1
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Trabelsi T, Lipson J, Francisco JS. ClSO and ClSO2 photochemistry: Implications for the Venusian atmosphere. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:044303. [PMID: 39037139 DOI: 10.1063/5.0218751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure and spectroscopy of ClSOx (x = 1 and 2) isomers were investigated using coupled cluster theory and multireference interaction methods. In this study, the equilibrium geometry and harmonic vibrational frequencies of these isomers in their ground electronic state were shown. Our analysis of the vertical excitation energy and potential energy surface showed the photochemical instability of ClSO for wavelengths below 280 nm. Furthermore, the photodissociation of ClSO was unlikely to cause the formation of diatomic ClS. At the same time, ClSO could form atomic chlorine and SO as a result of photodissociation through the repulsive states. In the case of ClSO2, a novel weakly bound Cl-SO2 isomer was identified, indicating the potential influences on the chlorine and SO2 reactions. The potential energy surface of the most stable ClSO2 isomer also indicated the potential production of SO2 in both its ground and excited states. In addition, the electronic spectrum of ClSO2 was predicted to be broad, with numerous significant peaks in the near-UV‒Vis range. Valuable new insights into the chemical role of chlorine and sulfur in Venus's atmosphere were provided, along with a discussion of a potential mechanism contributing to the H2O and SO2 depletion in Venus's atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
| | - Juliette Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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2
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Cao Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Ma Q, Li S, Liu J, Li H, Zhang P, Chen T, Wang Y, Chu B, Zhang X, Saiz-Lopez A, Francisco JS, He H. Spontaneous Molecular Bromine Production in Sea-Salt Aerosols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409779. [PMID: 38989722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bromine chemistry is responsible for the catalytic ozone destruction in the atmosphere. The heterogeneous reactions of sea-salt aerosols are the main abiotic sources of reactive bromine in the atmosphere. Here, we present a novel mechanism for the activation of bromide ions (Br-) by O2 and H2O in the absence of additional oxidants. The laboratory and theoretical calculation results demonstrated that under dark conditions, Br-, O2 and H3O+ could spontaneously generate Br and HO2 radicals through a proton-electron transfer process at the air-water interface and in the liquid phase. Our results also showed that light and acidity could significantly promote the activation of Br- and the production of Br2. The estimated gaseous Br2 production rate was up to 1.55×1010 molecules cm-2 ⋅ s-1 under light and acidic conditions; these results showed a significant contribution to the atmospheric reactive bromine budget. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during Br- activation could promote the multiphase oxidation of SO2 to produce sulfuric acid, while the increase in acidity had a positive feedback effect on Br- activation. Our findings highlight the crucial role of the proton-electron transfer process in Br2 production; here, H3O+ facilitates the activation of Br- by O2, serves as a significant source of atmospheric reactive bromine and exerts a profound impact on the atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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3
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Xavier C, de jonge RW, Jokinen T, Beck L, Sipilä M, Olenius T, Roldin P. Role of Iodine-Assisted Aerosol Particle Formation in Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7314-7324. [PMID: 38626432 PMCID: PMC11064213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
New particle formation via the ion-mediated sulfuric acid and ammonia molecular clustering mechanism remains the most widely observed and experimentally verified pathway. Recent laboratory and molecular level observations indicate iodine-driven nucleation as a potentially important source of new particles, especially in coastal areas. In this study, we assess the role of iodine species in particle formation using the best available molecular thermochemistry data and coupled to a detailed 1-d column model which is run along air mass trajectories over the Southern Ocean and the coast of Antarctica. In the air masses traversing the open ocean, ion-mediated SA-NH3 clustering appears insufficient to explain the observed particle size distribution, wherein the simulated Aitken mode is lacking. Including the iodine-assisted particle formation improves the modeled Aitken mode representation with an increase in the number of freshly formed particles. This implies that more particles survive and grow to Aitken mode sizes via condensation of gaseous precursors and heterogeneous reactions. Under certain meteorological conditions, iodine-assisted particle formation can increase cloud condensation nuclei concentrations by 20%-100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton Xavier
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | | | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate
& Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Lisa Beck
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt
am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Environmental Research Institute IVL, Malmö SE-21119, Sweden
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4
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Wang S, Li Q, Zhang R, Mahajan AS, Inamdar S, Benavent N, Zhang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Wang T, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Typhoon- and pollution-driven enhancement of reactive bromine in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae074. [PMID: 38623452 PMCID: PMC11018124 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric reactive bromine is important for atmospheric chemistry, regional air pollution, and global climate. Previous studies have reported measurements of atmospheric reactive bromine species in different environments, and proposed their main sources, e.g. sea-salt aerosol (SSA), oceanic biogenic activity, polar snow/ice, and volcanoes. Typhoons and other strong cyclonic activities (e.g. hurricanes) induce abrupt changes in different earth system processes, causing widespread destructive effects. However, the role of typhoons in regulating reactive bromine abundance and sources remains unexplored. Here, we report field observations of bromine oxide (BrO), a critical indicator of reactive bromine, on the Huaniao Island (HNI) in the East China Sea in July 2018. We observed high levels of BrO below 500 m with a daytime average of 9.7 ± 4.2 pptv and a peak value of ∼26 pptv under the influence of a typhoon. Our field measurements, supported by model simulations, suggest that the typhoon-induced drastic increase in wind speed amplifies the emission of SSA, significantly enhancing the activation of reactive bromine from SSA debromination. We also detected enhanced BrO mixing ratios under high NOx conditions (ppbv level) suggesting a potential pollution-induced mechanism of bromine release from SSA. Such elevated levels of atmospheric bromine noticeably increase ozone destruction by as much as ∼40% across the East China Sea. Considering the high frequency of cyclonic activity in the northern hemisphere, reactive bromine chemistry is expected to play a more important role than previously thought in affecting coastal air quality and atmospheric oxidation capacity. We suggest that models need to consider the hitherto overlooked typhoon- and pollution-mediated increase in reactive bromine levels when assessing the synergic effects of cyclonic activities on the earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Anoop Sharad Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swaleha Inamdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenji Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Sostenipra Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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5
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Beck IT, Lahm ME, Douberly GE, Schaefer HF. Convergent ab initio analysis of the multi-channel HOBr + H reaction. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124304. [PMID: 38516979 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
High-level potential energy surfaces for three reactions of hypobromous acid with atomic hydrogen were computed at the CCSDTQ/CBS//CCSDT(Q)/complete basis set level of theory. Focal point analysis was utilized to extrapolate energies and gradients for energetics and optimizations, respectively. The H attack at Br and subsequent Br-O cleavage were found to proceed barrierlessly. The slightly submerged transition state lies -0.2 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than the reactants and produces OH and HBr. The two other studied reaction paths are the radical substitution to produce H2O and Br with a 4.0 kcal mol-1 barrier and the abstraction at hydrogen to produce BrO and H2 with an 11.2 kcal mol-1 barrier. The final product energies lie -37.2, -67.9, and -7.3 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than reactants, HOBr + H, for the sets of products OH + HBr, H2O + Br, and H2 + BrO, respectively. Additive corrections computed for the final energetics, particularly the zero-point vibrational energies and spin-orbit corrections, significantly impacted the final stationary point energies, with corrections up to 6.2 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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6
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Fu X, Sun X, Travnikov O, Li Q, Qin C, Cuevas CA, Fernandez RP, Mahajan AS, Wang S, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Anthropogenic short-lived halogens increase human exposure to mercury contamination due to enhanced mercury oxidation over continents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315058121. [PMID: 38466839 PMCID: PMC10963006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315058121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of global concern, and an accurate understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to assess its risks to humans and ecosystem health. Atmospheric oxidation of Hg is key to the deposition of this toxic metal to the Earth's surface. Short-lived halogens (SLHs) can provide halogen radicals to directly oxidize Hg and perturb the budget of other Hg oxidants (e.g., OH and O3). In addition to known ocean emissions of halogens, recent observational evidence has revealed abundant anthropogenic emissions of SLHs over continental areas. However, the impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions on the atmospheric fate of Hg and human exposure to Hg contamination remain unknown. Here, we show that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs substantially increased local Hg oxidation and, consequently, deposition in/near Hg continental source regions by up to 20%, thereby decreasing Hg export from source regions to clean environments. Our modeling results indicated that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs can lead to higher Hg exposure in/near Hg source regions than estimated in previous assessments, e.g., with increases of 8.7% and 7.5% in China and India, respectively, consequently leading to higher Hg-related human health risks. These results highlight the urgent need for policymakers to reduce local Hg and SLHs emissions. We conclude that the substantial impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions should be included in model assessments of the Hg budget and associated health risks at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xianyi Sun
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Oleg Travnikov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana1000, Slovenia
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Chuang Qin
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, MendozaM5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Anoop S. Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pashan, Pune411008, India
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid28006, Spain
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7
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Chen H, Liu P, Wang Q, Huang R, Sarwar G. Impact and pathway of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in coastal city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta region in China. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 15:10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979. [PMID: 39026942 PMCID: PMC11254322 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl radical (OH), hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), ozone (O3), and nitrate radical (NO3)) in the troposphere and subsequently affecting air quality. However, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in coastal areas in China is poorly characterized. In this study, we use the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality) model with full halogen chemistry and process analysis to assess the influences and pathways of halogens on atmospheric oxidants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, a typical coastal city cluster in China. Halogens cause the annual OH radical increase by up to 16.4% and NO3 decrease by up to 45.3%. O3 increases by 2.0% in the YRD but decreases by 3.3% in marine environment. Halogen induced changes in atmospheric oxidants lead to a general increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity by 5.1% (maximum 48.4%). The production rate of OH (POH) in the YRD is enhanced by anthropogenic chlorine through both increased HO2 pathway and hypohalous acid photolysis pathway, while POH over ocean is enhanced by oceanic halogens through converting HO2 into hypohalous acid. Anthropogenic chlorine enhances both O3 and NO3 production (PNO3) rates through influencing their precursors while oceanic halogens reduce PNO3 and directly destroy ozone. Iodine contributed most (on average of 91% in oceanic halogens) in reducing production rates of oxidants. Thus, halogen emissions and potential effects of halogens on air quality need to be considered in air quality policies and regulations in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - RuiZhu Huang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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8
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Mandal I, Karimova NV, Zakai I, Gerber RB. Formation of Chlorine in the Atmosphere by Reaction of Hypochlorous Acid with Seawater. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:432-438. [PMID: 38189241 PMCID: PMC11139381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The highly reactive dihalogens play a significant role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere. One of the main reservoirs of these halogens is hypohalous acids, HOX, which produce dihalogens in the presence of halides (Y-), where X, Y = Cl, Br, I. These reactions occur in and on aerosol particles and seawater surfaces and have been studied experimentally and by field observations. However, the mechanisms of these atmospheric reactions are still unknown. Here, we establish the atomistic mechanism of HOCl + Cl- → Cl2 + OH- at the surface of the water slab by performing ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Main findings are (1) This reaction proceeds by halogen-bonded complexes of (HOCl)···(Cl-)aq surrounded with the neighboring water molecules. (2) The halogen bonded (HOCl)···(Cl-)aq complexes undergo charge transfer from Cl- to OH- to form transient Cl2 at neutral pH. (3) The addition of a proton to one proximal water greatly facilitates the Cl2 formation, which explains the enhanced rate at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imon Mandal
- The
Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Natalia V. Karimova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Itai Zakai
- The
Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- The
Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Celli G, Cairns WRL, Scarchilli C, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A, Savarino J, Stenni B, Frezzotti M, Becagli S, Delmonte B, Angot H, Fernandez RP, Spolaor A. Bromine, iodine and sodium along the EAIIST traverse: Bulk and surface snow latitudinal variability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117344. [PMID: 37821067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
During the East Antarctic International Ice Sheet Traverse (Eaiist, december 2019), in an unexplored part of the East Antarctic Plateau, snow samples were collected to expand our knowledge of the latitudinal variability of iodine, bromine and sodium as well as their relation in connection with emission processes and photochemical activation in this unexplored area. A total of 32 surface (0-5 cm) and 32 bulk (average of 1 m depth) samples were taken and analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results show that there is no relevant latitudinal trend for bromine and sodium. For bromine they also show that it has no significant post-depositional mechanisms while its inland surface snow concentration is influenced by spring coastal bromine explosions. Iodine concentrations are several orders of magnitude lower than bromine and sodium and they show a decreasing trend in the surface samples concentration moving southward. This suggests that other processes affect its accumulation in surface snow, probably related to the radial reduction in the ozone layer moving towards central Antarctica. Even though all iodine, bromine and sodium present similar long-range transport from the dominant coastal Antarctic sources, the annual seasonal cycle of the ozone hole over Antarctica increases the amount of UV radiation (in the 280-320 nm range) reaching the surface, thereby affecting the surface snow photoactivation of iodine. A comparison between the bulk and surface samples supports the conclusion that iodine undergoes spring and summer snow recycling that increases its atmospheric lifetime, while it tends to accumulate during the winter months when photochemistry ceases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Celli
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - W R L Cairns
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - C Scarchilli
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Largo S. Leonardo Murialdo, 1, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - C A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Savarino
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - B Stenni
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | | | - S Becagli
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - B Delmonte
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - H Angot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - R P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, National Research Council (ICB-CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, 5501, Argentina
| | - A Spolaor
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy; CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 155 Via Torino, 30172, Venice, Mestre, Italy.
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10
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Moreno J, Ramos AM, Raposeiro PM, Santos RN, Rodrigues T, Naughton F, Moreno F, Trigo RM, Ibañez-Insa J, Ludwig P, Shi X, Hernández A. Identifying imprints of externally derived dust and halogens in the sedimentary record of an Iberian alpine lake for the past ∼13,500 years - Lake Peixão, Serra da Estrela (Central Portugal). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166179. [PMID: 37572895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Iberian lacustrine sediments are a valuable archive to document environmental changes since the last glacial termination, seen as key for anticipating future climate/environmental changes and their far-reaching implications for generations to come. Herein, multi-proxy-based indicators of a mountain lake record from Serra da Estrela were used to reconstruct atmospheric (in)fluxes and associated climatic/environmental changes over the last ∼13.5 ka. Depositions of long-range transported dust (likely from the Sahara) and halogens (primarily derived from seawater) were higher for the pre-Holocene, particularly in the late Bølling-Allerød-Younger Dryas period, compared to the Holocene. This synchronous increase could be related to a recognized dust-laden atmosphere, along with the combined effect of (i) an earlier proposed effective transport of Sahara dust for higher latitudes during cold periods and (ii) the progressive Polar Front expansion southwards, with the amplification of halogen activation reactions in lower latitudes due to greater closeness to snow/sea ice (halide-laden) surfaces. Additionally, the orographic blocking of Serra da Estrela may have played a critical role in increasing precipitation of Atlantic origin at higher altitudes, with the presence of snow prompting physical and chemical processes involving halogen species. In the Late Holocene, the dust proxy records highlighted two periods of enhanced input to Lake Peixão, the first (∼3.5-2.7 ka BP) after the end of the last African Humid Period and the second, from the 19th century onwards, agreeing with the advent of commercial agriculture, and human contribution to land degradation and dust emission in the Sahara/Sahel region. The oceanic imprints throughout the Holocene matched well with North Atlantic rapid climatic changes that, in turn, coincided with ice-rafted debris or Bond events and other records of increased storminess for the European coasts. Positive parallel peaks in halogens were found in recent times, probably connected to fire extinction by halogenated alkanes and roadway de-icing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moreno
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A M Ramos
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P M Raposeiro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - R N Santos
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Rodrigues
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Estrada da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - F Naughton
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua C do Aeroporto, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Estrada da Penha, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - F Moreno
- Independent Researcher, Caminho da Portela, n. ° 97, Cascalha, 4940-061 Bico PCR, Portugal
| | - R M Trigo
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-919, Brazil
| | - J Ibañez-Insa
- Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN-CSIC), Lluís Solé i Sabarís s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Ludwig
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - X Shi
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), China
| | - A Hernández
- Universidade da Coruña, GRICA Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA), Rúa As Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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11
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Jorga SD, Liu T, Wang Y, Hassan S, Huynh H, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics of hypochlorous acid reactions with organic and chloride-containing tropospheric aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1645-1656. [PMID: 37721367 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays an important role in tropospheric oxidation processes, in both marine and continental environments. Although modeling studies have explored the importance of halogen chemistry, uncertainty remains in associated chemical mechanisms and fundamental kinetics parameters. Prior kinetics measurements of multiphase halogen recycling reactions have been largely performed with dilute, bulk solutions, leaving unexplored more realistic chemical systems which have high solute concentrations and are internally mixed with both halide and organic components. Here, we address the multiphase kinetics of gaseous HOCl using an aerosol flow tube and aerosol mass spectrometer to study its reactions with particulate chloride, using atmospherically relevant particle acidity, solute concentrations, and ionic strength. We also investigate the chemistry that results when biomass burning (BB) aerosol components and chloride are internally mixed. Using pH-buffered deliquesced particles, we show that the rate constant for reaction of dissolved HOCl with H+ and Cl- at high relative humidity (RH) (80-85%) is within a factor of two of the literature value for bulk phase conditions. However, at lower RH values (60-70%) where the particles are considerably more concentrated, the rate constant for chloride loss from the particles is an order of magnitude higher. For pure organic compounds commonly found in biomass burning (BB) aerosol, such as coniferaldehyde, salicylic acid and furfural, an increase in the aerosol chlorine content occurs with HOCl exposure, indicating the formation of organochlorine species. Together, these independent findings explain results for internally mixed aerosol particles with both chloride and BB components present where we observed behavior consistent with both chloride loss and organochlorine formation occurring simultaneously upon HOCl exposure. Our results indicate that chlorine recycling via HOCl uptake by chloride-containing particles will occur in the atmosphere efficiently over a wide range of RH conditions, even when reactive organic compounds are present in the same particles as chloride. Simultaneously, formation of organochlorine compounds, which are commonly toxic, is likely occurring when reactive organic components are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro D Jorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Sumaiya Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Han Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H6, ON, Canada.
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12
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Masoud C, Modi M, Bhattacharyya N, Jahn LG, McPherson KN, Abue P, Patel K, Allen DT, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. High Chlorine Concentrations in an Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Region and Impacts on Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15454-15464. [PMID: 37783466 PMCID: PMC10586373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth in unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD) in the United States has increased airborne emissions, raising environmental and human health concerns. To assess the potential impacts on air quality, we deployed instrumentation in Karnes City, Texas, a rural area in the middle of the Eagle Ford Shale. We measured several episodes of elevated Cl2 levels, reaching maximum hourly averages of 800 ppt, the highest inland Cl2 concentration reported to date. Concentrations peak during the day, suggesting a strong local source (given the short photolysis lifetime of Cl2) and/or a photoinitiated production mechanism. Well preproduction activity near the measurement site is a plausible source of these high Cl2 levels via direct emission and photoactive chemistry. ClNO2 is also observed, but it peaks overnight, consistent with well-known nocturnal formation processes. Observations of organochlorines in the gas and particle phases reflect the contribution of chlorine chemistry to the formation of secondary pollutants in the area. Box modeling results suggest that the formation of ozone at this location is influenced by chlorine chemistry. These results suggest that UOGD can be an important source of reactive chlorine in the atmosphere, impacting radical budgets and the formation of secondary pollutants in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine
G. Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nirvan Bhattacharyya
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Leif G. Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kristi N. McPherson
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pearl Abue
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kanan Patel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David T. Allen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Li Q, Meidan D, Hess P, Añel JA, Cuevas CA, Doney S, Fernandez RP, van Herpen M, Höglund-Isaksson L, Johnson MS, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Röckmann T, Mahowald NM, Saiz-Lopez A. Global environmental implications of atmospheric methane removal through chlorine-mediated chemistry-climate interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4045. [PMID: 37422475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric methane is both a potent greenhouse gas and photochemically active, with approximately equal anthropogenic and natural sources. The addition of chlorine to the atmosphere has been proposed to mitigate global warming through methane reduction by increasing its chemical loss. However, the potential environmental impacts of such climate mitigation remain unexplored. Here, sensitivity studies are conducted to evaluate the possible effects of increasing reactive chlorine emissions on the methane budget, atmospheric composition and radiative forcing. Because of non-linear chemistry, in order to achieve a reduction in methane burden (instead of an increase), the chlorine atom burden needs to be a minimum of three times the estimated present-day burden. If the methane removal target is set to 20%, 45%, or 70% less global methane by 2050 compared to the levels in the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario (RCP8.5), our modeling results suggest that additional chlorine fluxes of 630, 1250, and 1880 Tg Cl/year, respectively, are needed. The results show that increasing chlorine emissions also induces significant changes in other important climate forcers. Remarkably, the tropospheric ozone decrease is large enough that the magnitude of radiative forcing decrease is similar to that of methane. Adding 630, 1250, and 1880 Tg Cl/year to the RCP8.5 scenario, chosen to have the most consistent current-day trends of methane, will decrease the surface temperature by 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 °C by 2050, respectively. The quantity and method in which the chlorine is added, its interactions with climate pathways, and the potential environmental impacts on air quality and ocean acidity, must be carefully considered before any action is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter Hess
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan A Añel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- EPhysLab, CIM-Uvigo, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Scott Doney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Maarten van Herpen
- Acacia Impact Innovation BV, Acacialaan 9, 5384 BB, Heesch, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- Pollution Management group (PM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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14
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Saiz-Lopez A, Fernandez RP, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fu X, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S, Mahajan AS, Gómez Martín JC, Iglesias-Suarez F, Hossaini R, Plane JMC, Myhre G, Lamarque JF. Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate. Nature 2023; 618:967-973. [PMID: 37380694 PMCID: PMC10307623 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere1-3. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times4-6, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere7,8. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth's radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (-0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (-0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by -0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18-31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth's climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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15
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Tham YJ, Sarnela N, Iyer S, Li Q, Angot H, Quéléver LLJ, Beck I, Laurila T, Beck LJ, Boyer M, Carmona-García J, Borrego-Sánchez A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Peräkylä O, Thakur RC, He XC, Zha Q, Howard D, Blomquist B, Archer SD, Bariteau L, Posman K, Hueber J, Helmig D, Jacobi HW, Junninen H, Kulmala M, Mahajan AS, Massling A, Skov H, Sipilä M, Francisco JS, Schmale J, Jokinen T, Saiz-Lopez A. Widespread detection of chlorine oxyacids in the Arctic atmosphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1769. [PMID: 36997509 PMCID: PMC10063661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine radicals are strong atmospheric oxidants known to play an important role in the depletion of surface ozone and the degradation of methane in the Arctic troposphere. Initial oxidation processes of chlorine produce chlorine oxides, and it has been speculated that the final oxidation steps lead to the formation of chloric (HClO3) and perchloric (HClO4) acids, although these two species have not been detected in the atmosphere. Here, we present atmospheric observations of gas-phase HClO3 and HClO4. Significant levels of HClO3 were observed during springtime at Greenland (Villum Research Station), Ny-Ålesund research station and over the central Arctic Ocean, on-board research vessel Polarstern during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign, with estimated concentrations up to 7 × 106 molecule cm-3. The increase in HClO3, concomitantly with that in HClO4, was linked to the increase in bromine levels. These observations indicated that bromine chemistry enhances the formation of OClO, which is subsequently oxidized into HClO3 and HClO4 by hydroxyl radicals. HClO3 and HClO4 are not photoactive and therefore their loss through heterogeneous uptake on aerosol and snow surfaces can function as a previously missing atmospheric sink for reactive chlorine, thereby reducing the chlorine-driven oxidation capacity in the Arctic boundary layer. Our study reveals additional chlorine species in the atmosphere, providing further insights into atmospheric chlorine cycling in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Jun Tham
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, FI-3720, Finland
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hélène Angot
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivo Beck
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Laurila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lisa J Beck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew Boyer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València, 46071, Spain
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Av. de las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, València, 46071, Spain
| | - Otso Peräkylä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roseline C Thakur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dean Howard
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Byron Blomquist
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Stephen D Archer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA
| | - Ludovic Bariteau
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Kevin Posman
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA
| | - Jacques Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- JH Atmospheric Instrumentation Design, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Boulder Atmosphere Innovation Research LLC, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hans-Werner Jacobi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Laboratory of Environmental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), the Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia, CY-1645, Cyprus.
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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16
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Womack CC, Chace WS, Wang S, Baasandorj M, Fibiger DL, Franchin A, Goldberger L, Harkins C, Jo DS, Lee BH, Lin JC, McDonald BC, McDuffie EE, Middlebrook AM, Moravek A, Murphy JG, Neuman JA, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Brown SS. Midlatitude Ozone Depletion and Air Quality Impacts from Industrial Halogen Emissions in the Great Salt Lake Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1870-1881. [PMID: 36695819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report aircraft observations of extreme levels of HCl and the dihalogens Cl2, Br2, and BrCl in an industrial plume near the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Complete depletion of O3 was observed concurrently with halogen enhancements as a direct result of photochemically produced halogen radicals. Observed fluxes for Cl2, HCl, and NOx agreed with facility-reported emissions inventories. Bromine emissions are not required to be reported in the inventory, but are estimated as 173 Mg year-1 Br2 and 949 Mg year-1 BrCl, representing a major uncounted oxidant source. A zero-dimensional photochemical box model reproduced the observed O3 depletions and demonstrated that bromine radical cycling was principally responsible for the rapid O3 depletion. Inclusion of observed halogen emissions in both the box model and a 3D chemical model showed significant increases in oxidants and particulate matter (PM2.5) in the populated regions of the Great Salt Lake Basin, where winter PM2.5 is among the most severe air quality issues in the U.S. The model shows regional PM2.5 increases of 10%-25% attributable to this single industrial halogen source, demonstrating the impact of underreported industrial bromine emissions on oxidation sources and air quality within a major urban area of the western U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Wyndom S Chace
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts01267, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Munkhbayar Baasandorj
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Dorothy L Fibiger
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Lexie Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Duseong S Jo
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado80307, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - John C Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Alexander Moravek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A1, Canada
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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17
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Liu X. The intermolecular interactions of ammonia with chlorine and bromine oxides: a theoretical study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Ammann M, Artiglia L. Solvation, Surface Propensity, and Chemical Reactions of Solutes at Atmospheric Liquid-Vapor Interfaces. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3641-3651. [PMID: 36472357 PMCID: PMC9774673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
surface is covered by oceans, a large number of liquid aerosol particles fill the air, and clouds hold a tiny but critical fraction of Earth's water in the air to influence our climate and hydrology, enabling the lives of humans and ecosystems. The surfaces of these liquids provide the interface for the transfer of gases, for nucleation processes, and for catalyzing important chemical reactions. Coupling a range of spectroscopic tools to liquid microjets has become an important approach to better understanding dynamics, structure, and chemistry at liquid interfaces. Liquid microjets offer stability in vacuum and ambient pressure environments, thus also allowing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with manageable efforts in terms of differential pumping. Liquid microjets are operated at speeds sufficient to allow for a locally equilibrated surface in terms of water dynamics and solute surface partitioning. XPS is based on the emission of core-level electrons, the binding energy of which is selective for the element and its chemical environment. Inelastic scattering of electrons establishes the probing depth of XPS in the nanometer range and thus its surface sensitivity.In this Account, we focus on aqueous solutions relevant to the surface of oceans, aqueous aerosols, or cloudwater. We are interested in understanding solvation and acid dissociation at the interface, interfacial aspects of reactions with gas-phase reactants, and the interplay of ions with organic molecules at the interface. The strategy is to obtain a link between the molecular-level picture and macroscopic properties and reactivity in the atmospheric context.We show consistency between surface tension and XPS for a range of surface-active organic species as an important proof for interrogating an equilibrated liquid surface. Measurements with organic acids and amines offer important insight into the question of apparent acidity or basicity at the interface. Liquid microjet XPS has settled the debate of the surface enhancement of halide ions, shown using the example of bromide and its oxidation products. Despite the absence of a strong enhancement for the bromide ion, its rate of oxidation by ozone is surface catalyzed through the stabilization of the bromide ozonide intermediate at the interface. In another reaction system, the one between Fe2+ and H2O2, a similar intermediate in the form of highly valent iron species could not be detected by XPS under the experimental conditions employed, shedding light on the abundance of this intermediate in the environment but also on the constraints within which surface species can be detected. Emphasizing the importance of electrostatic effects, we show how a cationic surfactant attracts charged bromide anions to the interface, accompanied by enhanced oxidation rates by ozone, overriding the role of surfactants as a barrier for the access of gas-phase reactants. The reactivity and structure at interfaces thus result from a subtle balance between hygroscopic and hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic effects, and the structural properties of both liquids and solutes.
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19
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Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85742-85760. [PMID: 35091954 PMCID: PMC8799444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated disinfectants are widely used in hospitals, COVID-19 quarantine facilities, households, institutes, and public areas to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus as they are effective against viruses on various surfaces. Medical facilities have enhanced their routine disinfection of indoors, premises, and in-house sewage. Besides questioning the efficiency of these compounds in combating coronavirus, the impacts of these excessive disinfection efforts have not been discussed anywhere. The impacts of chlorine-based disinfectants on both environment and human health are reviewed in this paper. Chlorine in molecular and in compound forms is known to pose many health hazards. Hypochlorite addition to soil can increase chlorine/chloride concentration, which can be fatal to plant species if exposed. When chlorine compounds reach the sewer/drainage system and are exposed to aqueous media such as wastewater, many disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed depending on the concentrations of natural organic matter, inorganics, and anthropogenic pollutants present. Chlorination of hospital wastewater can also produce toxic drug-derived disinfection by-products. Many DBPs are carcinogenic to humans, and some of them are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. DBPs can be harmful to the flora and fauna of the receiving water body and may have adverse effects on microorganisms and plankton present in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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20
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Castro PJ, Kellö V, Cernušák I, Dibble TS. Together, Not Separately, OH and O 3 Oxidize Hg (0) to Hg (II) in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8266-8279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Castro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York13210, United States
| | - Vladimir Kellö
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Cernušák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Theodore S. Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York13210, United States
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21
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Sea ice fluctuations in the Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea during glacial abrupt climate changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203468119. [PMID: 36279448 PMCID: PMC9636944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203468119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea ice decline in the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas has been proposed to contribute to the repeated abrupt atmospheric warmings recorded in Greenland ice cores during the last glacial period, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events. However, the understanding of how sea ice changes were coupled with abrupt climate changes during D-O events has remained incomplete due to a lack of suitable high-resolution sea ice proxy records from northwestern North Atlantic regions. Here, we present a subdecadal-scale bromine enrichment (Br
enr
) record from the NEEM ice core (Northwest Greenland) and sediment core biomarker records to reconstruct the variability of seasonal sea ice in the Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea over a suite of D-O events between 34 and 42 ka. Our results reveal repeated shifts between stable, multiyear sea ice (MYSI) conditions during cold stadials and unstable, seasonal sea ice conditions during warmer interstadials. The shift from stadial to interstadial sea ice conditions occurred rapidly and synchronously with the atmospheric warming over Greenland, while the amplitude of high-frequency sea ice fluctuations increased through interstadials. Our findings suggest that the rapid replacement of widespread MYSI with seasonal sea ice amplified the abrupt climate warming over the course of D-O events and highlight the role of feedbacks associated with late-interstadial seasonal sea ice expansion in driving the North Atlantic ocean–climate system back to stadial conditions.
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22
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Kim B, Do H, Kim BM, Lee JH, Kim S, Kim EJ, Lee J, Cho SM, Kim K. Freezing-enhanced oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of antifreeze proteins from the Arctic yeast Leucosporidium sp.AY30. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113233. [PMID: 35390302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs), originating from Arctic or Antarctic microorganisms, have freeze-inhibiting characteristics, allowing these organisms to survive in polar regions. Despite their significance in polar environments, the mechanism through which IBPs affect the chemical reactions in ice by controlling ice crystal formation has not yet been reported. In this study, a new mechanism for iodide (I-) activation into triiodide (I3-), which is the abundant iodine species in seawater, by using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a frozen solution with IBPs was developed. A significant enhancement of I- activation into I3- was observed in the presence of Arctic-yeast-originating extracellular ice-binding glycoprotein (LeIBP) isolated from Leucosporidium sp. AY30, and a further increase in the I3- concentration was observed with the introduction of H2O2 to the frozen solution (25 times higher than in the aqueous solution after 24 h of reaction). The reaction in the ice increased with an increase in LeIBP concentration. The in-situ pH measurement in ice using cresol red (CR) revealed protons accumulated in the ice grain boundaries by LeIBP. However, the presence of LeIBP did not influence the acidity of the ice. The enhanced freeze concentration effect of H2O2 by LeIBP indicated that larger ice granules were formed in the presence of LeIBP. The results suggest that LeIBP affects the formation and morphology of ice granules, which reduces the total volume of ice boundaries throughout the ice. This leads to an increased local concentration of I- and H2O2 within the ice grain boundaries. IBP-assisted production of gaseous iodine in a frozen environment provides a previously unrecognized formation mechanism of active iodine species in the polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hackwon Do
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Mi Cho
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Wang DS, Masoud CG, Modi M, Hildebrandt Ruiz L. Isoprene-Chlorine Oxidation in the Presence of NO x and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9251-9264. [PMID: 35700480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a key indicator of urban air quality. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributes substantially to the PM2.5 concentration. Discrepancies between modeling and field measurements of SOA indicate missing sources and formation mechanisms. Recent studies report elevated concentrations of reactive chlorine species in inland and urban regions, which increase the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and serve as sources for SOA and particulate chlorides. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon, is known to produce SOA under pristine conditions, but the effects of anthropogenic influences in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain unexplored. Here, we investigate chlorine-isoprene reactions under low- and high-NOx conditions inside an environmental chamber. Organic chlorides including C5H11ClO3, C5H9ClO3, and C5H9ClO4 are observed as major gas- and particle-phase products. Modeling and experimental results show that the secondary OH-isoprene chemistry is significantly enhanced under high-NOx conditions, accounting for up to 40% of all isoprene oxidized and leading to the suppression of organic chloride formation. Chlorine-initiated oxidation of isoprene could serve as a source for multifunctional (chlorinated) organic oxidation products and SOA in both pristine and anthropogenically influenced environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mrinali Modi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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24
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Grote M, Boudenne JL, Croué JP, Escher BI, von Gunten U, Hahn J, Höfer T, Jenner H, Jiang J, Karanfil T, Khalanski M, Kim D, Linders J, Manasfi T, Polman H, Quack B, Tegtmeier S, Werschkun B, Zhang X, Ziegler G. Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118383. [PMID: 35460978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470-800 × 109 m3, 46 × 109 m3 and 3.5 × 109 m3, respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5-21.8 × 106 kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8-20.1 × 106 kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 106 kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 106 kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2-6% of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385-870 × 106 kg/a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grote
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods and Chemical Exposure, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86000, France
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Hahn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | | | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | | | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Jan Linders
- Member of GESAMP, GESAMP-BWWG, Retired, Formerly RIVM, De Waag 24, Amersfoort 3823 GE, the Netherland
| | - Tarek Manasfi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Harry Polman
- H20 Biofouling Solutions, Bemmel, the Netherland
| | - Birgit Quack
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Tegtmeier
- Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Barbara Werschkun
- Wissenschaftsbüro Dr. Barbara Werschkun, Monumentenstraße31a, Berlin D-10829, Germany
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Li Q, Fernandez RP, Hossaini R, Iglesias-Suarez F, Cuevas CA, Apel EC, Kinnison DE, Lamarque JF, Saiz-Lopez A. Reactive halogens increase the global methane lifetime and radiative forcing in the 21st century. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2768. [PMID: 35589794 PMCID: PMC9120080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CH4 is the most abundant reactive greenhouse gas and a complete understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to formulate mitigation policies. Current chemistry-climate models tend to underestimate the lifetime of CH4, suggesting uncertainties in its sources and sinks. Reactive halogens substantially perturb the budget of tropospheric OH, the main CH4 loss. However, such an effect of atmospheric halogens is not considered in existing climate projections of CH4 burden and radiative forcing. Here, we demonstrate that reactive halogen chemistry increases the global CH4 lifetime by 6-9% during the 21st century. This effect arises from significant halogen-mediated decrease, mainly by iodine and bromine, in OH-driven CH4 loss that surpasses the direct Cl-induced CH4 sink. This increase in CH4 lifetime helps to reduce the gap between models and observations and results in a greater burden and radiative forcing during this century. The increase in CH4 burden due to halogens (up to 700 Tg or 8% by 2100) is equivalent to the observed atmospheric CH4 growth during the last three to four decades. Notably, the halogen-driven enhancement in CH4 radiative forcing is 0.05 W/m2 at present and is projected to increase in the future (0.06 W/m2 by 2100); such enhancement equals ~10% of present-day CH4 radiative forcing and one-third of N2O radiative forcing, the third-largest well-mixed greenhouse gas. Both direct (Cl-driven) and indirect (via OH) impacts of halogens should be included in future CH4 projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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26
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Meidan D, Brown SS, Sinha V, Rudich Y. Nocturnal Atmospheric Oxidative Processes in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Their Variation During the COVID-19 Lockdowns. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097472. [PMID: 35601504 PMCID: PMC9111199 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates selected secondary atmospheric responses to the widely reported emission change attributed to COVID-19 lockdowns in the highly polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) using ground-based measurements of trace gases and particulate matter. We used a chemical box-model to show that production of nighttime oxidant, NO3, was affected mainly by emission decrease (average nighttime production rates 1.2, 0.8 and 1.5 ppbv hr-1 before, during and relaxation of lockdown restrictions, respectively), while NO3 sinks were sensitive to both emission reduction and seasonal variations. We have also shown that the maximum potential mixing ratio of nitryl chloride, a photolytic chlorine radical source which has not been previously considered in the IGP, is as high as 5.5 ppbv at this inland site, resulting from strong nitrate radical production and a potentially large particulate chloride mass. This analysis suggests that air quality measurement campaigns and modeling explicitly consider heterogeneous nitrogen oxide and halogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - S. S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - V. Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliMohaliIndia
| | - Y. Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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27
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Jang E, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Kim K, Gim Y, Chung HY, Lee K, Choi J, Park J, Park SJ, Koo JH, Fernandez RP, Saiz-Lopez A. First-year sea ice leads to an increase in dimethyl sulfide-induced particle formation in the Antarctic Peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150002. [PMID: 34482143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) produced by marine algae represents the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS is a key process affecting new particle formation that contributes to the radiative forcing of the Earth. In this study, atmospheric DMS and its major oxidation products (methanesulfonic acid, MSA; non-sea-salt sulfate, nss-SO42-) and particle size distributions were measured at King Sejong station located in the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral spring-summer period in 2018-2020. The observatory was surrounded by open ocean and first-year and multi-year sea ice. Importantly, oceanic emissions and atmospheric oxidation of DMS showed distinct differences depending on source regions. A high mixing ratio of atmospheric DMS was observed when air masses were influenced by the open ocean and first-year sea ice due to the abundance of DMS producers such as pelagic phaeocystis and ice algae. However, the concentrations of MSA and nss-SO42- were distinctively increased for air masses originating from first-year sea ice as compared to those originating from the open ocean and multi-year sea ice, suggesting additional influences from the source regions of atmospheric oxidants. Heterogeneous chemical processes that actively occur over first-year sea ice tend to accelerate the release of bromine monoxide (BrO), which is the most efficient DMS oxidant in Antarctica. Model-estimates for surface BrO confirmed that high BrO mixing ratios were closely associated with first-year sea ice, thus enhancing DMS oxidation. Consequently, the concentration of newly formed particles originated from first-year sea ice, which was a strong source area for both DMS and BrO was greater than from open ocean (high DMS but low BrO). These results indicate that first-year sea ice plays an important yet overlooked role in DMS-induced new particle formation in polar environments, where warming-induced sea ice changes are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | | | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeontae Gim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Li Q, Fu X, Peng X, Wang W, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Mu Y, Chen J, Jimenez JL, Wang T, Saiz-Lopez A. Halogens Enhance Haze Pollution in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13625-13637. [PMID: 34591460 PMCID: PMC8529710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe and persistent haze events in northern China, characterized by high loading of fine aerosol especially of secondary origin, negatively impact human health and the welfare of ecosystems. However, current knowledge cannot fully explain the formation of this haze pollution. Despite field observations of elevated levels of reactive halogen species (e.g., BrCl, ClNO2, Cl2, HBr) at several sites in China, the influence of halogens (particularly bromine) on haze pollution is largely unknown. Here, for the first time, we compile an emission inventory of anthropogenic bromine and quantify the collective impact of halogens on haze pollution in northern China. We utilize a regional model (WRF-Chem), revised to incorporate updated halogen chemistry and anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions and validated by measurements of atmospheric pollutants and halogens, to show that halogens enhance the loading of fine aerosol in northern China (on average by 21%) and especially its secondary components (∼130% for secondary organic aerosol and ∼20% for sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosols). Such a significant increase is attributed to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidants (OH, HO2, O3, NO3, Cl, and Br) by halogen chemistry, with a significant contribution from previously unconsidered bromine. These results show that higher recognition of the impact of anthropogenic halogens shall be given in haze pollution research and air quality regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute
of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate
School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Institute
of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Institute
for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of
Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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29
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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30
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Jahn LG, Wang DS, Dhulipala SV, Ruiz LH. Gas-Phase Chlorine Radical Oxidation of Alkanes: Effects of Structural Branching, NO x, and Relative Humidity Observed during Environmental Chamber Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7303-7317. [PMID: 34383508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine-initiated oxidation of alkanes has been shown to rapidly form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at higher yields than OH-alkane reactions. However, the effects of alkane volatile organic compound precursor structure and the reasons for the differences in SOA yield from OH-alkane reactions remain unclear. In this work, we investigated the effects of alkane molecular structure on oxidation by chlorine radical (Cl) and resulting formation of SOA through a series of laboratory chamber experiments, utilizing data from an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Experiments were conducted with linear, branched, and branched cyclic C10 alkane precursors under different NOx and RH conditions. Observed product fragmentation patterns during the oxidation of branched alkanes demonstrate the abstraction of primary hydrogens by Cl, confirming a key difference between OH- and Cl-initiated oxidation of alkanes and providing a possible explanation for higher SOA production from Cl-initiated oxidation. Low-NOx conditions led to higher SOA production. SOA formed from butylcyclohexane under low NOx conditions contained higher fractions of organic acids and lower volatility molecules that were less prone to oligomerization relative to decane SOA. Branched alkanes produced less SOA, and branched cycloalkanes produced more SOA than linear n-alkanes, consistent with past work on OH-initiated reactions. Overall, our work provides insights into the differences between Cl- and OH-initiated oxidation of alkanes of different structures and the potential significance of Cl as an atmospheric oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif G Jahn
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States.,Now at Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Surya Venkatesh Dhulipala
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States.,Now at Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 Texas, United States
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31
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Liu J, Liang D, Liu L, Ning A, Zhang X. Catalytic sulfate formation mechanism influenced by important constituents of cloud water via the reaction of SO 2 oxidized by hypobromic acid in marine areas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15935-15949. [PMID: 34296723 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive investigations of the possible formation pathways of sulfate, the main composition of atmospheric aerosol in marine areas, continue to challenge atmospheric chemists. As one of the most important oxidation routes of S(iv) contributing to sulfate formation, the reaction process of S(iv) oxidized by hypobromic acid, which is ubiquitous with the gas-phase mixing ratios of ∼310 ppt and has a well-known oxidative capacity, has attracted wide attention. However, little information is available about the detailed reaction mechanism. Especially, due to the abundant species in cloud water, the potential effect of these compositions on these reaction processes and the corresponding effect mechanism are also uncertain. Using high-level quantum chemical calculations, we theoretically elucidate the two-step mechanism of Br+ transfer proposed by experiment through the verification of the key BrSO3- intermediate formation and subsequent hydrolysis reaction or the uncovered reaction of BrSO3- intermediate with OH-. Further, the novel and more competitive mechanisms (OH+ or O atom transfer pathways) that have not been considered in previous studies, leading to sulfate formation directly, have been found. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that we revealed the effect mechanism of constituents catalyzed in cloud water, especially the important H2O-catalyzed mechanism. In addition, all the above pathways follow this catalytic mechanism. This finding indicates a linkage between the complex nature of the atmospheric constituents and related atmospheric reaction, as well as the enhanced occurrence of atmospheric secondary sulfate formation in the atmosphere. Hence, this exploration of sulfate formation related to hypobromic acid could provide a better understanding about the sources of sulfate in marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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32
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Abstract
Recycling of reactive iodine from heterogeneous processes on sea-salt aerosol was hypothesized over two decades ago to play an important role in the atmospheric cleansing capacity. However, the understanding of this mechanism has been limited to laboratory studies and has not been confirmed in the atmosphere until now. We present atmospheric measurement of gas-phase iodine interhalogen species and show that their production via heterogeneous processing on marine aerosols is remarkably fast. These observations reveal that the atmospheric recycling of atomic iodine through photolysis of iodine interhalogen species is more efficient than previously thought, which is ultimately expected to lead to higher ozone loss and faster new particle formation in the marine environment. Reactive iodine plays a key role in determining the oxidation capacity, or cleansing capacity, of the atmosphere in addition to being implicated in the formation of new particles in the marine boundary layer. The postulation that heterogeneous cycling of reactive iodine on aerosols may significantly influence the lifetime of ozone in the troposphere not only remains poorly understood but also heretofore has never been observed or quantified in the field. Here, we report direct ambient observations of hypoiodous acid (HOI) and heterogeneous recycling of interhalogen product species (i.e., iodine monochloride [ICl] and iodine monobromide [IBr]) in a midlatitude coastal environment. Significant levels of ICl and IBr with mean daily maxima of 4.3 and 3.0 parts per trillion by volume (1-min average), respectively, have been observed throughout the campaign. We show that the heterogeneous reaction of HOI on marine aerosol and subsequent production of iodine interhalogens are much faster than previously thought. These results indicate that the fast formation of iodine interhalogens, together with their rapid photolysis, results in more efficient recycling of atomic iodine than currently considered in models. Photolysis of the observed ICl and IBr leads to a 32% increase in the daytime average of atomic iodine production rate, thereby enhancing the average daytime iodine-catalyzed ozone loss rate by 10 to 20%. Our findings provide direct field evidence that the autocatalytic mechanism of iodine release from marine aerosol is important in the atmosphere and can have significant impacts on atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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33
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Liu SS, Yang GP, He Z, Gao XX, Xu F. Oceanic emissions of methyl halides and effect of nutrients concentration on their production: A case of the western Pacific Ocean (2°N to 24°N). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144488. [PMID: 33485203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl halides are important greenhouse gases responsible for the majority of the ozone layer depletion. This study investigated atmospheric and seawater methyl halides (CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I) in the western Pacific Ocean between 2°N and 24°N. Increases in methyl halides in the atmosphere were likely to have originated from Southeast Asian regions. Elevated CH3I concentrations in seawater were mainly produced photochemically from dissolved organic carbon. Maximum methyl halide and chlorophyll a levels in the upper water column (0-200 m) were linked to biological activity and downwelling or upwelling caused by cold and warm eddies. Ship-based incubation experiments showed that nutrient supplementation promoted methyl halide emissions. The elevated methyl halide production was associated with increases in phytoplankton such as diatoms. The mean fluxes of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I in study area of during the cruise were 82.91, 4.70, and 3.50 nmol m-2 d-1, respectively. The estimated emissions of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I in the western Pacific Ocean accounted for 0.67%, 0.79% and 0.09% of global oceanic emissions, respectively, indicating that the open sea contribute insignificantly to the global oceanic emissions of these gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xu-Xu Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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34
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Müller E, von Gunten U, Bouchet S, Droz B, Winkel LHE. Reaction of DMS and HOBr as a Sink for Marine DMS and an Inhibitor of Bromoform Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5547-5558. [PMID: 33788559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we suggested that hypobromous acid (HOBr) is a sink for the marine volatile organic sulfur compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS). However, HOBr is also known to react with reactive moieties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) such as phenolic compounds to form bromoform (CHBr3) and other brominated compounds. The reaction between HOBr and DMS may thus compete with the reaction between HOBr and DOM. To study this potential competition, kinetic batch and diffusion-reactor experiments with DMS, HOBr, and DOM were performed. Based on the reaction kinetics, we modeled concentrations of DMS, HOBr, and CHBr3 during typical algal bloom fluxes of DMS and HOBr (10-13 to 10-9 M s-1). For an intermediate to high HOBr flux (≥10-11 M s-1) and a DMS flux ≤10-11 M s-1, the model shows that the DMS degradation by HOBr was higher than for photochemical oxidation, biological consumption, and sea-air gas exchange combined. For HOBr fluxes ≤10-11 M s-1 and a DMS flux of 10-11 M s-1, our model shows that CHBr3 decreases by 86% compared to a lower DMS flux of 10-12 M s-1. Therefore, the reaction between HOBr and DMS likely not only presents a sink for DMS but also may lead to suppressed CHBr3 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Müller
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Droz
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Fernandez RP, Barrera JA, López‐Noreña AI, Kinnison DE, Nicely J, Salawitch RJ, Wales PA, Toselli BM, Tilmes S, Lamarque J, Cuevas CA, Saiz‐Lopez A. Intercomparison Between Surrogate, Explicit, and Full Treatments of VSL Bromine Chemistry Within the CAM-Chem Chemistry-Climate Model. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2020GL091125. [PMID: 33776160 PMCID: PMC7988532 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many Chemistry-Climate Models (CCMs) include a simplified treatment of brominated very short-lived (VSLBr) species by assuming CH3Br as a surrogate for VSLBr. However, neglecting a comprehensive treatment of VSLBr in CCMs may yield an unrealistic representation of the associated impacts. Here, we use the Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem) CCM to quantify the tropospheric and stratospheric changes between various VSLBr chemical approaches with increasing degrees of complexity (i.e., surrogate, explicit, and full). Our CAM-Chem results highlight the improved accuracy achieved by considering a detailed treatment of VSLBr photochemistry, including sea-salt aerosol dehalogenation and heterogeneous recycling on ice-crystals. Differences between the full and surrogate schemes maximize in the lowermost stratosphere and midlatitude free troposphere, resulting in a latitudinally dependent reduction of ∼1-7 DU in total ozone column and a ∼5%-15% decrease of the OH/HO2 ratio. We encourage all CCMs to include a complete chemical treatment of VSLBr in the troposphere and stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P. Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary ScienceNational Research Council (ICB‐CONICET)MendozaArgentina
- School of Natural SciencesNational University of Cuyo (FCEN‐UNCuyo)MendozaArgentina
- Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Group (GEAA)National Technological University (UTN‐FRMendoza)MendozaArgentina
| | - Javier A. Barrera
- Institute for Interdisciplinary ScienceNational Research Council (ICB‐CONICET)MendozaArgentina
- School of Natural SciencesNational University of Cuyo (FCEN‐UNCuyo)MendozaArgentina
| | - Ana Isabel López‐Noreña
- School of Natural SciencesNational University of Cuyo (FCEN‐UNCuyo)MendozaArgentina
- Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Group (GEAA)National Technological University (UTN‐FRMendoza)MendozaArgentina
| | - Douglas E. Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchAtmospheric ChemistryObservations & Modelling LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Julie Nicely
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Ross J. Salawitch
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic ScienceUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Pamela A. Wales
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Beatriz M. Toselli
- Department of Chemical‐PhysicsSchool of ChemistryNational University of Córdoba (INFIQC‐CONICET)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Simone Tilmes
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchAtmospheric ChemistryObservations & Modelling LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jean‐François Lamarque
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchClimate & Global Dynamics LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
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36
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Li Q, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Mahajan AS, López‐Noreña AI, Zhang Y, Wang S, Puliafito E, Cuevas CA, Saiz‐Lopez A. Chemical Interactions Between Ship-Originated Air Pollutants and Ocean-Emitted Halogens. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034175. [PMID: 33816042 PMCID: PMC8008258 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ocean-going ships supply products from one region to another and contribute to the world's economy. Ship exhaust contains many air pollutants and results in significant changes in marine atmospheric composition. The role of reactive halogen species (RHS) in the troposphere has received increasing recognition and oceans are the largest contributors to their atmospheric burden. However, the impact of shipping emissions on RHS and that of RHS on ship-originated air pollutants have not been studied in detail. Here, an updated Weather Research Forecasting coupled with Chemistry model is utilized to explore the chemical interactions between ship emissions and oceanic RHS over the East Asia seas in summer. The emissions and resulting chemical transformations from shipping activities increase the level of NO and NO2 at the surface, increase O3 in the South China Sea, but decrease O3 in the East China Sea. Such changes in pollutants result in remarkable changes in the levels of RHS (>200% increase of chlorine; ∼30% and ∼5% decrease of bromine and iodine, respectively) as well as in their partitioning. The abundant RHS, in turn, reshape the loadings of air pollutants (∼20% decrease of NO and NO2; ∼15% decrease of O3) and those of the oxidants (>10% reduction of OH and HO2; ∼40% decrease of NO3) with marked patterns along the ship tracks. We, therefore, suggest that these important chemical interactions of ship-originated emissions with RHS should be considered in the environmental policy assessments of the role of shipping emissions in air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Alba Badia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB)National Research Council (CONICET)FCEN‐UNCuyoMendozaArgentina
| | - Anoop S. Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change ResearchIndian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyPuneIndia
| | - Ana Isabel López‐Noreña
- Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Group (GEAA)National Technological University (UTN‐FRM)CONICETMendozaArgentina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringShanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and PreventionFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringShanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and PreventionFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Enrique Puliafito
- Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Group (GEAA)National Technological University (UTN‐FRM)CONICETMendozaArgentina
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
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Huang Y, Lu X, Fung JCH, Sarwar G, Li Z, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A, Lau AKH. Effect of bromine and iodine chemistry on tropospheric ozone over Asia-Pacific using the CMAQ model. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127595. [PMID: 32784061 PMCID: PMC7658052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the chemistry of tropospheric halogen species which are able to deplete tropospheric ozone (O3). In this study, the effect of bromine and iodine chemistry on tropospheric O3 within the annual cycle in Asia-Pacific is investigated using the CMAQ model with the newly embedded bromine and iodine chemistry and a blended and customized emission inventory considering marine halogen emission. Results indicate that the vertical profiles of bromine and iodine species show distinct features over land/ocean and daytime/nighttime, related to natural and anthropogenic emission distributions and photochemical reactions. The halogen-mediated O3 loss has a strong seasonal cycle, and reaches a maximum of -15.9 ppbv (-44.3%) over the ocean and -13.4 ppbv (-38.9%) over continental Asia among the four seasons. Changes in solar radiation, dominant wind direction, and nearshore chlorophyll-a accumulation all contribute to these seasonal differences. Based on the distances to the nearest coastline, the onshore and offshore features of tropospheric O3 loss caused by bromine and iodine chemistry are studied. Across a coastline-centric 400-km-wide belt from onshore to offshore, averaged maximum gradient of O3 loss reaches 1.1 ppbv/100 km at surface level, while planetary boundary layer (PBL) column mean of O3 loss is more moderate, being approximately 0.7 ppbv/100 km. Relative high halogen can be found over Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the largest O3 loss (approximately 4-5 ppbv) in the PBL can be found between the western boundary of the domain and the TP. Halogens originating from marine sources can potentially affect O3 concentration transported from the stratosphere over the TP region. As part of efforts to improve our understanding of the effect of bromine and iodine chemistry on tropospheric O3, we call for more models and monitoring studies on halogen chemistry and be considered further in air pollution prevention and control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingcheng Lu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zhenning Li
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Saiz-Lopez A, Travnikov O, Sonke JE, Thackray CP, Jacob DJ, Carmona-García J, Francés-Monerris A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Acuña AU, Dávalos JZ, Cuevas CA, Jiskra M, Wang F, Bieser J, Plane JMC, Francisco JS. Photochemistry of oxidized Hg(I) and Hg(II) species suggests missing mercury oxidation in the troposphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30949-30956. [PMID: 33229529 PMCID: PMC7733835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922486117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), a global contaminant, is emitted mainly in its elemental form Hg0 to the atmosphere where it is oxidized to reactive HgII compounds, which efficiently deposit to surface ecosystems. Therefore, the chemical cycling between the elemental and oxidized Hg forms in the atmosphere determines the scale and geographical pattern of global Hg deposition. Recent advances in the photochemistry of gas-phase oxidized HgI and HgII species postulate their photodissociation back to Hg0 as a crucial step in the atmospheric Hg redox cycle. However, the significance of these photodissociation mechanisms on atmospheric Hg chemistry, lifetime, and surface deposition remains uncertain. Here we implement a comprehensive and quantitative mechanism of the photochemical and thermal atmospheric reactions between Hg0, HgI, and HgII species in a global model and evaluate the results against atmospheric Hg observations. We find that the photochemistry of HgI and HgII leads to insufficient Hg oxidation globally. The combined efficient photoreduction of HgI and HgII to Hg0 competes with thermal oxidation of Hg0, resulting in a large model overestimation of 99% of measured Hg0 and underestimation of 51% of oxidized Hg and ∼66% of HgII wet deposition. This in turn leads to a significant increase in the calculated global atmospheric Hg lifetime of 20 mo, which is unrealistically longer than the 3-6-mo range based on observed atmospheric Hg variability. These results show that the HgI and HgII photoreduction processes largely offset the efficiency of bromine-initiated Hg0 oxidation and reveal missing Hg oxidation processes in the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Oleg Travnikov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East of EMEP, 115419 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)/Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Colin P Thackray
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | | | - Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, 46071 València, Spain
| | - A Ulises Acuña
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Z Dávalos
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Jiskra
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)/Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Johannes Bieser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geethacht, Institute of Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9TJ Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Giri BR, Roscoe JM, Szőri M, Farooq A. A theoretical kinetic study on the reaction of atomic bromine with toluene. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binod Raj Giri
- Clean Combustion Research Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - John M. Roscoe
- Department of Chemistry Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering University of Miskolc Miskolc Hungary
| | - Aamir Farooq
- Clean Combustion Research Center Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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40
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Zhuang M, Zhao G, Chen Y, Tong L, Yang C, Xiao H, Chen J, Wu X, Hong Y, Li M, Bian Y, Chen Y. Chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in a coastal city of China: Results from the 2017 BRICS summit study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140470. [PMID: 32886967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical compositions of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) were measured via an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor at the coastal city Xiamen during the 2017 BRICS summit from August 10 to September 10. Mean hourly concentration of NR-PM1 was 13.55 ± 8.83 μg m-3 during the study period, decreasing from 18.83 μg m-3 before-BRICS to 13.02 μg m-3 in BRCIS I and 8.42 μg m-3 in BRICS II. Positive matrix factor analyses resolved four organic aerosols (OA): a hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, 14.78%), a cooking-related OA (COA, 28.21%), a biomass burning OA (BBOA, 18.00%), and an oxygenated OA (OOA, 39.22%). The contributions of local pollutants like nitrate and HOA reduced, while the proportions of sulfate and OOA increased during the control episodes. The diurnal patterns of NR-PM1 species and OA components in each episode were characterized. The results showed that BC, nitrate, COA, and HOA had peaks in the morning and evening, which became less obvious under the emission control. Moreover, the diurnal variations of all species in Ep 3 with emission control were much flatter due to the effect of transport. Backward trajectories analysis confirmed the long-range transport of air masses from the continent, which resulted in the high proportions of sulfate (43.69%) and OOA (50.28%) in Ep 3. Our study implies the significant effect of emission control on reducing primary pollutants, but the formation of particles during the long-range transport need to be paid more attention when set the air quality control strategies in coastal cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mazhan Zhuang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, CN 361006, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yahui Bian
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Lin KC, Muthiah B, Chang HP, Kasai T, Chang YP. Halogen-related photodissociation in atmosphere: characterisation of atomic halogen, molecular halogen, and hydrogen halide. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1822590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiu-Pu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Toshio Kasai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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42
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Li C, Chen J, Angot H, Zheng W, Shi G, Ding M, Du Z, Zhang Q, Ma X, Kang S, Xiao C, Ren J, Qin D. Seasonal Variation of Mercury and Its Isotopes in Atmospheric Particles at the Coastal Zhongshan Station, Eastern Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11344-11355. [PMID: 32822538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a globally spread trace metal due to its long atmospheric residence time. Yet, our understanding of atmospheric processes (e.g., redox reactions and deposition) driving Hg cycling is still limited, especially in polar regions. The Antarctic continent, by virtue of its remoteness, is the perfect location to investigate Hg atmospheric processes in the absence of significant local anthropogenic impact. Here, we present the first 2 year record (2016-2017) of total suspended particulate mercury (PHg) concentrations along with a year-round determination of an Hg stable isotopic composition in particles collected at Zhongshan Station (ZSS), eastern Antarctic coast. The mean PHg concentration is 21.8 ± 32.1 pg/m3, ranging from 0.9 to 195.6 pg/m3, and peaks in spring and summer. The negative mass-independent fractionation of odd Hg isotopes (odd-MIF, average -0.38 ± 0.12‰ for Δ199Hg) and the slope of Δ199Hg/Δ201Hg with 0.91 ± 0.12 suggest that the springtime isotope variation of PHg is likely caused by in situ photo-oxidation and reduction reactions. On the other hand, the increase of PHg concentrations and the observed odd-MIF values in summer are attributed to the transport by katabatic winds of divalent species derived from the oxidation of elemental Hg in the inland Antarctic Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
| | - Jiubin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guitao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Minghu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau and Polar Regions Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
| | - Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiawen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China
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Suliman S, Pitoňák M, Cernusak I, Louis F. On the applicability of the MP2.5 approximation for open-shell systems. Case study of atmospheric reactivity. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Wang X, Jacob DJ, Fu X, Wang T, Breton ML, Hallquist M, Liu Z, McDuffie EE, Liao H. Effects of Anthropogenic Chlorine on PM 2.5 and Ozone Air Quality in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9908-9916. [PMID: 32600027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
China has large anthropogenic chlorine emissions from agricultural fires, residential biofuel, waste incineration, coal combustion, and industrial processes. Here we quantify the effects of chlorine on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone air quality across China by using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model with comprehensive anthropogenic emissions and detailed representation of gas-phase and heterogeneous chlorine chemistry. Comparison of the model to observed ClNO2, HCl, and particulate Cl- concentrations shows that reactive chlorine in China is mainly anthropogenic, unlike in other continental regions where it is mostly of marine origin. The model is successful in reproducing observed concentrations and their distributions, lending confidence in the anthropogenic chlorine emission estimates and the resulting chemistry. We find that anthropogenic chlorine emissions increase total inorganic PM2.5 by as much as 3.2 μg m-3 on an annual mean basis through the formation of ammonium chloride, partly compensated by a decrease of nitrate because ClNO2 formation competes with N2O5 hydrolysis. Annual mean MDA8 surface ozone increases by up to 1.9 ppb, mainly from ClNO2 chemistry, while reactivities of volatile organic compounds increase (by up to 48% for ethane). We find that a sufficient representation of chlorine chemistry in air quality models can be obtained from consideration of HCl/Cl- thermodynamics and ClNO2 chemistry, because other more complicated aspects of chlorine chemistry have a relatively minor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environment, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hong Liao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Chlorine atoms play a key role in the oxidative potential of the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycling of selected elements. This study provides a decadal analysis (2010−2019) of chloride ions in PM2.5 particles in the city of Montreal, where these are most concentrated systematically in the winter (up to 1.6 µg/m3). We also herein present the measurement of photolabile chlorine, which includes chlorine-containing compounds (e.g., Cl2, HOCl, ClNO2, ClNO3, and BrCl) that release chlorine atoms upon interaction with radiation, in urban Montreal, Canada using Cl2-RPGE (Cl2 Reactive Phase Gas Extraction) tubes and quantifying the chlorinated product by GC-MS. Photolabile chlorine in urban Montreal was measured during a discontinuous period primarily in summer 2018 and winter 2019 with a time resolution of 30 min, with concentrations ranging from 3 to 545 ng/m3 expressed as Cl2. The reported values are considered lower limits, as compounds such as HOCl and ClNO2 can only be partially converted in the current setup. The largest peak of gaseous photolabile chlorine occurred in the winter, when significant sources of anthropogenic salt are used in snow removal in the city. This coincides with observed chloride ion measurements in airborne particles, implying that anthropogenic salt addition produces photoactive chlorine. The maximum chlorine signal was consistently obtained during the daytime, which is in accordance with the tropospheric radiation profile. Complementary photochemistry laboratory experiments indicated that upon tropospheric radiation (340 ≤ λ ≤ 400 nm; UVA), an increase (20–100%) was observed, confirming the formation of Cl atoms from photolabile chlorine compounds. Thus, this portable technique is adequate for Cl atoms and photolabile chlorine-containing compounds upon photolysis using UVA lamps. High-resolution S/TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate collected particle morphology and composition. The behavior of complementary pollutants (O3, CO, PM2.5, and NOx) was also briefly discussed. We herein discuss the measurement of photolabile halogens within a northern urban metropolitan environment and the impact of anthropogenic sources on chlorine concentrations.
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Moreno F, Moreno J, Fatela F, Guise L, Vieira C, Leira M. Bromine biogeodynamics in the NE Atlantic: A perspective from natural wetlands of western Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137649. [PMID: 32208235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromine (Br) cycling in natural wetlands is highly complex, including abiotic/biotic processes and multiphase inorganic/organic Br-species. Wetland ecosystems receive Br primarily from the ocean, functioning as either sinks or sources of Br, with the overall imbalance largely decided by the prevailing climate. Aiming to trace the present-day transport of oceanogenic Br (i.e., derived from salt-water spray-droplets) and its uptake and storage in brackish and freshwater wetlands, we surveyed waters, autochthonous plants, and soils/sediments from coastal marshes and mountain peatlands in the westernmost fringe of northern Portugal. The calculated enrichment factors of bromide (Br-) relative to chloride in rainfall (EFsea = 16.8-75.3), rivers (EFsea = 1.3-13.9) and wetland waters, superficial (EFsea = 5.8-13.1) and interstitial (EFsea = 2.1-8.9), increased towards the inland highlands. We hypothesized that these values derived mostly from a known Br autocatalytic (heterogeneous) chemical cycle, starting at the seawater-aqueous interface and progressing in altitude. Br-bearing air masses are carried far from the Atlantic Ocean by moist westerlies, with Br- rainout from the atmosphere supplying the neighbouring mountain peatlands. Average [Br] in sampled wetland soils/sediments (111-253 mg/kg) agreed with values from other coastal regions, and they were directly correlated with the abundance of organic matter, varying irrespective the [Br-] of interstitial waters (129 μg/L-79 mg/L). According to the computed bioconcentration factors, the aqueous component was the major source of Br for all plant species investigated (BFplant/water = 2.1-508.0), as described elsewhere. However, Br contents in plants (14-173 mg/kg) evidenced interspecific differences, also suggesting a divergence from the acknowledged halophytic-glycophytic "model". As plants are recognized producers of Br volatile molecules (e.g., methyl bromide, CH3Br), we interpreted translocation factors less than one in vascular species as explanatory of phytovolatilization rather than restriction of Br- upward movement in plants. Further investigation is needed, since considerable intrinsic plant variations in CH3Br emissions are mentioned in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moreno
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Pólo da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J Moreno
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - F Fatela
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Guise
- Departamento de Ciências da Terra (DCT), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - C Vieira
- Museu de História Natural e Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP)/UPorto/Infra-estrutura de Colecções Científicas Portuguesas - (PRIS-POCI-01-0145FEDER-022168), Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Leira
- Departamento de Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071A Coruña, Spain
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Li Q, Badia A, Wang T, Sarwar G, Fu X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Fung J, Cuevas CA, Wang S, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019JD032058. [PMID: 32523860 PMCID: PMC7286431 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd032058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O3, a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly-emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions of bromine and iodine, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission of chlorine. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re-assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alba Badia
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jimmy Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author: Alfonso Saiz-Lopez ()
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48
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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49
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Tratnyek PG, Edwards E, Carpenter L, Blossom S. Environmental occurrence, fate, effects, and remediation of halogenated (semi)volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:465-471. [PMID: 32182319 DOI: 10.1039/d0em90008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Guest editors Elizabeth Edwards, Lucy Carpenter, Sarah Blossom and Paul Tratnyek introduce the Halogenated (semi)volatile organic compounds themed issue of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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50
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Li Q, Borge R, Sarwar G, de la Paz D, Gantt B, Domingo J, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A. Impact of halogen chemistry on summertime air quality in coastal and continental Europe: application of the CMAQ model and implications for regulation. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:15321-15337. [PMID: 32425994 PMCID: PMC7232855 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-15321-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Halogen (Cl, Br, and I) chemistry has been reported to influence the formation of secondary air pollutants. Previous studies mostly focused on the impact of chlorine species on air quality over large spatial scales. Very little attention has been paid to the effect of the combined halogen chemistry on air quality over Europe and its implications for control policy. In the present study, we apply a widely used regional model, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ), incorporated with the latest halogen sources and chemistry, to simulate the abundance of halogen species over Europe and to examine the role of halogens in the formation of secondary air pollution. The results suggest that the CMAQ model is able to reproduce the level of O3, NO2, and halogen species over Europe. Chlorine chemistry slightly increases the levels of OH, HO2, NO3, O3, and NO2 and substantially enhances the level of the Cl radical. Combined halogen chemistry induces complex effects on OH (ranging from -0.023 to 0.030 pptv) and HO2 (in the range of -3.7 to 0.73 pptv), significantly reduces the concentrations of NO3 (as much as 20 pptv) and O3 (as much as 10 ppbv), and decreases NO2 in highly polluted regions (as much as 1.7 ppbv); it increases NO2 (up to 0.20 ppbv) in other areas. The maximum effects of halogen chemistry occur over oceanic and coastal regions, but some noticeable impacts also occur over continental Europe. Halogen chemistry affects the number of days exceeding the European Union target threshold for the protection of human beings and vegetation from ambient O3. In light of the significant impact of halogen chemistry on air quality, we recommend that halogen chemistry be considered for inclusion in air quality policy assessments, particularly in coastal cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Golam Sarwar
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David de la Paz
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brett Gantt
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jessica Domingo
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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