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Berga M, Logviss K, Lauberte L, Paulausks A, Mohylyuk V. Flavonoids in the Spotlight: Bridging the Gap between Physicochemical Properties and Formulation Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1407. [PMID: 37895878 PMCID: PMC10610233 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are hydroxylated polyphenols that are widely distributed in plants with diverse health benefits. Despite their popularity, the bioavailability of flavonoids is often overlooked, impacting their efficacy and the comparison of products. The study discusses the bioavailability-related physicochemical properties of flavonoids, with a focus on the poorly soluble compounds commonly found in dietary supplements and herbal products. This review sums up the values of pKa, log P, solubility, permeability, and melting temperature of flavonoids. Experimental and calculated data were compiled for various flavonoid subclasses, revealing variations in their physicochemical properties. The investigation highlights the challenges posed by poorly soluble flavonoids and underscores the need for enabling formulation approaches to enhance their bioavailability and therapeutic potential. Compared to aglycones, flavonoid glycosides (with sugar moieties) tend to be more hydrophilic. Most of the reviewed aglycones and glycosides exhibit relatively low log P and high melting points, making them "brick dust" candidates. To improve solubility and absorption, strategies like size reduction, the potential use of solid dispersions and carriers, as well as lipid-based formulations have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valentyn Mohylyuk
- Laboratory of Finished Dosage Forms, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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2
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Pereira CG, Neng NR, Custódio L. From Threat to Opportunity: Harnessing the Invasive Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br for Nutritional and Phytotherapeutic Valorization Amid Seasonal and Spatial Variability. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:436. [PMID: 37623717 PMCID: PMC10456270 DOI: 10.3390/md21080436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. (Hottentot-fig) is a problematic invasive species found in coastal areas worldwide. Mechanical removal is a common control method, leaving the removed biomass available as a possible source of natural phytochemicals with prospective commercial applications. While the Hottentot-fig's vegetative organs have been studied previously, this work establishes for the first time a seasonal and spatial comparative analysis of its nutritional, chemical, and bioactivity profiles (in three locations over four seasons). Proximate and mineral contents were assessed, along with its phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hottentot-fig's biomass offered a good supply of nutrients, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, with a tendency for higher concentrations of the most relevant minerals and proteins in autumn and winter, and in plants from sites A (Ria de Alvor lagoon) and B (Ancão beach). The extracts were rich in polyphenolics, with higher levels in spring and summer, especially for luteolin-7-O-glucoside and salicylic and coumaric acids. The extracts were also effective antioxidants, with stronger radical scavenging activities in spring and summer, along with anti-inflammatory properties. Our results suggest that the usually discarded plant material of this invasive halophyte could be valuable as a source of natural products with potential biotechnological applications in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Guerreiro Pereira
- Centre of Marine Sciences CCMAR, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences CCMAR, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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Shala AL, Arduino I, Salihu MB, Denora N. Quercetin and Its Nano-Formulations for Brain Tumor Therapy—Current Developments and Future Perspectives for Paediatric Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030963. [PMID: 36986827 PMCID: PMC10057501 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient treatments for tumors affecting the central nervous system (CNS) remains an open challenge. Particularly, gliomas are the most malignant and lethal form of brain tumors in adults, causing death in patients just over 6 months after diagnosis without treatment. The current treatment protocol consists of surgery, followed using synthetic drugs and radiation. However, the efficacy of these protocols is associated with side effects, poor prognosis and with a median survival of fewer than two years. Recently, many studies were focused on applying plant-derived products to manage various diseases, including brain cancers. Quercetin is a bioactive compound derived from various fruits and vegetables (asparagus, apples, berries, cherries, onions and red leaf lettuce). Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies highlighted that quercetin through multitargeted molecular mechanisms (apoptosis, necrosis, anti-proliferative activity and suppression of tumor invasion and migration) effectively reduces the progression of tumor cells. This review aims to summarize current developments and recent advances of quercetin’s anticancer potential in brain tumors. Since all reported studies demonstrating the anti-cancer potential of quercetin were conducted using adult models, it is suggested to expand further research in the field of paediatrics. This could offer new perspectives on brain cancer treatment for paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Loshaj Shala
- Department of Drug Analysis and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mimoza Basholli Salihu
- Department of Drug Analysis and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Khater M, Brazier JA, Greco F, Osborn HMI. Anticancer evaluation of new organometallic ruthenium(ii) flavone complexes. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:253-267. [PMID: 36846373 PMCID: PMC9945865 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting multiple malignancy features such as angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis with one molecule is an effective strategy in developing potent anticancer agents. Ruthenium metal complexation to bioactive scaffolds is reported to enhance their biological activities. Herein, we evaluate the impact of Ru chelation on the pharmacological activities of two bioactive flavones (1 and 2) as anticancer candidates. The novel Ru complexes (1Ru and 2Ru) caused a loss of their parent molecules' antiangiogenic activities in an endothelial cell tube formation assay. 1Ru enhanced the antiproliferative and antimigratory activities of its 4-oxoflavone 1 on MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 66.15 ± 5 μM and 50% migration inhibition, p < 0.01 at 1 μM). 2Ru diminished 4-thioflavone's (2) cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 yet significantly enhanced 2's migration inhibition (p < 0.05) particularly on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The test derivatives also showed non-intercalative interaction with VEGF and c-myc i-motif DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Khater
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK .,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical & Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
| | - John A. Brazier
- School of Pharmacy, University of ReadingWhiteknightsReadingRG6 6ADUK
| | - Francesca Greco
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AD UK
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A Comprehensive View on the Quercetin Impact on Colorectal Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061873. [PMID: 35335239 PMCID: PMC8953922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third type of cancer in incidence and second in mortality worldwide, with the newly diagnosed case number on the rise. Among the diagnosed patients, approximately 70% have no hereditary germ-line mutations or family history of pathology, thus being termed sporadic CRC. Diet and environmental factors are to date considered solely responsible for the development of sporadic CRC; therefore; attention should be directed towards the discovery of preventative actions to combat the CRC initiation, promotion, and progression. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid plant secondary metabolite with a well-characterized antioxidant activity. It has been extensively reported as an anti-carcinogenic agent in the scientific literature, and the modulated targets of quercetin have been also characterized in the context of CRC, mainly in original research publications. In this fairly comprehensive review, we summarize the molecular targets of quercetin reported to date in in vivo and in vitro CRC models, while also giving background information about the signal transduction pathways that it up- and downregulates. Among the most relevant modulated pathways, the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, MAPK/Erk, JNK, or p38, p53, and NF-κB have been described. With this work, we hope to encourage further quests in the elucidation of quercetin anti-carcinogenic activity as single agent, as dietary component, or as pharmaconutrient delivered in the form of plant extracts.
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Speisky H, Shahidi F, Costa de Camargo A, Fuentes J. Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010133. [PMID: 35052636 PMCID: PMC8772813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids display a broad range of health-promoting bioactivities. Among these, their capacity to act as antioxidants has remained most prominent. The canonical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mode of the antioxidant action of flavonoids relies on the high susceptibility of their phenolic moieties to undergo oxidation. As a consequence, upon reaction with ROS, the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids is severely compromised. Other phenol-compromising reactions, such as those involved in the biotransformation of flavonoids, can also markedly affect their antioxidant properties. In recent years, however, increasing evidence has indicated that, at least for some flavonoids, the oxidation of such residues can in fact markedly enhance their original antioxidant properties. In such apparent paradoxical cases, the antioxidant activity arises from the pro-oxidant and/or electrophilic character of some of their oxidation-derived metabolites and is exerted by activating the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway, which upregulates the cell’s endogenous antioxidant capacity, and/or, by preventing the activation of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. This review focuses on the effects that the oxidative and/or non-oxidative modification of the phenolic groups of flavonoids may have on the ability of the resulting metabolites to promote direct and/or indirect antioxidant actions. Considering the case of a metabolite resulting from the oxidation of quercetin, we offer a comprehensive description of the evidence that increasingly supports the concept that, in the case of certain flavonoids, the oxidation of phenolics emerges as a mechanism that markedly amplifies their original antioxidant properties. An overlooked topic of great phytomedicine potential is thus unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
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Cui J, Duan X, Ke L, Pan X, Liu J, Song X, Ma W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Fan Y. Extraction, purification, structural character and biological properties of propolis flavonoids: A review. Fitoterapia 2021; 157:105106. [PMID: 34958852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is an aromatic substance which is collected by bees and mixed with bee saliva. The plant sources of propolis are mainly consisted with plant exudates from bark, buds and etc. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites widely found in natural plants, which have a variety of health care functions and are the main active ingredients of propolis. This article summarized the types, active ingredients, pharmacological effects, extraction methods and applications of propolis flavonoids, the aim was to provide the theoretical basis for further research and development of propolis flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xueqin Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Liting Ke
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xingxue Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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8
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Uyanga VA, Amevor FK, Liu M, Cui Z, Zhao X, Lin H. Potential Implications of Citrulline and Quercetin on Gut Functioning of Monogastric Animals and Humans: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3782. [PMID: 34836037 PMCID: PMC8621968 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of gut health in animal welfare and wellbeing is undisputable. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in the metabolic, nutritional, physiological, and immunological processes of animals. Therefore, the rapid development of dietary supplements to improve gut functions and homeostasis is imminent. Recent studies have uncovered the beneficial effects of dietary supplements on the immune response, microbiota, gut homeostasis, and intestinal health. The application of citrulline (a functional gut biomarker) and quercetin (a known potent flavonoid) to promote gut functions has gained considerable interest as both bioactive substances possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. Research has demonstrated that both citrulline and quercetin can mediate gut activities by combating disruptions to the intestinal integrity and alterations to the gut microbiota. In addition, citrulline and quercetin play crucial roles in maintaining intestinal immune tolerance and gut health. However, the synergistic benefits which these dietary supplements (citrulline and quercetin) may afford to simultaneously promote gut functions remain to be explored. Therefore, this review summarizes the modulatory effects of citrulline and quercetin on the intestinal integrity and gut microbiota, and further expounds on their potential synergistic roles to attenuate intestinal inflammation and promote gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City 271018, China; (V.A.U.); (M.L.)
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, Nairobi P.O. Box 25305-00100, Kenya;
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, Nairobi P.O. Box 25305-00100, Kenya;
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City 271018, China; (V.A.U.); (M.L.)
| | - Zhifu Cui
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Hai Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City 271018, China; (V.A.U.); (M.L.)
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Metabolism of 2,3-Dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-Dehydrosilybin B: A Study with Human Hepatocytes and Recombinant UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases and Sulfotransferases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060954. [PMID: 34198653 PMCID: PMC8232340 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B are a pair of enantiomers formed by the oxidation of the natural flavonolignans silybin A and silybin B, respectively. However, the antioxidant activity of 2,3-dehydrosilybin molecules is much stronger than that of their precursors. Here, we investigated the biotransformation of pure 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B in isolated human hepatocytes, and we also aimed to identify human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) with activity toward their respective enantiomers. After incubation with hepatocytes, both 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B were converted to hydroxyl derivatives, methylated hydroxyl derivatives, methyl derivatives, sulfates, and glucuronides. The products of direct conjugations predominated over those of oxidative metabolism, and glucuronides were the most abundant metabolites. Furthermore, we found that recombinant human UGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, and 1A10 were capable of catalyzing the glucuronidation of both 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and 2,3-dehydrosilybin B. UGTs 1A1 and 1A7 showed the highest activity toward 2,3-dehydrosilybin A, and UGT1A9 showed the highest activity toward 2,3-dehydrosilybin B. The sulfation of 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and B was catalyzed by SULTs 1A1*1, 1A1*2, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1C2, 1C4, and 1E1, of which SULT1A3 exhibited the highest activity toward both enantiomers. We conclude that 2,3-dehydrosilybin A and B are preferentially metabolized by conjugation reactions, and that several human UGT and SULT enzymes may play a role in these conjugations.
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10
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Ozyel B, Le Gall G, Needs PW, Kroon PA. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Quercetin on High-Glucose and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Challenged Vascular Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000777. [PMID: 33481349 PMCID: PMC8614122 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Pro-inflammatory stimuli such as hyperglycemia and cytokines have been shown to negatively affect endothelial cell functions. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of quercetin and its human metabolites to overcome the deleterious effects of hyperglycemic or inflammatory conditions on the vascular endothelium by modulating endothelial cell metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS A metabolomics approach enabled identification and quantification of 27 human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) metabolites. Treatment of HUVECs with high-glucose concentrations causes significant increases in lactate and glutamate concentrations. Quercetin inhibits glucose-induced increases in lactate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and also increased inosine concentrations. Tumor necrosis factor α-treatment (TNFα) of HUVECs causes increases in asparagine and decreases in aspartate concentrations. Co-treatment with quercetin reduces pyruvate concentrations compared to TNFα-only treated controls. Subsequently, it was shown that quercetin and its HUVEC phase-2 conjugates inhibit adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase and 5'nucleotidase (CD73) but not ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) or purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities. CONCLUSION Quercetin was shown to alter the balance of HUVEC metabolites towards a less inflamed phenotype, both alone and in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli. These changes are consistent with the inhibition of particular enzymes involved in purine metabolism by quercetin and its HUVEC metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besim Ozyel
- Nutrition and Dietetics DepartmentEuropean University of LefkeLefke, Northern Cyprus, TR‐10Mersin9910Turkey
| | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaBob Champion Research and Education Building, James Watson Road, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UQUK
| | - Paul W. Needs
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UQUK
| | - Paul A. Kroon
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UQUK
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11
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Docampo-Palacios ML, Alvarez-Hernández A, de Fátima Â, Lião LM, Pasinetti GM, Dixon RA. Efficient Chemical Synthesis of (Epi)catechin Glucuronides: Brain-Targeted Metabolites for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30095-30110. [PMID: 33251444 PMCID: PMC7689943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE) is rich in flavonoids and has been recognized to possess human health benefits. Our group and others have demonstrated that GSE is able to attenuate the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, our results have disclosed that the anti-Alzheimer's benefits are not directly/solely related to the dietary flavonoids themselves, but rather to their metabolites, particularly to the glucuronidated ones. To facilitate the understanding of regioisomer/stereoisomer-specific biological effects of (epi)catechin glucuronides, we here describe a concise chemical synthesis of authentic standards of catechin and epicatechin metabolites 3-12. The synthesis of glucuronides 9 and 12 is described here for the first time. The key reactions employed in the synthesis of the novel glucuronides 9 and 12 include the regioselective methylation of the 4'-hydroxyl group of (epi)catechin (≤1.0/99.0%; 3'-OMe/4'-OMe) and the regioselective deprotection of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group at position 5 (yielding up to 79%) over the others (3, 7 and 3' or 4').
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-214-601-5892. Fax: +1-580-224-6692
| | - Anislay Alvarez-Hernández
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Institute
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department
of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-940-565-2308
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12
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Ebiloma GU, Ichoron N, Siheri W, Watson DG, Igoli JO, De Koning HP. The Strong Anti-Kinetoplastid Properties of Bee Propolis: Composition and Identification of the Active Agents and Their Biochemical Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:E5155. [PMID: 33167520 PMCID: PMC7663965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetoplastids are protozoa characterized by the presence of a distinctive organelle, called the kinetoplast, which contains a large amount of DNA (kinetoplast DNA (kDNA)) inside their single mitochondrion. Kinetoplastids of medical and veterinary importance include Trypanosoma spp. (the causative agents of human and animal African Trypanosomiasis and of Chagas disease) and Leishmania spp. (the causative agents of the various forms of leishmaniasis). These neglected diseases affect millions of people across the globe, but drug treatment is hampered by the challenges of toxicity and drug resistance, among others. Propolis (a natural product made by bees) and compounds isolated from it are now being investigated as novel treatments of kinetoplastid infections. The anti-kinetoplastid efficacy of propolis is probably a consequence of its reported activity against kinetoplastid parasites of bees. This article presents a review of the reported anti-kinetoplastid potential of propolis, highlighting its anti-kinetoplastid activity in vitro and in vivo regardless of geographical origin. The mode of action of propolis depends on the organism it is acting on and includes growth inhibition, immunomodulation, macrophage activation, perturbation of the cell membrane architecture, phospholipid disturbances, and mitochondrial targets. This gives ample scope for further investigations toward the rational development of sustainable anti-kinetoplastid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin U. Ebiloma
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK;
| | - Nahandoo Ichoron
- Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi 2373, Nigeria; (N.I.) (J.O.I.)
| | - Weam Siheri
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK; (W.S.), (D.G.W.)
| | - David G. Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK; (W.S.), (D.G.W.)
| | - John O. Igoli
- Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi 2373, Nigeria; (N.I.) (J.O.I.)
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK; (W.S.), (D.G.W.)
| | - Harry P. De Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Quintanilla-Licea R, Vargas-Villarreal J, Verde-Star MJ, Rivas-Galindo VM, Torres-Hernández ÁD. Antiprotozoal Activity against Entamoeba histolytica of Flavonoids Isolated from Lippia graveolens Kunth. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112464. [PMID: 32466359 PMCID: PMC7321152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is nowadays a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Annually, up to 100,000 deaths occur across the world. Due to the resistance that pathogenic protozoa exhibit against commercial antiprotozoal drugs, a growing emphasis has been placed on plants used in traditional medicine to discover new antiparasitics. Previously, we reported the in vitro antiamoebic activity of a methanolic extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano). In this study, we outline the isolation and structure elucidation of antiamoebic compounds occurring in this plant. The subsequent work-up of this methanol extract by bioguided isolation using several chromatographic techniques yielded the flavonoids pinocembrin (1), sakuranetin (2), cirsimaritin (3), and naringenin (4). Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by spectroscopic/spectrometric analyses and comparing literature data. These compounds revealed significant antiprotozoal activity against E. histolytica trophozoites using in vitro tests, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 28 to 154 µg/mL. Amebicide activity of sakuranetin and cirsimaritin is reported for the first time in this study. These research data may help to corroborate the use of this plant in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Quintanilla-Licea
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-81-83763668
| | - Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Noreste (CIBIN), Dos de abril esquina con San Luis Potosí, C.P. 64720 Monterrey, Mexico;
| | - María Julia Verde-Star
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
| | - Verónica Mayela Rivas-Galindo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Madero y Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, C.P. 64460 Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Ángel David Torres-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
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14
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Long J, Wang M, Zhang X, Yan C, Yan D. Metabolic profile of alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis in rat plasma, urine and feces after oral administration using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8763. [PMID: 32077179 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) has been used to treat diabetes, pertussis, bacillary dysentery, sore throat, eczema, and aphtha for thousands of years. Alkaloids are the major components in RC, and its curative effect is achieved by oral administration. However, information on its composition in vivo is weak. METHODS In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF-MS) was used to analyze the major active components and their metabolites in rat plasma, urine and feces after oral administration of RC extract. RESULTS A total of 96 compounds including 8 prototype compounds and 88 metabolites were identified, and hydroxylation, reduction, demethylenation, demethylation, dehydrogenation, sulfation, glucuronidation and methylation were the major metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study analyzed metabolic processes of the major active components in RC in vivo, which provided important information for its active composition and in vivo mechanism research. Meanwhile, metabolic profile studies on representative compounds provided valuable reference materials to elucidate the full-scale metabolites of RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Jianglan Long
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Man Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Can Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
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15
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Punt A, Firman J, Boobis A, Cronin M, Gosling JP, Wilks MF, Hepburn PA, Thiel A, Fussell KC. Potential of ToxCast Data in the Safety Assessment of Food Chemicals. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:326-340. [PMID: 32040188 PMCID: PMC7098372 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tox21 and ToxCast are high-throughput in vitro screening programs coordinated by the U.S. National Toxicology Program and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, respectively, with the goal of forecasting biological effects in vivo based on bioactivity profiling. The present study investigated whether mechanistic insights in the biological targets of food-relevant chemicals can be obtained from ToxCast results when the chemicals are grouped according to structural similarity. Starting from the 556 direct additives that have been identified in the ToxCast database by Karmaus et al. [Karmaus, A. L., Trautman, T. D., Krishan, M., Filer, D. L., and Fix, L. A. (2017). Curation of food-relevant chemicals in ToxCast. Food Chem. Toxicol. 103, 174-182.], the results showed that, despite the limited number of assays in which the chemical groups have been tested, sufficient results are available within so-called "DNA binding" and "nuclear receptor" target families to profile the biological activities of the defined chemical groups for these targets. The most obvious activity identified was the estrogen receptor-mediated actions of the chemical group containing parabens and structurally related gallates, as well the chemical group containing genistein and daidzein (the latter 2 being particularly active toward estrogen receptor β as a potential health benefit). These group effects, as well as the biological activities of other chemical groups, were evaluated in a series of case studies. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that high-throughput screening data could add to the evidence considered for regulatory risk assessment of food chemicals and to the evaluation of desirable effects of nutrients and phytonutrients. The data will be particularly useful for providing mechanistic information and to fill data gaps with read-across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - James Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Martin F Wilks
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul A Hepburn
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Anette Thiel
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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16
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Šošić-Jurjević B, Lütjohann D, Renko K, Filipović B, Radulović N, Ajdžanović V, Trifunović S, Nestorović N, Živanović J, Manojlović Stojanoski M, Kӧhrle J, Milošević V. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein increase hepatic concentration of thyroid hormones and affect cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:1-10. [PMID: 30885834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether isoflavones interfere with thyroid homeostasis, increase hepatic thyroid hormone concentrations and affect cholesterol metabolism in middle-aged (MA) male rats. Thirteen-month-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with 35 mg/kg b.w./day of genistein, daidzein or vehicle (controls) for four weeks. Hepatic Dio1 gene expression was up-regulated by 70% (p < 0.001 for both) and Dio1 enzyme activity increased by 64% after genistein (p < 0.001) and 73% after daidzein treatment (p < 0.0001). Hepatic T3 was 75% higher (p < 0.05 for both), while T4 increased only after genistein treatment. Serum T4 concentrations were 31% lower in genistein- and 49% lower in dadzein-treated rats (p < 0.001 for both) compared with controls. Hepatic Cyp7a1 gene expression was up-regulated by 40% after genistein and 32% after daidzein treatment (p < 0.05 for both), in agreement with a 7α-hydroxycholesterol increase of 50% (p < 0.01) and 88% (p < 0.001), respectively. Serum 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol were 30% lower (p < 0.05 for both), while only 24-hydroxycholesterol was decreased in the liver by 45% after genistein (p < 0.05) and 39% (p < 0.01) after dadzein treatment. Serum concentration of the cholesterol precursor desmosterol was 32% (p < 0.05) lower only after dadzein treatment alone, while both isoflavones elevated this parameter in the liver by 45% (p < 0.01). In conclusion, isoflavones increased T3 availability in the liver of MA males, despite decreasing serum T4. Hepatic increase of T3 possibly contributes to activation of the neutral pathway of cholesterol degradation into bile acids in the liver. While isoflavones obviously have the potential to trigger multiple mechanisms involved in cholesterol metabolism and oxysterol production, they failed to induce any hypocholesterolemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Šošić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - D Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - V Ajdžanović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Trifunović
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - N Nestorović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Živanović
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Manojlović Stojanoski
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Kӧhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research, "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Cremonini E, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. (-)-Epicatechin in the control of glucose homeostasis: Involvement of redox-regulated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:478-488. [PMID: 30447350 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports a beneficial action of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) on insulin sensitivity and potential impact on the development/progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In humans, supplementation with EC-rich foods, extracts, and pure EC improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in normal weight, overweight, obese and T2D individuals. These effects of EC are also observed in rodent models of diet-induced obesity and T2D. The events involved in the development of insulin resistance and T2D are multiple and interrelated. EC has been shown to inhibit inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and to regulate events in the gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas that impact glucose homeostasis. A downregulation of oxidant production, particularly through direct inhibition or suppression of NADPH oxidase expression, and of redox sensitive signals (NF-κB, JNK1/2) that inhibit the insulin pathway, appear to be central to the beneficial actions of EC on insulin sensitivity. Overall, EC seems to have a positive role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, however definitive answers on its importance for the management of T2D will depend on further clinical and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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18
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Stepanić V, Matić S, Amić A, Lučić B, Milenković D, Marković Z. Effects of conjugation metabolism on radical scavenging and transport properties of quercetin – In silico study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 86:278-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Hüser S, Guth S, Joost HG, Soukup ST, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L, Diel P, Lachenmeier DW, Eisenbrand G, Vollmer G, Nöthlings U, Marko D, Mally A, Grune T, Lehmann L, Steinberg P, Kulling SE. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2703-2748. [PMID: 30132047 PMCID: PMC6132702 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary plant constituents of certain foods and feeds such as soy, linseeds, and red clover. Furthermore, isoflavone-containing preparations are marketed as food supplements and so-called dietary food for special medical purposes to alleviate health complaints of peri- and postmenopausal women. Based on the bioactivity of isoflavones, especially their hormonal properties, there is an ongoing discussion regarding their potential adverse effects on human health. This review evaluates and summarises the evidence from interventional and observational studies addressing potential unintended effects of isoflavones on the female breast in healthy women as well as in breast cancer patients and on the thyroid hormone system. In addition, evidence from animal and in vitro studies considered relevant in this context was taken into account along with their strengths and limitations. Key factors influencing the biological effects of isoflavones, e.g., bioavailability, plasma and tissue concentrations, metabolism, temporality (pre- vs. postmenopausal women), and duration of isoflavone exposure, were also addressed. Final conclusions on the safety of isoflavones are guided by the aim of precautionary consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hüser
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H G Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Molecular Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - L Lehmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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20
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Feng X, Li Y, Brobbey Oppong M, Qiu F. Insights into the intestinal bacterial metabolism of flavonoids and the bioactivities of their microbe-derived ring cleavage metabolites. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:343-356. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1485691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mahmood Brobbey Oppong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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21
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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22
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Almeida AF, Borge GIA, Piskula M, Tudose A, Tudoreanu L, Valentová K, Williamson G, Santos CN. Bioavailability of Quercetin in Humans with a Focus on Interindividual Variation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:714-731. [PMID: 33350133 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
After consumption of plant-derived foods or beverages, dietary polyphenols such as quercetin are absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized by the body, or they are subject to catabolism by the gut microbiota followed by absorption of the resulting products by the colon. The resulting compounds are bioavailable, circulate in the blood as conjugates with glucuronide, methyl, or sulfate groups attached, and they are eventually excreted in the urine. In this review, the various conjugates from different intervention studies are summarized and discussed. In addition, the substantial variation between different individuals in the measured quercetin bioavailability parameters is assessed in detail by examining published human intervention studies where sources of quercetin have been consumed in the form of food, beverages, or supplements. It is apparent that most reported studies have examined quercetin and/or metabolites in urine and plasma from a relatively small number of volunteers. Despite this limitation, it is evident that there is less interindividual variation in metabolites which are derived from absorption in the small intestine compared to catabolites derived from the action of microbiota in the colon. There is also some evidence that a high absorber of intact quercetin conjugates could be a low absorber of microbiota-catalyzed phenolics, and vice versa. From the studies reported so far, the reasons or causes of the interindividual differences are not clear, but, based on the known metabolic pathways, it is predicted that dietary history, genetic polymorphisms, and variations in gut microbiota metabolism would play significant roles. In conclusion, quercetin bioavailability is subject to substantial variation between individuals, and further work is required to establish if this contributes to interindividual differences in biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filipa Almeida
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Univ. Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Grethe Iren A Borge
- Nofima AS, the Norwegian Inst. of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mariusz Piskula
- Inst. of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adriana Tudose
- Central Military Emergency Univ. Hospital "dr. Carol Davila", Bucharest, 010825, Romania
| | - Liliana Tudoreanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Inst. of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Univ. of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia N Santos
- Inst. de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Inst. de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Univ. Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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23
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Fraga CG, Oteiza PI, Galleano M. Plant bioactives and redox signaling: (-)-Epicatechin as a paradigm. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:31-40. [PMID: 29421170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactives claimed to be responsible for some of the health benefits provided by fruit and vegetables. It is currently accepted that the bioactivities of polyphenols can be mostly ascribed to their interactions with proteins and lipids. Such interactions can affect cell oxidant production and cell signaling, and explain in part the ability of polyphenols to promote health. EC can modulate redox sensitive signaling by: i) defining the extent of oxidant levels that can modify cell signaling, function, and fate, e.g. regulating enzymes that generate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide; or ii) regulating the activation of transcription factors sensible to oxidants. The latter includes the regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) pathway, which in turn can promote the synthesis of antioxidant defenses, and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway, which mediates the expression of oxidants generating enzymes, as well as proteins not involved in redox reactions. In summary, a significant amount of data vindicates the participation of EC in redox regulated signaling pathways. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in EC biological actions will help to define recommendations in terms of which fruit and vegetables are healthier and the amounts necessary to provide health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sugahara S, Fukuhara K, Tokunaga Y, Tsutsumi S, Ueda Y, Ono M, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC, Yasuda S. Radical scavenging effects of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and their sulfate-conjugates. J Toxicol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumiko Fukuhara
- Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University
| | | | | | - Yuto Ueda
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University
| | - Masateru Ono
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University
- Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Toledo
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokai University
- Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University
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25
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Chalet C, Hollebrands B, Janssen HG, Augustijns P, Duchateau G. Identification of phase-II metabolites of flavonoids by liquid chromatography–ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:471-482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Estrela JM, Mena S, Obrador E, Benlloch M, Castellano G, Salvador R, Dellinger RW. Polyphenolic Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Bioavailability versus Bioefficacy. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9413-9436. [PMID: 28654265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyphenols are organic chemicals which contain phenol units in their structures. They show antitumor properties. However, a key problem is their short half-life and low bioavailability under in vivo conditions. Still, definitively demonstrating the human benefits of isolated polyphenolic compounds (alone or in combination) using modern scientific methodology has proved challenging. The most common discrepancy between experimental and clinical observations is the use of nonphysiologically relevant concentrations of polyphenols in mechanistic studies. Thus, it remains highly controversial how applicable underlying mechanisms are with bioavailable concentrations and biological half-life. The present Perspective analyses proposed antitumor mechanisms, in vivo reported antitumor effects, and possible mechanisms that may explain discrepancies between bioavailability and bioefficacy. Polyphenol metabolism and possible toxic side effects are also considered. Our main conclusion emphasizes that these natural molecules (and their chemical derivatives) indeed can be very useful, not only as cancer chemopreventive agents but also in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estrela
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University , 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Castellano
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University , 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Prinsloo G, Papadi G, Hiben MG, de Haan L, Louisse J, Beekmann K, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1187-1200. [PMID: 28533190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on the promises and pitfalls when using in vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals and botanical preparations. Important issues addressed in the paper are: (i) the type of assays and biological effects available; (ii) false-positives, false-negatives and confounding factors; (iii) matrix and combination effects; (iv) extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation; (v) when (not) to use bioassays; and (vi) identification of active constituents. It is concluded that in vitro bioassays provide models to detect beneficial as well as adverse activities, but that linking these observations to individual ingredients and extrapolations to the in vivo situation is more complicated than generally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prinsloo
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa.
| | - Georgia Papadi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mebrahtom G Hiben
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kaneko A, Matsumoto T, Matsubara Y, Sekiguchi K, Koseki J, Yakabe R, Aoki K, Aiba S, Yamasaki K. Glucuronides of phytoestrogen flavonoid enhance macrophage function via conversion to aglycones by β-glucuronidase in macrophages. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:265-279. [PMID: 28480538 PMCID: PMC5569364 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Flavonoids are converted to inactive metabolites like glucuronides in the gut, and circulate mainly as glucuronides in blood stream, resulting in low concentrations of active aglycones in plasma. It is therefore unclear how oral flavonoids exert their effects in tissues. We recently reported the plasma pharmacokinetics of some flavonoids and suggested the possibility that the absorbed flavonoids modified macrophage functions leading to enhance bacterial clearance. We aimed to confirm their pharmacological profiles focusing on tissue macrophages. Methods Pseudoinfection was induced by intradermal injection of FITC‐conjugated and killed Staphylococcus aureus into the ears of mice treated with or without genistein 7‐O‐glucuronide (GEN7G, 1 mg/kg, i.v.). FACS analysis was performed on single cell suspensions dispersed enzymatically from the skin lesions at 6 h post pseudoinfection to evaluate phagocytic activities of monocytes/macrophages (CD11b+Ly6G−) and neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6G+). Phagocytosis of the FITC‐conjugated bacteria by four glucuronides including GEN7G was evaluated in cultures of mouse macrophages. Results After GEN7G injection, genistein was identified in the inflamed ears as well as GEN7G, and the phagocytic activity of CD11b+Ly6G− cells was increased. GEN7G was converted to genistein by incubation with macrophage‐related β‐glucuronidase. Macrophage culture assays revealed that GEN7G increased phagocytosis, and the action was dampened by a β‐glucuronidase inhibitor. Binding of aglycones to estrogen receptors (ERs), putative receptors of flavonoid aglycones, correlated to biological activities, and glucuronidation reduced the binding to ERs. An ER antagonist suppressed the increase of macrophage function by GEN7G, whereas estradiol enhanced phagocytosis as well. Conclusions This study suggests a molecular mechanism by which oral flavonoids are carried as glucuronides and activated to aglycones by β‐glucuronidase in tissue macrophages, and contributes to the pharmacological study of glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsubara
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoji Sekiguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichi Koseki
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Yakabe
- Analytical and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Aoki
- Analytical and Pharmaceutical Technology Research Center, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Sak K. Anticancer Action of Sulfated Flavonoids as Phase II Metabolites. FOOD BIOCONVERSION 2017:207-236. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811413-1.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
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Qiao X, Wang Q, Wang S, Miao WJ, Li YJ, Xiang C, Guo DA, Ye M. Compound to Extract to Formulation: a knowledge-transmitting approach for metabolites identification of Gegen-Qinlian Decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39534. [PMID: 27996040 PMCID: PMC5171860 DOI: 10.1038/srep39534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines usually contain a large group of chemical components, which may be transformed into more complex metabolites in vivo. In this study, we proposed a knowledge-transmitting strategy for metabolites identification of compound formulas. Gegen-Qinlian Decoction (GQD) is a classical formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is widely used to treat diarrhea and diabetes in clinical practice. However, only tens of metabolites could be detected using conventional approaches. To comprehensively identify the metabolites of GQD, a “compound to extract to formulation” strategy was established in this study. The metabolic pathways of single representative constituents in GQD were studied, and the metabolic rules were transmitted to chemically similar compounds in herbal extracts. After screening diversified metabolites from herb extracts, the knowledge was summarized to identify the metabolites of GQD. Tandem mass spectrometry (MSn), fragment-based scan (NL, PRE), and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were employed to identify, screen, and monitor the metabolites, respectively. Using this strategy, we detected 131 GQD metabolites (85 were newly generated) in rats biofluids. Among them, 112 metabolites could be detected when GQD was orally administered at a clinical dosage (12.5 g/kg). This strategy could be used for systematic metabolites identification of complex Chinese medicine formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen-Juan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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31
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Sak K, Kasemaa K, Everaus H. Potentiation of luteolin cytotoxicity by flavonols fisetin and quercetin in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines. Food Funct 2016; 7:3815-24. [PMID: 27489195 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) still remains an incurable disease. Therefore, all new compounds and novel strategies which are able to eradicate CLL cells should be considered as valuable clues for a potential future remedy against this malignancy. In the present study, the cytotoxic profiles of natural flavonoids were described in two human CLL cell lines, HG-3 and EHEB, indicating the flavone luteolin as the most potent flavonoid with half-maximal inhibitory constants (IC50) of 37 μM and 26 μM, respectively. Luteolin significantly increased the apoptotic cell population in both cell lines by increasing the activities of caspases-3 and -9 and triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Two flavonols, fisetin and quercetin, were somewhat less efficient in suppressing cellular viability, whereas baicalein, chrysin, (+)-catechin and hesperetin exerted only a small or no response at doses as high as 100 μM. Both fisetin and quercetin were able to augment the cytotoxic activity of luteolin in both cell lines by reducing the IC50 values up to four fold. As a result of this, luteolin displayed cytotoxicity activity already at low micromolar concentrations that could potentially be physiologically achievable through oral ingestion. No other tested flavonoids were capable of sensitizing CLL cells to luteolin pointing to a specific binding of fisetin and quercetin to the cellular targets which interfere with the signaling pathways induced by luteolin. Although further molecular studies to unravel this potentiating mechanism are certainly needed, this phenomenon could contribute to future remedies for prevention and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Beekmann K, de Haan LHJ, Actis-Goretta L, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Effect of Glucuronidation on the Potential of Kaempferol to Inhibit Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1256-1263. [PMID: 26808477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of metabolic conjugation of flavonoids on the potential to inhibit protein kinase activity, the inhibitory effects of the dietary flavonol kaempferol and its major plasma conjugate kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide on protein kinases were studied. To this end, the inhibition of the phosphorylation activity of recombinant protein kinase A (PKA) and of cell lysate from the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 on 141 putative serine/threonine phosphorylation sites derived from human proteins was assessed. Glucuronidation reduced the inhibitory potency of kaempferol on the phosphorylation activity of PKA and HepG2 lysate on average about 16 and 3.5 times, respectively, but did not appear to affect the target selectivity for kinases present in the lysate. The data demonstrate that, upon glucuronidation, kaempferol retains part of its intrinsic kinase inhibition potential, which implies that K3G does not necessarily need to be deconjugated to the aglycone for a potential inhibitory effect on protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Peter J van Bladeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Postbus 8000, 6700EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Use of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling to study interindividual human variation and species differences in plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:690-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beekmann K, de Haan LHJ, Actis-Goretta L, Houtman R, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. The effect of glucuronidation on isoflavone induced estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ mediated coregulator interactions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:245-53. [PMID: 26361015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-prenylated isoflavone aglycones are known to have phyto-estrogenic properties and act as agonistic ligands on ERα and ERβ due to their structural resemblance to 17β-estradiol (E2). Genistein and daidzein are the two main dietary isoflavones; upon uptake they are extensively metabolized and exist nearly exclusively as their conjugated forms in biological fluids. Little is known about the effect of conjugation on the intrinsic estrogenic activities of these isoflavones. To characterize and compare the intrinsic estrogenic activities of genistein and daidzein, and their respective 7-O-glucuronide metabolites a cell-free assay system was employed that determines the ligand-induced changes in ERα- and ERβ-ligand binding domain (LBD) interactions with 154 different binding motifs derived from 66 different nuclear receptor coregulators. The glucuronides were 8 to 4400 times less potent than their respective aglycones to modulate ERα-LBD and ERβ-LBD-coregulator interactions. Glucuronidation changed the preferential activation of genistein from ERβ-LBD to ERα-LBD and further increased the slightly preferential activation of daidzein for ERα-LBD. The tested isoflavone compounds were less potent than E2 (around 5 to 1580 times for the aglycones) but modulated the LBD-coregulator interactions in a manner similar to E2. Our results show that genistein and daidzein remain agonistic ligands of ERα-LBD and ERβ-LBD in their conjugated form with a higher relative preference for ERα-LBD than the corresponding aglycones. This shift in receptor preference is of special interest as the preferential activation of ERβ is considered one of the possible modes of action underlying the supposed beneficial instead of adverse health effects of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas Actis-Goretta
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Bladeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Case Postale 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Postbus 8000, Bode 92, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Catalán Ú, López de las Hazas MC, Rubió L, Fernández-Castillejo S, Pedret A, de la Torre R, Motilva MJ, Solà R. Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol and its predominant plasmatic human metabolites against endothelial dysfunction in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2523-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Catalán
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | | | - Laura Rubió
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- Food Technology Department; Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center; Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Sara Fernández-Castillejo
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Anna Pedret
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF); Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department; Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center; Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- Functional Nutrition; Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut); Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research (URLA); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Hospital Universitari Sant Joan; IISPV; Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
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Roubalová L, Purchartová K, Papoušková B, Vacek J, Křen V, Ulrichová J, Vrba J. Sulfation modulates the cell uptake, antiradical activity and biological effects of flavonoids in vitro: An examination of quercetin, isoquercitrin and taxifolin. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5402-9. [PMID: 26260337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin 3'-O-sulfate is one of the main metabolites of the natural flavonoid quercetin in humans. This study was designed to prepare quercetin 3'-O-sulfate (1), isoquercitrin 4'-O-sulfate (2) and taxifolin 4'-O-sulfate (3) by the sulfation of quercetin, isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside) and taxifolin (2,3-dihydroquercetin) using the arylsulfate sulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense, and to examine the effect of sulfation on selected biological properties of the flavonoids tested. We found that flavonoid sulfates 1-3 were weaker DPPH radical scavengers than the corresponding nonsulfated flavonoids, and that 1-3, unlike quercetin, did not induce the expression of either heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells or cytochrome P450 1A1 in HepG2 cells. In both cell types, the cell uptake of compounds 1-3 was much lower than that of quercetin, but comparable to that of the glycoside isoquercitrin. Moreover, HPLC/MS metabolic profiling in HepG2 cells showed that flavonoid sulfates 1-3 were metabolized to a limited extent compared to the nonsulfated compounds. We conclude that sulfation of the tested flavonoids reduces their antiradical activity, and affects their cell uptake and biological activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Roubalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Purchartová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papoušková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 listopadu 12, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
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Quercetin tests negative for genotoxicity in transcriptome analyses of liver and small intestine of mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:34-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sim J, Choi E, Jeong GS, Lee S. Characterization of in vitro metabolites of cudratricusxanthone A in human liver microsomes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:325-36. [PMID: 25765476 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA), isolated from the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata, exhibits several biological activities; however, metabolic biotransformation was not investigated. Therefore, metabolites of CTXA were investigated and the major metabolic enzymes engaged in human liver microsomes (HLMs) were characterized using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CTXA was incubated with HLMs or human recombinant CYPs and UGTs, and analysed by an LC-MS/MS equipped electrospray ionization (ESI) to qualify and quantify its metabolites. In total, eight metabolites were identified: M1-M4 were identified as mono-hydroxylated metabolites during Phase I, and M5-M8 were identified as O-glucuronidated metabolites during Phase II in HLMs. Moreover, these metabolite structures and a metabolic pathway were identified by elucidation of MS(n) fragments and formation by human recombinant enzymes. M1 was formed by CYP2D6, and M2-M4 were generated by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. M5-M8 were mainly formed by UGT1A1, respectively. While investigating the biotransformation of CTXA, eight metabolites of CTXA were identified by CYPs and UGTs; these data will be valuable for understanding the in vivo metabolism of CTXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwa Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Simonyi A, Chen Z, Jiang J, Zong Y, Chuang DY, Gu Z, Lu CH, Fritsche KL, Greenlief CM, Rottinghaus GE, Thomas AL, Lubahn DB, Sun GY. Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components. Life Sci 2015; 128:30-8. [PMID: 25744406 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants noted for its cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the American elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) pomace as well as some of the anthocyanins (cyanidin chloride and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) and flavonols (quercetin and rutin) in bv-2 mouse microglial cells. MAIN METHODS The bv-2 cells were pretreated with elderberry pomace (extracted with ethanol or ethyl acetate) or its anthocyanins and flavonols and stimulated by either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-γ (IFNγ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production (indicating oxidative stress and inflammatory response) were measured using the ROS detection reagent DCF-DA and the Griess reaction, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Analysis of total monomeric anthocyanin (as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalents) indicated five-fold higher amount in the freeze-dried ethanol extract as compared to that of the oven-dried extract; anthocyanin was not detected in the ethyl acetate extracts. Elderberry ethanol extracts (freeze-dried or oven-dried) showed higher anti-oxidant activities and better ability to inhibit LPS or IFNγ-induced NO production as compared with the ethyl acetate extracts. The phenolic compounds strongly inhibited LPS or IFNγ-induced ROS production, but except for quercetin, they were relatively poor in inhibiting NO production. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated differences in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of elderberry extracts depending on solvents used. Results further identified quercetin as the most active component in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses on microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Simonyi
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zihong Chen
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yijia Zong
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dennis Y Chuang
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chi-Hua Lu
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C Michael Greenlief
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrew L Thomas
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri Southwest Research Center, Mt. Vernon, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Beekmann K, Rubió L, de Haan LHJ, Actis-Goretta L, van der Burg B, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. The effect of quercetin and kaempferol aglycones and glucuronides on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Food Funct 2015; 6:1098-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin and kaempferol increase PPAR-γ mediated gene expression without acting as agonistic ligands; glucuronidation reduces their activity in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology
- Wageningen University
- 6700EA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Laura Rubió
- Department of Food Technology
- XaRTA-UTPV
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària
- Universitat de Lleida
- 25198 Lleida
| | | | | | | | - Peter J. van Bladeren
- Division of Toxicology
- Wageningen University
- 6700EA Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Nestlé Research Center
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41
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Schulze-Kaysers N, Feuereisen MM, Schieber A. Phenolic compounds in edible species of the Anacardiaceae family – a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Anacardiaceae (cashew family) are of economic importance and contain a diverse range of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Schulze-Kaysers
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
| | - M. M. Feuereisen
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
| | - A. Schieber
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
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42
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Marquês JT, Viana AS, de Almeida RFM. A biomimetic platform to study the interactions of bioelectroactive molecules with lipid nanodomains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12627-12637. [PMID: 25267380 DOI: 10.1021/la503086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a biomimetic platform where the study of membrane associated redox processes and high-resolution imaging of lipid nanodomains can be both performed, based on a new functional gold modification, l-cysteine self-assembled monolayer. This monolayer proved to be ideal for the preparation of defect-free planar supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) where nanodomains with height difference of ∼1.5 nm are clearly resolved by atomic force microscopy. Single and multicomponent lipid compositions were used, leading to the formation of different phases and domains mimicking the lateral organization of cellular membranes, and in all cases stable and continuous bilayers were obtained. These platforms were tested toward the interaction with bioelectroactive molecules, the antioxidant quercetin, and the hormone epinephrine. Despite the weak interaction detected between epinephrine and lipid bilayers, our biomimetic interface was able to sense the redox process of membrane-bound epinephrine, obtain its surface concentration (9.36 × 10(-11) mol/cm(2) for a fluid bilayer), and estimate a mole fraction membrane/water partition coefficient (Kp) from cyclic voltammetric measurements (1.13 × 10(4) for a fluid phase membrane). This Kp could be used to quantitatively describe the minute changes observed in the photophysical properties of epinephrine intrinsic fluorescence upon its interaction with liposome suspensions. Moreover, we showed that the lipid membrane stabilizes epinephrine structure, preventing its oxidation, which occurs in neutral aqueous solution, and that epinephrine partition and mobility in membranes depends on lipid phase, expanding our knowledge on hormone membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim T Marquês
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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43
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Isoquercitrin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:267-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Boonpawa R, Spenkelink A, Rietjens IMCM, Punt A. A physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model describing plasma concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:287-99. [PMID: 24561179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of flavonoids in vivo are ultimately dependent on the systemic bioavailability of the aglycones as well as their metabolites. In the present study, a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model was developed to predict plasma concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin and its metabolites and to tentatively identify the regiospecificity of the major circulating metabolites. The model was developed based on in vitro metabolic parameters and by fitting kinetic parameters to literature available in vivo data. Both exposure to quercetin aglycone and to quercetin-4'-O-glucoside, for which in vivo data were available, were simulated. The predicted plasma concentrations of different metabolites adequately matched literature reported plasma concentrations of these metabolites in rats exposed to 4'-O-glucoside. The bioavailability of aglycone was predicted to be very low ranging from 0.004%-0.1% at different oral doses of quercetin or quercetin-4'-O-glucoside. Glucuronidation was a crucial pathway that limited the bioavailability of the aglycone, with 95-99% of the dose being converted to monoglucuronides within 1.5-2.5h at different dose levels ranging from 0.1 to 50mg/kg bw quercetin or quercetin-4'-O-glucoside. The fast metabolic conversion to monoglucuronides allowed these metabolites to further conjugate to di- and tri-conjugates. The regiospecificity of major circulating metabolites was observed to be dose-dependent. As we still lack in vivo kinetic data for many flavonoids, the developed model has a great potential to be used as a platform to build PBK models for other flavonoids as well as to predict the kinetics of flavonoids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Boonpawa
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Albertus Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The formation of quinone methides (QMs) from either direct 2-electron oxidation of 2- or 4-alkylphenols, isomerization of o-quinones, or elimination of a good leaving group could explain the cytotoxic/cytoprotective effects of several drugs, natural products, as well as endogenous compounds. For example, the antiretroviral drug nevirapine and the antidiabetic agent troglitazone both induce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity through mechanisms involving quinone methide formation. The anesthetic phencyclidine induces psychological side effects potentially through quinone methide mediated covalent modification of crucial macromolecules in the brain. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene are metabolized to quinone methides which could potentially contribute to endometrial carcinogenic properties and/or induce detoxification enzymes and enhance the chemopreventive effects of these SERMs. Endogenous estrogens and/or estrogens present in estrogen replacement formulations are also metabolized to catechols and further oxidized to o-quinones which can isomerize to quinone methides. Both estrogen quinoids could cause DNA damage which could enhance hormone dependent cancer risk. Natural products such as the food and flavor agent eugenol can be directly oxidized to a quinone methide which may explain the toxic effects of this natural compound. Oral toxicities associated with chewing areca quid could be the result of exposure to hydroxychavicol through initial oxidation to an o-quinone which isomerizes to a p-quinone methide. Similar o-quinone to p-quinone methide isomerization reactions have been reported for the ubiquitous flavonoid quercetin which needs to be taken into consideration when evaluating risk-benefit assessments of these natural products. The resulting reaction of these quinone methides with proteins, DNA, and/or resulting modulation of gene expression may explain the toxic and/or beneficial effects of the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781) College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago 833 S. Wood Street Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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Rubió L, Serra A, Chen CYO, Macià A, Romero MP, Covas MI, Solà R, Motilva MJ. Effect of the co-occurring components from olive oil and thyme extracts on the antioxidant status and its bioavailability in an acute ingestion in rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:740-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Overestimation of flavonoid aglycones as a result of the ex vivo deconjugation of glucuronides by the tissue β-glucuronidase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 88:364-9. [PMID: 24176739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid glucuronides are the main circulating metabolites of flavonoids in humans and animals. There has been a growing interest in the biological function of glucuronides. In order to differentiate biological activity and to assess efficacy it is essential to accurately determine the levels of flavonoid aglycone and metabolic conjugate in vivo. Many organs and body fluids of humans and animals exhibit β-glucuronidase against flavonoid glucuronides. Studies have shown that β-glucuronidase within the tissues hydrolyzes glucuronides to their aglycones during the tissue extraction, leading to artificially higher reported tissue levels of aglycone than actual in vivo concentrations. The aims of this study were to estimate the extent by which the aglycones were overestimated and to investigate the use of saccharo-1,4-lactone, a β-glucuronidase inhibitor, to block the ex vivo hydrolysis of flavonoid glucuronides. Our data demonstrate that in mouse liver tissues and human tumor xenografts levels of quercetin and methylated quercetin aglycones could be over-estimated by 7-fold. The inhibition of deconjugation of quercetin and baicalein glucuronides by saccharo-1,4-lactone is dose-dependent. The amount of saccharo-1,4-lactone used to produce optimal inhibition of the enzyme activity is in the range of 15-24μmol per gram of liver tissue. The use of β-glucuronidase inhibitor blocks the ex vivo deconjugation resulting in an accurate estimation of tissue levels of aglycone and conjugate. Our study described here can be extended to other animal models and human studies with different types of substrates of β-glucuronidase.
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Legette L, Karnpracha C, Reed RL, Choi J, Bobe G, Christensen JM, Rodriguez-Proteau R, Purnell JQ, Stevens JF. Human pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol, an antihyperglycemic flavonoid from hops. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:248-55. [PMID: 24038952 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthohumol (XN) is a bioactive prenylflavonoid from hops. A single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) to determine dose-concentration relationships. METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects received a single oral dose of 20, 60, or 180 mg XN. Blood was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Plasma levels of XN and its metabolites, isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6PN) were measured by LC-MS/MS. Xanthohumol (XN) and IX conjugates were dominant circulating flavonoids among all subjects. Levels of 8PN and 6PN were undetectable in most subjects. The XN PK profile showed peak concentrations around 1 h and between 4-5 h after ingestion. The maximum XN concentrations (C(max)) were 33 ± 7 mg/L, 48 ± 11 mg/L, and 120 ± 24 mg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. Using noncompartmental modeling, the area under the curves (AUC(0→∞)) for XN were 92 ± 68 h × μg/L, 323 ± 160 h × μg/L, and 863 ± 388 h × μg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. The mean half-life of XN was 20 h for the 60 and 18 h for the 180 mg dose. CONCLUSION XN has a distinct biphasic absorption pattern with XN and IX conjugates being the major circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole Legette
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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49
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Handoussa H, Hanafi R, Eddiasty I, El-Gendy M, El Khatib A, Linscheid M, Mahran L, Ayoub N. Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of dietary phenolics isolated from Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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