1
|
Ou X, Wan Z, Xiong Y, Huang K, Wei Z, Nuermaimaiti Z, Chen Y, Yiliya D, Lin H, Dai Z, Li Y, Chen P. Homogeneous Dual Fluorescence Count of CD4 in Clinical HIV-Positive Samples via Parallel Catalytic Hairpin Assembly and Multiple Recognitions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38285-38293. [PMID: 37526600 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Regularly measuring the level of CD4+ cells is necessary for monitoring progression and predicting prognosis in patients suffering from an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current flow cytometry standard detection method is expensive and complicated. A parallel catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA)-assisted fluorescent aptasensor is reported for homogeneous CD4 count by targeting the CD4 protein expressed on the membrane of CD4+ cells. Detection was achieved using CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and methylene blue (MB) as signal reporters. CdTe QDs distinguished CHA-assisted release of Ag+ and C-Ag+-C and MB that has differentiated cytosine (C)-rich single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and C-Ag+-C, generating changes in fluorescence intensity. With the assistance of the CHA strategy and luminescent nanomaterials, this method reached limits of detection of 0.03 fg/mL for the CD4 protein and 0.3 cells/mL for CD4+ cells with linear ranges of 0.1 to 100 fg/mL and 1 to 1000 cells/mL, respectively. The method was validated in 50 clinical whole blood samples consisting of 30 HIV-positive patients, 10 healthy volunteers, and 10 patients with cancer or other chronic infections. The findings from this method were in good agreement with the data from clinical flow cytometry. Due to its sensitivity, affordability, and ease of operation, the current method has demonstrated great potential for routine CD4 counts for the management of HIV, especially in communities and remote areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhengli Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Zeliang Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zulimire Nuermaimaiti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Duerdanna Yiliya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyin Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenjie Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Piaopiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Core Facilities of West China Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen TH, Nguyen HA, Tran Thi YV, Hoang Tran D, Cao H, Chu Duc T, Bui TT, Do Quang L. Concepts, electrode configuration, characterization, and data analytics of electric and electrochemical microfluidic platforms: a review. Analyst 2023; 148:1912-1929. [PMID: 36928639 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cytometry (MC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are two important techniques in biomedical engineering. Microfluidic cytometry has been utilized in various fields such as stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis studies, and provides a simple, label-free, real-time method for characterizing and monitoring cellular fates. The impedance microdevice, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is integrated into MC systems. IFC measures the impedance of individual cells as they flow through a microfluidic device, while EIS measures impedance changes during binding events on electrode regions. There have been significant efforts to improve and optimize these devices for both basic research and clinical applications, based on the concepts, electrode configurations, and cell fates. This review outlines the theoretical concepts, electrode engineering, and data analytics of these devices, and highlights future directions for development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Nguyen
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Y-Van Tran Thi
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Hung Cao
- University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Trinh Chu Duc
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Tung Thanh Bui
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Loc Do Quang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen B, Dawes J, Johnston ML. A 10 M Ω, 50 kHz-40 MHz Impedance Measurement Architecture for Source-Differential Flow Cytometry. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:766-778. [PMID: 35727776 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3182905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A low-power, impedance-based integrated circuit (IC) readout architecture is presented for cell analysis and cytometry applications. A three-electrode layout and source-differential excitation cancels baseline current prior to the sensor front-end, which enables the use of a high-gain readout circuit for the difference current. A lock-in architecture is employed with down-conversion and up-conversion in the feedback loop, enabling high closed-loop gain (up to 10 M Ω) and high bandwidth (up to 40 MHz). A hybrid-RC feedback network mitigates the SNR degradation seen over a wide operating frequency range when using purely capacitive feedback. The effect of phase shift on the closed-loop system gain and noise performance are analyzed in detail, along with optimization strategies, and the design includes fine-grained phase adjustment to minimize phase error. The impedance sensor was fabricated in a 0.18 μ m CMOS process and consumes 9.7 mW with an operating frequency from 50 kHz to 40 MHz and provides adjustable bandwidth. Measurements demonstrate that the impedance sensor achieves 6 pA [Formula: see text] input-referred noise over 200 Hz bandwidth at 0.5 MHz modulation frequency. Combined with a microfluidic flow cell, measured results using this source-differential measurement approach are presented using both monodisperse and polydisperse sample solutions and demonstrate single-cell resolution, detecting 3 μ m diameter particles in solution with 22 dB SNR.
Collapse
|
4
|
Farooq A, Hayat F, Zafar S, Butt NZ. Thin flexible lab-on-a-film for impedimetric sensing in biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1066. [PMID: 35058505 PMCID: PMC8776742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMicrofluidic cytometers based on coulter principle have recently shown a great potential for point of care biosensors for medical diagnostics. Here, we explore the design of an impedimetric microfluidic cytometer on flexible substrate. Two coplanar microfluidic geometries are compared to highlight the sensitivity of the device to the microelectrode positions relative to the detection volume. We show that the microelectrodes surface area and the geometry of the sensing volume for the cells strongly influence the output response of the sensor. Reducing the sensing volume decreases the pulse width but increases the overall pulse amplitude with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (~ max. SNR = 38.78 dB). For the proposed design, the SNR was adequate to enable good detection and differentiation of 10 µm diameter polystyrene beads and leukemia cells (~ 6–21 µm). Also, a systematic approach for irreversible & strong bond strength between the thin flexible surfaces that make up the biochip is explored in this work. We observed the changes in surface wettability due to various methods of surface treatment can be a valuable metric for determining bond strength. We observed permanent bonding between microelectrode defined polypropylene surface and microchannel carved PDMS due to polar/silanol groups formed by plasma treatment and consequent covalent crosslinking by amine groups. These experimental insights provide valuable design guidelines for enhancing the sensitivity of coulter based flexible lab-on-a-chip devices which have a wide range of applications in point of care diagnostics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nasrollahi F, Haghniaz R, Hosseini V, Davoodi E, Mahmoodi M, Karamikamkar S, Darabi MA, Zhu Y, Lee J, Diltemiz SE, Montazerian H, Sangabathuni S, Tavafoghi M, Jucaud V, Sun W, Kim H, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Micro and Nanoscale Technologies for Diagnosis of Viral Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100692. [PMID: 34310048 PMCID: PMC8420309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The growth of globalization significantly increases the risk of virus spreading, making it a global threat to future public health. In particular, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak emphasizes the importance of devices and methods for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnosis of viral infections in the early stages by which their quick and global spread can be controlled. Micro and nanoscale technologies have attracted tremendous attention in recent years for a variety of medical and biological applications, especially in developing diagnostic platforms for rapid and accurate detection of viral diseases. This review addresses advances of microneedles, microchip-based integrated platforms, and nano- and microparticles for sampling, sample processing, enrichment, amplification, and detection of viral particles and antigens related to the diagnosis of viral diseases. Additionally, methods for the fabrication of microchip-based devices and commercially used devices are described. Finally, challenges and prospects on the development of micro and nanotechnologies for the early diagnosis of viral diseases are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYazd BranchIslamic Azad UniversityYazd8915813135Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Darabi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Sibel Emir Diltemiz
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceEskisehir Technical UniversityEskisehir26470Turkey
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | | | - Maryam Tavafoghi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Han‐Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao W, Liang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Teng P, Cao D, Zou S, Xu T, Zhao J, Tang Y. CD8 cell counting in whole blood by a paper-based time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338820. [PMID: 34535251 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8 cells) in peripheral blood can directly reflect the immune status of the body and is widely used for auxiliary diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of diseases. There is an urgent need to develop a simple CD8 cell-counting platform to meet clinical needs. Our group designed a paper-based cell-counting method based on a blocking competition strategy. In addition, we developed a time-resolved fluorescence-blocking competitive lateral flow immunoassay (TRF-BCLFIA) for point-of-care CD8 cell counting that functions by measuring europium nanoparticle (EuNP)-labeled CD8 antibody probes that are not captured by CD8 cells, and we indirectly calculated the concentration of CD8 cells in samples. Within 30 min, four operation steps can provide an accurate CD8 cell count for a 75-μL whole-blood sample, and this approach can be implemented on a handheld device. The TRF-BCLFIA reliably quantified CD8 cells in whole-blood samples, in which the assay exhibited a linear correlation (R2 = 0.989) readout for CD8 cell concentrations ranging from 137 to 821 cells/μL. To validate this approach, our newly developed CD8 cell-counting tool was used to assess 33 tumor patient blood samples. The results showed a high consistency with a flow cytometry-based absolute count. This analysis approach is a promising alternative for the costly standard flow cytometry-based tools for CD8 cell counting in tumor patients in community clinics, small hospitals, and low medical resource regions. This technology would deliver simple diagnostics to patients anywhere in the world, regardless of geography or socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, PR China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China
| | - Peijun Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Dongni Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Siyi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biochip with multi-planar electrodes geometry for differentiation of non-spherical bioparticles in a microchannel. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11880. [PMID: 34088942 PMCID: PMC8178319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biosensor capable of differentiating cells or other microparticles based on morphology finds significant biomedical applications. Examples may include morphological determination in the cellular division process, differentiation of bacterial cells, and cellular morphological variation in inflammation and cancer etc. Here, we present a novel integrated multi-planar microelectrodes geometry design that can distinguish a non-spherical individual particle flowing along a microchannel based on its electrical signature. We simulated multi-planar electrodes design in COMSOL Multiphysics and have shown that the changes in electrical field intensity corresponding to multiple particle morphologies can be distinguished. Our initial investigation has shown that top-bottom electrodes configuration produces significantly enhanced signal strength for a spherical particle as compared to co-planar configuration. Next, we integrated the co-planar and top-bottom configurations to develop a multi-planar microelectrode design capable of electrical impedance measurement at different spatial planes inside a microchannel by collecting multiple output signatures. We tested our integrated multi-planar electrode design with particles of different elliptical morphologies by gradually changing spherical particle dimensions to the non-spherical. The computed electrical signal ratio of non-spherical to spherical particle shows a very good correlation to predict the particle morphology. The biochip sensitivity is also found be independent of orientation of the particle flowing in the microchannel. Our integrated design will help develop the technology that will allow morphological analysis of various bioparticles in a microfluidic channel in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Quang LD, Bui TT, Hoang BA, Nhu CN, Thuy HTT, Jen CP, Duc TC. Biological Living Cell in-Flow Detection Based on Microfluidic Chip and Compact Signal Processing Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1371-1380. [PMID: 33085615 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and counting of biological living cells in continuous fluidic flows play an essential role in many applications for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this regard, this study highlighted the proposal of a biochip system for detecting and enumerating human lung carcinoma cell flow in the microfluidic channel. The principle of detection was based on the change of impedance between sensing electrodes integrated in the fluidic channel, due to the presence of a biological cell in the sensing region. A compact electronic module was built to sense the unbalanced impedance between the sensing microelectrodes. It consisted of an instrumentation amplifier stage to obtain the difference between the acquired signals, and a lock-in amplifier stage to demodulate the signals at the stimulating frequency as well as to reject noise at other frequencies. The performance of the proposed system was validated through experiments of A549 cells detection as they passed over the microfluidic channel. The experimental results indicated the occurrence of large spikes (up to approximately 180 mV) over the background signal according to the passage of a single A549 cell in the continuous flow. The proposed device is simple-to-operate, inexpensive, portable, and exhibits high sensitivity, which are suitable considerations for developing point-of-care applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bacheschi DT, Polsky W, Kobos Z, Yosinski S, Menze L, Chen J, Reed MA. Overcoming the sensitivity vs. throughput tradeoff in Coulter counters: A novel side counter design. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112507. [PMID: 32905926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microfabricated Coulter counters are attractive for point of care (POC) applications since they are label free and compact. However, these approaches inherently suffer from a trade off between sample throughput and sensitivity. The counter measures a change in impedance due to displaced fluid volume by passing cells, and thus the counter's signal increases with the fraction of the sensing volume displaced. Reducing the size of the sensing region requires reductions in volumetric throughput in the absence of increased hydraulic pressure and sensor bandwidth. The risk of mechanical clog formation, rendering the counter inoperable, increases markedly with reductions in the size of the constriction aperture. We present here a microfluidic coplanar Coulter counter device design that overcomes the problem of constriction clogging while capable of operating in microfluidic channels filled entirely with highly conductive sample. The device utilizes microfabricated planar electrodes projecting into one side of the microfluidic channel and is easily integrated with upstream electronic, hydrodynamic, or other focusing units to produce efficient counting which could allow for dramatically increased volumetric and sample throughput. The design lends itself to simple, cost effective POC applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Bacheschi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - William Polsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zachary Kobos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lukas Menze
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han P, Yosinski S, Kobos ZA, Chaudhury R, Lee JS, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Continuous Label-Free Electronic Discrimination of T Cells by Activation State. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8646-8657. [PMID: 32530598 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and speed with which the immune system reacts to host disruption is unrivaled by any detection method for pathogenic biomarkers or infectious signatures. Engagement of cellular immunity in response to infections or cancer is contingent upon activation and subsequent cytotoxic activity by T cells. Thus, monitoring T cell activation can reliably serve as a metric for disease diagnosis as well as therapeutic prognosis. Rapid and direct quantification of T cell activation states, however, has been hindered by challenges associated with antigen target identification, labeling requirements, and assay duration. Here we present an electronic, label-free method for simultaneous separation and evaluation of T cell activation states. Our device utilizes a microfluidic design integrated with nanolayered electrode structures for dielectrophoresis (DEP)-driven discrimination of activated vs naïve T cells at single-cell resolution and demonstrates rapid (<2 min) separation of T cells at high single-pass efficiency as quantified by an on-chip Coulter counter module. Our device represents a microfluidic tool for electronic assessment of immune activation states and, hence, a portable diagnostic for quantitative evaluation of immunity and disease state. Further, its ability to achieve label-free enrichment of activated immune cells promises clinical utility in cell-based immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zachary A Kobos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hedayatipour A, Aslanzadeh S, McFarlane N. CMOS based whole cell impedance sensing: Challenges and future outlook. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111600. [PMID: 31479988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for multi-analyte point-of-care diagnosis devices, cell impedance measurement is a promising technique for integration with other sensing modalities. In this comprehensive review, the theory underlying cell impedance sensing, including the history, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based implementations, and applications are critically assessed. Whole cell impedance sensing, also known as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) or electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is an approach for studying and diagnosing living cells in in-vitro and in-vivo environments. The technique is popular since it is label-free, non-invasive, and low cost when compared to standard biochemical assays. CMOS cell impedance measurement systems have been focused on expanding their applications to numerous aspects of biological, environmental, and food safety applications. This paper presents and evaluates circuit topologies for whole cell impedance measurement. The presented review compares several existing CMOS designs, including the classification, measurement speed, and sensitivity of varying topologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hedayatipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Aslanzadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oeschger T, McCloskey D, Kopparthy V, Singh A, Erickson D. Point of care technologies for sepsis diagnosis and treatment. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:728-737. [PMID: 30724931 PMCID: PMC6392004 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a rapidly progressing, life threatening immune response triggered by infection that affects millions worldwide each year. Current clinical diagnosis relies on broad physiological parameters and time consuming lab-based cell culture. If proper treatment is not provided, cases of sepsis can drastically increase in severity over the course of a few hours. Development of new point of care tools for sepsis has the potential to improve diagnostic speed and accuracy, leading to prompt administration of appropriate therapeutics, thereby reducing healthcare costs and improving patient outcomes. In this review we examine developing and commercially available technologies to assess the feasibility of rapid, accurate sepsis diagnosis, with emphasis on point of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Oeschger
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Duncan McCloskey
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Varun Kopparthy
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim B, Oh S, Shin S, Yim SG, Yang SY, Hahn YK, Choi S. Pumpless Microflow Cytometry Enabled by Viscosity Modulation and Immunobead Labeling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8254-8260. [PMID: 29874050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major challenges of miniaturizing flow cytometry include obviating the need for bulky, expensive, and complex pump-based fluidic and laser-based optical systems while retaining the ability to detect target cells based on their unique surface receptors. We addressed these critical challenges by (i) using a viscous liquid additive to control flow rate passively, without external pumping equipment, and (ii) adopting an immunobead assay that can be quantified with a portable fluorescence cell counter based on a blue light-emitting diode. Such novel features enable pumpless microflow cytometry (pFC) analysis by simply dropping a sample solution onto the inlet reservoir of a disposable cell-counting chamber. With our pFC platform, we achieved reliable cell counting over a dynamic range of 9-298 cells/μL. We demonstrated the practical utility of the platform by identifying a type of cancer cell based on CD326, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule. This portable microflow cytometry platform can be applied generally to a range of cell types using immunobeads labeled with specific antibodies, thus making it valuable for cell-based and point-of-care diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute , Pusan National University , 1268-50 Samrangjin-ro , Miryang 50463 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Life and Industry Convergence Institute , Pusan National University , 1268-50 Samrangjin-ro , Miryang 50463 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Department of New Biology , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 17104 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Valera E, Berger J, Hassan U, Ghonge T, Liu J, Rappleye M, Winter J, Abboud D, Haidry Z, Healey R, Hung NT, Leung N, Mansury N, Hasnain A, Lannon C, Price Z, White K, Bashir R. A microfluidic biochip platform for electrical quantification of proteins. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1461-1470. [PMID: 29664086 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, an adverse auto-immune response to an infection often causing life-threatening complications, results in the highest mortality and treatment cost of any illness in US hospitals. Several immune biomarker levels, including Interleukin 6 (IL-6), have shown a high correlation to the onset and progression of sepsis. Currently, no technology diagnoses and stratifies sepsis progression using biomarker levels. This paper reports a microfluidic biochip platform to detect proteins in undiluted human plasma samples. The device uses a differential enumeration platform that integrates Coulter counting principles, antigen specific capture chambers, and micro size bead based immunodetection to quantify cytokines. This microfluidic biochip was validated as a potential point of care technology by quantifying IL-6 from plasma samples (n = 29) with good correlation (R2 = 0.81) and agreement (Bland-Altman) compared to controls. In combination with previous applications, this point of care platform can potentially detect cell and protein biomarkers simultaneously for sepsis stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Valera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiu X, Yang S, Wu D, Wang D, Qiao S, Ge S, Xia N, Yu D, Qian S. Rapid enumeration of CD4 + T lymphocytes using an integrated microfluidic system based on Chemiluminescence image detection at point-of-care testing. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:15. [PMID: 29423764 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated microfluidic system has been developed for rapid enumeration of CD4 + T lymphocytes at point-of-care (POC) settings. A concise microfluidic chip, which consists of three separate chambers, respectively, for reaction, detection and waste storage, is developed to automate CD4 detection. To simplify CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration, a single polycarbonate bead immobilized with CD4 antibody is adopted by the microfluidic chip to capture the CD4 antigen in the lysed testing sample. Desired performance is achieved by actuating the single bead for efficient mixing, as well as transferring it between different reaction chambers to reduce non-specific reaction. A controllable external magnetic field is applied to drive the single bead with a built-in ferrous core for different purposes. Chemiluminescence reaction is implemented in an independent chamber to reduce non-specific binding of enzyme. A simple flow control strategy is adopted to conveniently release the waste reagent into the waste storage chamber by just opening the vent hole without actively pumping. A sensitive CCD camera is used to collect the reaction signal by taking picture from the single bead, and then the signal intensity is further analyzed for CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration. Experimental results show that rapid, convenient, accurate and low-cost CD4 + T lymphocyte enumeration can be obtained with the developed microfluidic system at POC test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Qiu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Duli Yu
- Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Murphy TW, Zhang Q, Naler LB, Ma S, Lu C. Recent advances in the use of microfluidic technologies for single cell analysis. Analyst 2017; 143:60-80. [PMID: 29170786 PMCID: PMC5839671 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inherent heterogeneity in cell populations has become of great interest and importance as analytical techniques have improved over the past decades. With the advent of personalized medicine, understanding the impact of this heterogeneity has become an important challenge for the research community. Many different microfluidic approaches with varying levels of throughput and resolution exist to study single cell activity. In this review, we take a broad view of the recent microfluidic developments in single cell analysis based on microwell, microchamber, and droplet platforms. We cover physical, chemical, and molecular biology approaches for cellular and molecular analysis including newly emerging genome-wide analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Rollo E, Tenaglia E, Genolet R, Bianchi E, Harari A, Coukos G, Guiducci C. Label-free identification of activated T lymphocytes through tridimensional microsensors on chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:193-199. [PMID: 28284079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Label-free approaches to assess cell properties ideally suit the requirements of cell-based therapeutics, since they permit to characterize cells with minimal perturbation and manipulation, at the benefit of sample recovery and re-employment for treatment. For this reason, label-free techniques would find sensible application in adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy. In this work, we describe the label-free and single-cell detection of in vitro activated T lymphocytes in flow through an electrical impedance-based setup. We describe a novel platform featuring 3D free-standing microelectrodes presenting passive upstream and downstream extensions and integrated into microfluidic channels. We employ such device to measure the impedance change associated with T cell activation at electrical frequencies maximizing the difference between non-activated and activated T cells. Finally, we harness the impedance signature of unstimulated T cells to set a boundary separating activated and non-activated clones, so to characterize the selectivity and specificity of the system. In conclusion, the strategy here proposed highlights the possible employment of impedance to assess T cell activation in label-free.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Rollo
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tenaglia
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Genolet
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Elena Bianchi
- CMIC "Giulio Natta", LaBS - Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics - Politecnico di Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research - University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Guiducci
- Laboratory of Life Sciences Electronics - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaushik A, Jayant RD, Nair M. Advancements in nano-enabled therapeutics for neuroHIV management. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4317-25. [PMID: 27621624 PMCID: PMC5012604 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This viewpoint is a global call to promote fundamental and applied research aiming toward designing smart nanocarriers of desired properties, novel noninvasive strategies to open the blood–brain barrier (BBB), delivery/release of single/multiple therapeutic agents across the BBB to eradicate neurohuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV), strategies for on-demand site-specific release of antiretroviral therapy, developing novel nanoformulations capable to recognize and eradicate latently infected HIV reservoirs, and developing novel smart analytical diagnostic tools to detect and monitor HIV infection. Thus, investigation of novel nanoformulations, methodologies for site-specific delivery/release, analytical methods, and diagnostic tools would be of high significance to eradicate and monitor neuroacquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Overall, these developments will certainly help to develop personalized nanomedicines to cure HIV and to develop smart HIV-monitoring analytical systems for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized NanoMedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nair M, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Sagar V. Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:202-217. [PMID: 26944096 PMCID: PMC4935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of significant advances in antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, the elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs from the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) remains a formidable task. The incapability of ARV to go across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration makes the brain one of the dominant HIV reservoirs. Thus, screening, monitoring, and elimination of HIV reservoirs from the brain remain a clinically daunting and key task. The practice and investigation of nanomedicine possesses potentials for therapeutics against neuroAIDS. This review highlights the advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology to design and develop specific size therapeutic cargo for efficient navigation across BBB so as to recognize and eradicate HIV brain reservoirs. Different navigation and drug release strategies, their biocompatibility and efficacy with related challenges and future prospects are also discussed. This review would be an excellent platform to understand nano-enable multidisciplinary research to formulate efficient nanomedicine for the management of neuroAIDS.
Collapse
Key Words
- Anti-retroviral (ARV) therapy
- Blood–brain barrier (BBB)
- Bradykinin (PubChem CID: 439,201)
- CNS drug delivery
- Enfuvirtide (PubChem CID: 16,130,199), Lamivudine & Zidovudine (PubChem CID: 160,352)
- Ferrous oxide or iron (II) oxide (PubChem CID: 14,945)
- Foscarnet sodium (PubChem CID: 44,561)
- HIV monitoring
- HIV-1
- Magnetic nanoparticle
- Mannitol (PubChem CID: 6251)
- Nanotechnology
- Neopterin (PubChem CID: 4455)
- NeuroAIDS
- Pluronic-P85 (PubChem CID: 24,751)
- Saquinavir mesylate (PubChem CID: 60,934)
- Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (PubChem CID: 6,398,764)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
As the future of health care diagnostics moves toward more portable and personalized techniques, there is immense potential to harness the power of electrical signals for biological sensing and diagnostic applications at the point of care. Electrical biochips can be used to both manipulate and sense biological entities, as they can have several inherent advantages, including on-chip sample preparation, label-free detection, reduced cost and complexity, decreased sample volumes, increased portability, and large-scale multiplexing. The advantages of fully integrated electrical biochip platforms are particularly attractive for point-of-care systems. This review summarizes these electrical lab-on-a-chip technologies and highlights opportunities to accelerate the transition from academic publications to commercial success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Eric Salm
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
- Department of Bioengineering, and
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu R, Wang N, Kamili F, Sarioglu AF. Microfluidic CODES: a scalable multiplexed electronic sensor for orthogonal detection of particles in microfluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1350-1357. [PMID: 27021807 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biophysical and biochemical assays rely on spatial manipulation of particles/cells as they are processed on lab-on-a-chip devices. Analysis of spatially distributed particles on these devices typically requires microscopy negating the cost and size advantages of microfluidic assays. In this paper, we introduce a scalable electronic sensor technology, called microfluidic CODES, that utilizes resistive pulse sensing to orthogonally detect particles in multiple microfluidic channels from a single electrical output. Combining the techniques from telecommunications and microfluidics, we route three coplanar electrodes on a glass substrate to create multiple Coulter counters producing distinct orthogonal digital codes when they detect particles. We specifically design a digital code set using the mathematical principles of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) telecommunication networks and can decode signals from different microfluidic channels with >90% accuracy through computation even if these signals overlap. As a proof of principle, we use this technology to detect human ovarian cancer cells in four different microfluidic channels fabricated using soft lithography. Microfluidic CODES offers a simple, all-electronic interface that is well suited to create integrated, low-cost lab-on-a-chip devices for cell- or particle-based assays in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxiu Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Ningquan Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Farhan Kamili
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - A Fatih Sarioglu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. and Institute of Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hassan U, Watkins NN, Reddy B, Damhorst G, Bashir R. Microfluidic differential immunocapture biochip for specific leukocyte counting. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:714-26. [PMID: 26963632 PMCID: PMC4893332 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enumerating specific cell types from whole blood can be very useful for research and diagnostic purposes-e.g., for counting of CD4 and CD8 T cells in HIV/AIDS diagnostics. We have developed a biosensor based on a differential immunocapture technology to enumerate specific cells in 30 min using 10 μl of blood. This paper provides a comprehensive stepwise protocol to replicate our biosensor for CD4 and CD8 cell counts. The biochip can also be adapted to enumerate other specific cell types such as somatic cells or cells from tissue or liquid biopsies. Capture of other specific cells requires immobilization of their corresponding antibodies within the capture chamber. Therefore, this protocol is useful for research into areas surrounding immunocapture-based biosensor development. The biosensor production requires 24 h, a one-time cell capture optimization takes 6-9 h, and the final cell counting experiment in a laboratory environment requires 30 min to complete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, William L. Everitt Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas N Watkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, William L. Everitt Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bobby Reddy
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Gregory Damhorst
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, William L. Everitt Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baday M, Calamak S, Durmus NG, Davis RW, Steinmetz LM, Demirci U. Integrating Cell Phone Imaging with Magnetic Levitation (i-LEV) for Label-Free Blood Analysis at the Point-of-Living. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1222-1229. [PMID: 26523938 PMCID: PMC4775401 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging need for portable, robust, inexpensive, and easy-to-use disease diagnosis and prognosis monitoring platforms to share health information at the point-of-living, including clinical and home settings. Recent advances in digital health technologies have improved early diagnosis, drug treatment, and personalized medicine. Smartphones with high-resolution cameras and high data processing power enable intriguing biomedical applications when integrated with diagnostic devices. Further, these devices have immense potential to contribute to public health in resource-limited settings where there is a particular need for portable, rapid, label-free, easy-to-use, and affordable biomedical devices to diagnose and continuously monitor patients for precision medicine, especially those suffering from rare diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Here, a magnetic levitation-based diagnosis system is presented in which different cell types (i.e., white and red blood cells) are levitated in a magnetic gradient and separated due to their unique densities. Moreover, an easy-to-use, smartphone incorporated levitation system for cell analysis is introduced. Using our portable imaging magnetic levitation (i-LEV) system, it is shown that white and red blood cells can be identified and cell numbers can be quantified without using any labels. In addition, cells levitated in i-LEV can be distinguished at single-cell resolution, potentially enabling diagnosis and monitoring, as well as clinical and research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Baday
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Semih Calamak
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Naside Gozde Durmus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Lars M. Steinmetz
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA, 94304
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu Y, Xie X, Duan Y, Wang L, Cheng Z, Cheng J. A review of impedance measurements of whole cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:824-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Han Y, Wu H, Cheng G, Zhe J. A two-stage microresistive pulse immunosensor for pathogen detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:773-779. [PMID: 26792150 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a two-stage immunosensor for pathogen detection in a mixed population. In this approach, antibody-conjugated microparticles were used to functionalize the surface of the capture chamber via a convenient magnetic method and a two-stage resistive pulse sensor was used to detect and quantify pathogen cells. We firstly tested the capture efficiency of the functionalized capture chamber. The specific capture efficiency of S. cerevisiae is greater than 94.8%, while the non-specific capture efficiency is 3.4%. We showed that the device can accurately measure pure S. cerevisiae at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 × 10(3) cells per μL. We performed S. cerevisiae measurements in a mixture with Chlorella. Both cells have similar sizes. For S. cerevisiae to Chlorella ratios ranging from 1.0 to 2.0, the measurement error was less than 7%, while the error became 20% to 32% for lower ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 caused by nonspecific attachment. We demonstrated that this device is able to isolate target cells and quantitatively measure the cell population in a short time. This device can be potentially used for pathogen detection in the food industry, biological research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Q, Chernish A, DuVall JA, Ouyang Y, Li J, Qian Q, Bazydlo LAL, Haverstick DM, Landers JP. The ARTμS: a novel microfluidic CD4+ T-cell enumeration system for monitoring antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:506-514. [PMID: 26687070 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel and cost-effective microfluidic platform that integrates immunomagnetic separation and cell enumeration via DNA-induced bead aggregation. Using a two-stage immunocapture microdevice, 10 μL of whole blood was processed to isolate CD4+ T-cells. The first stage involved the immuno-subtraction of monocytes by anti-CD14 magnetic beads, followed by CD4+ T-cell capture with anti-CD4 magnetic beads. The super hydrophilic surface generated during polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) plasma treatment allowed for accurate metering of the CD4+ T-cell lysate, which then interacted with silica-coated magnetic beads under chaotropic conditions to form aggregates. Images of the resulting aggregates were captured and processed to reveal the mass of DNA, which was used to back-calculate the CD4+ T-cell number. Studies with clinical samples revealed that the analysis of blood within 24 hours of phlebotomy yielded the best results. Under these conditions, an accurate cell count was achieved (R(2) = 0.98) when compared to cell enumeration via flow cytometry, and over a functional dynamic range from 106-2337 cells per μL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Center For Microsystems For The Life Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Alexis Chernish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn A DuVall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Center For Microsystems For The Life Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Yiwen Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Center For Microsystems For The Life Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Center For Microsystems For The Life Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Qiang Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Lindsay A L Bazydlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Doris M Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P. O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA. and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hassan U, Reddy B, Damhorst G, Sonoiki O, Ghonge T, Yang C, Bashir R. A microfluidic biochip for complete blood cell counts at the point-of-care. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:201-213. [PMID: 26909365 PMCID: PMC4761450 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete blood cell counts (CBCs) are one of the most commonly ordered and informative blood tests in hospitals. The results from a CBC, which typically include white blood cell (WBC) counts with differentials, red blood cell (RBC) counts, platelet counts and hemoglobin measurements, can have implications for the diagnosis and screening of hundreds of diseases and treatments. Bulky and expensive hematology analyzers are currently used as a gold standard for acquiring CBCs. For nearly all CBCs performed today, the patient must travel to either a hospital with a large laboratory or to a centralized lab testing facility. There is a tremendous need for an automated, portable point-of-care blood cell counter that could yield results in a matter of minutes from a drop of blood without any trained professionals to operate the instrument. We have developed microfluidic biochips capable of a partial CBC using only a drop of whole blood. Total leukocyte and their 3-part differential count are obtained from 10 μL of blood after on-chip lysing of the RBCs and counting of the leukocytes electrically using microfabricated platinum electrodes. For RBCs and platelets, 1 μL of whole blood is diluted with PBS on-chip and the cells are counted electrically. The total time for measurement is under 20 minutes. We demonstrate a high correlation of blood cell counts compared to results acquired with a commercial hematology analyzer. This technology could potentially have tremendous applications in hospitals at the bedside, private clinics, retail clinics and the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Hassan
- William L. Everitt Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - B Reddy
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - G Damhorst
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - O Sonoiki
- William L. Everitt Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - T Ghonge
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C Yang
- University High School, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - R Bashir
- Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; 1270 Digital Computer Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Springfield Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carinelli S, Xufré Ballesteros C, Martí M, Alegret S, Pividori M. Electrochemical magneto-actuated biosensor for CD4 count in AIDS diagnosis and monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:974-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Hassan U, Bashir R. Coincidence detection of heterogeneous cell populations from whole blood with coplanar electrodes in a microfluidic impedance cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4370-81. [PMID: 25231594 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Particle counting finds many industrial applications especially in medical healthcare. In particular, cell counting from whole blood is used pervasively for disease diagnostics. Microfluidic impedance cytometry is fast, requires a small volume of blood, can be used at point of care and can perform absolute enumeration of different cell types in the sample. Coincidence detection is very essential for accurate counting results and becomes more significant while counting specific target cells, e.g. CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell count in HIV/AIDS patient blood samples. In heterogeneous samples, e.g. blood, cell differentiation for all coincidence occurrences is essential in addition to the coincidence detection for accurate cell enumeration. In this paper, we have characterized the coincidence detection with cell differentiation using a microfluidic impedance biochip. The pure population of leukocytes is obtained after all erythrocytes are lysed on-chip from whole blood. Leukocytes were counted electrically as they pass over coplanar microfabricated electrodes bonded to the 15 μm × 15 μm cross section counting channel while generating a bipolar pulse for each cell passage. We have developed a mathematical model to simulate the electrical cell pulse and its coincidences. We show that coincidence detection can be characterized into three main types based on the range of time delay at which the coincidence occurs. We have also characterized cell differentiation for all the three coincidence types and show that multiple coincidences of different types can also occur. We used healthy and HIV-infected patient blood samples and used our coincidence detection technique to count CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and show the improvement in accuracy of cell counts compared to that without coincidence detection. We have also shown the improvement in the erythrocyte counting with coincidence detection in diluted whole blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, William L. Everitt Laboratory, 1406 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shafiee H, Wang S, Inci F, Toy M, Henrich TJ, Kuritzkes DR, Demirci U. Emerging technologies for point-of-care management of HIV infection. Annu Rev Med 2014; 66:387-405. [PMID: 25423597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-092112-143017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The global HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in 39 million deaths to date, and there are currently more than 35 million people living with HIV worldwide. Prevention, screening, and treatment strategies have led to major progress in addressing this disease globally. Diagnostics is critical for HIV prevention, screening and disease staging, and monitoring antiretroviral therapy (ART). Currently available diagnostic assays, which include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot (WB), are complex, expensive, and time consuming. These diagnostic technologies are ill suited for use in low- and middle-income countries, where the challenge of the HIV/AIDS pandemic is most severe. Therefore, innovative, inexpensive, disposable, and rapid diagnostic platform technologies are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss challenges associated with HIV management in resource-constrained settings and review the state-of-the-art HIV diagnostic technologies for CD4(+) T lymphocyte count, viral load measurement, and drug resistance testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Optimization of a cell counting algorithm for mobile point-of-care testing platforms. SENSORS 2014; 14:15244-61. [PMID: 25195851 PMCID: PMC4179089 DOI: 10.3390/s140815244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a point-of-care (POC) setting, it is critically important to reliably count the number of specific cells in a blood sample. Software-based cell counting, which is far faster than manual counting, while much cheaper than hardware-based counting, has emerged as an attractive solution potentially applicable to mobile POC testing. However, the existing software-based algorithm based on the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method is too time- and, thus, energy-consuming to be deployed for battery-powered mobile POC testing platforms. In this paper, we identify inefficiencies in the NCC-based algorithm and propose two synergistic optimization techniques that can considerably reduce the runtime and, thus, energy consumption of the original algorithm with negligible impact on counting accuracy. We demonstrate that an Android™ smart phone running the optimized algorithm consumes 11.5× less runtime than the original algorithm.
Collapse
|
33
|
Glynn MT, Kinahan DJ, Ducrée J. Rapid, low-cost and instrument-free CD4+ cell counting for HIV diagnostics in resource-poor settings. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2844-51. [PMID: 24911165 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, user-friendly and widely autonomous point-of-care diagnostic to enable HIV monitoring in resource-poor regions where the current pandemic is most prevalent. To specifically isolate magnetically tagged CD4+ cells directly from patient blood, the low-cost and disposable microfluidic chip operates by dual-force CD4+ cell magnetophoresis; whereby the interplay of flow and magnetic fields governs the trajectory of target cells depending on whether the cell binds to a magnetic microbead. Instrument-free pumping is implemented by a finger-actuated elastic membrane; tagged beads are laterally deflected by a small and re-useable permanent magnet. The single-depth and monolithic microfluidic structure can easily be fabricated in a single casting step. After their magnetophoretic isolation from whole blood, estimation of CD4+ cell concentrations is then measured by bright-field inspection of the capture chamber. In addition, an optional fluorescence measurement can be used for confirmation of the bright-field result if required. On-chip CD4+ estimation produces a linear response over the full range of medically relevant CD4+ cell concentrations. Our technology combines high-efficiency capture (93.0 ± 3.3%) and cell enumeration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macdara T Glynn
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Watkins NN, Hassan U, Damhorst G, Ni H, Vaid A, Rodriguez W, Bashir R. Microfluidic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counters for point-of-care HIV diagnostics using whole blood. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:214ra170. [PMID: 24307694 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Roughly 33 million people worldwide are infected with HIV; disease burden is highest in resource-limited settings. One important diagnostic in HIV disease management is the absolute count of lymphocytes expressing the CD4(+) and CD8(+) receptors. The current diagnostic instruments and procedures require expensive equipment and trained technicians. In response, we have developed microfluidic biochips that count CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes in whole blood samples, without the need for off-chip sample preparation. The device is based on differential electrical counting and relies on five on-chip modules that, in sequence, chemically lyses erythrocytes, quenches lysis to preserve leukocytes, enumerates cells electrically, depletes the target cells (CD4 or CD8) with antibodies, and enumerates the remaining cells electrically. We demonstrate application of this chip using blood from healthy and HIV-infected subjects. Erythrocyte lysis and quenching durations were optimized to create pure leukocyte populations in less than 1 min. Target cell depletion was accomplished through shear stress-based immunocapture, using antibody-coated microposts to increase the contact surface area and enhance depletion efficiency. With the differential electrical counting method, device-based CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts closely matched control counts obtained from flow cytometry, over a dynamic range of 40 to 1000 cells/μl. By providing accurate cell counts in less than 20 min, from samples obtained from one drop of whole blood, this approach has the potential to be realized as a handheld, battery-powered instrument that would deliver simple HIV diagnostics to patients anywhere in the world, regardless of geography or socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Watkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, William L. Everett Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hassan U, Bashir R. Electrical cell counting process characterization in a microfluidic impedance cytometer. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 16:697-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Kim GS, Kim DJ, Hyung JH, Lee MK, Lee SK. Dependence of Filopodia Morphology and the Separation Efficiency of Primary CD4+ T-Lymphocytes on Nanopillars. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil-Sung Kim
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joo Kim
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Hyung
- Basic Research
Laboratory, Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kyu Lee
- Bionanotechnology
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- Department
of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hassan U, Watkins NN, Edwards C, Bashir R. Flow metering characterization within an electrical cell counting microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1469-76. [PMID: 24615248 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices based on the Coulter principle require a small aperture for cell counting. For applications using such cell counting devices, the volume of the sample also needs to be metered to determine the absolute cell count in a specific volume. Hence, integrated methods to characterize and meter the volume of a fluid are required in these microfluidic devices. Here, we present fluid flow characterization and electrically-based sample metering results of blood through a measurement channel with a cross-section of 15 μm × 15 μm (i.e. the Coulter aperture). Red blood cells in whole blood are lysed and the remaining fluid, consisting of leukocytes, erythrocyte cell lysate and various reagents, is flown at different flow rates through the measurement aperture. The change in impedance across the electrodes embedded in the counting channel shows a linear relationship with the increase in the fluid flow rate. We also show that the fluid volume can be determined by measuring the decrease in pulse width, and increase in number of cells as they pass through the counting channel per unit time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Hassan
- William L. Everett Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen Y, Li P, Huang PH, Xie Y, Mai JD, Wang L, Nguyen NT, Huang TJ. Rare cell isolation and analysis in microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:626-45. [PMID: 24406985 PMCID: PMC3991782 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc90136j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare cells are low-abundance cells in a much larger population of background cells. Conventional benchtop techniques have limited capabilities to isolate and analyze rare cells because of their generally low selectivity and significant sample loss. Recent rapid advances in microfluidics have been providing robust solutions to the challenges in the isolation and analysis of rare cells. In addition to the apparent performance enhancements resulting in higher efficiencies and sensitivity levels, microfluidics provides other advanced features such as simpler handling of small sample volumes and multiplexing capabilities for high-throughput processing. All of these advantages make microfluidics an excellent platform to deal with the transport, isolation, and analysis of rare cells. Various cellular biomarkers, including physical properties, dielectric properties, as well as immunoaffinities, have been explored for isolating rare cells. In this Focus article, we discuss the design considerations of representative microfluidic devices for rare cell isolation and analysis. Examples from recently published works are discussed to highlight the advantages and limitations of the different techniques. Various applications of these techniques are then introduced. Finally, a perspective on the development trends and promising research directions in this field are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D. Mai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Fax: 814-865-9974; Tel: 814-863-4209; Fax: 61-(0)7-3735-8021; Tel: 61-(0)7-3735-3921;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Damhorst GL, Watkins NN, Bashir R. Micro- and nanotechnology for HIV/AIDS diagnostics in resource-limited settings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:715-26. [PMID: 23512111 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2244894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four million people are living with HIV worldwide, a disproportionate number of whom live in resource-limited settings. Proper clinical management of AIDS, the disease caused by HIV, requires regular monitoring of both the status of the host's immune system and levels of the virus in their blood. Therefore, more accessible technologies capable of performing a CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load measurement in settings where HIV is most prevalent are desperately needed to enable better treatment strategies and ultimately quell the spread of the virus within populations. This review discusses micro- and nanotechnology solutions to performing these key clinical measurements in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Damhorst
- Department of Bioengineering and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Glynn M, Kirby D, Chung D, Kinahan DJ, Kijanka G, Ducrée J. Centrifugo-Magnetophoretic Purification of CD4+ Cells from Whole Blood Toward Future HIV/AIDS Point-of-Care Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:285-96. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068213504759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Ra HK, Kim H, Yoon HJ, Son SH, Park T, Moon S. A robust cell counting approach based on a normalized 2D cross-correlation scheme for in-line holographic images. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3398-3409. [PMID: 23839256 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the important aims of identifying and marking disease progression, cell counting is crucial for various biological and medical procedures, especially in a Point-Of-Care (POC) setting. In contrast to the conventional manual method of counting cells, a software-based approach provides improved reliability, faster speeds, and greater ease of use. We present a novel software-based approach to count in-line holographic cell images using the calculation of a normalized 2D cross-correlation. This enables fast, computationally-efficient pattern matching between a set of cell library images and the test image. Our evaluation results show that the proposed system is capable of quickly counting cells whilst reliably and accurately following human counting capability. Our novel approach is 5760 times faster than manual counting and provides at least 68% improved accuracy compared to other image processing algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyeong Ra
- Real Time Cyber Physical Systems Laboratory, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Glynn MT, Kinahan DJ, Ducrée J. CD4 counting technologies for HIV therapy monitoring in resource-poor settings--state-of-the-art and emerging microtechnologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2731-2748. [PMID: 23670110 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern advancements in pharmaceuticals have provided individuals who have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with the possibility of significantly extending their survival rates. When administered sufficiently soon after infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows medical practitioners to control onset of the symptoms of the associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Active monitoring of the immune system in both HIV patients and individuals who are regarded as "at-risk" is critical in the decision making process for when to start a patient on ART. A reliable and common method for such monitoring is to observe any decline in the number of CD4 expressing T-helper cells in the blood of a patient. However, the technology, expertise, infrastructure and costs to carry out such a diagnostic cannot be handled by medical services in resource-poor regions where HIV is endemic. Addressing this shortfall, commercialized point-of-care (POC) CD4 cell count systems are now available in such regions. A number of newer devices will also soon be on the market, some the result of recent maturing of charity-funded initiatives. Many of the current and imminent devices are enabled by microfluidic solutions, and this review will critically survey and analyze these POC technologies for CD4 counting, both on-market and near-to-market deployment. Additionally, promising technologies under development that may usher in a new generation of devices will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macdara T Glynn
- Biomedical Diagnostic Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tantra R, van Heeren H. Product qualification: a barrier to point-of-care microfluidic-based diagnostics? LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2199-201. [PMID: 23652789 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most exciting applications of microfluidics-based diagnostics is its potential use in next generation point-of-care (POC) devices. Many prototypes are already in existence, but, as of yet, few have achieved commercialisation. In this article, we consider the issue surrounding product qualification as a potential barrier to market success. The study discusses, in the context of POC microfluidics-based diagnostics, what the generic issues are and potential solutions. Our findings underline the need for a community-based effort that is necessary to speed up the product qualification process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Tantra
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Novak MT, Kotanen CN, Carrara S, Guiseppi-Elie A, Moussy FG. Diagnostic tools and technologies for infectious and non-communicable diseases in low-and-middle-income countries. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-013-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Watkins N, Hassan U, Rodriguez W, Bashir R. Electrical flow metering of blood for point-of-care diagnostics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:3255-7. [PMID: 23366620 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a microfabricated chip that creates a purified white blood cell (WBC) population from whole blood samples and then electrically analyzes the WBCs at the same time as measuring sample volume flown. The flow metering is based on the measurement of the electrical admittance between microelectrodes inside a microfluidic channel. We found that the admittance related to the flow rate linearly. WBC counts which correlated with the flow rate shows how this technique is a viable method in metering and analyzing blood and other biological samples in a point-of-care environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Watkins
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kotz KT, Petrofsky AC, Haghgooie R, Granier R, Toner M, Tompkins RG. Inertial focusing cytometer with integrated optics for particle characterization. TECHNOLOGY 2013; 1:27-36. [PMID: 25346940 PMCID: PMC4206911 DOI: 10.1142/s233954781350009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic inertial focusing has been shown as a simple and effective method to localize cells and particles within a flow cell for interrogation by an external optical system. To enable portable point of care optical cytometry, however, requires a reduction in the complexity of the large optical systems that are used in standard flow cytometers. Here, we present a new design that incorporates optical waveguides and focusing elements with an inertial focusing flow cell to make a compact robust cytometer capable of enumerating and discriminating beads, cells, and platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Kotz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne C Petrofsky
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ramin Haghgooie
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert Granier
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ronald G Tompkins
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Emaminejad S, Javanmard M, Dutton RW, Davis RW. Microfluidic diagnostic tool for the developing world: contactless impedance flow cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4499-507. [PMID: 22971813 PMCID: PMC3495618 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40759k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a novel and cost-effective approach to implement a disposable microfluidic contactless impedance cytometer. Conventional methods for single cell impedance cytometry use microfabricated electrodes in direct contact with the buffer to measure changes of its electrical impedance when cells pass through the applied electric field. However, this approach requires expensive microfabrication of electrodes, and also, the fabricated electrodes cannot be reused without thorough and time-consuming cleaning process. Here, we introduce a novel approach to allow for single cell impedance cytometry using electrodes that can be reused, without the need for microfabrication of the electrodes. This disposable device can be potentially inserted onto a printed circuit board (PCB) which has a non-disposable, yet inexpensive, electronic reading apparatus. This significantly reduces the manufacturing costs, making it suitable for low resource settings, such as point-of-care testing in the developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Emaminejad
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (S.E.); (M.J.)
| | - Mehdi Javanmard
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (S.E.); (M.J.)
| | - Robert W. Dutton
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Adiguzel Y, Kulah H. CMOS cell sensors for point-of-care diagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:10042-66. [PMID: 23112587 PMCID: PMC3472815 DOI: 10.3390/s120810042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The burden of health-care related services in a global era with continuously increasing population and inefficient dissipation of the resources requires effective solutions. From this perspective, point-of-care diagnostics is a demanded field in clinics. It is also necessary both for prompt diagnosis and for providing health services evenly throughout the population, including the rural districts. The requirements can only be fulfilled by technologies whose productivity has already been proven, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). CMOS-based products can enable clinical tests in a fast, simple, safe, and reliable manner, with improved sensitivities. Portability due to diminished sensor dimensions and compactness of the test set-ups, along with low sample and power consumption, is another vital feature. CMOS-based sensors for cell studies have the potential to become essential counterparts of point-of-care diagnostics technologies. Hence, this review attempts to inform on the sensors fabricated with CMOS technology for point-of-care diagnostic studies, with a focus on CMOS image sensors and capacitance sensors for cell studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yekbun Adiguzel
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU-MEMS Research and Application Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chin CD, Linder V, Sia SK. Commercialization of microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2118-34. [PMID: 22344520 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21204h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A large part of the excitement behind microfluidics is in its potential for producing practical devices, but surprisingly few lab-on-a-chip based technologies have been successfully introduced into the market. Here, we review current work in commercializing microfluidic technologies, with a focus on point-of-care diagnostics applications. We will also identify challenges to commercialization, including lessons drawn from our experience in Claros Diagnostics. Moving forward, we discuss the need to strike a balance between achieving real-world impact with integrated devices versus design of novel single microfluidic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kim DJ, Seol JK, Wu Y, Ji S, Kim GS, Hyung JH, Lee SY, Lim H, Fan R, Lee SK. A quartz nanopillar hemocytometer for high-yield separation and counting of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:2500-7. [PMID: 22218701 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11338d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel quartz nanopillar (QNP) array cell separation system capable of selectively capturing and isolating a single cell population including primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes from the whole pool of splenocytes. Integrated with a photolithographically patterned hemocytometer structure, the streptavidin (STR)-functionalized-QNP (STR-QNP) arrays allow for direct quantitation of captured cells using high content imaging. This technology exhibits an excellent separation yield (efficiency) of ~95.3 ± 1.1% for the CD4(+) T lymphocytes from the mouse splenocyte suspensions and good linear response for quantitating captured CD4(+) T-lymphoblasts, which is comparable to flow cytometry and outperforms any non-nanostructured surface capture techniques, i.e. cell panning. This nanopillar hemocytometer represents a simple, yet efficient cell capture and counting technology and may find immediate applications for diagnosis and immune monitoring in the point-of-care setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|