1
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Luo Z, Zang H, Li Z, Li C, Zhao Y. Species-specific effect of particle viscosity and particle-phase reactions on the formation of secondary organic aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175207. [PMID: 39097012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of atmospheric fine particulate matter. Both particle viscosity and particle-phase chemistry play a crucial role in the formation and evolution of SOA; however, our understanding on how these two factors together with gas-phase chemistry collectively determine the formation of SOA is still limited. Here we developed a kinetic aerosol multilayer model coupled with gas-phase and particle-phase chemistry to simulate SOA formation. We take the atmospherically important α-pinene + OH oxidation system as an example application of the model. The simulations show that although the particle viscosity has negligible to small influences on the total SOA mass concentration, it strongly changes the concentration and distribution of individual compounds within the particle. This complicated effect of particle viscosity on SOA formation is a combined result of inhibited condensation or evaporation of specific organics due to slowed particle-phase diffusion. Furthermore, the particle-phase reactions alter the volatility and abundance of specific compounds and exacerbate their non-uniform distribution in highly viscous particles. Our results highlight an important species-specific effect of particle viscosity and particle-phase chemistry on SOA formation and demonstrate the capability of our model for quantifying such complicated effects on SOA formation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Zang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Downey JP, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Ozone Loss on Painted Surfaces: Dependence on Relative Humidity, Aging, and Exposure to Reactive SVOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12073-12081. [PMID: 38923518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ozone and its oxidation products result in negative health effects when inhaled. Despite painted surfaces being the most abundant surface in indoor spaces, surface loss remains one of the largest uncertainties in the indoor ozone budget. Here, ozone uptake coefficients (γO3) on painted surfaces were measured in a flow-through reactor where 79% of the inner surfaces were removable painted glass sheets. Flat white paint initially had a high uptake coefficient (8.3 × 10-6) at 20% RH which plateaued to 1.1 × 10-6 as the paint aged in an indoor office over weeks. Increasing the RH from 0 to 75% increased γO3 by a factor of 3.0, and exposure to 134 ppb of α-terpineol for 1 h increased γO3 by a factor of 1.6 at 20% RH. RH also increases α-terpineol partitioning to paint, further increasing ozone loss, but the type of paint (flat, eggshell, satin, semigloss) had no significant effect. A kinetic multilayer model captures the dependence of γO3 on RH and the presence of α-terpineol, indicating the reacto-diffusive depth for O3 is 1 to 2 μm. Given the similarity of the kinetics on aged surfaces across many paint types and the sustained reactivity during aging, these results suggest a mechanism for catalytic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Downey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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3
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Siachouli P, Karadima KS, Mavrantzas VG, Pandis SN. The effect of functional groups on the glass transition temperature of atmospheric organic compounds: a molecular dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4783-4794. [PMID: 38847330 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Organic compounds constitute a substantial part of atmospheric particulate matter not only in terms of mass concentration but also in terms of distinct functional groups. The glass transition temperature provides an indirect way to investigate the phase state of the organic compounds, playing a crucial role in understanding their behavior and influence on aerosol processes. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were implemented here to predict the glass transition temperature (Tg) of atmospherically relevant organic compounds as well as the influence of their functional groups and length of their carbon chain. The cooling step used in the simulations was chosen to be neither too low (to supress crystallization) nor too high (to avoid Tg overprediction). According to the MD simulations, the predicted Tg is sensitive to the functional groups as follows: carboxylic acid (-COOH) > hydroxyl (-OH) and (-COOH) > carbonyls (-CO). Increasing the number of carbon atoms leads to higher Tg for the linearly structured compounds. Linear compounds with lower molecular weight were found to exhibit a lower Tg. No clear correlation between O : C and Tg was observed. The architecture of the carbon chain (linear, or branched, or ring) was also found to impact the glass transition temperature. Compounds containing a non-aromatic carbon ring are characterized by a higher Tg compared to linear and branched ones with the same number of carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Siachouli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patras, GR 26504, Greece
| | - Katerina S Karadima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patras, GR 26504, Greece
| | - Vlasis G Mavrantzas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patras, GR 26504, Greece
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26504, Greece.
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patras, GR 26504, Greece
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4
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Vandergrift GW, Dexheimer DN, Zhang D, Cheng Z, Lata NN, Rogers MM, Shrivastava M, Zhang J, Gaudet BJ, Mei F, China S. Tethered balloon system and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveal Increased Organonitrates Aloft Compared to the Ground Level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10060-10071. [PMID: 38709895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles play critical roles in climate. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the vertically resolved organic molecular-level composition of atmospheric particles due to aloft sampling challenges. To address this, we use a tethered balloon system at the Southern Great Plains Observatory and high-resolution mass spectrometry to, respectively, collect and characterize organic molecular formulas (MF) in the ground level and aloft (up to 750 m) samples. We show that organic MF uniquely detected aloft were dominated by organonitrates (139 MF; 54% of all uniquely detected aloft MF). Organonitrates that were uniquely detected aloft featured elevated O/C ratios (0.73 ± 0.23) compared to aloft organonitrates that were commonly observed at the ground level (0.63 ± 0.22). Unique aloft organic molecular composition was positively associated with increased cloud coverage, increased aloft relative humidity (∼40% increase compared to ground level), and decreased vertical wind variance. Furthermore, 29% of extremely low volatility organic compounds in the aloft sample were truly unique to the aloft sample compared to the ground level, emphasizing potential oligomer formation at higher altitudes. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering vertically resolved organic molecular composition (particularly for organonitrates) and hypothesizes that aqueous phase transformations and vertical wind variance may be key variables affecting the molecular composition of aloft organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Damao Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mickey M Rogers
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian J Gaudet
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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5
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Xie Q, Halpern ER, Zhang J, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Laskin A. Volatility Basis Set Distributions and Viscosity of Organic Aerosol Mixtures: Insights from Chemical Characterization Using Temperature-Programmed Desorption-Direct Analysis in Real-Time High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9524-9534. [PMID: 38815054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of gas-particle partitioning of individual components within complex atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) mixtures is critical for predicting and comprehending the formation and evolution of OA particles in the atmosphere. This investigation leverages previously documented data obtained through a temperature-programmed desorption-direct analysis in real-time, high-resolution mass spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS) platform. This methodology facilitates the bottom-up construction of volatility basis set (VBS) distributions for constituents found in three biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mixtures produced through the ozonolysis of α-pinene, limonene, and ocimene. The apparent enthalpies (ΔH*, kJ mol-1) and saturation mass concentrations (CT*, μg·m-3) of individual SOA components, determined as a function of temperature (T, K), facilitated an assessment of changes in VBS distributions and gas-particle partitioning with respect to T and atmospheric total organic mass loadings (tOM, μg·m-3). The VBS distributions reveal distinct differences in volatilities among monomers, dimers, and trimers, categorized into separate volatility bins. At the ambient temperature of T = 298 K, only monomers efficiently partition between gas and particle phases across a broad range of atmospherically relevant tOM values of 1-100 μg·m-3. Partitioning of dimers and trimers becomes notable only at T > 360 K and T > 420 K, respectively. The viscosity of SOA mixtures is assessed using a bottom-up calculation approach, incorporating the input of elemental formulas, ΔH*, CT*, and particle-phase mass fractions of the SOA components. Through this approach, we are able to accurately estimate the variations in SOA viscosity that result from the evaporation of its components. These variations are, in turn, influenced by atmospherically relevant changes in tOM and T. Comparison of the calculated SOA viscosity and diffusivity values with literature reported experimental results shows close agreement, thereby validating the employed calculation approach. These findings underscore the significant potential for TPD-DART-HRMS measurements in enabling the untargeted analysis of organic molecules within OA mixtures. This approach facilitates quantitative assessment of their gas-particle partitioning and allows for the estimation of their viscosity and condensed-phase diffusion, thereby contributing valuable insights to atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily R Halpern
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Freedman MA, Huang Q, Pitta KR. Phase Transitions in Organic and Organic/Inorganic Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:257-281. [PMID: 38382569 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phase state of aerosol particles can impact numerous atmospheric processes, including new particle growth, heterogeneous chemistry, cloud condensation nucleus formation, and ice nucleation. In this article, the phase transitions of inorganic, organic, and organic/inorganic aerosol particles are discussed, with particular focus on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The physical chemistry that determines whether LLPS occurs, at what relative humidity it occurs, and the resultant particle morphology is explained using both theoretical and experimental methods. The known impacts of LLPS on aerosol processes in the atmosphere are discussed. Finally, potential evidence for LLPS from field and chamber studies is presented. By understanding the physical chemistry of the phase transitions of aerosol particles, we will acquire a better understanding of aerosol processes, which in turn impact human health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qishen Huang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China;
| | - Kiran R Pitta
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
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7
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Wu S, Zhu Q, Liu F, Pei C, Hong D, Zhang Y, Lai S. Multiphase reactions of proteins in the air: Oligomerization, nitration and degradation of bovine serum albumin upon ambient exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171617. [PMID: 38467257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Proteins in atmospheric aerosol can react with atmospheric pollutants such as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere via the reactions of oxidation, nitration, and cross-linking etc. Currently, the reactions have been more thoroughly studied in the laboratory but rarely investigated in the ambient environment. In this study, we used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein to conduct the exposure experiment in the ambient environment in southern China, an area with increasing oxidative capacity, to investigate the reactions of proteins in the atmosphere. We observed the occurrence of oligomerization, nitration and degradation of BSA upon exposure. The mass fraction of BSA monomer decreased by 5.86 ± 1.61% after exposure and those of dimers, trimers and higher oligomers increased by 1.04 ± 0.49%, 1.37 ± 0.74% and 3.40 ± 1.06%, respectively. Simultaneously, the nitration degrees of monomers, dimers, trimers and higher oligomers increased by 0.42 ± 0.15%, 0.53 ± 0.15%, 0.55 ± 0.28% and 2.15 ± 1.01%, respectively. The results show that oligomerization was significantly affected by O3 and temperature and nitration was jointly affected by O3, temperature and relative humidity, indicating the important role of atmospheric oxidants in the atmospheric reactions of protein. Atmospheric degradation of BSA was observed with the release of free amino acids (FAAs) such as glycine, alanine, serine and methionine. Glycine was the dominant FAA with a molar yield ranging from ∼8% to 33% for BSA. The estimated stoichiometric coefficient (α) of glycine is 10-7-10-6 for the degradation of BSA upon O3. Our observation suggests the occurrence of protein reactions in the oxidative ambient environment, leading to the production of nitrated products, oligomers and low molecular weight products such as peptides and FAAs. This study may deepen the current understanding of the atmospheric reaction mechanisms and reveal the influence of environmental factors in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Wu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiaoze Zhu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Dachi Hong
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Zhu Y, Pang S, Zhang Y. Compositional evolution for mixed aerosols containing gluconic acid and typical nitrate and the effect of multiply factors on hygroscopicity. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:206-216. [PMID: 38105048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The aging process of atmospheric aerosols usually leads to a mixture of inorganic salts and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. In organic compounds, polyhydroxy organic acids are important components, however, the study on composition and hygroscopic properties of the mixture containing inorganics and polyhydroxy organic acids is scanty. In this study, gluconic acid, the proxy of polyhydroxy organic acids, is mixed with the representative nitrate (Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2) to form aerosols. ATR-FTIR and optical microscopy are employed to study the component changes and hygroscopicity as a function of relative humidity. As relative humidity fluctuates, the FTIR-ATR spectra display that the internal mixed gluconic acid (CH2(CH)4(OH)5COOH) and nitrate can react to release acidic gases, forming relevant gluconate and further affecting the hygroscopicity. The specific presentation is particles cannot be recovered to their original size after the dehydration-hydration process and there will be some disparities in GF for mixed particles. For the gluconic acid-Ca(NO3)2/Mg(NO3)2 mixtures with molar ratios of 1:1, higher degree of reaction resulting in the production of large amounts of gluconate should be responsible to the lower hygroscopicity compared to ZSR model. For 1:2 gluconic acid-nitrate mixed systems (with higher nitrate content), the hygroscopicity of mixtures are higher than the ZSR prediction. A possible reason could be 'salt-promoting effect' on the organic fractions of the surplus inorganic salt in the mixture. These data can improve the chemical composition list evaluation, in turn hygroscopic properties and phase state of atmospheric aerosol, and then the climate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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9
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Calderon-Arrieta D, Morales AC, Hettiyadura APS, Estock TM, Li C, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Enhanced Light Absorption and Elevated Viscosity of Atmospheric Brown Carbon through Evaporation of Volatile Components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7493-7504. [PMID: 38637508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Samples of brown carbon (BrC) material were collected from smoke emissions originating from wood pyrolysis experiments, serving as a proxy for BrC representative of biomass burning emissions. The acquired samples, referred to as "pyrolysis oil (PO1)," underwent subsequent processing by thermal evaporation of their volatile compounds, resulting in a set of three additional samples with volume reduction factors of 1.33, 2, and 3, denoted as PO1.33, PO2, and PO3. The chemical compositions of these POx samples and their BrC chromophore features were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The investigation revealed a noteworthy twofold enhancement of BrC light absorption observed for the progression of PO1 to PO3 samples, assessed across the spectral range of 300-500 nm. Concurrently, a decrease in the absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) from 11 to 7 was observed, indicating a weaker spectral dependence. The relative enhancement of BrC absorption at longer wavelengths was more significant, as exemplified by the increased mass absorption coefficient (MAC) measured at 405 nm from 0.1 to 0.5 m2/g. Molecular characterization further supports this darkening trend, manifesting as a depletion of small oxygenated, less absorbing monoaromatic compounds and the retention of relatively large, less polar, more absorbing constituents. Noteworthy alterations of the PO1 to PO3 mixtures included a reduction in the saturation vapor pressure of their components and an increase in viscosity. These changes were quantified by the mean values shifting from approximately 1.8 × 103 μg/m3 to 2.3 μg/m3 and from ∼103 Pa·s to ∼106 Pa·s, respectively. These results provide quantitative insights into the extent of BrC aerosol darkening during atmospheric aging through nonreactive evaporation. This new understanding will inform the refinement of atmospheric and chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Calderon-Arrieta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Taylor M Estock
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Ye Q, Yao M, Wang W, Li Z, Li C, Wang S, Xiao H, Zhao Y. Multiphase interactions between sulfur dioxide and secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of toluene: Reactivity and sulfate formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168736. [PMID: 37996034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the interactions between sulfur dioxide (SO2) and organic peroxides (POs) in aerosol and clouds play an important role in atmospheric sulfate formation and aerosol aging, yet the reactivity of POs arising from anthropogenic precursors toward SO2 remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the multiphase reactions of SO2 with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the photooxidation of toluene, a major type of anthropogenic SOA in the atmosphere. The reactive uptake coefficient of SO2 on toluene SOA was determined to be on the order of 10-4, depending strikingly on aerosol water content. POs contribute significantly to the multiphase reactivity of toluene SOA, but they can only explain a portion of the measured SO2 uptake, suggesting the presence of other reactive species in SOA that also contribute to the particle reactivity toward SO2. The second-order reaction rate constant (kII) between S(IV) and toluene-derived POs was estimated to be in the range of the kII values previously reported for commercially available POs (e.g., 2-butanone peroxide and 2-tert-butyl hydroperoxide) and the smallest (C1-C2) and biogenic POs. In addition, unlike commercial POs that can efficiently convert S(IV) into both inorganic sulfate and organosulfates, toluene-derived POs appear to mainly oxidize S(IV) to inorganic sulfate. Our study reveals the multiphase reactivity of typical anthropogenic SOA and POs toward SO2 and will help to develop a better understanding of the formation and evolution of atmospheric secondary aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Chen C, Wang X, Binder K, Pöschl U, Su H, Cheng Y. Convergence of dissolving and melting at the nanoscale. Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:229-242. [PMID: 37814783 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Phase transitions of water and its mixtures are of fundamental importance in physical chemistry, the pharmaceutical industry, materials sciences, and atmospheric sciences. However, current understanding remains elusive to explain relevant observations, especially at the nanoscale. Here, by using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the dissolution of sodium chloride (NaCl) nanocrystals with volume-equivalent diameters from 0.51 to 1.75 nm. Our results show that the dissolution of NaCl in aqueous nanodroplets show a strong size dependence, and its solubility can be predicted by the Ostwald-Freundlich equation and Gibbs-Duhem equation after considering a size-dependent solid-liquid surface tension. We find that the structure of dissolved ions in the saturated aqueous nanodropplet resembles the structure of a molten NaCl nanoparticle. With decreasing nanodroplet size, this similarity grows and the average potential energy of NaCl in solution, the molten phase and the crystal phase converges.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
- Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - X Wang
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
- Institute for Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - K Binder
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - U Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Y Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55122 Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Bothen N, Backes AT, Weller MG, Pöschl U. Oligomerization and tyrosine nitration enhance the allergenic potential of the birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1303943. [PMID: 38125293 PMCID: PMC10732249 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Bothen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 - Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Malek K, Gohil K, Olonimoyo EA, Ferdousi-Rokib N, Huang Q, Pitta KR, Nandy L, Voss KA, Raymond TM, Dutcher DD, Freedman MA, Asa-Awuku A. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Can Drive Aerosol Droplet Growth in Supersaturated Regimes. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:348-360. [PMID: 38028744 PMCID: PMC10655592 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that atmospheric aerosol size and composition impact air quality, climate, and health. The aerosol composition is typically a mixture and consists of a wide range of organic and inorganic particles that interact with each other. Furthermore, water vapor is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, in indoor air, and within the human body's respiratory system, and the presence of water can alter the aerosol morphology and propensity to form droplets. Specifically, aerosol mixtures can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the presence of water vapor. However, the experimental conditions for which LLPS impacts water uptake and the subsequent prediction of aerosol mixtures are poorly understood. To improve our understanding of aerosol mixtures and droplets, this study explores two ternary systems that undergo LLPS, namely, the 2MGA system (sucrose + ammonium sulfate + 2-methylglutaric acid) and the PEG1000 system (sucrose + ammonium sulfate + polyethylene glycol 1000). In this study, the ratio of species and the O:C ratios are systematically changed, and the hygroscopic properties of the resultant aerosol were investigated. Here, we show that the droplet activation above 100% RH of the 2MGA system was influenced by LLPS, while the droplet activation of the PEG1000 system was observed to be linearly additive regardless of chemical composition, O:C ratio, and LLPS. A theoretical model that accounts for LLPS with O:C ratios was developed and predicts the water uptake of internally mixed systems of different compositions and phase states. Hence, this study provides a computationally efficient algorithm to account for the LLPS and solubility parameterized by the O:C ratio for droplet activation at supersaturated relative humidity conditions and may thus be extended to mixed inorganic-organic aerosol populations with unspeciated organic composition found in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotiba Malek
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kanishk Gohil
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Esther A. Olonimoyo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nahin Ferdousi-Rokib
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Qishen Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kiran R. Pitta
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Katelyn A. Voss
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Timothy M. Raymond
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Dabrina D Dutcher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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14
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Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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15
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Peterson BN, Morales AC, Tomlin JM, Gorman CGW, Christ PE, Sharpe SAL, Huston SM, Rivera-Adorno FA, O'Callahan BT, Fraund M, Noh Y, Pahari P, Whelton AJ, El-Khoury PZ, Moffet RC, Zelenyuk A, Laskin A. Chemical characterization of microplastic particles formed in airborne waste discharged from sewer pipe repairs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1718-1731. [PMID: 37781874 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles are of increasing environmental concern due to the widespread uncontrolled degradation of various commercial products made of plastic and their associated waste disposal. Recently, common technology used to repair sewer pipes was reported as one of the emission sources of airborne microplastics in urban areas. This research presents results of the multi-modal comprehensive chemical characterization of the microplastic particles related to waste discharged in the pipe repair process and compares particle composition with the components of uncured resin and cured plastic composite used in the process. Analysis of these materials employs complementary use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission X-ray spectro-microscopy, single particle mass spectrometry, and direct analysis in real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry. It is shown that the composition of the relatively large (100 μm) microplastic particles resembles components of plastic material used in the process. In contrast, the composition of the smaller (micrometer and sub-micrometer) particles is significantly different, suggesting their formation from unintended polymerization of water-soluble components occurring in drying droplets of the air-discharged waste. In addition, resin material type influences the composition of released microplastic particles. Results are further discussed to guide the detection and advanced characterization of airborne microplastics in future field and laboratory studies pertaining to sewer pipe repair technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Jay M Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Carrie G W Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Peter E Christ
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Steven A L Sharpe
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Shelby M Huston
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pritee Pahari
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Physics & Analysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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16
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Morales AC, West CP, Peterson BN, Noh Y, Whelton AJ, Laskin A. Diversity of organic components in airborne waste discharged from sewer pipe repairs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1670-1683. [PMID: 37682218 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Air-discharged waste from commonly used trenchless technologies of sewer pipe repairs is an emerging and poorly characterized source of urban pollution. This study reports on the molecular-level characterization of the atmospherically discharged aqueous-phase waste condensate samples collected at four field sites of the sewer pipe repairs. The molecular composition of organic species in these samples was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with interchangeable atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization sources. The waste condensate components comprise a complex mixture of organic species that can partition between gas-, aqueous-, and solid-phases when water evaporates from the air-discharged waste. Identified organic species have broad variability in molecular weight, molecular structures, and carbon oxidation state, which also varied between the waste samples. All condensates contained complex mixtures of oxidized organics, N- and S-containing organics, condensed aromatics, and their functionalized derivatives that are directly released to the atmospheric environment during installations. Furthermore, semi-volatile, low volatility, and extremely low volatility organic compounds comprise 75-85% of the total compounds identified in the waste condensates. Estimates of the component-specific viscosities suggest that upon evaporation of water waste material would form the semi-solid and solid phases. The low volatilities and high viscosities of chemical components in these waste condensates will contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols and atmospheric solid nanoplastic particles. Lastly, selected components expected in the condensates were quantified and found to be present at high concentrations (1-20 mg L-1) that may exceed regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Morales
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Christopher P West
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Brianna N Peterson
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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17
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Oh HJ, Chen Y, Kim H. Deposition of secondary organic aerosol in human lung model: Effect of photochemically aged aerosol on human respiratory system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115497. [PMID: 37729697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and exert fatal effects on human health. However, there is little data on the potential deposited doses of UFP-generated SOA in the human respiratory tract. This study is to estimate the fraction of aerosol deposition using a multiple-path-particle-dosimetry (MPPD) model. For relevancy of real life, the model employed measured concentrations of toluene-derived fresh and aged SOA produced within serially connected smog chamber and PAM-OFR (Potential Aerosol Mass-Oxidation Flow Reactor) under atmospheric environmental conditions (NOx and relative humidity). The number concentrations and chemical composition of fresh and aged aerosols produced within the chambers were measured using Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), while the morphology of individual particles was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The number concentration of aged SOA-w/s was more than double compared to that of fresh SOA-w/s (maximum reached after 10 h) with its size less than 100 nm. The O:C ratio for aged SOA-w/s were 0.96 and 1.15 depending on RH (0.96 at 3% RH and 1.15 at 50% RH), and individual spherical particles containing water were present in agglomerates with its size of less than 1 µm. In all inhalable fresh and aged SOA produced in the two chambers, 5-22% of aerosol is deposited in the Head airways, 4-8% in the tracheobronchial, and 8-34% in the alveolar regions. The predominant deposition of the aged aerosol occurred in the alveoli (in the generation 20th lobe), and the deposition faction in the alveoli was 2-3 times higher in the children group than the adults group. This study presented a quantitative exposure assessment of SOA generated under a realistic simulation and suggested the possibility of evaluating long-term exposure to SOA and potential health effects by determining the potential inhalable aerosol doses and the fraction of deposition in the human respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Oh
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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18
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Qiu Y, Liu Y, Wu Z, Wang F, Meng X, Zhang Z, Man R, Huang D, Wang H, Gao Y, Huang C, Hu M. Predicting Atmospheric Particle Phase State Using an Explainable Machine Learning Approach Based on Particle Rebound Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15055-15064. [PMID: 37774013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The particle phase state plays a vital role in the gas-particle partitioning, multiphase reactions, ice nucleation activity, and particle growth in the atmosphere. However, the characterization of the atmospheric phase state remains challenging. Herein, based on measured aerosol chemical composition and ambient relative humidity (RH), a machine learning (ML) model with high accuracy (R2 = 0.952) and robustness (RMSE = 0.078) was developed to predict the particle rebound fraction, f, which is an indicator of the particle phase state. Using this ML model, the f of particles in the urban atmosphere was predicted based on seasonal average aerosol chemical composition and RH. Regardless of seasons, aerosols remain in the liquid state of mid-high latitude cities in the northern hemisphere and in the semisolid state over semiarid regions. In the East Asian megacities, the particles remain in the liquid state in spring and summer and in the semisolid state in other seasons. The effects of nitrate, which is becoming dominant in fine particles in several urban areas, on the particle phase state were evaluated. More nitrate led the particles to remain in the liquid state at an even lower RH. This study proposed a new approach to predict the particle phase state in the atmosphere based on RH and aerosol chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Qiu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiangxinyue Meng
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zirui Zhang
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruiqi Man
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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19
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Gregson FKA, Gerrebos NGA, Schervish M, Nikkho S, Schnitzler EG, Schwartz C, Carlsten C, Abbatt JPD, Kamal S, Shiraiwa M, Bertram AK. Phase Behavior and Viscosity in Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol and Climatic Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14548-14557. [PMID: 37729583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Smoke particles generated by burning biomass consist mainly of organic aerosol termed biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). BBOA influences the climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or acting as nuclei for cloud formation. The viscosity and the phase behavior (i.e., the number and type of phases present in a particle) are properties of BBOA that are expected to impact several climate-relevant processes but remain highly uncertain. We studied the phase behavior of BBOA using fluorescence microscopy and showed that BBOA particles comprise two organic phases (a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic phase) across a wide range of atmospheric relative humidity (RH). We determined the viscosity of the two phases at room temperature using a photobleaching method and showed that the two phases possess different RH-dependent viscosities. The viscosity of the hydrophobic phase is largely independent of the RH from 0 to 95%. We use the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman equation to extrapolate our results to colder and warmer temperatures, and based on the extrapolation, the hydrophobic phase is predicted to be glassy (viscosity >1012 Pa s) for temperatures less than 230 K and RHs below 95%, with possible implications for heterogeneous reaction kinetics and cloud formation in the atmosphere. Using a kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP), we investigated the effect of two phases on the atmospheric lifetime of brown carbon within BBOA, which is a climate-warming agent. We showed that the presence of two phases can increase the lifetime of brown carbon in the planetary boundary layer and polar regions compared to previous modeling studies. Hence, the presence of two phases can lead to an increase in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence K A Gregson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nealan G A Gerrebos
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sepehr Nikkho
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Saeid Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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20
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Chen Y, Zaveri RA, Vandergrift GW, Cheng Z, China S, Zelenyuk A, Shilling JE. Nonequilibrium Behavior in Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14182-14193. [PMID: 37708377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that instantaneous gas-particle equilibrium partitioning assumptions fail to predict SOA formation, even at high relative humidity (∼85%), and photochemical aging seems to be one driving factor. In this study, we probe the minimum aging time scale required to observe nonequilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas and aerosol phase at ∼50% RH. Seed isoprene SOA is generated by photo-oxidation in the presence of effloresced ammonium sulfate seeds at <1 ppbv NOx, aged photochemically or in the dark for 0.3-6 h, and subsequently exposed to fresh isoprene SVOCs. Our results show that the equilibrium partitioning assumption is accurate for fresh isoprene SOA but breaks down after isoprene SOA has been aged for as short as 20 min even in the dark. Modeling results show that a semisolid SOA phase state is necessary to reproduce the observed particle size distribution evolution. The observed nonequilibrium partitioning behavior and inferred semisolid phase state are corroborated by offline mass spectrometric analysis on the bulk aerosol particles showing the formation of organosulfates and oligomers. The unexpected short time scale for the phase transition within isoprene SOA has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climate-relevant sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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21
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Lakey PSJ, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M. Effective mass accommodation for partitioning of organic compounds into surface films with different viscosities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1464-1478. [PMID: 37560969 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces can act as reservoirs and reaction media influencing the concentrations and type of species that people are exposed to indoors. Mass accommodation and partitioning are impacted by the phase state and viscosity of indoor surface films. We developed the kinetic multi-layer model KM-FILM to simulate organic film formation and growth, but it is computationally expensive to couple such comprehensive models with indoor air box models. Recently, a novel effective mass accommodation coefficient (αeff) was introduced for efficient and effective treatments of gas-particle partitioning. In this study, we extended this approach to a film geometry with αeff as a function of penetration depth into the film, partitioning coefficient, bulk diffusivity, and condensed-phase reaction rate constant. Comparisons between KM-FILM and the αeff method show excellent agreement under most conditions, but with deviations before the establishment of quasi-equilibrium within the penetration depth. We found that the deposition velocity of species and overall film growth are impacted by bulk diffusivity in highly viscous films (Db ∼<10-15 cm2 s-1). Reactions that lead to non-volatile products can increase film thicknesses significantly, with the extent of film growth being dependent on the gas-phase concentration, rate coefficient, partitioning coefficient and diffusivity. Amorphous semisolid films with Db > ∼10-17-10-19 cm2 s-1 can be efficient SVOC reservoirs for compounds with higher partitioning coefficients as they can be released back to the gas phase over extended periods of time, while glassy solid films would not be able to act as reservoirs as gas-film partitioning is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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22
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Bell DM, Zhang J, Top J, Bogler S, Surdu M, Slowik JG, Prevot ASH, El Haddad I. Sensitivity Constraints of Extractive Electrospray for a Model System and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13788-13795. [PMID: 37656668 PMCID: PMC10515109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of an aerosol chemical composition is complicated by the uncertainty in the sensitivity of each species detected. Soft-ionization response factors can vary widely from molecule to molecule. Here, we have employed a method to separate molecules by their volatility through systematic evaporation with a thermal denuder (TD). The fraction remaining after evaporation is compared between an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), which provides a comparison between a quantified mass loss by the SMPS and the signal loss in the EESI-TOF. The sensitivity of the EESI-TOF is determined for both a simplified complex mixture (PEG-300) and also for a complex mixture of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA). For PEG-300, separation is possible on a molecule-by-molecule level with the TD and provides insights into the molecule-dependent sensitivity of the EESI-TOF, showing a higher sensitivity toward the most volatile molecule. For α-pinene SOA, sensitivity determination for specific classes is possible because of the number of molecular formula observed by the EESI-TOF. These classes are separated by their volatility and are broken down into monomers (O3-5,6-7,8+), dimers (O4-7,8+), and higher order oligomers (e.g., trimers and tetramers). Here, we show that the EESI-TOF initially measures 60.1% monomers, 32.7% dimers, and 7.2% trimers and tetramers in α-pinene SOA, but after sensitivity correction, the distribution of SOA is 37.4% monomers, 56.1% dimers, and 6.4% trimers and tetramers. These results provide a path forward for the quantification of aerosol components with the EESI-TOF in other applications and potentially for atmospheric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jens Top
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Bogler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S. H. Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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23
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Ye C, Liu Y, Yuan B, Wang Z, Lin Y, Hu W, Chen W, Li T, Song W, Wang X, Lv D, Gu D, Shao M. Low-NO-like Oxidation Pathway Makes a Significant Contribution to Secondary Organic Aerosol in Polluted Urban Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13912-13924. [PMID: 37669221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollutants can greatly mediate formation pathways and chemical compositions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban atmospheres. We investigated the molecular tracers for different types of SOA in PM2.5 under varying NO/NO2 conditions in Guangzhou using source analysis of particle-phase speciated organics obtained from an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-I-CIMS). Results show that low-NO-like pathways (when NO/NO2 < 0.2) explained ∼75% of the total measured FIGAERO-OA during regional transport periods, which was enriched in more-oxidized C4-C6 non-nitrogenous compounds over ozone accumulation. Daytime high-NO chemistry played larger roles (38%) in local pollution episodes, with organic nitrates (ONs) and nitrophenols increasing with enhanced aerosol water content and nitrate fraction. Nighttime NO3-initiated oxidation, characterized by monoterpene-derived ONs, accounted for comparable percentages (10-12%) of FIGAERO-OA for both two periods. Furthermore, the presence of organosulfates (OSs) improves the understanding of the roles of aqueous-phase processes in SOA production. Carbonyl-derived OSs exhibited a preferential formation under conditions of high aerosol acidity and/or abundant sulfate, which correlated well with low-NO-like SOA. Our results demonstrate the importance of NO/NO2 ratios in controlling SOA compositions, as well as interactions between water content, aerosol acidity, and inorganic salts in gas-to-particle partitioning of condensable organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuo Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zelong Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKL-ESPC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dasa Gu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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24
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Mermigkis P, Karadima KS, Pandis SN, Mavrantzas VG. Geometric Analysis of Free and Accessible Volume in Atmospheric Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33481-33492. [PMID: 37744838 PMCID: PMC10515339 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Computer-generated atomistic microstructures of atmospheric nanoparticles are geometrically analyzed using Delaunay tessellation followed by Monte Carlo integration to compute their free and accessible volume. The nanoparticles studied consist of cis-pinonic acid (a biogenic organic aerosol component), inorganic ions (sulfate and ammonium), and water. Results are presented for the free or unoccupied volume in different domains of the nanoparticles and its dependence on relative humidity and organic content. We also compute the accessible volume to small penetrants such as water molecules. Most of the free volume or volume accessible to a penetrant as large as a water molecule is located in the domains occupied by organics. In contrast, regions dominated by inorganics do not have any cavities with sizes larger than 1 Å. Solid inorganic domains inside the particle are practically impermeable to any small molecule, thereby offering practically infinite resistance to diffusion. A guest molecule can find diffusive channels to wander around within the nanoparticle only through the aqueous and organic-rich domains. The largest pores are observed in nanoparticles with high levels of organic mass and low relative humidity. At high relative humidity, the presence of more water molecules reduces the empty space in the inner domains of the nanoparticle, since areas rich in organic molecules (which are the only ones where appreciable pores are found) are pushed to the outer area of the particle. This, however, should not be expected to affect the diffusive process as transport through the aqueous phase inside the particle will be, by default, fast due to its fluid-like nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis
G. Mermigkis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH-ICE/HT,
Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina S. Karadima
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH-ICE/HT,
Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros N. Pandis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH-ICE/HT,
Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Vlasis G. Mavrantzas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH-ICE/HT,
Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece
- Particle
Technology Laboratory, Institute of Energy & Process Engineering,
Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Saha S, Mathi P. Exploring the hygroscopicity and chemical composition evolution in organic-inorganic aerosols: A study on internally mixed malonic acid-metal (Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+) nitrates. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139260. [PMID: 37343644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations in mixed aerosols alter the particulate physical properties. Nitrates and water soluble dicarboxylic acids, such as malonic acid (MA), are major components of ambient aerosol particles. Various metal ions such as, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ also become part of these complex aerosol systems during their atmospheric lifetime. Interactions among the co-existing ionic and molecular species govern the chemical changes in the aerosol particles. In this work, we provide a comparative account of the effect of metal ion identity (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) on such chemical changes arising from ion-molecular interactions in NaNO3-MA, Ca(NO3)2-MA and Mg(NO3)2-MA mixed inorganic-organic aerosols. In-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy has enabled us to gain molecular level insight on formation of organic salt and simultaneously estimate nitrate depletion in these mixed aerosols during different stages of their hygroscopic cycle. In addition to the nitrate depletion often reported during the drying phase, this study has brought to light an intriguing observation: depletion of nitrate in the humidification phase as well, a phenomenon that has hitherto remained undocumented. For the mixed systems studied here, the extent of nitrate depletion follows the order Mg-MA (58%) > Ca-MA (43%) > Na-MA (15%). The comparatively huge forward shift in the acid displacement reaction equilibrium for the systems, Ca-MA and Mg-MA is driven by complexation. Our results highlight the profound effect of ion-molecular interactions on the acid displacement reaction equilibria in aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Saha
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 095, India
| | - P Mathi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 095, India.
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26
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Smith N, Crescenzo GV, Bertram AK, Nizkorodov SA, Faiola CL. Insect Infestation Increases Viscosity of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1060-1071. [PMID: 37223424 PMCID: PMC10201571 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress alters emissions of volatile organic compounds. However, little is known about how this could influence climate-relevant properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), particularly from complex mixtures such as real plant emissions. In this study, the chemical composition and viscosity were examined for SOA generated from real healthy and aphid-stressed Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) trees, which are commonly used for landscaping in Southern California. Healthy Canary Island pine (HCIP) and stressed Canary Island pine (SCIP) aerosols were generated in a 5 m3 environmental chamber at 35-84% relative humidity and room temperature via OH-initiated oxidation. Viscosities of the collected particles were measured using an offline poke-flow method, after conditioning the particles in a humidified air flow. SCIP particles were consistently more viscous than HCIP particles. The largest differences in particle viscosity were observed in particles conditioned at 50% relative humidity where the viscosity of SCIP particles was an order of magnitude larger than that of HCIP particles. The increased viscosity for the aphid-stressed pine tree SOA was attributed to the increased fraction of sesquiterpenes in the emission profile. The real pine SOA particles, both healthy and aphid-stressed, were more viscous than α-pinene SOA particles, demonstrating the limitation of using a single monoterpene as a model compound to predict the physicochemical properties of real biogenic SOA. However, synthetic mixtures composed of only a few major compounds present in emissions (<10 compounds) can reproduce the viscosities of SOA observed from the more complex real plant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Giuseppe V. Crescenzo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Celia L. Faiola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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27
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Chen B, Mirrielees JA, Chen Y, Onasch TB, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Zhang Y, Brooks SD. Glass Transition Temperatures of Organic Mixtures from Isoprene Epoxydiol-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4125-4136. [PMID: 37129903 PMCID: PMC10863072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phase states and glass transition temperatures (Tg) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are important to resolve for understanding the formation, growth, and fate of SOA as well as their cloud formation properties. Currently, there is a limited understanding of how Tg changes with the composition of organic and inorganic components of atmospheric aerosol. Using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, we measured the Tg of organic mixtures containing isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-derived SOA components, including 2-methyltetrols (2-MT), 2-methyltetrol-sulfate (2-MTS), and 3-methyltetrol-sulfate (3-MTS). The results demonstrate that the Tg of mixtures depends on their composition. The Kwei equation, a modified Gordon-Taylor equation with an added quadratic term and a fitting parameter representing strong intermolecular interactions, provides a good fit for the Tg-composition relationship of complex mixtures. By combining Raman spectroscopy with geometry optimization simulations obtained using density functional theory, we demonstrate that the non-linear deviation of Tg as a function of composition may be caused by changes in the extent of hydrogen bonding in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, Eller O&M Building, 1204, 3150
TAMU, 797 Lamar Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jessica A. Mirrielees
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, Campus Box #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Timothy B. Onasch
- Aerodyne
Research, Inc, 45 Manning
Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, Campus Box #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, Campus Box #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Gillings
School of Global Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences
and Engineering, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, Campus Box #7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- College
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box #3290, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, Eller O&M Building, 1204, 3150
TAMU, 797 Lamar Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, Eller O&M Building, 1204, 3150
TAMU, 797 Lamar Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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28
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Déméautis T, Bouyssi A, Chapalain A, Guillemot J, Doublet P, Geloen A, George C, Menotti J, Glehen O, Devouassoux G, Bentaher A. Chronic Exposure to Secondary Organic Aerosols Causes Lung Tissue Damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6085-6094. [PMID: 37014236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) emerged as a predominant component of fine particulate matter. However, the pathogenic mechanism(s) of SOAs are still poorly understood. Herein, we show that chronic exposure of mice to SOAs resulted in lung inflammation and tissue destruction. Histological analyses found lung airspace enlargement associated with massive inflammatory cell recruitment predominated by macrophages. Concomitant with such cell influx, our results found changes in the levels of a series of inflammatory mediators in response to SOA. Interestingly, we observed that the expression of the genes encoding for TNF-α and IL-6 increased significantly after one month of exposure to SOAs; mediators that have been largely documented to play a role in chronic pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. Cell culture studies confirmed these in vivo findings. Of importance as well, our study indicates increased matrix metalloproteinase proteolytic activity suggesting its contribution to lung tissue inflammation and degradation. Our work represents the first in vivo study, which reports that chronic exposure to SOAs leads to lung inflammation and tissue injury. Thus, we hope that these data will foster new studies to enhance our understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of SOAs and perhaps help in the design of therapeutic strategies against SOA-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Déméautis
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexandra Bouyssi
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Annelise Chapalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Johann Guillemot
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Legionella Pathogenesis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Geloen
- University of Lyon, UMR Ecologie Microbienne Lyon (LEM), CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Research Team "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment" (BPOE), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Menotti
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, CHU de Lyon HCL - GH Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Gilles Devouassoux
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Abderrazzak Bentaher
- Inflammation and Immunity of the Respiratory Epithelium - EA3738 (CICLY) - South Medical University Hospital, Lyon 1 Claude Bernard University, 165 Chemin du grand Revoyet, 69395 Pierre-Bénite, France
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29
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Armeli G, Peters JH, Koop T. Machine-Learning-Based Prediction of the Glass Transition Temperature of Organic Compounds Using Experimental Data. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12298-12309. [PMID: 37033862 PMCID: PMC10077449 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the glass transition temperature of molecular compounds that occur in atmospheric aerosol particles is important for estimating their viscosity, as it directly influences the kinetics of chemical reactions and particle phase state. While there is a great diversity of organic compounds present in aerosol particles, for only a minor fraction of them experimental glass transition temperatures are known. Therefore, we have developed a machine learning model designed to predict the glass transition temperature of organic molecular compounds based on molecule-derived input variables. The extremely randomized trees (extra trees) procedure was chosen for this purpose. Two approaches using different sets of input variables were followed. The first one uses the number of selected functional groups present in the compound, while the second one generates descriptors from a SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) string. Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen atoms are included. For improved results, both approaches can be combined with the melting temperature of the compound as an additional input variable. The results show that the predictions of both approaches show a similar mean absolute error of about 12-13 K, with the SMILES-based predictions performing slightly better. In general, the model shows good predictive power considering the diversity of the experimental input data. Furthermore, we also show that its performance exceeds that of previous parameterizations developed for this purpose and also performs better than existing machine learning models. In order to provide user-friendly versions of the model for applications, we have developed a web site where the model can be run by interested scientists via a web-based interface without prior technical knowledge. We also provide Python code of the model. Additionally, all experimental input data are provided in form of the Bielefeld Molecular Organic Glasses (BIMOG) database. We believe that this model is a powerful tool for many applications in atmospheric aerosol science and material science.
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30
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Solomon S, Stone K, Yu P, Murphy DM, Kinnison D, Ravishankara AR, Wang P. Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol. Nature 2023; 615:259-264. [PMID: 36890371 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable perturbations in the stratospheric abundances of chlorine species and ozone were observed over Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes following the 2020 Australian wildfires1,2. These changes in atmospheric chemical composition suggest that wildfire aerosols affect stratospheric chlorine and ozone depletion chemistry. Here we propose that wildfire aerosol containing a mixture of oxidized organics and sulfate3-7 increases hydrochloric acid solubility8-11 and associated heterogeneous reaction rates, activating reactive chlorine species and enhancing ozone loss rates at relatively warm stratospheric temperatures. We test our hypothesis by comparing atmospheric observations to model simulations that include the proposed mechanism. Modelled changes in 2020 hydrochloric acid, chlorine nitrate and hypochlorous acid abundances are in good agreement with observations1,2. Our results indicate that wildfire aerosol chemistry, although not accounting for the record duration of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole, does yield an increase in its area and a 3-5% depletion of southern mid-latitude total column ozone. These findings increase concern2,12,13 that more frequent and intense wildfires could delay ozone recovery in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kane Stone
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D M Murphy
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Doug Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peidong Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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31
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Surdu M, Lamkaddam H, Wang DS, Bell DM, Xiao M, Lee CP, Li D, Caudillo L, Marie G, Scholz W, Wang M, Lopez B, Piedehierro AA, Ataei F, Baalbaki R, Bertozzi B, Bogert P, Brasseur Z, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, He XC, Höhler K, Korhonen K, Krechmer JE, Lehtipalo K, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Marten R, Massabò D, Mauldin R, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Rörup B, Simon M, Shen J, Umo NS, Vogel F, Weber SK, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Volkamer R, Saathoff H, Möhler O, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Stratmann F, Hansel A, Curtius J, Welti A, Riva M, Donahue NM, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Molecular Understanding of the Enhancement in Organic Aerosol Mass at High Relative Humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2297-2309. [PMID: 36716278 PMCID: PMC9933880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic pathway by which high relative humidity (RH) affects gas-particle partitioning remains poorly understood, although many studies report increased secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields at high RH. Here, we use real-time, molecular measurements of both the gas and particle phase to provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of RH on the partitioning of biogenic oxidized organic molecules (from α-pinene and isoprene) at low temperatures (243 and 263 K) at the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observe increases in SOA mass of 45 and 85% with increasing RH from 10-20 to 60-80% at 243 and 263 K, respectively, and attribute it to the increased partitioning of semi-volatile compounds. At 263 K, we measure an increase of a factor 2-4 in the concentration of C10H16O2-3, while the particle-phase concentrations of low-volatility species, such as C10H16O6-8, remain almost constant. This results in a substantial shift in the chemical composition and volatility distribution toward less oxygenated and more volatile species at higher RH (e.g., at 263 K, O/C ratio = 0.55 and 0.40, at RH = 10 and 80%, respectively). By modeling particle growth using an aerosol growth model, which accounts for kinetic limitations, we can explain the enhancement in the semi-volatile fraction through the complementary effect of decreased compound activity and increased bulk-phase diffusivity. Our results highlight the importance of particle water content as a diluting agent and a plasticizer for organic aerosol growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dongyu S. Wang
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - David M. Bell
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dandan Li
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute
for Ion and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California, United States
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Farnoush Ataei
- Department
of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pia Bogert
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, University
of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department
of Chemistry & CIRES, University
of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, 80309-0215 Colorado, United States
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Höhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimmo Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naser G. A. Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, 08540 New Jersey, United States
| | - Hanna E. Manninen
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa
& INFN, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roy Mauldin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, UCB 311, Boulder, 80309 Colorado, United
States
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Vogel
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Weber
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department
of Chemistry & CIRES, University
of Colorado Boulder, UCB 215, Boulder, 80309-0215 Colorado, United States
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- CERN,
the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, 01821 Massachusetts, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Department
of Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
for Ion and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Université
de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Tofwerk AG, CH-3600 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for
Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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32
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Gumireddy A, Bookwala M, Zhou D, Wildfong PLD, Buckner IS. Investigating and Comparing the Applicability of the R3m Molecular Descriptor and Solubility Parameter Estimation Approaches in Predicting Dispersion Formation Potential of APIs in a Random Co-Polymer Polyvinylpyrrolidone Vinyl Acetate and its Homopolymer. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:318-327. [PMID: 36351478 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of different amorphous solid dispersion carrier matrices is enabled by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) structure-based predictions. This study compares the utility of Hansen Solubility Parameters with the R3m molecular descriptor for identifying dispersion polymers based on the structure of the drug molecule. Twelve API-polymer combinations (4 APIs and 3 interrelated polymers) were used to test each approach. Co-solidified mixtures containing 75% API were prepared by melt-quenching. Phase behavior was evaluated and classified using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, and hot stage microscopy. Observations of dispersion behavior were compared to predictions made using the Hansen Solubility Parameter and R3m. The solubility parameter approach misclassified the dispersion behavior of 1 API-polymer combination and also did not produce definite predictions in 3 out of 12 of the API-polymer combinations. In contrast, R3m classifications of dispersion behavior were correct in all but two cases, with one misclassification and one ambiguous prediction. The solubility parameters best classify dispersion behavior when specific drug-polymer intermolecular interactions are present, but may be less useful otherwise. Ultimately, these two methods are most effectively used together, as they are based on distinct features of the same molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Gumireddy
- Duquense University, School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mustafa Bookwala
- Duquense University, School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deliang Zhou
- Drug Product Development, Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Peter L D Wildfong
- Duquense University, School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ira S Buckner
- Duquense University, School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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33
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Song M, Jeong R, Kim D, Qiu Y, Meng X, Wu Z, Zuend A, Ha Y, Kim C, Kim H, Gaikwad S, Jang KS, Lee JY, Ahn J. Comparison of Phase States of PM 2.5 over Megacities, Seoul and Beijing, and Their Implications on Particle Size Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17581-17590. [PMID: 36459099 PMCID: PMC9775198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the particle phase state is an important property, there is scant information on it, especially, for real-world aerosols. To explore the phase state of fine mode aerosols (PM2.5) in two megacities, Seoul and Beijing, we collected PM2.5 filter samples daily from Dec 2020 to Jan 2021. Using optical microscopy combined with the poke-and-flow technique, the phase states of the bulk of PM2.5 as a function of relative humidity (RH) were determined and compared to the ambient RH ranges in the two cities. PM2.5 was found to be liquid to semisolid in Seoul but mostly semisolid to solid in Beijing. The liquid state was dominant on polluted days, while a semisolid state was dominant on clean days in Seoul. These findings can be explained by the aerosol liquid water content related to the chemical compositions of the aerosols at ambient RH; the water content of PM2.5 was much higher in Seoul than in Beijing. Furthermore, the overall phase states of PM2.5 observed in Seoul and Beijing were interrelated with the particle size distribution. The results of this study aid in a better understanding of the fundamental physical properties of aerosols and in examining how these are linked to PM2.5 in polluted urban atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Song
- Department
of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Jeonbuk
National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rani Jeong
- Department
of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department
of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanting Qiu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxinyue Meng
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill
University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Yoonkyeong Ha
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeri Kim
- Department
of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjit Gaikwad
- Department
of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical
Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department
of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic
of Korea
| | - Joonyoung Ahn
- Department
of Atmospheric Environment Research, National
Institute of Environmental Research, 215, Jinheung-ro, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 03367, Republic of Korea
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34
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Pilavci E, Ayran M, Ulubay D, Kaya E, Tinaz G, Bingol Ozakpinar O, Sancakli A, Gunduz O. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun GelMA/PCL/CS nanofiber composites for wound dressing applications. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115221138777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of different ratios of GelMA concentration has been exhibited for wound dressing implementation by the electrospinning method using a new polymer combination of Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Chitosan (CS). The nanofiber composites were fabricated due to their biocompatible, biodegradable, improved mechanical strength, low degradation rate, and hydrophilic nature to develop cell-mimicking, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Different concentrations of GelMA were added to the PCL/CS solution as 5, 10, and 20 wt%, respectively, in the formic acid/acetic acid (7:3) solution. A photoinitiator was added to the solution for photo-crosslinking of GelMA. The influence of different solution concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt%) on the structure’s nanofiber production and fiber morphology was examined. SEM micrographs revealed that varied GelMA concentrations resulted in suitable and stable nanofiber composites. The average diameter of nanofiber composites grows as the GelMA concentration rises. FTIR, DSC, tensile test, degradation, and swelling test were evaluated. The results demonstrated that high mechanical strength, hydrophilic properties, and a slow degradation rate were observed with the presence and increment of GelMA concentration within the nanofiber composites. The antibacterial potential of GelMA/PCL/CS nanofiber composites was evaluated against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus using a disc diffusion assay. In vitro cell culture research was conducted by seeding NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells on nanofiber composites, proving these cells’ high cell proliferation rate, viability, and adhesion. 10 wt% GelMA-based nanofiber composites were found to have great potential for wound dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Pilavci
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Musa Ayran
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilay Ulubay
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Kaya
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulgun Tinaz
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Bingol Ozakpinar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Sancakli
- Kazlicesme R&D Center and Test Laboratories, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Nanotechnology & Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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35
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Liu S, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang G. Effects of NO 2 and RH on secondary organic aerosol formation and light absorption from OH oxidation of ο-xylene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136541. [PMID: 36150487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ο-xylene is an important aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere over urban areas. In this work, the effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the mass concentration of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed from ο-xylene OH oxidization was investigated in a photooxidation chamber. The ο-xylene SOA mass concentration increased from 54.2 μg m-3 to 127.2 μg m-3 during dry conditions, but decreased from 177.7 μg m-3 to 146.5 μg m-3 during high RH conditions when the initial NO2 concentration increased form 0 ppbv to about 900 ppbv. An increase in the ratio of [NO3-]/[Org] and a decrease in the oxidation state of carbon (OSC) of SOA suggested that acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction was responsible for enhancing SOA formation with increasing NO2 concentrations in dry conditions. In contrast, in humid conditions, the high molecular diffusion capacity of SOA could promote the reactivity of OH towards the interior of SOA, and the enhancement of nitrous acid (HONO) formation under high NO2 conditions could promote the SOA aging processes and be responsible for the decreasing trend of SOA formation with NO2. Light absorption by SOA was also measured, and both NO2 and RH enhanced the mass absorption coefficient (MACλ = 365 nm) value for the optical properties of ο-xylene SOA. The highest MACλ = 365 nm value of ο-xylene SOA was 0.89 m2 g-1, observed during humid conditions with an initial NO2 concentration of 862 ppbv, which was 3.9 times higher than in the experiment conducted in the absence of NO2 under dry conditions. The formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) and humic-like substances (HULIS) were responsible for the increased MACλ = 365 nm values of ο-xylene derived SOA. This study provides new insight into the effect of NO2 on SOA formation through the change in ο-xylene photooxidation under different RH conditions, and the complex effect of multiple environmental factors on SOA formation was also important and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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36
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Kaluarachchi C, Or VW, Lan Y, Hasenecz ES, Kim D, Madawala CK, Dorcé GP, Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Stone EA, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Atmospheric Aging Processes on Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2732-2744. [PMID: 36425339 PMCID: PMC9677592 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atmospheric aging on single-particle nascent sea spray aerosol (nSSA) physicochemical properties, such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake, are important to understanding their impacts on the Earth's climate. The present study investigates these properties by focusing on the aged SSA (size range of 0.1-0.6 μm) and comparing with a similar size range nSSA, both generated at a peak of a phytoplankton bloom during a mesocosm study. The aged SSAs were generated by exposing nSSA to OH radicals with exposures equivalent to 4-5 days of atmospheric aging. Complementary filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Both nSSA and aged SSA showed an increase in the organic mass fraction with decreasing particle sizes. In addition, aging results in a further increase of the organic mass fraction, which can be attributed to new particle formation and oxidation of volatile organic compounds followed by condensation on pre-existing particles. The results are consistent with single-particle measurements that showed a relative increase in the abundance of aged SSA core-shells with significantly higher organic coating thickness, relative to nSSA. Increased hygroscopicity was observed for aged SSA core-shells, which had more oxygenated organic species. Rounded nSSA and aged SSA had similar hygroscopicity and no apparent changes in the composition. The observed changes in aged SSA physicochemical properties showed a significant size-dependence and particle-to-particle variability. Overall, results showed that the atmospheric aging can significantly influence the nSSA physicochemical properties, thus altering the SSA effects on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor W. Or
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elias S. Hasenecz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chamika K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Glorianne P. Dorcé
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Sauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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37
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Yao Y, Alpert PA, Zuend A, Wang B. Does liquid-liquid phase separation impact ice nucleation in mixed polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate droplets? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:80-95. [PMID: 36281770 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Particles can undergo different phase transitions in the atmosphere including deliquescence, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), melting, and freezing. In this study, phase transitions of particles/droplets containing polyethylene glycol with a molar mass of 400 g mol-1 (PEG400) and ammonium sulfate (AS), i.e., PEG400-AS particles/droplets, were investigated at different organic-to-inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs) under typical tropospheric temperatures and water activities (aw). The investigated droplets (60-100 μm) with or without LLPS in the closed system froze through homogeneous ice nucleation. At temperatures lower than 200 K, multiple ice nucleation events were observed within the same individual droplets at low aw. Droplets with and without LLPS shared similar lambda values at the same OIR according to the lambda approach indicating they form ice through the same mechanism. A parameterization of lambda values was provided which can be used to predict freezing temperature of aqueous PEG400-AS droplets. We found that adding AS reduces the temperature dependence of aw in aqueous PEG400 droplets. Assuming incorrectly that aw is temperature-independent for a constant droplet composition leads to a deviation between the experimental determined ice nucleation rate coefficients for droplets at OIR > 1 and the predicted values by the water-activity-based ice nucleation theory. We proposed a parameterization of temperature dependence of aw to minimize the deviations of the measured melting temperatures and nucleation rate coefficients from the corresponding predictions for aqueous PEG400-AS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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38
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Sunlight can convert atmospheric aerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208121119. [PMID: 36269861 PMCID: PMC9618061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol is well known to affect Earth's climate, regional weather, visibility, and public health. Once these aerosols are formed, they are transported throughout the atmosphere for days or even weeks. We show that exposure of secondary organic aerosols to UV solar radiation leads to a surprising and remarkable increase in viscosity by as much as five orders of magnitude. We also show that this UV exposure can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols that are in the glassy solid state in the troposphere, with important implications for climate predictions. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that aging by exposure to solar radiation needs to be considered when predicting the environmental impacts of secondary organic aerosols. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical, yet uncertain, role in air quality and climate. Once formed, SOA is transported throughout the atmosphere and is exposed to solar UV light. Information on the viscosity of SOA, and how it may change with solar UV exposure, is needed to accurately predict air quality and climate. However, the effect of solar UV radiation on the viscosity of SOA and the associated implications for air quality and climate predictions is largely unknown. Here, we report the viscosity of SOA after exposure to UV radiation, equivalent to a UV exposure of 6 to 14 d at midlatitudes in summer. Surprisingly, UV-aging led to as much as five orders of magnitude increase in viscosity compared to unirradiated SOA. This increase in viscosity can be rationalized in part by an increase in molecular mass and oxidation of organic molecules constituting the SOA material, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that UV-aging can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols in the atmosphere in a glassy solid state. Therefore, UV-aging could represent an unrecognized source of nuclei for ice clouds in the atmosphere, with important implications for Earth’s energy budget. We also show that UV-aging increases the mixing times within SOA particles by up to five orders of magnitude throughout the troposphere with important implications for predicting the growth, evaporation, and size distribution of SOA, and hence, air pollution and climate.
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39
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Cummings BE, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Phase state of organic aerosols may limit temperature-driven thermodynamic repartitioning following outdoor-to-indoor transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1678-1696. [PMID: 35920302 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient aerosols often experience temperature and humidity gradients following outdoor-to-indoor transport, causing organic aerosols (OA) to either gain or lose mass via gas-particle repartitioning. Recent models have sought to quantify these effects using equilibrium partitioning thermodynamics. However, evidence suggests some indoor OA may possess glassy or semisolid phase states with higher viscosities than liquid OA. Characteristic partitioning timescales of higher-viscosity particles are significantly longer than for liquid particles, which may either fully or partially inhibit repartitioning. For outdoor OA experiencing a temperature change during transport indoors, the ultimate repartitioning state depends on the relationship between the gas-particle partitioning rate coefficient (kgp) of semivolatile organics and the indoor particle loss rate coefficient (lp). That is, thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning may occur when semivolatile kgp ≫ lp, no repartitioning when semivolatile kgp ≪ lp, and partial repartitioning when their magnitudes are similar. Longer indoor particle lifetimes, higher particle number, and larger particle sizes all raise kgp (driving repartitioning towards equilibrium). For simulated U.S. residences, equilibrium condensation was likely reached in humid climate zones during warm meteorological conditions. In colder regions, the degree of evaporative repartitioning depended on whether organics could repartition before the particle phase state adjusts to indoor conditions, which is uncertain. When an appreciable temperature gradient exists, this study not only confirmed that all outdoor-originating OA that is liquid indoors will reach thermodynamic equilibrium, but also concluded that a plurality (46% for this domain) of such OA that is semisolid may also achieve thermodynamic equilibrium during its indoor lifetime.
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40
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Zhao Y, Yao M, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang S, Li C, Xiao H. Acylperoxy Radicals as Key Intermediates in the Formation of Dimeric Compounds in α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14249-14261. [PMID: 36178682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight dimeric compounds constitute a significant fraction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and have profound impacts on the properties and lifecycle of particles in the atmosphere. Although different formation mechanisms involving reactive intermediates and/or closed-shell monomeric species have been proposed for the particle-phase dimers, their relative importance remains in debate. Here, we report unambiguous experimental evidence of the important role of acyl organic peroxy radicals (RO2) and a small but non-negligible contribution from stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) in the formation of particle-phase dimers during ozonolysis of α-pinene, one of the most important precursors for biogenic SOA. Specifically, we find that acyl RO2-involved reactions explain 50-80% of total oxygenated dimer signals (C15-C20, O/C ≥ 0.4) and 20-30% of the total less oxygenated (O/C < 0.4) dimer signals. In particular, they contribute to 70% of C15-C19 dimer ester formation, likely mainly via the decarboxylation of diacyl peroxides arising from acyl RO2 cross-reactions. In comparison, SCIs play a minor role in the formation of C15-C19 dimer esters but react noticeably with the most abundant C9 and C10 carboxylic acids and/or carbonyl products to form C19 and C20 dimeric peroxides, which are prone to particle-phase transformation to form more stable dimers without the peroxide functionality. This work provides a clearer view of the formation pathways of particle-phase dimers from α-pinene oxidation and would help reduce the uncertainties in future atmospheric modeling of the budget, properties, and health and climate impacts of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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41
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Milsom A, Squires AM, Quant I, Terrill NJ, Huband S, Woden B, Cabrera-Martinez ER, Pfrang C. Exploring the Nanostructures Accessible to an Organic Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7331-7341. [PMID: 36169656 PMCID: PMC9574911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The composition of atmospheric aerosols varies with time,
season,
location, and environment. This affects key aerosol properties such
as hygroscopicity and reactivity, influencing the aerosol’s
impact on the climate and air quality. The organic fraction of atmospheric
aerosol emissions often contains surfactant material, such as fatty
acids. These molecules are known to form three-dimensional nanostructures
in contact with water. Different nanostructures have marked differences
in viscosity and diffusivity that are properties whose understanding
is essential when considering an aerosol’s atmospheric impact.
We have explored a range of nanostructures accessible to the organic
surfactant oleic acid (commonly found in cooking emissions), simulating
variation that is likely to happen in the atmosphere. This was achieved
by changing the amount of water, aqueous phase salinity and by addition
of other commonly coemitted compounds: sugars and stearic acid (the
saturated analogue of oleic acid). The nanostructure was observed
by both synchrotron and laboratory small/wide angle X-ray scattering
(SAXS/WAXS) and found to be sensitive to the proxy composition. Additionally,
the spacing between repeat units in these nanostructures was water
content dependent (i.e., an increase from 41 to 54 Å in inverse
hexagonal phase d-spacing when increasing the water
content from 30 to 50 wt %), suggesting incorporation of water within
the nanostructure. A significant decrease in mixture viscosity was
also observed with increasing water content from ∼104 to ∼102 Pa s when increasing the water content
from 30 to 60 wt %. Time-resolved SAXS experiments on levitated droplets
of this proxy confirm the phase changes observed in bulk phase mixtures
and demonstrate that coexistent nanostructures can form in droplets.
Aerosol compositional and subsequent nanostructural changes could
affect aerosol processes, leading to an impact on the climate and
urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Milsom
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, South Building, Soldier Down Ln, Claverton Down BA2 7AX, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Quant
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Huband
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Woden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Edna R Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, RG6 6BB, Reading, United Kingdom
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42
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Rate of atmospheric brown carbon whitening governed by environmental conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205610119. [PMID: 36095180 PMCID: PMC9499551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205610119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) in the atmosphere contains many compounds that absorb solar radiation, called brown carbon (BrC). While BBOA is in the atmosphere, BrC can undergo reactions with oxidants such as ozone which decrease absorbance, or whiten. The effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on whitening has not been well constrained, leading to uncertainties when predicting the direct radiative effect of BrC on climate. Using an aerosol flow-tube reactor, we show that the whitening of BBOA by oxidation with ozone is strongly dependent on RH and temperature. Using a poke-flow technique, we show that the viscosity of BBOA also depends strongly on these conditions. The measured whitening rate of BrC is described well with the viscosity data, assuming that the whitening is due to oxidation occurring in the bulk of the BBOA, within a thin shell beneath the surface. Using our combined datasets, we developed a kinetic model of this whitening process, and we show that the lifetime of BrC is 1 d or less below ∼1 km in altitude in the atmosphere but is often much longer than 1 d above this altitude. Including this altitude dependence of the whitening rate in a chemical transport model causes a large change in the predicted warming effect of BBOA on climate. Overall, the results illustrate that RH and temperature need to be considered to understand the role of BBOA in the atmosphere.
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43
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Toward a molecular understanding of the surface composition of atmospherically relevant organic particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209134119. [PMID: 35994653 PMCID: PMC9436373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mass spectrometry methods using various ionization sources provide bulk composition of airborne particles, but little is known about the surface species that play a major role in determining their physicochemical properties that impact air quality, climate, and health. The present work shows that the composition of surface layers of atmospherically relevant submicron organic particles can be probed without the use of an external ionization source. Solid dicarboxylic acid particles are used as models, with glutaric acid being the most efficient at generating ions. Coating with small diacids or products from α-pinene ozonolysis demonstrates that ions are ejected from the surface, providing surface molecular characterization of organic particles on the fly. This unique approach provides a path forward for elucidating the role of the surface in determining chemical and physical properties of particles, including heterogeneous reactions, particle growth, water uptake, and interactions with biological systems.
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44
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Lei Z, Zhang J, Mueller EA, Xiao Y, Kolozsvari KR, McNeil AJ, Banaszak Holl MM, Ault AP. Glass Transition Temperatures of Individual Submicrometer Atmospheric Particles: Direct Measurement via Heated Atomic Force Microscopy Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11973-11977. [PMID: 35993793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phase (solid, semisolid, or liquid) of atmospheric aerosols is central to their ability to take up water or undergo heterogeneous reactions. In recent years, the unexpected prevalence of viscous organic particles has been shown through field measurements and global atmospheric modeling. The aerosol phase has been predicted using glass transition temperatures (Tg), which were estimated based on molecular weight, oxygen:carbon ratio, and chemical formulae of organic species present in atmospheric particles via studies of bulk materials. However, at the most important sizes for cloud nucleation (∼50-500 nm), particles are complex mixtures of numerous organic species, inorganic salts, and water with substantial particle-to-particle variability. To date, direct measurements of Tg have not been feasible for individual atmospheric particles. Herein, nanothermal analysis (NanoTA), which uses a resistively heated atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe, is combined with AFM photothermal infrared (AFM-PTIR) spectroscopy to determine the Tg and composition of individual particles down to 76 nm in diameter at ambient temperature and pressure. Laboratory-generated proxies for organic aerosol (sucrose, ouabain, raffinose, and maltoheptaose) had similar Tg values to bulk Tg values measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the Tg predictions used in atmospheric models. Laboratory-generated phase-separated particles and ambient particles were analyzed with NanoTA + AFM-PTIR showing intraparticle variation in composition and Tg. These results demonstrate the potential for NanoTA + AFM-PTIR to increase our understanding of viscosity within submicrometer atmospheric particles with complex phases, morphologies, and compositions, which will enable improved modeling of aerosol impacts on clouds and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Emily A Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katherine R Kolozsvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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45
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Jeong SY, Kim HS, Park NG. Challenges for Thermally Stable Spiro-MeOTAD toward the Market Entry of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34220-34227. [PMID: 35076216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn great attention because they have seen a dramatic increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) over only a decade and reached 25.5% of certified PCE in 2021. The efficiency competitiveness with a low production cost puts up PSCs as a candidate for next-generation photovoltaics, encouraging the stability assessment. Research on PSCs, however, still struggles with the stability issue, particularly at elevated temperature, which is mainly ascribed to the use of spiro-MeOTAD as a hole transport material (HTM). Though many attempts have been made to explore a new HTM to replace spiro-MeOTAD, the improved stability is mostly obtained at the expense of losing efficiency. Likewise, the question of the effectiveness of alternatives for spiro-MeOTAD consistently remains. In this perspective, the morphological stability of spiro-MeOTAD at elevated temperatures is discussed to determine the underlying origins of the thermal stability issue and find feasible strategies to resolve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yong Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hui-Seon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
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46
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Lei Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Cooke ME, Ledsky IR, Armstrong NC, Olson NE, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Initial pH Governs Secondary Organic Aerosol Phase State and Morphology after Uptake of Isoprene Epoxydiols (IEPOX). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10596-10607. [PMID: 35834796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity increases secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) by enhancing condensed-phase reactions within sulfate-containing submicron particles, leading to low-volatility organic products. However, the link between the initial aerosol acidity and the resulting physicochemical properties of IEPOX-derived SOA remains uncertain. Herein, we show distinct differences in the morphology, phase state, and chemical composition of individual organic-inorganic mixed particles after IEPOX uptake to ammonium sulfate particles with different initial atmospherically relevant acidities (pH = 1, 3, and 5). Physicochemical properties were characterized via atomic force microscopy coupled with photothermal infrared spectroscopy (AFM-PTIR) and Raman microspectroscopy. Compared to less acidic particles (pH 3 and 5), reactive uptake of IEPOX to the most acidic particles (pH 1) resulted in 50% more organosulfate formation, clearer phase separation (core-shell), and more irregularly shaped morphologies, suggesting that the organic phase transitioned to semisolid or solid. This study highlights that initial aerosol acidity may govern the subsequent aerosol physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and morphology, following the multiphase chemical reactions of IEPOX. These results can be used in future studies to improve model parameterizations of SOA formation from IEPOX and its properties, toward the goal of bridging predictions and atmospheric observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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47
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Al-Mashala HH, Boone AM, Schnitzler EG. Reactive uptake of ozone to azo dyes in a coated-wall flow tube. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:973-981. [PMID: 35616932 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are the most common colorants in consumer products, including clothing and cosmetics. Some azo dyes and their products from reductive degradation are known to be mutagenic, so dermal exposure to these species has been studied extensively. In contrast, oxidative degradation of azo dyes in consumer products has not been studied so thoroughly. In the indoor environment, ozone is ubiquitous, so reactive uptake of ozone to azo dyes could lead to dermal exposure to other classes of degradation products. Here, we report the first measurements of the reactive uptake of ozone to thin films of three widely used commercial azo dyes: sunset yellow, amaranth, and tartrazine. Steady-state uptake was observed for all three dyes, under all conditions investigated, even at the lowest relative humidity (RH) of 0%. The uptake coefficients increased with RH. For sunset yellow at 100 ppb of ozone, the value at 80% RH, (2.0 ± 0.5) × 10-7, was 2.5 times greater than that at 0% RH, (8 ± 1) × 10-8, consistent with plasticization of the thin film due to absorption of water. The uptake coefficient of sunset yellow at 80% RH exhibited an inverse dependence on the ozone mixing ratio, approaching an asymptote of 1 × 10-7 above 250 ppb. At 80% RH and 100 ppb of ozone, the uptake coefficients for the three dyes were similar, (2.0 ± 0.5) × 10-7 for sunset yellow, (2.7 ± 0.6) × 10-7 for amaranth, and (3.2 ± 0.3) × 10-7 for tartrazine, despite differences in structural parameters related to the number of reactive sites at the surface. Together, these results are consistent with ozone diffusing into the thin film and the dye molecules mixing between the layers, such that reaction is not restricted to the surface of the film. Finally, the results are suggestive of a role for azo dyes, including the occurrence of their oxidation products, in indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habeeb H Al-Mashala
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Alison M Boone
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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48
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Yao M, Li Z, Li C, Xiao H, Wang S, Chan AWH, Zhao Y. Isomer-Resolved Reactivity of Organic Peroxides in Monoterpene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4882-4893. [PMID: 35357822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides play a vital role in the formation, evolution, and health impacts of atmospheric aerosols, yet their molecular composition and fate in the particle phase remain poorly understood. Here, we identified, using iodometry-assisted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, a large suite of isomer-resolved peroxide monomers (C8-10H12-18O5-8) and dimers (C15-20H22-34O5-14) in secondary organic aerosol formed from ozonolysis of the most abundant monoterpene (α-pinene). Combining aerosol isothermal evaporation experiments and multilayer kinetic modeling, bulk peroxides were found to undergo rapid particle-phase chemical transformation with an average lifetime of several hours under humid conditions, while the individual peroxides decompose on timescales of half an hour to a few days. Meanwhile, the majority of isomeric peroxides exhibit distinct particle-phase behaviors, highlighting the importance of the characterization of isomer-resolved peroxide reactivity. Furthermore, the reactivity of most peroxides increases with aerosol water content faster in a low relative humidity (RH) range than in a high RH range. Such non-uniform water effects imply a more important role of water as a plasticizer than as a reactant in influencing the peroxide reactivity. The high particle-phase reactivity of organic peroxides and its striking dependence on RH should be considered in atmospheric modeling of their fate and impacts on aerosol chemistry and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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49
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Corral Arroyo P, David G, Alpert PA, Parmentier EA, Ammann M, Signorell R. Amplification of light within aerosol particles accelerates in-particle photochemistry. Science 2022; 376:293-296. [PMID: 35420964 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical confinement (OC) structures the optical field and amplifies light intensity inside atmospheric aerosol particles, with major consequences for sunlight-driven aerosol chemistry. Although theorized, the OC-induced spatial structuring has so far defied experimental observation. Here, x-ray spectromicroscopic imaging complemented by modeling provides direct evidence for OC-induced patterning inside photoactive particles. Single iron(III)-citrate particles were probed using the iron oxidation state as a photochemical marker. Based on these results, we predict an overall acceleration of photochemical reactions by a factor of two to three for most classes of atmospheric aerosol particles. Rotation of free aerosol particles and intraparticle molecular transport generally accelerate the photochemistry. Given the prevalence of OC effects, their influence on aerosol particle photochemistry should be considered by atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Grégory David
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne A Parmentier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Solid organic-coated ammonium sulfate particles at high relative humidity in the summertime Arctic atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2104496119. [PMID: 35344428 PMCID: PMC9168484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104496119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of individual atmospheric particles determine their climate impacts. Hygroscopic inorganic salt particles mixed with trace amounts of organic material are predicted to be liquid under typical tropospheric conditions in the summertime Arctic. Yet, we unexpectedly observed a significant concentration of solid particles composed of ammonium sulfate with an organic coating under conditions of high relative humidity and low temperature. These particle properties are consistent with marine biogenic-derived new particle formation and growth, with particle collision hypothesized to result in the solid phase. This particle source is predicted to have increasing relevance in the context of declining Arctic sea ice and increasing open water, with impacts on clouds, and therefore climate. The ability of atmospheric aerosols to impact climate through water uptake and cloud formation is fundamentally determined by the size, composition, and phase (liquid, semisolid, or solid) of individual particles. Particle phase is dependent on atmospheric conditions (relative humidity and temperature) and chemical composition and, importantly, solid particles can inhibit the uptake of water and other trace gases, even under humid conditions. Particles composed primarily of ammonium sulfate are presumed to be liquid at the relative humidities (67 to 98%) and temperatures (−2 to 4 °C) of the summertime Arctic. Under these atmospheric conditions, we report the observation of solid organic-coated ammonium sulfate particles representing 30% of particles, by number, in a key size range (<0.2 µm) for cloud activation within marine air masses from the Arctic Ocean at Utqiaġvik, AK. The composition and size of the observed particles are consistent with recent Arctic modeling and observational results showing new particle formation and growth from dimethylsulfide oxidation to form sulfuric acid, reaction with ammonia, and condensation of marine biogenic sulfate and highly oxygenated organic molecules. Aqueous sulfate particles typically undergo efflorescence and solidify at relative humidities of less than 34%. Therefore, the observed solid phase is hypothesized to occur from contact efflorescence during collision of a newly formed Aitken mode sulfate particle with an organic-coated ammonium sulfate particle. With declining sea ice in the warming Arctic, this particle source is expected to increase with increasing open water and marine biogenic emissions.
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