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Loive J, Strandberg B, Christensen K, Hagvall L. Indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in public buildings with creosote impregnated constructions - A pilot case study using passive samplers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141240. [PMID: 38266881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Creosote has been used in Sweden as a wood preservative in buildings since the 19th century. These buildings can function as workplaces, homes, and cultural buildings to which the public has access. Creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are well known carcinogens. To understand exposure and risks in an indoor environment, it is important to determine air levels of parent PAHs as well as the more toxic nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives (NPAH, OPAH). This study aims to investigate indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) e.g., PAH, NPAH, OPAH and dibenzothiophenes in buildings containing creosote sources and whether these levels pose a health risk. Four cultural buildings were studied, all located within a radius of 130 m. Two were known to have creosote sources, and two had not. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were used to indicate possible point sources. PUF-PAS measurements were performed for one month in each building winter and summer. Simultaneously, PAC outdoor level measurements were performed. Buildings with creosote impregnated constructions had notably higher indoor air levels of PAC (31-1200 ng m-3) compared to the two buildings without creosote sources (14-45 ng m-3). The PAH cancer potency (sum of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq)) was more than one order of magnitude higher in the buildings containing creosote impregnated wood compared to reference buildings. The highest value was 5.1 BaPeq ng m-3 which was significantly higher than the outdoor winter measurement (1.3 BaPeq ng m-3). Fluoranthene and phenanthrene, with significant distribution in gas phase, but also several particulate NPAHs contributed significantly to the total cancer risk. Thus, creosote containing buildings can still contaminate the indoor air with PACs despite being over a hundred years old. The PUF-PAS was shown to be a good tool providing quantitative/semiquantitative measures of PACs exposure in indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loive
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Karen Christensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden.
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2
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Martínez Valenzuela C, Gavilán García A, Conde Avila V, Barrientos Alemán D, Apodaca Avalos M, Luna Valdez JG, Castro Carranza G, Masías Ambríz LO. Applying the Global Monitoring Plan and analysis of POPs results in atmospheric air in Mexico (2017-2018). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135154. [PMID: 35640689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air is one of the target matrices of the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) of the Stockholm Convention to determine concentrations and transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Mexico participates in the GMP for POPs in ambient air through the AIR-Global Environment Facility (GEF) program. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of POPs monitoring of air samples collected in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, between 2017 and 2018. Passive samplers were used for the determination of chlorinated basic POPs, indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (Ind. PCBs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs). A principal component analysis was applied to determine relationships between pollutants and groups present in the ambient air of the rural study area. Of the total POPs analyzed, 85.56% were detected in ambient air samples from Mexico. Organochlorine compounds, as DDT derivatives, were identified mainly, as well as PBDEs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. The prevalence of compounds differed according to the seasonality of sampling, with no change in average concentration between monitoring years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez Valenzuela
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | | | - Victoria Conde Avila
- Facultad de Biotecnología, Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Dolores Barrientos Alemán
- Representante Del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente en México (Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe), Mexico
| | - Marisa Apodaca Avalos
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Luna Valdez
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Castro Carranza
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luis Omar Masías Ambríz
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
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3
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Klingberg J, Strandberg B, Sjöman H, Taube M, Wallin G, Pleijel H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in Quercus palustris and Pinus nigra in the urban landscape of Gothenburg, Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150163. [PMID: 34536858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trees have the potential to improve urban air quality as leaves and needles capture air pollutants from the air, but further empirical data has been requested to quantify these effects. We measured the concentration of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaves of pin oak (Quercus palustris) and needles of black pine (Pinus nigra) in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, during the summer of 2018. Oak leaves were collected twice (June, September), while one-year-old (C + 1) and three-year-old (C + 3) pine needles were sampled in June to study the temporal development of leaf/needle PAH concentrations. Specific leaf area (SLA) was estimated, which permitted calculation of leaf/needle area-based PAH content that were compared with the mass-based concentration. In addition, the air concentration of PAHs and NO2 was measured using passive samplers. There was a strong correlation between air concentrations of PAH and NO2, indicating that the pollutants to a large degree originate from the same sources. In the oak leaves there was a significant decrease in low molecular mass PAHs (L-PAH, mainly gaseous) between June and September, but a significant increase in high molecular mass PAHs (H-PAH, mainly particle-bound). There was a strong correlation between L-PAH concentration in leaves and in air indicating an influence of equilibrium processes between ambient air and leaf. In the pine needles, there was a significant increase of both L-PAH and H-PAH in three-year-old needles compared to one-year-old needles. Pine was superior to oak in accumulating PAHs from the air, especially for L-PAHs when comparing area-based content. However, H-PAH concentrations were higher in oak leaves compared to pine needles on a leaf mass basis, emphasizing the importance of how concentrations are expressed. The results from this study can contribute to the development of urban planning strategies regarding the effect of vegetation on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Klingberg
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Lund University, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjöman
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottbergs gata 22B, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Malin Taube
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Wallin
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Gothenburg University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Field comparison of passive polyurethane foam and active air sampling techniques for analysis of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds at a remote high-mountain site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149738. [PMID: 34481164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) are good candidates for the determination of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) air concentrations in high-mountain areas over long periods because they do not require an energy supply. However, the harsh meteorological conditions present in such locations can increase the uncertainties inherently associated to PAS sampling rates due to the many variables involved in their calculation and to the assumptions made regarding PUF diffusive uptake mechanics, which can considerably bias the resulting concentrations. Therefore, we studied the performance of PUF-PASs in a remote location in the Pyrenees mountain range for the analysis of several SVOCs in air, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the less studied emerging organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). An in-situ PUF-PAS calibration using Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) provided compound- and sampler-specific sampling rates, showing mean experimental errors (12%) that adequately conformed to an estimate of their expanded theoretical uncertainties (15%). This showcases the suitability of this calibration strategy in an area with conditions beyond those typically considered in calibration efforts available to date. Moreover, gas-phase concentrations of the studied pollutants from PUF-PAS samples showed very good agreement (R2 up to 0.91, p < 0.01) when compared to those obtained using a conventional high-volume active air sampler (PUF-AAS), with some minor deviations observed for PAHs caused by the seasonality in their atmospheric concentrations. No relevant levels of pollutants preferentially bound to the particle phase were detected in the PUF-PASs, the particle infiltration efficiency of the sampler configuration used was found to be low, and compounds typically distributed between the gas and particle phases of AAS samples revealed profiles consistent with their vapor pressures, except for some OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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5
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Wang N, He L, Lv G, Sun X. Potential environmental fate and risk based on the hydroxyl radical-initiated transformation of atmospheric 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2dibromoethyl)cyclohexane stereoisomers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126031. [PMID: 34020355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), as an emerging brominated flame retardant (EBFR) pollutant, has been often observed in the air, and to comprehend its fate in the environment is still challenging due to the diversity of its stereoisomers. In this work, the environmental transformation behavior and potential toxicological implications of TBECH stereoisomers under the oxidation of OH· in the gas phase were investigated by computational chemistry. Our results indicate the complexity of the TBECH transformation reactions and the diversity of its transformation products in the atmosphere. Although the reactions of TBECH enantiomers with OH· exhibit highly consistency, it is obvious that the reactions of the four diastereoisomers of TBECH with OH· and their subsequent reactions have both specificity and similarity. The dehydrogenation intermediates produced by H-abstraction of OH· in the initial reactions may undergo oxidative debromination, hydroxylation and decomposition reactions, leading to the transformation into low bromine and monohydroxy substituted compounds, as well as debrominated or unbrominated unsaturated fatty ketones. The toxicity assessments show that all transformation products are less toxic to aquatic organisms than TBECH, but some of them are still classified at toxic or harmful levels. More importantly, some transformation products still exhibit carcinogenic and teratogenic activity. To our knowledge, this study provides, for the first time, a deep insight into the transformation mechanism, kinetics, and environmental impacts of atmospheric TBECH by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Guochun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Lunder Halvorsen H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Eckhardt S, Gusev A, Krogseth IS, Moeckel C, Shatalov V, Skogeng LP, Breivik K. Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on a national scale. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112172. [PMID: 33873078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunder Halvorsen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Gusev
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Victor Shatalov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
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Guo R, Jiang S, Hu M, Zhan Y, Cheng K, Duan G. Adsorption of volatile benzene series compounds by surface-modified glass fibers: kinetics, thermodynamic adsorption efficiencies, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30898-30907. [PMID: 33594553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of volatile benzene series compounds (VBSCs) in the environment is continually increasing, with the potential for negative effects on human health. It is therefore important to develop new materials for the adsorption of these compounds using various modification techniques. Glass fibers are a promising adsorbent for VBSCs and offer a number of advantages. In the present work, the surfaces of glass fibers were modified using hydrogen peroxide, a sodium hydroxide solution, or Piranha solution (a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide). The adsorption characteristics of the resulting specimens were investigated, employing 10 volatile benzene-based compounds, and the activated glass fibers showed significantly improved adsorption efficiencies. The fibers activated with the Piranha solution were further modified with a triethoxysilyl benzene compound to obtain an aryl-modified material that demonstrated enhanced adsorption of aniline, salicylaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and xylene relative to that obtained from a combination of polyurethane foam and XAD-2 resin. The adsorption efficiency of benzyl alcohol by these aryl glass fibers was found to be as high as 93% and the adsorption mechanism is believed to be associated with hydrogen bonding and π-π conjugation. This study provides a reliable technique for the quantification of VBSCs and a basis for the evaluation of various adsorption materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Sijing Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Kun Cheng
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Galon L, Bragagnolo L, Korf EP, Dos Santos JB, Barroso GM, Ribeiro VHV. Mobility and environmental monitoring of pesticides in the atmosphere - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x. [PMID: 33959837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the partition mechanisms in the agrochemical environment is fundamental for understanding their behavior within an ecosystem and mitigating possible adverse effects of these products. In this review, the objective was to present the main transport mechanisms, physical-chemical properties, and atmospheric monitoring methodologies of the most diverse types of agrochemicals used in agriculture that can reach the atmosphere and affect different compartments. It has been verified that volatilization is one of more considerable significance of the various forms of transport since a significant part of the applied pesticides can volatilize in a few days. As for monitoring these compounds in the atmosphere, both passive and active sampling have their advantages and disadvantages. Passive samplers allow sampling in large quantities and at remote locations, in addition to making continuous measurements, while active samplers have the advantage of being able to detect low concentrations and continuously. Since a significant portion of the applied pesticides is directed to the atmosphere, monitoring makes it possible to understand some properties of the pesticides present in the air. This monitoring can be done from different existing methodologies based on adopted criteria and existing technical standards. Graphical representation of mobility and environmental monitoring of atmospheric pollutants from pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Galon
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lucimara Bragagnolo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Marteinson SC, Bodnaryk A, Fry M, Riddell N, Letcher RJ, Marvin C, Tomy GT, Fernie KJ. A review of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in the environment and assessment of its persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110497. [PMID: 33232751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban of many historically-used flame retardants (FRs), numerous replacement chemicals have been produced and used in products, with some being identified as environmental contaminants. One of these replacement flame retardants is 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH; formerly abbreviated as TBECH), which to date has not been identified for risk assessment and potential regulation. DBE-DBCH technical mixtures consist largely of α- and β-diastereomers with trace amounts of γ- and δ-DBE-DBCH. The α- and β-isomers are known contaminants in various environmental media. While current global use and production volumes of DBE-DBCH are unknown, recent studies identified that DBE-DBCH concentrations were among the highest of the measured bromine-based FRs in indoor and urban air in Europe. Yet our mass balance fugacity model and modeling of the physical-chemical properties of DBE-DBCH estimated only 1% partitioning to air with a half-life of 2.2 d atmospherically. In contrast, our modeling characterized DBE-DBCH adsorbing strongly to suspended particulates in the water column (~12%), settling onto sediment (2.5%) with minimal volatilization, but with most partitioning and adsorbing strongly to soil (~85%) with negligible volatilization and slow biodegradation. Our modeling further predicted that organisms would be exposed to DBE-DBCH through partitioning from the dissolved aquatic phase, soil, and by diet, and given its estimated logKow (5.24) and a half-life of 1.7 d in fish, DBE-DBCH is expected to bioaccumulate into lipophilic tissues. Low concentrations of DBE-DBCH are commonly measured in biota and humans, possibly because evidence suggests rapid metabolism. Yet toxicological effects are evident at low exposure concentrations: DBE-DBCH is a proven endocrine disruptor of sex and thyroid hormone pathways, with in vivo toxic effects on reproductive, metabolic, and other endpoints. The objectives of this review are to identify the current state of knowledge concerning DBE-DBCH through an evaluation of its persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, and characterization of its toxicity, while identifying areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Anjelica Bodnaryk
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, 345 Southgate Dr., Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Hou M, Shi Y, Na G, Cai Y. A review of organophosphate esters in indoor dust, air, hand wipes and silicone wristbands: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106261. [PMID: 33395927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices inevitably pose human exposure risks. Numerous studies have investigated human exposure pathways to OPEs, including air inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal contact, and dietary and drinking water intake, and have indicated that indoor dust and indoor air routes are frequently the two main human exposure pathways. This article reviews the literature on OPE contamination in indoor air and dust from various microenvironments and on OPE particle size distributions and bioavailability in dust conducted over the past 10 years. Ways in which sampling strategies are related to the uncertainty of exposure assessment results and comparability among different studies in terms of sampling tools, sampling sites, and sample types are addressed. Also, the associations of OPEs in indoor dust/air with human biological samples were summarized. Studies on two emerging matrices, hand wipes and silicone wristbands, are demonstrated to be more comprehensive and accurate in reflecting personal human exposure to OPEs in microenvironments and are summarized. Given the direct application of some diester OPEs (di-OPEs) in numerous products, research on their existence in indoor dust and food and on their effects on human urine are also discussed. Finally, related research trends and avenues for future research are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Advances in Comprehensive Exposure Assessment: Opportunities for the US Military. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S5-S14. [PMID: 31800446 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review advances in exposure assessment offered by the exposome concept and new -omics and sensor technologies. METHODS Narrative review of advances, including current efforts and potential future applications by the US military. RESULTS Exposure assessment methods from both bottom-up and top-down exposomics approaches are advancing at a rapid pace, and the US military is engaged in developing both approaches. Top-down approaches employ various -omics technologies to identify biomarkers of internal exposure and biological effect. Bottom-up approaches use new sensor technology to better measure external dose. Key challenges of both approaches are largely centered around how to integrate, analyze, and interpret large datasets that are multidimensional and disparate. CONCLUSIONS Advances in -omics and sensor technologies may dramatically enhance exposure assessment and improve our ability to characterize health risks related to occupational and environmental exposures, including for the US military.
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12
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling for simultaneous determination of POP- and PAH-related compounds: A case study in informal waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125991. [PMID: 32069737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and unsubstituted/methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs/Me-PAHs) were simultaneously monitored in the air samples collected from Vietnamese urban and vehicular waste processing areas by using polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method. Concentrations (pg m-3) of organic pollutants decreased in the order: PAHs (median 29,000; range 5100-100,000) > Me-PAHs (6000; 1000-33,000) > PCBs (480; 170-1100) > PBDEs (11; 5.3-86) > NBFRs (0.20; n. d. - 51) > BB-153 (n.d.). The difference in total PCB and PBDE concentrations between the urban and waste processing air samples was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, levels of PAHs, Me-PAHs, benzo [a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs), and toxic equivalents of dioxin-like PCBs (WHO-TEQs) were much higher in the waste processing sites. This is the first report on the abundance of mono- and di-CBs (notably CB-11) in the air from a developing country, suggesting their roles as emerging and ubiquitous air pollutants. Our results have indicated potential sources of specific organic pollutants such as dioxin-like PCBs, PAHs, and Me-PAHs from improper treatment of end-of-life vehicles and other vehicle related materials (e.g., waste oils and rubber tires), as well as current emission of PCBs and PBDEs in the urban area in Vietnam. Further atmospheric monitoring studies should be conducted in this developing country that cover both legacy and emerging contaminants with a focus on areas affected by rapid urbanization and informal waste processing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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Strandberg B, Österman C, Koca Akdeva H, Moldanová J, Langer S. The Use of Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Passive Air Samplers in Exposure Studies to PAHs in Swedish Seafarers. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1739084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österman
- Kalmar Maritime Academy, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hatice Koca Akdeva
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jana Moldanová
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sorais M, Mazerolle MJ, Giroux JF, Verreault J. Landfills represent significant atmospheric sources of exposure to halogenated flame retardants for urban-adapted gulls. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105387. [PMID: 31841804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are contaminants that are abundantly emitted from waste management facilities (WMFs) and that became ubiquitous in air of urbanized regions. Urban birds including gulls have adapted to exploiting human food resources (refuse) in WMFs, and have thus experienced population explosions worldwide. However, foraging in WMFs for birds may result in exposure to HFRs that have been shown to be toxic for animals. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of foraging near or in various WMFs on the atmospheric exposure of birds to HFRs, and to localize other sources of HFRs at the regional scale in a highly urbanized environment. We measured the atmospheric exposure to HFRs in one of the most abundant gull species in North America, the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis), breeding in the densely-populated Montreal area (Canada) using a novel approach combining bird-borne GPS dataloggers and miniature passive air samplers (PASs). We determined concentrations of 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and three emerging HFRs of high environmental concern in PASs carried by gulls. We show that the daily sampling rates (pg/day) of PBDEs in PASs were highest in gulls foraging in or around landfills, but were not influenced by meteorological variables. In contrast, the daily sampling rates of emerging HFRs were lower compared to PBDEs and were not influenced by the presence of gulls in or near WMFs. This study demonstrates that atmospheric exposure to HFRs and perhaps other semi-volatile contaminants is underestimated, yet important for birds foraging in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Sorais
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Marc J Mazerolle
- Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF), Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Giroux
- Groupe de recherche en écologie comportementale et animale (GRECA), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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15
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Anh HQ, Tomioka K, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Viet PH, Takahashi S. A preliminary investigation of 942 organic micro-pollutants in the atmosphere in waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam: Levels, potential sources, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:354-364. [PMID: 30359902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Of 942 organic micro-pollutants screened, 167 compounds were detected at least once in the atmosphere in some primitive waste processing sites and an urban area in northern Vietnam by using a polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method and an Automated Identification and Quantification System with a Database (AIQS-DB) for GC-MS. Total concentrations of organic pollutants were higher in samples collected from an urban area of Hanoi city (2300-2600 ng m-3) as compared with those from an end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantling area in Bac Giang (900-1700 ng m-3) and a waste recycling cooperative in Thai Nguyen (870-1300 ng m-3). Domestic chemicals (e.g., n-alkanes, phthalate ester plasticizers, and synthetic phenolic antioxidants) dominated the organic pollutant patterns in all the samples, especially in the urban area. Pesticides (e.g., permethrins, chlorpyrifos, and propiconazole) were found in the atmosphere around the ELV sites at more elevated concentrations than the other areas. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the Bac Giang and Thai Nguyen facilities were significantly higher than those measured in Hanoi urban houses, probably due to the waste processing activities. Daily intake doses of organic pollutants via inhalation were estimated for waste processing workers and urban residents. This study shall provide preliminary data on the environmental occurrence, potential emission sources, and effects of multiple classes of organic pollutants in urban and waste processing areas in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Keidai Tomioka
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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16
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Martinez A, Awad AM, Herkert NJ, Hornbuckle KC. Determination of PCB fluxes from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal using dual-deployed air and water passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:469-476. [PMID: 30366294 PMCID: PMC6277018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for measuring fluxes of PCBs from natural waters using air and water passive samplers deployed simultaneously in the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC). Net volatilization of ƩPCBs was determined for 2017, and ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 μg m-2 d-1, with a median of 2.0 μg m-2 d-1. We confirm earlier findings that the IHSC experiences constant release of gas-phase PCBs. Gas-phase and freely-dissolved water ƩPCB samples median were 4.0 ng m-3 and 14 ng L-1, both exhibiting increasing concentrations over the year of study, and with a strong positive correlation between them (R2 = 0.93 for ƩPCBs). The relative concentrations of individual PCB congeners were very similar between air and water samples, and resemble Aroclor 1248, a mixture previously reported to contaminate the IHSC sediments. Monthly variability of the volatilization fluxes was primarily driven by the freely-dissolved water concentration changes (R2 = 0.87). Although different sampling methods were performed to estimate air-water fluxes between the month of August of 2006 and 2017, ƩPCB net fluxes have decreased by more than 60%, suggesting that either dredging at IHSC from 2012 to 2017 or reduction of upstream sources have decreased the freely-dissolved water concentrations of PCBs, thus reducing the air-water net volatilization in IHSC. Finally, we have shown that this passive sampling approach represents a simple and cost-effective method to assess the air-water exchange of PCBs, increase analytical sensitivity, enable measurements over time, and reduce uncertainties related to unexpected episodic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Andrew M Awad
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Herkert
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Okonski K, Melymuk L, Kohoutek J, Klánová J. Hexabromocyclododecane: concentrations and isomer profiles from sources to environmental sinks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36624-36635. [PMID: 30377961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and isomer compositions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were measured in six matrices in the Czech Republic (HBCD technical mixture; consumer products; indoor and outdoor air at industrial, urban and background locations; soils; and sediments) to provide insight into changes in concentrations and isomer profiles between environmental sources and environmental sinks. A distinct gradient of air concentrations was observed, from 1600 ng/m3 in the industrial area to < 10 pg/m3 in urban and background air. Isomer profiles also showed a distinct gradient in air, from 95% γ-HBCD in industrial air to 40% γ-HBCD in background air, suggesting the influence of differential atmospheric transport and phototransformation of γ- to α-HBCD. Concentrations and isomer compositions in consumer products were highly variable and indicated differences between products with intentional addition of HBCD as a flame retardant versus those with HBCD as an impurity, e.g., from recycled plastic. Understanding the isomer-specific environmental distributions and processes remains important for risk assessment and toxicology, considering the continued use of HBCD and the isomer-specific differences in uptake, metabolism, and toxicity, and further, demonstrates the utility of isomer profiles to better understand environmental processes of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Okonski
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Carlsson P, Vrana B, Sobotka J, Borgå K, Bohlin Nizzetto P, Varpe Ø. New brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the Arctic: Local sources and bioaccumulation potential in marine benthos. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1193-1202. [PMID: 30223335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and bioaccumulation of new flame retardants (nBFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DDC-CO) in the marine environment close to an Arctic community. Passive sampling of air and water and grab sampling of sediment and amphipods was used to obtain samples to study long-range transport versus local contributions for regulated and emerging flame retardants in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. BDE-47 and -99, α- and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH), syn- and anti-dechlorane plus (DDC-CO) were detected in all investigated matrices and the DDC-COss at higher concentrations in the air than reported from other remote Arctic areas. Water concentrations of ΣDDC-COSs were low (3 pg/L) and comparable to recent Arctic studies. ΣnBFR was 37 pg/L in the water samples while ΣPBDE was 3 pg/L. In biota, ΣDDC-COSs dominated (218 pg/g ww) followed by ΣnBFR (95 pg/g ww) and ΣPBDEs (45 pg/g ww). When compared with other areas and their relative distribution patterns, contributions from local sources of the analysed compounds cannot be ruled out. This should be taken into account when assessing long-range transport of nBFRs and DDC-COs to the Arctic. High concentrations of PBDEs in the sediment indicate that they might originate from a small, local source, while the results for some of the more volatile compounds such as hexabromobenzene (HBBz) suggest long-range transport to be more important than local sources. We recommend that local sources of flame retardants in remote areas receive more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Tromsø Office, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katrine Borgå
- University of Oslo, Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Varpe
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram-Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway; University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Department of Arctic Biology, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
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Strandberg B, Julander A, Sjöström M, Lewné M, Koca Akdeva H, Bigert C. Evaluation of polyurethane foam passive air sampler (PUF) as a tool for occupational PAH measurements. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:35-42. [PMID: 28985535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Routine monitoring of workplace exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is performed mainly via active sampling. However, active samplers have several drawbacks and, in some cases, may even be unusable. Polyurethane foam (PUF) as personal passive air samplers constitute good alternatives for PAH monitoring in occupational air (8 h). However, PUFs must be further tested to reliably yield detectable levels of PAHs in short exposure times (1-3 h) and under extreme occupational conditions. Therefore, we compared the personal exposure monitoring performance of a passive PUF sampler with that of an active air sampler and determined the corresponding uptake rates (Rs). These rates were then used to estimate the occupational exposure of firefighters and police forensic specialists to 32 PAHs. The work environments studied were heavily contaminated by PAHs with (for example) benzo(a)pyrene ranging from 0.2 to 56 ng m-3, as measured via active sampling. We show that, even after short exposure times, PUF can reliably accumulate both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs. The Rs-values are almost independent of variables such as the concentration and the wind speed. Therefore, by using the Rs-values (2.0-20 m3 day-1), the air concentrations can be estimated within a factor of two for gaseous PAHs and a factor of 10 for particulate PAHs. With very short sampling times (1 h), our method can serve as a (i) simple and user-friendly semi-quantitative screening tool for estimating and tracking point sources of PAH in micro-environments and (ii) complement to the traditional active pumping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Strandberg
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anneli Julander
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Sjöström
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Lewné
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hatice Koca Akdeva
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carolina Bigert
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Ellickson KM, McMahon CM, Herbrandson C, Krause MJ, Schmitt CM, Lippert CJ, Pratt GC. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air using passive sampling calibrated with active measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:487-496. [PMID: 28841501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are limited ambient air measurements of extended (beyond EPA Priority 16) lists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We measured air concentrations of 45 PAHs using passive and active air sampling at 15 sites in a central urban community and one rural site for two years. Passive sampling was conducted with cylindrical XAD-based samplers deployed to capture spatial variability. High volume active samplers with quartz fiber filters for particles and XAD-4 absorbent for gases were deployed at two urban sites and the rural site to calibrate the passive measurements directly. Estimated passive sampling rates (PSRs) were evaluated as functions of meteorological data, seasons, locations, study year, and compared with other studies. Possible particle collection by the passive samplers was evaluated using a variety of particle measurements (TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and ultrafines <100 nm). Total PAHs were statistically associated with ultrafine particle concentrations and to a lesser extent PM2.5 and PM10, but not TSP. PSRs were more variable when PAH mass loadings were lower and near method detection limits; this occurred more often at the rural site. The PSRs were not statistically associated with meteorological conditions in this study, but wind speed had the highest potential to impact PSR results. The resulting passive PAH measurements are reported with respect to proximity to major roadways and other known air emissions types. PSRs were quantifiable for some PAHs that were found predominantly in the particulate phase in active sampling. This information, together with particle fraction calculations from active sampling, were used to estimate the particulate PAH capture of the passive sampler. Summed PAH (∑PAH) passive concentrations were measured within the range of 10-265 ng/m3, with the highest concentrations from naphthalene and the lowest detected concentrations from anthracene. These results indicated a stronger seasonal signal within 200 m of a major roadway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ellickson
- Environmental Analysis and Outcomes, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA.
| | - C M McMahon
- Environmental Analysis and Outcomes, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Duluth, MN 55155, USA
| | - C Herbrandson
- Environmental Health, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
| | - M J Krause
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
| | - C M Schmitt
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
| | - C J Lippert
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, Onamia, MN 56359, USA
| | - G C Pratt
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Vojta Š, Melymuk L, Klánová J. Changes in Flame Retardant and Legacy Contaminant Concentrations in Indoor Air during Building Construction, Furnishing, and Use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11891-11899. [PMID: 28910084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A newly constructed university building was selected for targeted assessment of changes in the levels of flame retardants and legacy contaminants during the installation of building equipment, furniture, electronics, and first year of building use. Indoor air samples were collected during several periods of intensive equipment installation to determine a relationship between newly introduced equipment and changes in the concentrations and profiles of contaminants in indoor air. Samples were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and new types of flame retardants: brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs). Additionally, typical outdoor contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were also analyzed for comparison. From the set of 90 compounds analyzed here, hexabromobenzene (HBB) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) showed a significant concentration increase in indoor air concentrations during computer installation and operation, suggesting emission by operating computers, while an order of magnitude concentration increase in tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) and tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMTP) was observed after the furniture and carpet was introduced to the computer room, suggesting furniture or carpet as a source. However, the majority of compounds had no systematic change in concentrations during equipment installation, indicating that no sources of target compounds were introduced or, that source introduction was not reflected in indoor air concentrations. Generally, low levels of legacy flame retardants compared to their novel alternatives were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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Kalina J, Scheringer M, Borůvková J, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Klánová J. Passive Air Samplers As a Tool for Assessing Long-Term Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations of Semivolatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7047-7054. [PMID: 28534402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to quantify the relationship between the amount of persistent organic pollutants sequestered by passive air sampling devices and their actual concentrations in ambient air. However, this information may not be necessary for some applications. In this study, two sets of 30 ten-year-long time series of simultaneous passive and high-volume active air sampling carried out at the Košetice observatory in the Czech Republic were used for a comparison of temporal trends. Fifteen polyaromatic hydrocarbons, seven polychlorinated biphenyls and eight organochlorine pesticides were investigated. In most cases, a good agreement was observed between the trends derived from passive and active monitoring with the exception of several compounds obviously affected by sampling artifacts. Two sampling artifacts were observed: breakthrough of high-volume sampler filters for penta- and hexachlorobenzene and semiquantitative values for PAHs with a high molecular weight. It has been suggested before that annually aggregated results of passive air monitoring may be used directly for the assessment of the long-term behavior of these compounds. The extensive set of long-term data used in this study allowed us to confirm this finding and to demonstrate that it is also possible to derive temporal trends and the compounds' half-lives in air from the passive-sampling time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kalina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Borůvková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Francisco AP, Harner T, Eng A. Measurement of polyurethane foam - air partition coefficients for semivolatile organic compounds as a function of temperature: Application to passive air sampler monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:638-642. [PMID: 28199940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam - air partition coefficients (KPUF-air) for 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10 alkyl-substituted PAHs, 4 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and dibenzothiophene were measured as a function of temperature over the range 5 °C-35 °C, using a generator column approach. Enthalpies of PUF-to-air transfer (ΔHPUF-air, kJ/mol) were determined from the slopes of log KPUF-air versus 1000/T (K), and have an average value of 81.2 ± 7.03 kJ/mol. The log KPUF-air values at 22 °C ranged from 4.99 to 7.25. A relationship for log KPUF-air versus log KOA was shown to agree with a previous relationship based on only polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and derived from long-term indoor uptake study experiments. The results also confirm that the existing KOA-based model for predicting log KPUF-air values is accurate. This new information is important in the derivation of uptake profiles and effective air sampling volumes for PUF disk samplers so that results can be reported in units of concentration in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Francisco
- University of São Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
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24
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Sampath S, Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Krishnamoorthy V, Chakraborty P, Ramaswamy BR. Evaluating spatial distribution and seasonal variation of phthalates using passive air sampling in southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:407-417. [PMID: 27979682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Usage of phthalates as plasticizers has resulted in worldwide occurrence and is becoming a serious concern to human health and environment. However, studies on phthalates in Indian atmosphere are lacking. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal trends of six major phthalates in Tamil Nadu, southern India, using passive air samplers. Phthalates were ubiquitously detected in all the samples and the average total phthalates found in decreasing order is pre-monsoon (61 ng m-3) > summer (52 ng m-3) > monsoon (17 ng m-3). Largely used phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexlphthalate (DEHP) were predominantly found in all the seasons with contribution of 11-31% and 59-68%, respectively. The highest total phthalates was observed in summer at an urban location (836 ng m-3). Furthermore, through principal component analysis, potential sources were identified as emissions from additives of plasticizers in the polymer industry and the productions of adhesives, building materials and vinyl flooring. Although inhalation exposure of infants was higher than other population segments (toddlers, children and adults), exposure levels were found to be safe for people belonging to all ages based on reference dose (RfD) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study first attempted to report seasonal trend based on atmospheric monitoring using passive air sampling technique and exposure risk together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimurali Sampath
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindaraj Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vimalkumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Abdollahi A, Eng A, Jantunen LM, Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Parnis JM, Harner T. Characterization of polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) disk passive air samplers for measuring organophosphate flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:212-219. [PMID: 27723477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the uptake of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers (PAS). Atmospheric OPE concentrations were monitored with high-volume active air samplers (HV-AAS) that were co-deployed with passive air samplers. Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri(phenyl) phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The mean concentration of ∑OPEs in air was 2650 pg/m3 for the HV-AAS. Sampling rates and the passive sampler medium (PSM)-air partition coefficient (KPSM-Air) were calculated for individual OPEs. The average calculated sampling rates (R) for the four OPEs were 3.6 ± 1.2 and 4.2 ± 2.0 m3/day for the PUF and SIP disks, respectively, and within the range of the recommended default value of 4 ± 2 m3/day. Since most of the OPEs remained in the linear uptake phase during the study, COSMO-RS solvation theory and an oligomer-based model were used to estimate KPUF-Air for the OPEs. The estimated values of log KPUF-Air were 7.45 (TCIPP), 9.35 (TPhP), 8.44 (TCEP), and 9.67 (TDCIPP). Finally, four configurations of the PUF and SIP disks were tested by adjusting the distance of the gap opening between the upper and lower domes of the sampler housing: i.e. 2 cm, 1 cm, no gap and 1 cm overlap. The sampling rate did not differ significantly between these four configurations (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Abdollahi
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahiba Shoeib
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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26
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Holt E, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Borůvková J, Harner T, Kalina J, Melymuk L, Klánová J. Using long-term air monitoring of semi-volatile organic compounds to evaluate the uncertainty in polyurethane-disk passive sampler-derived air concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1100-1111. [PMID: 27865659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been made to standardise sampling procedures, laboratory analysis, data analysis, etc. for semi volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs). Yet there are some unresolved issues in regards to comparing measurements from one of the most commonly used passive samplers (PAS), the polyurethane foam (PUF) disk PAS (PUF-PAS), between monitoring networks or different studies. One such issue is that there is no universal means to derive a sampling rate (Rs) or to calculate air concentrations (Cair) from PUF-PAS measurements for SVOCs. Cair was calculated from PUF-PAS measurements from a long-term monitoring program at a site in central Europe applying current understanding of passive sampling theory coupled with a consideration for the sampling of particle associated compounds. Cair were assessed against concurrent active air sampler (AAS) measurements. Use of "site-based/sampler-specific" variables: Rs, calculated using a site calibration, provided similar results for most gas-phase SVOCs to air concentrations derived using "default" values (commonly accepted Rs). Individual monthly PUF-PAS-derived air concentrations for the majority of the target compounds were significantly different (Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSR) test; p < 0.05) to AAS regardless of the input values (site/sampler based or default) used to calculate them. However, annual average PUF-PAS-derived air concentrations were within the same order of magnitude as AAS measurements except for the particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Underestimation of PUF-derived air concentrations for particle-phase PAHs was attributed to a potential overestimation of the particle infiltration into the PUF-PAS chamber and underestimation of the particle bound fraction of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holt
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, PO Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jana Borůvková
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX -Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
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27
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Carratalá A, Moreno-González R, León VM. Occurrence and seasonal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and legacy and current-use pesticides in air from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:382-395. [PMID: 27744196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and seasonal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and legacy and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in air were characterized around the Mar Menor lagoon using both active and passive sampling devices. The seasonal distribution of these pollutants was determined at 6 points using passive samplers. Passive sampler sampling rates were estimated for all detected analytes using an active sampler, considering preferentially winter data, due to probable losses in active sampling during summer (high temperatures and solar irradiation). The presence of 28 compounds (14 CUPs, 11 PAHs and 3 organochlorinated pesticides) were detected in air by polyurethane passive sampling. The most commonly detected contaminants (>95% of samples) in air were chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl and phenanthrene. The maximum concentrations corresponded to phenanthrene (6000 pg m-3) and chlorpyrifos (4900 pg m-3). The distribution of contaminants was spatially and seasonally heterogeneous. The highest concentrations of PAHs were found close to the airport, while the highest concentrations of pesticides were found in the influence area of agricultural fields (western stations). PAH and herbicide concentrations were higher in winter than in the other seasons, although some insecticides such as chlorpyrifos were more abundant in autumn. The presence of PAHs and legacy and current-use pesticides in air confirmed their transference potential to marine coastal areas such as the Mar Menor lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carratalá
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
| | - R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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28
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Cao J, Du Z, Mo J, Li X, Xu Q, Zhang Y. Inverse Problem Optimization Method to Design Passive Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds: Principle and Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13477-13485. [PMID: 27993075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling is an alternative to active sampling for measuring concentrations of gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the uncertainty or relative error of the measurements have not been minimized due to the limitations of existing design methods. In this paper, we have developed a novel method, the inverse problem optimization method, to address the problems associated with designing accurate passive samplers. The principle is to determine the most appropriate physical properties of the materials, and the optimal geometry of a passive sampler, by minimizing the relative sampling error based on the mass transfer model of VOCs for a passive sampler. As an example application, we used our proposed method to optimize radial passive samplers for the sampling of benzene and formaldehyde in a normal indoor environment. A new passive sampler, which we have called the Tsinghua Passive Diffusive Sampler (THPDS), for indoor benzene measurement was developed according to the optimized results. Silica zeolite was selected as the sorbent for the THPDS. The measured overall uncertainty of THPDS (22% for benzene) is lower than that of most commercially available passive samplers but is quite a bit larger than the modeled uncertainty (4.8% for benzene, the optimized result), suggesting that further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Cao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengjian Du
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxiao Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiujian Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control , Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Melymuk L, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Kukučka P, Vojta Š, Kalina J, Čupr P, Klánová J. Seasonality and indoor/outdoor relationships of flame retardants and PCBs in residential air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:392-401. [PMID: 27431696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is a systematic assessment of different houses and apartments, their ages and renovation status, indoors and outdoors, and in summer vs. winter, with a goal of bringing some insight into the major sources of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and their variability. Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs) were determined at 17-20 homes in Czech Republic in winter and summer. Indoor concentrations were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations for all compounds; indoor/outdoor ratios ranged from 2-20, with larger differences for the current use NFRs than for legacy PCBs. Seasonal trends differed according to the use status of the compounds: the PCBs had higher summer concentrations both indoors and outdoors, suggesting volatilization as a source of PCBs to air. PBDEs had no seasonal trends indoors, but higher summer concentrations outdoors. Several NFRs (TBX, PBT, PBEB) had higher indoor concentrations in winter relative to summer. The seasonal trends in the flame retardants suggest differences in air exchange rates due to lower building ventilation in winter could be driving the concentration differences. Weak relationships were found with building age for PCBs, with higher concentrations indoors in buildings built before 1984, and with the number of electronics for PBDEs, with higher concentrations in rooms with three or more electronic items. Indoor environments are the primary contributor to human inhalation exposure to these SVOCs, due to the high percentage of time spent indoors (>90%) combined with the higher indoors levels for all the studied compounds. Exposure via the indoor environment contributed ∼96% of the total chronic daily intake via inhalation in summer and ∼98% in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, PO Box 100, NO-2017, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Lee SC, Sverko E, Harner T, Pozo K, Barresi E, Schachtschneider J, Zaruk D, DeJong M, Narayan J. Retrospective analysis of "new" flame retardants in the global atmosphere under the GAPS Network. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:62-69. [PMID: 26857525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was conducted on air samples that were collected in 2005 under the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network around the time period when the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants came into force. Results are presented for several new flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), which was recently listed under the Convention (2013). These results represent the first global-scale distributions in air for these compounds. The targeted compounds are shown to have unique global distributions in air, which highlights the challenges in understanding the sources and environmental fate of each chemical, and ultimately in their assessments as persistent organic pollutants. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the PUF disk passive air sampler to study these new flame retardants in air, many of which exist entirely in the particle-phase as demonstrated in this study using a KOA-based partitioning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Chi Lee
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada.
| | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile; RECETOX, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Enzo Barresi
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - JoAnne Schachtschneider
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Donna Zaruk
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Maryl DeJong
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Julie Narayan
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
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Holt E, Kočan A, Klánová J, Assefa A, Wiberg K. Spatiotemporal patterns and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles from Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19602-19612. [PMID: 27392626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using pine needles as a bio-sampler of atmospheric contamination is a relatively cheap and easy method, particularly for remote sites. Therefore, pine needles have been used to monitor a range of semi-volatile contaminants in the air. In the present study, pine needles were used to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the air at sites with different land use types in Sweden (SW), Czech Republic (CZ), and Slovakia (SK). Spatiotemporal patterns in levels and congener profiles were investigated. Multivariate analysis was used to aid source identification. A comparison was also made between the profile of indicator PCBs (ind-PCBs-PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) in pine needles and those in active and passive air samplers. Concentrations in pine needles were 220-5100 ng kg(-1) (∑18PCBs - ind-PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs)) and 0.045-1.7 ng toxic equivalent (TEQ) kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)). Thermal sources (e.g., waste incineration) were identified as important sources of PCBs in pine needles. Comparison of profiles in pine needles to active and passive air samplers showed a lesser contribution of lower molecular weight PCBs 28 and 52, as well as a greater contribution of higher molecular weight PCBs (e.g., 180) in pine needles. The dissimilarities in congener profiles were attributed to faster degradation of lower chlorinated congeners from the leaf surface or metabolism by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holt
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anton Kočan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anteneh Assefa
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Magnusson R, Arnoldsson K, Lejon C, Hägglund L, Wingfors H. Field evaluation and calibration of a small axial passive air sampler for gaseous and particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:235-244. [PMID: 27267739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated analogues (OPAHs) are ubiquitous air pollutants known to cause adverse health effects. PAH air levels are commonly monitored by active sampling but passive sampling has become popular because of its lower cost and simplicity, which facilitate long-term sampling and increased spatial coverage. However, passive samplers are less suitable for short-term sampling and are in general less accurate than active samplers because they require reliable sampling rate (Rs) measurements for individual analytes under diverse environmental conditions. In this study a small passive sampler designed to sample both particle-bound and gaseous compounds was evaluated and calibrated for PAHs and OPAHs in a traffic environment by co-deployment with active samplers for two weeks. Despite the relatively low average air concentrations of PM10 (20 μg/m(3)), PM2.5 (5 μg/m(3)), total PAHs (4.2 ng/m(3)), and OPAHs (2.3 ng/m(3)) at the site, detectable quantities (on average 24 times above blank values) of the full range of PAHs and OPAHs were captured, with low variability (average RSD of 16%). This was accomplished by using a Tenax(®) TA-modified glass fiber substrate that is compatible with highly sensitive thermal desorption GC-MS analysis, which made it possible to achieve detection limits per sample in the pg range. Experiments with inverted samplers revealed that the relative contribution of gravitational settling to the sampling of particles carrying PAHs and OPAHs was around 3.5 times larger than other deposition mechanisms. Average Rs values for individual OPAHs and PAHs were 0.046 ± 0.03 m(3)/day and 0.12 ± 0.07 m(3)/day, respectively, with no appreciable difference between the values for particle-associated and gaseous compounds. Furthermore, the Rs values were competitive with other currently used passive samplers if normalized for substrate area. Overall, the new sampler's performance, simplicity and ability to generate relatively time-resolved data make it a promising candidate for diverse SVOC monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Magnusson
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Arnoldsson
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Lejon
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Hägglund
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wingfors
- The Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
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Herkert N, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC. A Model Using Local Weather Data to Determine the Effective Sampling Volume for PCB Congeners Collected on Passive Air Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6690-7. [PMID: 26963482 PMCID: PMC4935961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and evaluated a mathematical model to determine the effective sampling volumes (Veff) of PCBs and similar compounds captured using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). We account for the variability in wind speed, air temperature, and equilibrium partitioning over the course of the deployment of the samplers. The model, provided as an annotated Matlab script, predicts the Veff as a function of physical-chemical properties of each compound and meteorology from the closest Integrated Surface Database (ISD) data set obtained through NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). The model was developed to be user-friendly, only requiring basic Matlab knowledge. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model, we evaluated three independent data sets of airborne PCBs simultaneously collected using passive and active samplers: at sites in Chicago, Lancaster, UK, and Toronto, Canada. The model provides Veff values comparable to those using depuration compounds and calibration against active samplers, yielding an average congener specific concentration method ratio (active/passive) of 1.1 ± 1.2. We applied the model to PUF-PAS samples collected in Chicago and show that previous methods can underestimate concentrations of PCBs by up to 40%, especially for long deployments, deployments conducted under warming conditions, and compounds with log Koa values less than 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
J. Herkert
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
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Han W, Fan T, Xu B, Feng J, Zhang G, Wu M, Yu Y, Fu J. Passive sampling of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air in Shanghai, China: seasonal variations, sources, and inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5771-5781. [PMID: 26585455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-seven seasonal, passive indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in Shanghai to study polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs, 16 congeners including BDE-209), their concentrations, composition profiles, seasonal variations, influencing factors, emission sources, and human inhalation exposure. In summer, median indoor concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) were 82 pg m(-3) in offices and 30 pg m(-3) in homes, ∼3 times the winter concentrations. The average summer concentration of 130 pg m(-3) BDE-209 in homes was higher than that in offices (which was 90 pg m(-3)); in winter, home and office concentrations were similar (46 and 47 pg m(-3), respectively). For outdoor air, the median concentration of Σ 15 PBDEs in summer (12 pg m(-3)) was twice the winter concentration (6 pg m(-3)), while the summer median concentration of BDE-209 (398 pg m(-3)) was half the winter concentration (794 pg m(-3)). Higher concentrations of Σ 15 PBDEs indoors compared with outdoors showed that the lower brominated BDEs found were mainly from indoor sources. Meanwhile, the much lower indoor concentration of BDE-209 compared with the outdoors showed that BDE-209 came mainly from outdoor sources. The data set also indicated that electric/electronic appliances were the main sources of indoor ΣPBDEs, and old appliances emitted more lower brominated BDEs, while industrial emissions should be the main source of the outdoor BDE-209. Median daily human exposures to Σ 15 PBDEs and BDE-209 through inhalation were estimated to be 0.23 and 1.73 ng day(-1) in winter and 0.65 and 2.28 ng day(-1) in summer for adults. The human inhalation exposure to ΣPBDEs (3.44 ng day(-1) for adults and 1.33 ng day(-1) for toddlers) was comparable to that from eating contaminated fish for both toddlers and adults in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Han
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Binhua Xu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Mao X, Yu Z, Ding Z, Huang T, Ma J, Zhang G, Li J, Gao H. Sources and potential health risk of gas phase PAHs in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2603-2612. [PMID: 26432264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China were determined during heating and non-heating seasons, respectively, using passive air samplers. Polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were chosen as the sampling medium. Fifteen PAHs out of the 16 PAHs classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) were detected in this field sampling investigation. The atmospheric levels of sampled PAHs were higher at urban sites than that at rural sites among 14 sampling sites and increased during heating season. The highest concentration (11.34 ng m(-3)) was observed in Lanzhou during the heating season, the capital and largest industrial city of Gansu Province. PAH contamination in air was dominated by three aromatic ring congeners. Possible sources of PAHs were apportioned using PAH species ratios and the principle component analysis (PCA) combined with a multiple linear regression (MLR) method. Fossil fuel consumption was identified to be the predominant source of PAHs over Hexi Corridor, accounting for 43 % of the concentration of total (15) PAHs. Backward and forward trajectory and cluster analysis were also carried out to identify potential origins of PAHs monitored at several urban and rural sites. Lung cancer risk of local residents to gas phase PAHs via inhalation exposure throughout the province was found to be around a critical value of the lung cancer risk level at 10(-6) recommended by the U.S. EPA risk assessment guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhousuo Yu
- Lanzhou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | | | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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36
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Diefenbacher PS, Gerecke AC, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric PCBs in Zurich, Switzerland: Do Joint Sealants Still Matter? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:232-239. [PMID: 26646689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers were deployed at 23 sites across the city of Zurich, Switzerland to investigate the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air. Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (iPCBs) in air ranged from 54 to 3160 pg·m(-3) in the two sampling campaigns (spring 2011 and spring 2013). Measurements at two sampling sites were significantly higher than the median in both years, because of the proximity to primary PCB sources. Concentrations at most other stations were in a narrow range, suggesting that atmospheric PCB concentrations in Zurich are mainly caused by a high number of rather small sources. A correlation of iPCB concentrations in air with the number of buildings constructed between 1955 and 1975 in the surrounding areas of the sampling sites was observed. This demonstrates that PCB-containing building materials, such as joint sealants, influence PCB levels in urban air. Additionally, atmospheric iPCB concentrations were measured in the surrounding of a housing complex with PCB-contaminated joint sealants. Using a Gaussian diffusion model, annual iPCB emissions of 110-190 g were calculated for this housing complex. This appreciable amount released by a single building points out that more efforts are required to further eliminate remaining PCB stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal S Diefenbacher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas C Gerecke
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Sharma BM, Nizzetto L, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Melymuk L, Sáňka O, Přibylová P, Audy O, Larssen T. Melting Himalayan glaciers contaminated by legacy atmospheric depositions are important sources of PCBs and high-molecular-weight PAHs for the Ganges floodplain during dry periods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:588-596. [PMID: 26312740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melting glaciers are natural redistributors of legacy airborne pollutants, affecting exposure of pristine proglacial environments. Our data shows that melting Himalayan glaciers can be major contributors of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for surface water in the Gangetic Plain during the dry season. Glacial emissions can exceed in some cases inputs from diffuse sources within the catchment. We analyzed air, deposition and river water in several sections along the Ganges River and its major headwaters. The predominant glacial origin of these contaminants in the Himalayan reach was demonstrated using air-water fugacity ratios and mass balance analysis. The proportion of meltwater emissions compared to pollutant discharge at downstream sections in the central part of the Gangetic Plain was between 2 and 200%. By remobilizing legacy pollutants from melting glaciers, climate change can enhance exposure levels over large and already heavily impacted regions of Northern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Shresth Tayal
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway
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Nøst TH, Halse AK, Randall S, Borgen AR, Schlabach M, Paul A, Rahman A, Breivik K. High Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Air from Ship Breaking Activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11372-11380. [PMID: 26351879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The beaches on the coast of Chittagong in Bangladesh are one of the most intense ship breaking areas in the world. The aim of the study was to measure the concentrations of organic contaminants in the air in the city of Chittagong, including the surrounding ship breaking areas using passive air samplers (N = 25). The compounds detected in the highest amounts were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), whereas dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were several orders of magnitude lower in comparison. PCBs, PAHs, and HCB were highest at sites near the ship breaking activities, whereas DDTs and SCCPs were higher in the urban areas. Ship breaking activities likely act as atmospheric emission sources of PCBs, PAHs, and HCB, thus adding to the international emphasis on responsible recycling of ships. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, HCB, and SCCPs in ambient air in Chittagong are high in comparison to those found in similar studies performed in other parts of Asia. Estimated toxic equivalent quotients indicate elevated human health risks caused by inhalation of PAHs at most sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese H Nøst
- FRAM Centre, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne K Halse
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Scott Randall
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Division of Environment, Economics and Planning, COWI AS , P.O. Box 123, 1601 Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Anders R Borgen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alak Paul
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong , 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , School of Atmospheric Physics & Atmospheric Environment, 210044 Nanjing, China
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research , P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Marteinson SC, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Exposure to the androgenic brominated flame retardant 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane alters reproductive and aggressive behaviors in birds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2395-2402. [PMID: 26013366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Detected in environmental samples, 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) is a bioaccumulative isomer of a current-use brominated flame retardant. All 4 structural isomers are androgen agonists; however, little toxicological information exists for this compound. The objective of the present study was to determine if β-DBE-DBCH, the isomer found most prominently in animal tissue, affects androgen-dependent behavior of breeding American kestrels (Falco sparverius). The authors hypothesized that if β-DBE-DBCH acts as an androgen agonist in kestrels, androgen-dependent behaviors (i.e., copulation, courtship, aggression) would increase and behaviors inhibited by androgens (i.e., parental care behaviors) would decrease. Sixteen captive experimental kestrel pairs were exposed to 0.239 ng β-DBE-DBCH/g kestrel/d by diet from 4 wk prior to pairing until their nestlings hatched (mean 82 d) and compared with vehicle only-exposed control pairs (n = 15). Androgen-dependent behaviors were significantly increased in β-DBE-DBCH-exposed birds, consistent with the authors' hypothesis. These behavioral changes included copulation and other sexual behaviors in males and females and aggression in males, suggesting that β-DBE-DBCH may have acted like an androgen agonist in these birds. Parental behaviors were not reduced in exposed birds as predicted, although dietary exposure had ceased before chicks hatched. Further assessment of β-DBE-DBCH is recommended given these behavioral changes and the previously reported reproductive changes in the same birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Saini A, Okeme JO, Goosey E, Diamond ML. Calibration of two passive air samplers for monitoring phthalates and brominated flame-retardants in indoor air. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:166-73. [PMID: 26189099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two passive air samplers (PAS), polyurethane foam (PUF) disks and Sorbent Impregnated PUF (SIP) disks, were characterized for uptake of phthalates and brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) indoors using fully and partially sheltered housings. Based on calibration against an active low-volume air sampler for gas- and particle-phase compounds, we recommend generic sampling rates of 3.5±0.9 and 1.0±0.4 m(3)/day for partially and fully sheltered housing, respectively, which applies to gas-phase phthalates and BFRs as well as particle-phase DEHP (the later for the partially sheltered PAS). For phthalates, partially sheltered SIPs are recommended. Further, we recommend the use of partially sheltered PAS indoors and a deployment period of one month. The sampling rate for the partially sheltered PUF and SIP of 3.5±0.9 m(3)/day is indistinguishable from that reported for fully sheltered PAS deployed outdoors, indicating the role of the housing outdoors to minimize the effect of variable wind velocities on chemical uptake, versus the partially sheltered PAS deployed indoors to maximize chemical uptake where air flow rates are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Goosey
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.
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Lammel G, Audy O, Besis A, Efstathiou C, Eleftheriadis K, Kohoutek J, Kukučka P, Mulder MD, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Rusina TP, Samara C, Sofuoglu A, Sofuoglu SC, Taşdemir Y, Vassilatou V, Voutsa D, Vrana B. Air and seawater pollution and air-sea gas exchange of persistent toxic substances in the Aegean Sea: spatial trends of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11301-13. [PMID: 25804661 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-ground air (26 substances) and surface seawater (55 substances) concentrations of persistent toxic substances (PTS) were determined in July 2012 in a coordinated and coherent way around the Aegean Sea based on passive air (10 sites in 5 areas) and water (4 sites in 2 areas) sampling. The direction of air-sea exchange was determined for 18 PTS. Identical samplers were deployed at all sites and were analysed at one laboratory. hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) as well as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products are evenly distributed in the air of the whole region. Air concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and o,p'-DDT and seawater concentrations of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were elevated in Thermaikos Gulf, northwestern Aegean Sea. The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener pattern in air is identical throughout the region, while polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE)patterns are obviously dissimilar between Greece and Turkey. Various pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, DDE, and penta- and hexachlorobenzene are found close to phase equilibrium or net-volatilisational (upward flux), similarly at a remote site (on Crete) and in the more polluted Thermaikos Gulf. The results suggest that effective passive air sampling volumes may not be representative across sites when PAHs significantly partitioning to the particulate phase are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,
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42
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Ripszam M, Gallampois CMJ, Berglund Å, Larsson H, Andersson A, Tysklind M, Haglund P. Effects of predicted climatic changes on distribution of organic contaminants in brackish water mesocosms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 517:10-21. [PMID: 25710621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Predicted consequences of future climate change in the northern Baltic Sea include increases in sea surface temperatures and terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) runoff. These changes are expected to alter environmental distribution of anthropogenic organic contaminants (OCs). To assess likely shifts in their distributions, outdoor mesocosms were employed to mimic pelagic ecosystems at two temperatures and two DOC concentrations, current: 15°C and 4 mg DOCL(-1) and, within ranges of predicted increases, 18°C and 6 mg DOCL(-1), respectively. Selected organic contaminants were added to the mesocosms to monitor changes in their distribution induced by the treatments. OC partitioning to particulate matter and sedimentation were enhanced at the higher DOC concentration, at both temperatures, while higher losses and lower partitioning of OCs to DOC were observed at the higher temperature. No combined effects of higher temperature and DOC on partitioning were observed, possibly because of the balancing nature of these processes. Therefore, changes in OCs' fates may largely depend on whether they are most sensitive to temperature or DOC concentration rises. Bromoanilines, phenanthrene, biphenyl and naphthalene were sensitive to the rise in DOC concentration, whereas organophosphates, chlorobenzenes (PCBz) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were more sensitive to temperature. Mitotane and diflufenican were sensitive to both temperature and DOC concentration rises individually, but not in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Å Berglund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - H Larsson
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, 905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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43
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Diefenbacher PS, Bogdal C, Gerecke AC, Glüge J, Schmid P, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls in Switzerland: a combination of long-term measurements and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2199-2206. [PMID: 25622721 DOI: 10.1021/es505242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Zurich, Switzerland, are reported for the years 2011-2013. These measurements reveal a distinct seasonal trend with PCB concentrations in air during the summer that were three to five times higher than in the winter. We used a long-term dynamic multimedia model to analyze the seasonal trend and to back-calculate urban emissions of PCBs. In contrast to previous short-term studies that considered time periods of several days to months to extrapolate annual emissions, the use of long-term field data and the corresponding model reduces the uncertainty in these extrapolations. Comparison with measured PCB concentrations in air shows that our model is able to reproduce seasonal trends of the six indicator PCBs (iPCBs). The good agreement of the model results with measurements over a time period of three years provides confidence in model outputs and allows us to estimate the total annual PCB emissions of Zurich (86 μg capita(-1) d(-1)). The resulting summer emissions are nine times higher than emissions during winter. Interestingly, this factor corresponds to the expected increase in PCB volatilization due to the effect of temperature on vapor pressure. This finding implies that PCBs in Zurich are probably released mainly by volatilization from sources that are directly exposed to ambient air temperature (i.e., outdoor sources). The derived emissions are in accordance with previous studies performed at the same location and are also in agreement with an existing emission inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal S Diefenbacher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Okonski K, Degrendele C, Melymuk L, Landlová L, Kukučka P, Vojta Š, Kohoutek J, Čupr P, Klánová J. Particle size distribution of halogenated flame retardants and implications for atmospheric deposition and transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14426-14434. [PMID: 25380095 DOI: 10.1021/es5044547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and a group of novel flame retardants (NFRs) on atmospheric aerosols. Two high volume cascade impactors were used to collect particulate fractions of ambient air over a one year period at urban and rural sites. The majority of FRs were found on the finest aerosols (<0.95 μm). Concentrations of HBCD were higher than those of ΣPBDEs. Moreover, we noted seasonality and spatial differences in particle size distributions, yet a large portion of the observed differences were due to differences in particulate matter (PM) itself. When normalized by PM, the size distributions of the FRs exhibited much greater heterogeneity. Differences existed between the FR distributions by molecular weight, with the higher molecular weight FRs (e.g., BDE-209, Dechlorane Plus) distributed more uniformly across all particulate size fractions. The seasonal, spatial, and compound-specific differences are of crucial importance when estimating dry and wet deposition of FRs as smaller aerosols have longer atmospheric residence times. Estimated wet and dry deposition of four representative FRs (BDE-47, BDE-209, HBCD, and Dechlorane Plus) using size-segregated aerosol data resulted in lower deposition estimates than when bulk aerosol data were used. This has implications for estimates of long-range atmospheric transport and atmospheric residence times, as it suggests that without size-specific distributions, these parameters could be underestimated for FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Okonski
- Masaryk University , Faculty of Science, RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Melymuk L, Bohlin P, Sáňka O, Pozo K, Klánová J. Current challenges in air sampling of semivolatile organic contaminants: sampling artifacts and their influence on data comparability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14077-91. [PMID: 25329599 DOI: 10.1021/es502164r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With current science and policy needs, more attention is being given to expanding and improving air sampling of semivolatile organic contaminants (SVOCs). However, a wide range of techniques and configurations are currently used (active and passive samplers, different deployment times, different sorbents, etc.) and as the SVOC community looks to assess air measurements on a global scale, questions of comparability arise. We review current air sampling techniques, with a focus on sampling artifacts that can lead to uncertainties or biases in reported concentrations, in particular breakthrough, degradation, meteorological influences, and assumptions regarding passive sampling. From this assessment, we estimate the bias introduced for SVOC concentrations from all factors. Due to the effects of breakthrough, degradation, particle fractions and sampler uptake periods, some current passive and active sampler configurations may underestimate certain SVOCs by 30-95%. We then recommend future study design, appropriateness of sampler types for different study goals, and finally, how the SVOC community should move forward in both research and monitoring to best achieve comparability and consistency in air measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/753, Pavilon A29, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
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