounds by One Predicted Bacteroidetes CopA-Laccase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9785. [PMID: 37372934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with a broad application spectrum, particularly in second-generation ethanol biotechnology and the bioremediation of xenobiotics and other highly recalcitrant compounds. Synthetic pesticides are xenobiotics with long environmental persistence, and the search for their effective bioremediation has mobilized the scientific community. Antibiotics, in turn, can pose severe risks for the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, as their frequent use for medical and veterinary purposes can generate constant selective pressure on the microbiota of urban and agricultural effluents. In the search for more efficient industrial processes, some bacterial laccases stand out for their tolerance to extreme physicochemical conditions and their fast generation cycles. Accordingly, to expand the range of effective approaches for the bioremediation of environmentally important compounds, the prospection of bacterial laccases was carried out from a custom genomic database. The best hit found in the genome of Chitinophaga sp. CB10, a Bacteroidetes isolate obtained from a biomass-degrading bacterial consortium, was subjected to in silico prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. The putative laccase CB10_180.4889 (Lac_CB10), composed of 728 amino acids, with theoretical molecular mass values of approximately 84 kDa and a pI of 6.51, was predicted to be a new CopA with three cupredoxin domains and four conserved motifs linking MCOs to copper sites that assist in catalytic reactions. Molecular docking studies revealed that Lac_CB10 had a high affinity for the molecules evaluated, and the affinity profiles with multiple catalytic pockets predicted the following order of decreasing thermodynamically favorable values: tetracycline (-8 kcal/mol) > ABTS (-6.9 kcal/mol) > sulfisoxazole (-6.7 kcal/mol) > benzidine (-6.4 kcal/mol) > trimethoprim (-6.1 kcal/mol) > 2,4-dichlorophenol (-5.9 kcal/mol) mol. Finally, the molecular dynamics analysis suggests that Lac_CB10 is more likely to be effective against sulfisoxazole-like compounds, as the sulfisoxazole-Lac_CB10 complex exhibited RMSD values lower than 0.2 nm, and sulfisoxazole remained bound to the binding site for the entire 100 ns evaluation period. These findings corroborate that LacCB10 has a high potential for the bioremediation of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Bonfá Buzzo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Giuliatti
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Elisângela Soares Gomes-Pepe
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
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6
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Hahn V. Potential of the enzyme laccase for the synthesis and derivatization of antimicrobial compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:107. [PMID: 36854853 PMCID: PMC9974771 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Laccases [E.C. 1.10.3.2, benzenediol:dioxygen oxidoreductase] can oxidize phenolic substances, e.g. di- and polyphenols, hydroxylated biaryls, aminophenols or aryldiamines. This large substrate spectrum is the basis for various reaction possibilities, which include depolymerization and polymerization reactions, but also the coupling of different substance classes. To catalyze these reactions, laccases demand only atmospheric oxygen and no depletive cofactors. The utilization of mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions such as room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the avoidance of organic solvents makes the laccase-mediated reaction a valuable tool in green chemistry for the synthesis of biologically active compounds such as antimicrobial substances. In particular, the production of novel antibiotics becomes vital due to the evolution of antibiotic resistances amongst bacteria and fungi. Therefore, laccase-mediated homo- and heteromolecular coupling reactions result in derivatized or newly synthesized antibiotics. The coupling or derivatization of biologically active compounds or its basic structures may allow the development of novel pharmaceuticals, as well as the improvement of efficacy or tolerability of an already applied drug. Furthermore, by the laccase-mediated coupling of two different active substances a synergistic effect may be possible. However, the coupling of compounds that have no described efficacy can lead to biologically active substances by means of laccase. The review summarizes laccase-mediated reactions for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds valuable for medical purposes. In particular, reactions with two different reaction partners were shown in detail. In addition, studies with in vitro and in vivo experimental data for the confirmation of the antibacterial and/or antifungal efficacy of the products, synthesized with laccase, were of special interest. Analyses of the structure-activity relationship confirm the great potential of the novel compounds. These substances may represent not only a value for pharmaceutical and chemical industry, but also for other industries due to a possible functionalization of surfaces such as wood or textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hahn
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany. .,Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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7
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Obleser K, Kalaus H, Seidl B, Kozich M, Stanetty C, Mihovilovic MD. An Organic Chemist's Guide to Mediated Laccase Oxidation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200411. [PMID: 36148536 PMCID: PMC10092592 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are oxidases that only require O2 as a terminal oxidant. Thus, they provide an attractive green alternative to established alcohol oxidation protocols. However, laccases typically require catalytic amounts of mediator molecules to serve as electron shuttles between the enzyme and desired substrate. Consequently, laccase-mediator systems are defined by a multitude of parameters such as, e. g., the choice of laccase and mediator, the respective concentrations, pH, and the oxygen source. This complexity and a perceived lack of comparable data throughout literature represent an entry burden into this field. To provide a solid starting point, particularly for organic chemists, we herein provide a time-resolved, quantitative laccase and mediator screening based on the oxidation of anis alcohol as model reaction. We measured the redox potentials of mediators under the reaction conditions to relate them to their performance. Lastly, for particularly efficient laccase-mediator pairs, we screened important reaction parameters, resulting in an optimized setup for mediator-assisted laccase catalyzed oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Obleser
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Kalaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seidl
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Josef-Reither-Straße 21-23, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Martin Kozich
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Josef-Reither-Straße 21-23, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Zhe Y, Wang J, Zhao Z, Ren G, Du J, Li K, Lin Y. Ascorbate oxidase-like nanozyme with high specificity for inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and online electrochemical DOPAC monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Zhou Y, Sun F, Wu X, Cao S, Guo X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Ji R. Formation and nature of non-extractable residues of emerging organic contaminants in humic acids catalyzed by laccase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154300. [PMID: 35271924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) is the major fate of most environmental organic contaminants in soil, however, there is no direct evidence yet to support the assumed physical entrapment of NERs (i.e., type I NERs) inside soil humic substances. Here, we used 14C-radiotracer and silylation techniques to analyze NERs of six emerging and traditional organic contaminants formed in a suspension of humic acids (HA) under catalysis of the oxidative enzyme laccase. Laccase induced formation of both type I and covalently bound NERs (i.e., type II NERs) of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and tetrabromobisphenol A to a large extent, and of bisphenol S (BPS) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) to a less extent, while no induction for phenanthrene. The type I NERs were formed supposedly owing to laccase-induced alteration of primary (active groups) and secondary (conformation) structure of humic supramolecules, contributing surprisingly to large extents (23.5%-65.7%) to the total NERs, particularly for BPS and SMX, which both were otherwise not transformed by laccase catalysis. Electron-withdrawing sulfonyl group and bromine substitution significantly decreased amount and kinetics of NER formation, respectively. This study provides the first direct evidence for the formation of type I NERs in humic substances and implies a "Trojan horse" effect of such NERs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, 362000 Quanzhou, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, 362000 Quanzhou, China.
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10
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Electrochemical Characterization of an Engineered Red Copper Protein Featuring an Unprecedented Entropic Control of the Reduction Potential. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Silva ADM, Sousa J, Hultberg M, Figueiredo SA, Freitas OM, Delerue-Matos C. Fluoxetine Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using a Lignocellulosic Substrate Colonized by the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052672. [PMID: 35270364 PMCID: PMC8910386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in both the design of new wastewater treatment plants and the expansion and improvement of existing ones is the removal of emerging pollutants. Therefore, the search for economic and sustainable treatments is needed to enhance the removal of pharmaceuticals. The potential of a lignocellulosic substrate colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus, a waste from mushroom production, to remove fluoxetine from aqueous solutions was studied. Batch assays were performed to remove 600 µg∙L−1 fluoxetine from aqueous solutions using the colonized mushroom substrate (CMS) and crude enzyme extracts. The removal efficiencies achieved were, respectively, ≥83.1% and 19.6% in 10 min. Batch assays with sterilized CMS and 1-aminobenzotriazole (to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes) showed that the higher removal efficiencies achieved in the CMS assays may be attributed to the synergistic contribution of biosorption onto the CMS and lignin modifying enzymes activity, namely laccase activity. A column assay was performed with the CMS, fed with 750 µg∙L−1 fluoxetine aqueous solution. The removal efficiency was 100% during 30 min, decreasing to a final value of 70% after 8 h of operation. The results suggested that CMS can be a promising eco-friendly alternative to remove fluoxetine from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia D. M. Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.D.M.S.); (J.S.); (S.A.F.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Juliana Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.D.M.S.); (J.S.); (S.A.F.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Malin Hultberg
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, 230 53 Skara, Sweden;
| | - Sónia A. Figueiredo
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.D.M.S.); (J.S.); (S.A.F.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Olga M. Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.D.M.S.); (J.S.); (S.A.F.); (C.D.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV—Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (A.D.M.S.); (J.S.); (S.A.F.); (C.D.-M.)
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12
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Athanasakoglou A, Fenner K. Toward Characterizing the Genetic Basis of Trace Organic Contaminant Biotransformation in Activated Sludge: The Role of Multicopper Oxidases as a Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:313-324. [PMID: 34932304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge treatment leverages the ability of microbes to uptake and (co)-metabolize chemicals and has shown promise in eliminating trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) during wastewater treatment. However, targeted interventions to optimize the process are limited as the fundamental drivers of the observed reactions remain elusive. In this work, we present a comprehensive workflow for the identification and characterization of key enzymes involved in TrOCs biotransformation pathways in complex microbial communities. To demonstrate the applicability of the workflow, we investigated the role of the enzymatic group of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) as one putatively relevant driver of TrOCs biotransformation. To this end, we analyzed activated sludge metatranscriptomic data and selected, synthesized, and heterologously expressed three phylogenetically distinct MCO-encoding genes expressed in communities with different TrOCs oxidation potentials. Following the purification of the encoded enzymes, we screened their activities against different substrates. We saw that MCOs exhibit significant activities against selected TrOCs in the presence of the mediator compound 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and, in some cases, also in the presence of the wastewater contaminant 4'-hydroxy-benzotriazole. In the first case, we identified oxidation products previously reported from activated sludge communities and concluded that in the presence of appropriate mediators, bacterial MCOs could contribute to the biological removal of TrOCs. Similar investigations of other key enzyme systems may significantly advance our understanding of TrOCs biodegradation and assist the rational design of biology-based water treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Pula B, Ramesh S, Pamidipati S, Doddipatla P. A comparative study of greener alternatives for nanocellulose production from sugarcane bagasse. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:132. [PMID: 38650247 PMCID: PMC10991564 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of enzyme for extraction of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse is greener alternative. Literature indicates that effectiveness of these enzymes can be improved by auxiliary enzymes or mediators. In the current study, extraction of nanocellulose using laccase with these moderators, auxiliary enzyme glucose oxidase and mediator molecule, ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)] individually was done. Cellulose and lignin content, FT-IR, TGA and DSC analysis, XRD, SEM and PSA were done. Enzyme moderators improved the performance of laccase in lignin degradation. Lignin and cellulose content, crystallinity were used as parameters to optimize the concentrations, which was found to be ABTS (at 1.4 mM) and glucose oxidase (at 0.15 mg ml-1). At the optimal concentration, nanocellulose was extracted. Properties of nanocellulose obtained from both routes were compared. Size analysis revealed 339 nm and 636 nm for nanocellulose obtained with glucose oxidase and ABTS, respectively. Defibrillation was better in the case of the former one as seen from SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Pula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shradha Ramesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sirisha Pamidipati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
| | - Purnima Doddipatla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India.
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14
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Mayr SA, Subagia R, Weiss R, Schwaiger N, Weber HK, Leitner J, Ribitsch D, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. Oxidation of Various Kraft Lignins with a Bacterial Laccase Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313161. [PMID: 34884966 PMCID: PMC8658217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of kraft lignin (KL), traditionally uses harsh and energy-demanding physical and chemical processes. In this study, the potential of the bacterial laccase CotA (spore coating protein A) for oxidation of KL under mild conditions was assessed. Thereby, the efficiency of CotA to oxidize both softwood and hardwood KL of varying purity at alkaline conditions was examined. For the respective type of wood, the highest oxidation activity by CotA was determined for the medium ash content softwood KL (MA_S) and the medium ash content hardwood KL (MA_H), respectively. By an up to 95% decrease in fluorescence and up to 65% in phenol content coupling of the structural lignin units was indicated. These results correlated with an increase in viscosity and molecular weight, which increased nearly 2 and 20-fold for MA_H and about 1.3 and 6.0-fold for MA_S, respectively. Thus, this study confirms that the CotA laccase can oxidize a variety of KL at alkaline conditions, while the origin and purity of KL were found to have a major impact on the efficiency of oxidation. Under the herein tested conditions, it was observed that the MA_H KL showed the highest susceptibility to CotA oxidation when compared to the other hardwood KLs and the softwood KLs. Therefore, this could be a viable method to produce sustainable resins and adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Mayr
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
| | - Raditya Subagia
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Renate Weiss
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-97486
| | - Nikolaus Schwaiger
- Sappi Paper Holding GmbH, Brucker Strasse 21, 8101 Gratkorn, Austria; (N.S.); (H.K.W.)
| | - Hedda K. Weber
- Sappi Paper Holding GmbH, Brucker Strasse 21, 8101 Gratkorn, Austria; (N.S.); (H.K.W.)
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Gibson S. Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (S.A.M.); (D.R.); (G.S.N.); (G.M.G.)
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
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15
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16
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Blaschek L, Pesquet E. Phenoloxidases in Plants-How Structural Diversity Enables Functional Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754601. [PMID: 34659324 PMCID: PMC8517187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of polyphenolic polymers is essential to the development and response to environmental changes of organisms from all kingdoms of life, but shows particular diversity in plants. In contrast to other biopolymers, whose polymerisation is catalysed by homologous gene families, polyphenolic metabolism depends on phenoloxidases, a group of heterogeneous oxidases that share little beyond the eponymous common substrate. In this review, we provide an overview of the differences and similarities between phenoloxidases in their protein structure, reaction mechanism, substrate specificity, and functional roles. Using the example of laccases (LACs), we also performed a meta-analysis of enzyme kinetics, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and machine-learning based protein structure modelling to link functions, evolution, and structures in this group of phenoloxidases. With these approaches, we generated a framework to explain the reported functional differences between paralogs, while also hinting at the likely diversity of yet undescribed LAC functions. Altogether, this review provides a basis to better understand the functional overlaps and specificities between and within the three major families of phenoloxidases, their evolutionary trajectories, and their importance for plant primary and secondary metabolism.
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17
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Mayr SA, Schwaiger N, Weber HK, Kovač J, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Enzyme Catalyzed Copolymerization of Lignosulfonates for Hydrophobic Coatings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:697310. [PMID: 34336809 PMCID: PMC8317694 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.697310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of lignin can generate a variety of value-added products concomitantly replacing fossil-based resources. In line with this approach, a laccase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL) was used to couple a hydrophobicity enhancing fluorophenol (FP) molecule, namely 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenol (4,4-F3MPP), as a model substrate onto lignosulfonate (LS). During the coupling reaction changes in fluorescence, phenol content, viscosity and molecular weight (size exclusion chromatography; SEC) were monitored. The effects of enzymatic coupling of FP onto LS on hydrophobicity were investigated by the means of water contact angle (WCA) measurement and determination of swelling capacity. Full polymerization of LS resulting in the production of water-insoluble polymers was achieved at a pH of 7 and 33°C. Incorporation of 2% (w/v) of FP led to an increase in WCA by 59.2% while the swelling capacity showed a decrease by 216.8%. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated successful covalent coupling of the FP molecule onto LS by an emerging peak at 1,320 cm–1 in the FTIR spectrum and the evidence of Fluor in the XPS spectrum. This study shows the ability of laccase to mediate the tailoring of LS properties to produce functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Mayr
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Janez Kovač
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln, Austria
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18
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Synthesis and Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of New Condensed 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe herein the synthesis and laccase mediated oxidation of six novel 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP)-based hexahydroquinolines (DHP1-DHP3) and decahydroacridines (DHP4-DHP6). We employed different laccase enzymes with varying redox potential to convert DHP1-DHP3 and DHP4-DHP6 to the corresponding pyridine-containing tetrahydroquinoline and octahydroacridine derivatives, respectively. Intensively coloured products were detected in all biocatalytic reactions using laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvLacc), possibly due to the presence of conjugated chromophores formed in products after oxidation. The NMR assessment confirmed that the oxidation product of DHP1 was its corresponding pyridine-bearing tetrahydroquinoline derivative. Laccase from Bacillus subtillis (BacillusLacc) was the most efficient enzyme for this group of substrates using HPLC assessment. Overall, it could be concluded that DHP2 and DHP5, bearing catecholic structures, were easily oxidized by all tested laccases, while DHP3 and DHP6 containing electron-withdrawing nitro-groups are not readily oxidized by laccases. DHP4 with decahydroacridine moiety consisting of three condensed six-membered rings that contribute not only to the volume but also to the higher redox potential of the substrate rendered this compound not to be biotransformed with any of the mentioned enzymes. Overall, we showed that multiple analytical approaches are needed in order to assess biocatalytical reactions.
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19
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Kumar A, Ahlawat S, Mohan H, Sharma KK. Stabilization-destabilization and redox properties of laccases from medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and human pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:369-381. [PMID: 33275974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Laccases or benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductases (EC 1.10.3.2) are polyphenol multicopper oxidases that are known for their structural and functional diversity in various life forms. In the present study, the molecular and physico-chemical properties (redox-potential and secondary structures) of fungal laccase isozymes (FLIs) isolated from a medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum were analyzed and compared with those of the recombinant bacterial laccases (rLac) obtained from different Yersinia enterocolitica strains. It was revealed that the FLIs contained His-Cys-His as the most conserved residue in its domain I Cu site, while the fourth and fifth residues were variable (Ile, Leu, or Phe). Evidently, the cyclic voltammetric measurements of Glac L2 at Type 1 Cu site revealed greater E° for ABTS/ABTS+ (0.312 V) and ABTS+/ABTS2+ (0.773 V) compared to the E° of rLac. Furthermore, circular dichroism-based conformational analysis revealed structural stability of the FLIs at acidic pH (3.0) and low temperature (<30 °C), while the isozymes were destabilized at neutral pH (7.0) and high-temperature conditions (>70 °C). The zymographic studies further confirmed the functional inactivation of FLIs at high temperatures (≥70 °C), predominantly due to domain unfolding. These findings provide novel insight into the evolution of the catalytic efficiency and redox properties of the FLIs, contributing to the existing knowledge regarding stress responses, metabolite production, and the biotechnological utilization of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Shruti Ahlawat
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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20
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Li M, Liu L, Kermasha S, Karboune S. Laccase-catalyzed oxidative cross-linking of tyrosine and potato patatin- and lysozyme-derived peptides: Molecular and kinetic study. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109694. [PMID: 33375965 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Laccase can catalyze the oxidative cross-linking of peptides, which is useful in the production of proteinaceous materials with enhanced functional properties. However, the kinetics and the pathway of this reaction remain unclear. In the present study, laccase-catalyzed oxidative cross-linking reaction was investigated through a combination of computational analysis, kinetic studies and end-product profiling using selected substrate models, including peptide AG-10 (AKKIVSDGNG) (without tyrosine) derived from lysozyme and tyrosine-containing peptide ST-10 (SYMTDYYLST) from potato protein (patatin), and tyrosine. Both laccases from Trametes versicolor (LacTv) and Coriolus hirsutus (LacCh) were used as biocatalysts. Laccase exhibited higher binding affinity and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) towards ST-10 and AG-10 than tyrosine. Among the laccases, LacCh showed higher kcat towards the substrate models than LacTv. Through the molecular docking, this result was attributed to the presence of the ASN206 at the cavity of LacCh. The end product profiles reveal the formation of homo-oligomers (> 5 units) of ST-10 in the reaction catalyzed by LacTv, while polymerization was favored by LacCh. These cross-linked products were identified to have a mix of oligo-tyrosine linkages. In contrast, the cross-linking of AG-10 required the presence of ferulic acid as mediator, which resulted in the formation of hetero-oligomers and polymers of AG-10. The knowledge obtained in the present study provide insight into an effective reaction for peptide cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Selim Kermasha
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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21
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A Fungal Ascorbate Oxidase with Unexpected Laccase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165754. [PMID: 32796622 PMCID: PMC7460845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate oxidases are an enzyme group that has not been explored to a large extent. So far, mainly ascorbate oxidases from plants and only a few from fungi have been described. Although ascorbate oxidases belong to the well-studied enzyme family of multi-copper oxidases, their function is still unclear. In this study, Af_AO1, an enzyme from the fungus Aspergillus flavus, was characterized. Sequence analyses and copper content determination demonstrated Af_AO1 to belong to the multi-copper oxidase family. Biochemical characterization and 3D-modeling revealed a similarity to ascorbate oxidases, but also to laccases. Af_AO1 had a 10-fold higher affinity to ascorbic acid (KM = 0.16 ± 0.03 mM) than to ABTS (KM = 1.89 ± 0.12 mM). Furthermore, the best fitting 3D-model was based on the ascorbate oxidase from Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo. The laccase-like activity of Af_AO1 on ABTS (Vmax = 11.56 ± 0.15 µM/min/mg) was, however, not negligible. On the other hand, other typical laccase substrates, such as syringaldezine and guaiacol, were not oxidized by Af_AO1. According to the biochemical and structural characterization, Af_AO1 was classified as ascorbate oxidase with unusual, laccase-like activity.
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22
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Hao J, Zhang W, Wang H, Ziya N, Luo Y, Jia P, Zhang G, Ng T. Purification and properties of a laccase from the mushroom Agaricus sinodeliciosus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:297-306. [PMID: 32282952 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A homogeneous monomeric laccase (ASL) from Agaricus sinodeliciosus, with a molecular mass of 65 kDa, was isolated using ion-exchange chromatography (CM-cellulose and Q-Sepharose) and gel-filtration chromatography (Superdex 75). This laccase exhibited maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 5.0. Hg2+ and Cd2+ significantly inhibited its activity. The laccase displayed a Km value of 0.9 mM toward 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). In addition to ABTS, ASL exhibited higher affinity toward o-toluidine and benzidine than other substrates. ASL is able to decolorize malachite green and Eriochrome black T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Hao
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ulmqi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nur Ziya
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ulmqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Luo
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ulmqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peisong Jia
- Research Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ulmqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tzibun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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23
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Manzano-Nicolas J, Marin-Iniesta F, Taboada-Rodriguez A, Garcia-Canovas F, Tudela-Serrano J, Muñoz-Muñoz JL. Development of a method to measure laccase activity on methoxyphenolic food ingredients and isomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1099-1107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Barber EA, Liu Z, Smith SR. Organic Contaminant Biodegradation by Oxidoreductase Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E122. [PMID: 31963268 PMCID: PMC7022594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic contaminants (OCs), such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, flame retardants, and plasticisers, are societally ubiquitous, environmentally hazardous, and structurally diverse chemical compounds whose recalcitrance to conventional wastewater treatment necessitates the development of more effective remedial alternatives. The engineered application of ligninolytic oxidoreductase fungal enzymes, principally white-rot laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, has been identified as a particularly promising approach for OC remediation due to their strong oxidative power, broad substrate specificity, low energy consumption, environmental benignity, and cultivability from lignocellulosic waste. By applying an understanding of the mechanisms by which substrate properties influence enzyme activity, a set of semi-quantitative physicochemical criteria (redox potential, hydrophobicity, steric bulk and pKa) was formulated, against which the oxidoreductase degradation susceptibility of twenty-five representative OCs was assessed. Ionisable, compact, and electron donating group (EDG) rich pharmaceuticals and antibiotics were judged the most susceptible, whilst hydrophilic, bulky, and electron withdrawing group (EWG) rich polyhalogenated compounds were judged the least susceptible. OC susceptibility scores were in general agreement with the removal rates reported for experimental oxidoreductase treatments (R2 = 0.60). Based on this fundamental knowledge, and recent developments in enzyme immobilisation techniques, microbiological enzymic treatment strategies are proposed to formulate a new generation of biological wastewater treatment processes for the biodegradation of environmentally challenging OC compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen R. Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (E.A.B.); (Z.L.)
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25
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Wu Y, Chen Y, Wei N. Biocatalytic properties of cell surface display laccase for degradation of emerging contaminant acetaminophen in water reclamation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:342-353. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
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26
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Olbrich AC, Schild JN, Urlacher VB. Correlation between the T1 copper reduction potential and catalytic activity of a small laccase. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 201:110843. [PMID: 31536948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper enzymes that catalyze oxidation of electron-rich substrates coupled to reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Since the Type 1 copper (T1 Cu) is the site where electrons are withdrawn from the substrate, it is assumed that the reduction potential of this copper correlates with enzyme activity. Herein, we studied the correlation of the T1 Cu reduction potential and the enzymatic activity of the small two-domain laccase Ssl1 from Streptomyces sviceus. For a systematic approach, we aimed to minimize any effects other than the reduction potential difference. To this end, we constructed a series of Ssl1 mutants with reduction potentials varying from <290 to 560 mV. Along with the hydrophobicity of the axial ligand of the T1 Cu also structural changes in the substrate binding site and additional hydrogen bonding increased the reduction potential. Enzyme activity experiments demonstrated that the T1 Cu reduction potential has a different effect on oxidation of different substrates. Whereas there was no obvious correlation between the T1 Cu reduction potential and kinetic parameters for the oxidation of syringaldazine (with a reduction potential of 390 mV), a good correlation was observed between the T1 Cu reduction potential and the conversion of substituted phenols with reduction potentials between 660 and 820 mV. This correlation was pronounced for the Ssl1 variants with reduction potentials above 470 mV, which demonstrated increased activities also during the oxidation of two dyes, alizarin red S and indigo carmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Olbrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan N Schild
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Walde P, Kashima K, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Synthesizing Polyaniline With Laccase/O 2 as Catalyst. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:165. [PMID: 31355193 PMCID: PMC6635843 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of aniline to polyaniline (PANI) can be achieved chemically, electrochemically or enzymatically. In all cases, the products obtained are mixtures of molecules which are constituted by aniline units. Depending on the synthesis conditions there are variations (i) in the way the aniline molecules are connected, (ii) in the average number of aniline units per molecule, (iii) in the oxidation state, and (iv) in the degree of protonation. For many possible applications, the synthesis of electroconductive PANI with para-N-C-coupled aniline units in their half-oxidized and protonated state is of interest. This is the emeraldine salt form of PANI, abbreviated as PANI-ES. The enzymatic synthesis of PANI-ES is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. Although many studies have been devoted to the in vitro synthesis of PANI-ES by using heme peroxidases with added hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant, the application of laccases is of particular interest since the oxidant for these multicopper enzymes is molecular oxygen (O2) from air, which is beneficial from environmental and economic points of view. In vivo, laccases participate in the synthesis and degradation of lignin. Various attempts of synthesizing PANI-ES with laccase/O2 in slightly acidic aqueous media from aniline or the linear aniline dimer PADPA (p-aminodiphenylamine) are summarized. Advances in the understanding of the positive effects of soft dynamic templates, as chemical structure guiding additives (anionic polyelectrolytes, micelles, or vesicles), for obtaining PANI-ES-rich products are highlighted. Conceptually, some of these template effects appear to be related to the effect "dirigent proteins" exert in the biosynthesis of lignin. In both cases intermediate radicals are formed enzymatically which then must react in a controlled way in follow-up reactions for obtaining the desired products. These follow-up reactions are controlled to some extent by the templates or specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kashima
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology, Oyama College, Oyama, Japan
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28
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Wu MH, Lin MC, Lee CC, Yu SM, Wang AHJ, Ho THD. Enhancement of laccase activity by pre-incubation with organic solvents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9754. [PMID: 31278318 PMCID: PMC6611822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases that are tolerant to organic solvents are powerful bio-catalysts with broad applications in biotechnology. Most of these uses must be accomplished at high concentration of organic solvents, during which proteins undergo unfolding, thereby losing enzyme activity. Here we show that organic-solvent pre-incubation provides effective and reversible 1.5- to 4.0-fold enhancement of enzyme activity of fungal laccases. Several organic solvents, including acetone, methanol, ethanol, DMSO, and DMF had an enhancement effect among all laccases studied. The enhancement was not substrate-specific and could be observed by using both phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. Laccase preincubated with organic solvents was sensitive to high temperature but remained stable at 25 °C, for an advantage for long-term storage. The acetone-pre-incubated 3-D structure of DLac, a high-efficiency fungal laccase, was determined and confirmed that the DLac protein structure remains intact and stable at a high concentration of organic solvent. Moreover, the turnover rates of fungal laccases were improved after organic-solvent pre-incubation, with DLac showing the highest enhancement among the fungal laccases examined. Our investigation sheds light on improving fungal laccase usage under extreme conditions and extends opportunities for bioremediation, decolorization, and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Chun Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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29
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhan J, Lin Y, Yang X. Axial bonds at the T1 Cu site of Thermus thermophilus SG0.5JP17-16 laccase influence enzymatic properties. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:986-995. [PMID: 30964606 PMCID: PMC6487685 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase is a multi‐copper oxidase which oxidizes substrate at the type 1 copper site, simultaneously coupling the reduction of dioxygen to water at the trinuclear copper center. In this study, we used site‐directed mutagenesis to study the effect of axial bonds between the metal and amino acid residue side chains in lacTT. Our kinetic and spectral data showed that the replacement of the axial residue with non‐coordinating residues resulted in higher efficiency (kcat/Km) and a lower Cu2+ population at the type 1 copper site, while substitution with strongly coordinating residues resulted in lower efficiency and a higher Cu2+ population, as compared with the wild‐type. The redox potentials of mutants with hydrophobic axial residues (Ala and Phe) were higher than that of the wild‐type. In conclusion, these insights into the catalytic mechanism of laccase may be of use in protein engineering to fine‐tune its enzymatic properties for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing TechnologySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing TechnologySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiangbo Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing TechnologySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing TechnologySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Research Center of Industrial Enzyme and Green Manufacturing TechnologySchool of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
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30
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Perna V, Baum A, Ernst HA, Agger JW, Meyer AS. Laccase activity measurement by FTIR spectral fingerprinting. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 122:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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A structural-chemical explanation of fungal laccase activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17285. [PMID: 30470810 PMCID: PMC6251875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper oxidases that oxidize a wide variety of substrates. Despite extensive studies, the molecular basis for their diverse activity is unclear. Notably, there is no current way to rationally predict the activity of a laccase toward a given substrate. Such knowledge would greatly facilitate the rational design of new laccases for technological purposes. We report a study of three datasets of experimental Km values and activities for Trametes versicolor and Cerrena unicolor laccase, using a range of protein modeling techniques. We identify diverse binding modes of the various substrates and confirm an important role of Asp-206 and His-458 (T. versicolor laccase numbering) in guiding substrate recognition. Importantly, we demonstrate that experimental Km values correlate with binding affinities computed by MMGBSA. This confirms the common assumption that the protein-substrate affinity is a major contributor to observed Km. From quantitative structure-activity relations (QSAR) we identify physicochemical properties that correlate with observed Km and activities. In particular, the ionization potential, shape, and binding affinity of the substrate largely determine the enzyme’s Km for the particular substrate. Our results suggest that Km is not just a binding constant but also contains features of the enzymatic activity. In addition, we identify QSAR models with only a few descriptors showing that phenolic substrates employ optimal hydrophobic packing to reach the T1 site, but then require additional electronic properties to engage in the subsequent electron transfer. Our results advance our ability to model laccase activity and lend promise to future rational optimization of laccases toward phenolic substrates.
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32
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Glazunova OA, Shakhova NV, Psurtseva NV, Moiseenko KV, Kleimenov SY, Fedorova TV. White-rot basidiomycetes Junghuhnia nitida and Steccherinum bourdotii: Oxidative potential and laccase properties in comparison with Trametes hirsuta and Coriolopsis caperata. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197667. [PMID: 29856762 PMCID: PMC5983490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White-rot basidiomycetes from the poorly studied residual polyporoid clade of Polyporales order Junghuhnia nitida (Pers.) Ryvarden and Steccherinum bourdotii Saliba & A. David grow as secondary xylotrohps on well decomposed woody materials. The main objective of the current study was to compare oxidative potential, growth, production of oxidative enzymes and laccase properties of J. nitida and S. bourdotii with that of typical primary xylotrohps Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd and Coriolopsis caperata (Berk.) Murrill, belonging to the core polyporoid clade. For the first time we report species J. nitida and S. bourdotii as active laccase producers. New laccases from J. nitida and S. bourdotii were purified and characterized. They had an identical molecular weight of 63 kDa and isoelectric points of 3.4 and 3.1, respectively. However, the redox potential of the T1 copper site for both J. nitida (610 mV) and S. bourdotii (640 mV) laccases was lower than those for T. hirsuta and C. caperata laccases. The new laccases showed higher temperature optima and better thermal stability than T. hirsuta and C. caperata laccases. Their half-lives were more than 40 min at 70 °C. The laccases from J. nitida and S. bourdotii showed higher affinity to syringyl-type phenolic compounds than T. hirsuta and C. caperata laccases. The oxidative potential of studied fungi as well as the properties of their laccases are discussed in terms of the fungal life-style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Glazunova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Shakhova
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Psurtseva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Moiseenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Y. Kleimenov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Fedorova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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33
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Catalytic Efficiency of Basidiomycete Laccases: Redox Potential versus Substrate-Binding Pocket Structure. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are copper-containing oxidases that catalyze a one-electron abstraction from various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds with concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It is well-known that laccases from various sources have different substrate specificities, but it is not completely clear what exactly provides these differences. The purpose of this work was to study the features of the substrate specificity of four laccases from basidiomycete fungi Trametes hirsuta, Coriolopsis caperata, Antrodiella faginea, and Steccherinum murashkinskyi, which have different redox potentials of the T1 copper center and a different structure of substrate-binding pockets. Enzyme activity toward 20 monophenolic substances and 4 phenolic dyes was measured spectrophotometrically. The kinetic parameters of oxidation of four lignans and lignan-like substrates were determined by monitoring of the oxygen consumption. For the oxidation of the high redox potential (>700 mV) monophenolic substrates and almost all large substrates, such as phenolic dyes and lignans, the redox potential difference between the enzyme and the substrate (ΔE) played the defining role. For the low redox potential monophenolic substrates, ΔE did not directly influence the laccase activity. Also, in the special cases, the structure of the large substrates, such as dyes and lignans, as well as some structural features of the laccases (flexibility of the substrate-binding pocket loops and some amino acid residues in the key positions) affected the resulting catalytic efficiency.
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34
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Hahn V, Meister M, Hussy S, Cordes A, Enderle G, Saningong A, Schauer F. Enhanced laccase-mediated transformation of diclofenac and flufenamic acid in the presence of bisphenol A and testing of an enzymatic membrane reactor. AMB Express 2018; 8:28. [PMID: 29478084 PMCID: PMC6890904 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The inadequate removal of pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plants, as evidenced by their detection of these substances in the aquatic environment has led to the need for sustainable remediation strategies. Laccases possess a number of advantages including a broad substrate spectrum. To identify promoting or inhibitory effects of reaction partners in the remediation processes we tested not only single compounds-as has been described in most studies-but also mixtures of pollutants. The reaction of diclofenac (DCF) and flufenamic acid (FA), mediated by Trametes versicolor laccase resulted in the formation of products, which were more hydrophilic than the respective reactant (reactant concentration of 0.1 mM; laccase activity 0.5 U/ml). Analyses (HPLC, LC/MS) showed that the product 1a and 1b for DCF and FA, respectively, to be a para-benzoquinone imine derivative. The formation of 1a was enhanced by the addition of bisphenol A (BPA). After 6 days 97% more product was formed in the mixture of DCF and BPA compared with DCF tested alone. Product 1a was also detected in experiments with micropollutant-supplemented secondary effluent. Within 24 h 67% and 100% of DCF and BPA were transformed, respectively (25 U/ml). Experiments with a membrane reactor (volume 10 l; phosphate buffer, pH 7) were in good agreement with the results of the laboratory scale experiments (50 ml). EC50-values were also determined. The data support the use of laccases for the removal or detoxification of recalcitrant pollutants. Thus, the enzyme laccase may be a component of an additional environmentally friendly process for the treatment stage of wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mareike Meister
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Hussy
- Atec Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, Emmi-Noether-Str. 6, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Arno Cordes
- ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH, Am Exer 19 C, 38302 Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Günther Enderle
- Atec Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, Emmi-Noether-Str. 6, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frieder Schauer
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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35
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Bronikowski A, Hagedoorn PL, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB. Expression of a new laccase from Moniliophthora roreri at high levels in Pichia pastoris and its potential application in micropollutant degradation. AMB Express 2017; 7:73. [PMID: 28357784 PMCID: PMC5371579 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases have gained significant attention due to their emerging applications including bioremediation, biomass degradation and biofuel cells. One of the prerequisites for the industrial application of laccases is their sufficient availability. However, expression levels of recombinantly expressed laccases are often low. In this study Mrl2, a new laccase from the basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri, was cloned in Pichia pastoris and produced in an optimized fed-batch process at an exceptionally high yield of 1.05 g l−1. With a redox potential of 0.58 V, Mrl2 belongs to mid-redox potential laccases. However, Mrl2 demonstrated high kcat values of 316, 20, 74, and 36 s−1 towards 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol, respectively. Mrl2 remained stable above pH 6 and in the presence of many metal ions, which is important for application in bioremediation. Mrl2 was investigated for the ability to degrade endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSDAIs) at neutral pH value. The enzyme accepted and converted estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, the synthetic contraceptive 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A at pH 7 faster than high-potential laccases from Trametes versicolor. For example, within 30 min Mrl2 removed more than 90% bisphenol A, 17ß-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol and estriol, respectively. The concentration of the recalcitrant drug diclofenac dropped by 56% after 20 h incubation with Mrl2.
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36
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Lucas MF, Monza E, Jørgensen LJ, Ernst HA, Piontek K, Bjerrum MJ, Martinez ÁT, Camarero S, Guallar V. Simulating Substrate Recognition and Oxidation in Laccases: From Description to Design. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1462-1467. [PMID: 28187256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To meet the very specific requirements demanded by industry, proteins must be appropriately tailored. Engineering laccases, to improve the oxidation of small molecules, with applications in multiple fields, is, however, a difficult task. Most efforts have concentrated on increasing the redox potential of the enzyme, but in recent work, we have pursued an alternate strategy to engineering these biocatalysts. In particular, we have found that redesigning substrate binding at the T1 pocket, guided by in silico methodologies, to be a more consistent option. In this work, we evaluate the robustness of our computational approach to estimate activity, emphasizing the importance of the binding event in laccase reactivity. Strengths and weaknesses of the protocol are discussed along with its potential for scoring large numbers of protein sequences and thus its significance in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Anaxomics Biotech , Balmes 89, E-08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lise J Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Heidi A Ernst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Klaus Piontek
- University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Ángel T Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Loi M, Fanelli F, Zucca P, Liuzzi VC, Quintieri L, Cimmarusti MT, Monaci L, Haidukowski M, Logrieco AF, Sanjust E, Mulè G. Aflatoxin B₁ and M₁ Degradation by Lac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius and Redox Mediators. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090245. [PMID: 27563923 PMCID: PMC5037472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases (LCs) are multicopper oxidases that find application as versatile biocatalysts for the green bioremediation of environmental pollutants and xenobiotics. In this study we elucidate the degrading activity of Lac2 pure enzyme form Pleurotus pulmonarius towards aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1). LC enzyme was purified using three chromatographic steps and identified as Lac2 through zymogram and LC-MS/MS. The degradation assays were performed in vitro at 25 °C for 72 h in buffer solution. AFB1 degradation by Lac2 direct oxidation was 23%. Toxin degradation was also investigated in the presence of three redox mediators, (2,2′-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS) and two naturally-occurring phenols, acetosyringone (AS) and syringaldehyde (SA). The direct effect of the enzyme and the mediated action of Lac2 with redox mediators univocally proved the correlation between Lac2 activity and aflatoxins degradation. The degradation of AFB1 was enhanced by the addition of all mediators at 10 mM, with AS being the most effective (90% of degradation). AFM1 was completely degraded by Lac2 with all mediators at 10 mM. The novelty of this study relies on the identification of a pure enzyme as capable of degrading AFB1 and, for the first time, AFM1, and on the evidence that the mechanism of an effective degradation occurs via the mediation of natural phenolic compounds. These results opened new perspective for Lac2 application in the food and feed supply chains as a biotransforming agent of AFB1 and AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
- Department of Economics, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Complesso Universitario, SP Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, Monserrato 09042, Italy.
| | - Vania C Liuzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Maria T Cimmarusti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
- Department of Economics, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Enrico Sanjust
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Complesso Universitario, SP Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, Monserrato 09042, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Amendola 122/O, Bari 70126, Italy.
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Santiago G, de Salas F, Lucas MF, Monza E, Acebes S, Martinez ÁT, Camarero S, Guallar V. Computer-Aided Laccase Engineering: Toward Biological Oxidation of Arylamines. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Santiago
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe de Salas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fátima Lucas
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech, Balmes 89, E-08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Acebes
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel T. Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Iracheta-Cárdenas MM, Rocha-Peña MA, Galán-Wong LJ, Arévalo-Niño K, Tovar-Herrera OE. A Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase for denim bleaching and its comparison with an enzymatic commercial formulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 177:93-100. [PMID: 27085152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A laccase from the basidiomycete Pycnoporus sanguineus strain RVAN5 was evaluated for its ability to decolorize synthetic dyes and denim bleaching. Dye color reduction and denim bleaching were monitored at different dye concentrations and incubation times. Dye decolorization by Pycnoporus sanguineus fungal crude extract (FCE) ranged from 80 to 96% within 2-4 h at 25-65 °C. Comparable results were obtained when violuric acid (VA) was added as mediator to the FCE, however, the number of decolorized dyes increased significantly. Dye decolorization rates with VA varied of initial and final optical density (595 nm) values of 2.5-3.0 and 0.2-0.02, respectively. P. sanguineus FCE had no substantial effect on denim bleaching when used alone, notwithstanding, the mixture of FCE with VA (10 mM) showed significant denim color reduction values and considerably higher than those obtained with a bleaching enzyme from a commercial formulation; CIElab values obtained with FCE/VA mixture were of ΔL = 6.4, versus a ΔL 1.4 value obtained with an enzyme from commercial formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Magdalena Iracheta-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, C.P. 66455, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Mario A Rocha-Peña
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, C.P. 66455, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Luis J Galán-Wong
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, C.P. 66455, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Katiushka Arévalo-Niño
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, C.P. 66455, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Omar Eduardo Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, C.P. 66455, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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40
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Yuan X, Tian G, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Wang H, Ng TB. Biochemical Characteristics of Three Laccase Isoforms from the Basidiomycete Pleurotus nebrodensis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21020203. [PMID: 26861278 PMCID: PMC6273344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of three laccase isoforms from Pleurotus nebrodensis is described. Isoenzymes Lac1, Lac2 and Lac3 were purified to homogeneity using ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose and Q-Sepharose and a gel filtration step on Superdex 75. The molecular weights of the purified laccases were estimated to be 68, 64 and 51 kDa, respectively. The isoenzymes demonstrated the same optimum pH at 3.0 but slightly different temperature optima: 50–60 °C for Lac1 and Lac3 and 60 °C for Lac2. Lac2 was always more stable than the other two isoforms and exposure to 50 °C for 120 min caused 30% loss in activity. Lac2 was relatively less stable than the other two isoforms when exposed to the pH range of 3.0–8.0 for 24 h, but inactivation only occurred initially, with around 70% residual activity being maintained during the whole process. Oxidative ability towards aromatic compounds varied substantially among the isoforms and each of them displayed preference toward some substrates. Kinetic constants (Km, Kcat) were determined by using a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay, with Lac3 showing the best affinity and Lac2 displaying the highest catalytic efficiency. Amino acid sequences from peptides derived from digestion of isoenzymes showed great consistency with laccases in the databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guoting Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasmic Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yongchang Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasmic Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Liyan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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41
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Pardo I, Santiago G, Gentili P, Lucas F, Monza E, Medrano FJ, Galli C, Martínez AT, Guallar V, Camarero S. Re-designing the substrate binding pocket of laccase for enhanced oxidation of sinapic acid. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iterative saturation mutagenesis was performed over six residues delimiting the substrate binding pocket of a high redox potential chimeric laccase with the aim of enhancing its activity over sinapic acid, a lignin-related phenol of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - G. Santiago
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - P. Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università “La Sapienza” and IMC-CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - F. Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech
| | - E. Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - F. J. Medrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - C. Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università “La Sapienza” and IMC-CNR Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - A. T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - V. Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- 08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- ICREA
| | - S. Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
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42
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43
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Pardo I, Camarero S. Exploring the Oxidation of Lignin-Derived Phenols by a Library of Laccase Mutants. Molecules 2015; 20:15929-43. [PMID: 26364626 PMCID: PMC6332420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturation mutagenesis was performed over six residues delimiting the substrate binding pocket of a fungal laccase previously engineered in the lab. Mutant libraries were screened using sinapic acid as a model substrate, and those mutants presenting increased activity were selected for exploring the oxidation of lignin-derived phenols. The latter comprised a battery of phenolic compounds of interest due to their use as redox mediators or precursors of added-value products and their biological activity. The new laccase variants were investigated in a multi-screening assay and the structural determinants, at both the substrate and the protein level, for the oxidation of the different phenols are discussed. Laccase activity greatly varied only by changing one or two residues of the enzyme pocket. Our results suggest that once the redox potential threshold is surpassed, the contribution of the residues of the enzymatic pocket for substrate recognition and binding strongly influence the overall rate of the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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44
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45
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Monza E, Lucas MF, Camarero S, Alejaldre LC, Martínez AT, Guallar V. Insights into Laccase Engineering from Molecular Simulations: Toward a Binding-Focused Strategy. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1447-1453. [PMID: 26263150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular determinants of enzyme performance is of primary importance for the rational design of ad hoc mutants. A novel approach, which combines efficient conformational sampling and quick reactivity scoring, is used here to shed light on how substrate oxidation was improved during the directed evolution experiment of a fungal laccase (from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus), an industrially relevant class of oxidoreductases. It is found that the enhanced activity of the evolved enzyme is mainly the result of substrate arrangement in the active site, with no important change in the redox potential of the T1 copper. Mutations at the active site shift the binding mode into a more buried substrate position and provide a more favorable electrostatic environment for substrate oxidation. As a consequence, engineering the binding event seems to be a viable way to in silico evolution of oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Monza
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Fatima Lucas
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorea C Alejaldre
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- ‡Centro de Investigacion Biológica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- †Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- §Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Laccase engineering by rational and evolutionary design. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:897-910. [PMID: 25586560 PMCID: PMC4323517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are considered as green catalysts of great biotechnological potential. This has attracted a great interest in designing laccases a la carte with enhanced stabilities or activities tailored to specific conditions for different fields of application. Over 20 years, numerous efforts have been taken to engineer these multicopper oxidases and to understand their reaction mechanisms by site-directed mutagenesis, and more recently, using computational calculations and directed evolution tools. In this work, we review the most relevant contributions made in the field of laccase engineering, from the comprehensive study of their structure–function relationships to the tailoring of outstanding biocatalysts.
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47
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Chen M, Zeng G, Lai C, Li J, Xu P, Wu H. Molecular basis of laccase bound to lignin: insight from comparative studies on the interaction of Trametes versicolor laccase with various lignin model compounds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding orientation of lignin model compounds in laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Jian Li
- Department of River
- Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute
- Wuhan 430010
- China
| | - Piao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Haipeng Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
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48
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Hagedoorn PL, van der Weel L, Hagen WR. EPR monitored redox titration of the cofactors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nar1. J Vis Exp 2014:e51611. [PMID: 25490157 DOI: 10.3791/51611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) monitored redox titrations are a powerful method to determine the midpoint potential of cofactors in proteins and to identify and quantify the cofactors in their detectable redox state. The technique is complementary to direct electrochemistry (voltammetry) approaches, as it does not offer information on electron transfer rates, but does establish the identity and redox state of the cofactors in the protein under study. The technique is widely applicable to any protein containing an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detectable cofactor. A typical titration requires 2 ml protein with a cofactor concentration in the range of 1-100 µM. The protein is titrated with a chemical reductant (sodium dithionite) or oxidant (potassium ferricyanide) in order to poise the sample at a certain potential. A platinum wire and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode are connected to a voltmeter to measure the potential of the protein solution A set of 13 different redox mediators is used to equilibrate between the redox cofactors of the protein and the electrodes. Samples are drawn at different potentials and the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectra, characteristic for the different redox cofactors in the protein, are measured. The plot of the signal intensity versus the sample potential is analyzed using the Nernst equation in order to determine the midpoint potential of the cofactor.
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49
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Luo P, Feinberg EC, Guirado G, Farid S, Dinnocenzo JP. Accurate Oxidation Potentials of 40 Benzene and Biphenyl Derivatives with Heteroatom Substituents. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9297-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Feinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Departament de Química (Quimica-Fisica), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifi C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samir Farid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Joseph P. Dinnocenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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50
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1133] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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