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Zhang L, Lou W, Wang J. Advances in nucleic acid therapeutics: structures, delivery systems, and future perspectives in cancer treatment. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 39196428 PMCID: PMC11358240 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has emerged as a significant threat to human health. Nucleic acid therapeutics regulate the gene expression process by introducing exogenous nucleic acid fragments, offering new possibilities for tumor remission and even cure. Their mechanism of action and high specificity demonstrate great potential in cancer treatment. However, nucleic acid drugs face challenges such as low stability and limited ability to cross physiological barriers in vivo. To address these issues, various nucleic acid delivery vectors have been developed to enhance the stability and facilitate precise targeted delivery of nucleic acid drugs within the body. In this review article, we primarily introduce the structures and principles of nucleic acid drugs commonly used in cancer therapy, as well as their cellular uptake and intracellular transportation processes. We focus on the various vectors commonly employed in nucleic acid drug delivery, highlighting their research progress and applications in recent years. Furthermore, we propose potential trends and prospects of nucleic acid drugs and their carriers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Wenting Lou
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China.
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Mishra S, Yadav MD. Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review from Synthesis to Biomedical Frontiers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17239-17269. [PMID: 39132737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has opened new doors of exploration, particularly in materials science and healthcare. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), the tiny magnets, because of their various properties, have the potential to bring about radical changes in the field of medicine. The distinctive surface chemistry, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and, in particular, the inducible magnetic moment of magnetic materials has attracted a great deal of interest in morphological structures from a variety of scientific domains. This review presents a concise overview of MNPs and their crucial properties and synthesis routes. It also aims to highlight the continuous synthesis methods available for MNP production. In recent years, the use of computational methods for understanding the behavior of nanoparticles has been on the rise. Thus, we also discuss the numerical models developed to understand how magnetic nanoparticles can be used in magnetic hyperthermia and targeting the Circle of Wilis. With the increasing use of MNPs in biomedical applications, it becomes necessary to understand the mechanisms of toxicity, which are elucidated in this review. The review focuses on the biomedical applications of MNPs in drug delivery, theranostics, and MRI contrasting agents. We anticipate that this article will broaden the perspective on magnetic nanoparticles and help to understand their functionality and applicability better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlok Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Manishkumar D Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
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3
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Vitale R, Marzocco S, Popolo A. Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Brief Account. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7477. [PMID: 39000584 PMCID: PMC11242665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is the main side effect of several chemotherapeutic drugs. Doxorubicin (Doxo) is one of the most used anthracyclines in the treatment of many tumors, but the development of acute and chronic cardiotoxicity limits its clinical usefulness. Different studies focused only on the effects of long-term Doxo administration, but recent data show that cardiomyocyte damage is an early event induced by Doxo after a single administration that can be followed by progressive functional decline, leading to overt heart failure. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in the early stage of Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity is of paramount importance to treating and/or preventing it. This review aims to illustrate several mechanisms thought to underlie Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity, such as oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, here we report data from both in vitro and in vivo studies indicating new therapeutic strategies to prevent Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.V.); (S.M.)
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4
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Srinivasan MK, Premnath BJ, Parimelazhagan R, Namasivayam N. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the anticancer properties of pH-responsive carvacrol-zinc oxide quantum dots on breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4062. [PMID: 38807490 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Since most solid tumors have a low pH value, a pH-responsive drug delivery system may offer a broad method for tumor-targeting treatment. The present study is used to analyze the anticancer activity of carvacrol-zinc oxide quantum dots (CVC-ZnO QDs) against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). CVC-ZnO QDs demonstrate pH responsive and are specifically released within the acidic pH tumor microenvironment. This property enables targeted drug delivery exclusively to cancer cells while minimizing the impact on normal cells. To the synthesized ZnO QDs, the CVC was loaded and then examined by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, and transmission electron microscopy. For up to 20 h, CVC release was examined in different pH-buffered solutions. The results showed that carvacrol release was stable in an acidic pH solution. Further, cytotoxicity assay, antioxidant, and lipid peroxidation activity, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear damage, and the ability of CVC-ZnO QDs to cause apoptosis were all examined. Apoptosis markers such as Bcl2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9, were also studied. In conclusion, the CVC-ZnO QDs destabilized the MDA-MB-231cells under its acidic tumor microenvironment and regulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - Briska Jifrina Premnath
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - Ramya Parimelazhagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (SLIMS), Puducherry, India
| | - Nalini Namasivayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
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5
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Tarin M, Babaei M, Eshghi H, Matin MM, Saljooghi AS. Targeted delivery of elesclomol using a magnetic mesoporous platform improves prostate cancer treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2024; 270:125539. [PMID: 38141466 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the anticancer properties of elesclomol (ELC), targeted theranostic nanoparticles (NPs; APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC) were designed to increase the selectivity of the drug delivery system (DDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS ELC was synthesized and entrapped in the open porous structure of magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMNPs). The pore entrance of MMNPs was then blocked using gold gatekeepers. Finally, the external surfaces of the particles were grafted with functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) and EpCAM aptamer to generate biocompatible and targeted NPs. In the next step, the physicochemical properties of prepared NPs were fully evaluated and their anticancer potential was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The targeted NPs were successfully synthesized with a final size diameter of 81.13 ± 7.41 nm. The results indicated a pH-dependent release pattern, which sustained for 72 h despite an initial rapid release. Upon exposure to APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC, higher cytotoxicity was observed in human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) as compared with control Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, indicating higher specificity of targeted NPs against EpCAM-positive cancerous cells. Moreover, APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC could induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells. In vivo results on a PC-3 xenograft tumor model demonstrated that targeted NPs could significantly inhibit tumor growth and diminish severe side effects of ELC, compared to the free drug. CONCLUSION Collectively, APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC could be considered a promising theranostic platform for the targeted delivery of ELC to improve its therapeutic effects in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Tarin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Sh Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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6
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Kilicay E, Erdal E, Elci P, Hazer B, Denkbas EB. Tumour-specific hybrid nanoparticles in therapy of breast cancer. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:45-65. [PMID: 38095892 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2292226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, salicylic acid (SA) dopped into poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and prepared nanoparticles (NPs) to increase encapsulation efficiency, anti-cancer activity of caffeic acid (Caff), and folic acid (FA) for breast cancer treatment. NPs were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterised by FTIR, DSC, SEM, and entrapment-loading efficiencies. The mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In vitro release and stability studies were done via eppendorf method. The cytotoxicity, cell dead and internalisation of NPs were shown by MTT, fluorescein and confocal microscopy. The diameter and ZP of NPs were 172 ± 7 nm and -29 ± 0.38 mV. The entrapment efficiencies of 5 and 10 Caff NPs were 79 ± 0.23% and 70 ± 0.42%. NPs showed good stability within 30 d and sustained release over 25 d. FA-5Caff NPs showed 37 ± 0.3% viability on MCF-7. FA-Caff NPs were identified as promising carrier system for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kilicay
- Vocational High School of Eldivan Health Care Services, Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - E Erdal
- Faculty of Medicine, Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - P Elci
- Molecular Laboratory, University of Health Sciences Gülhane Health Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Hazer
- Department of Aircraft Airframe Engine Maintenance, Kapadokya University, Nevşehir, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - E B Denkbas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Hsu WH, Ku CL, Lai YR, Wang SSS, Chou SH, Lin TH. Developing targeted drug delivery carriers for breast cancer using glutathione-sensitive doxorubicin-coupled glycated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126114. [PMID: 37541475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of the nano-based carriers into drug delivery provides a promising alternative to overcome the limitations of the conventional chemotherapy. Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an effective chemotherapeutic drug widely used in chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment. A globular protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) holds great potential as carriers in pharmaceutical applications. This work is aimed at developing the DOXO-coupled glycated BSA nanoparticles via desolvation method for improving the capability of targeting the GLUT5 transporters over-expressed on breast cancer cells. Fructosamine assay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to determine the content of fructosamine structure and structural changes on the surfaces of nanoparticles, respectively. Additionally, the synthesized BSA nanoparticles were further characterized by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Results revealed that the DOXO-coupled glycated BSA nanoparticles were spherically shaped with a hydrodynamic diameter of ~60.74 nm and a ζ-potential of ~ - 42.20 mV. Moreover, the DOXO release behavior of as-synthesized DOXO-coupled glycated BSA nanoparticles was examined under different conditions. Finally, the DOXO-coupled glycated BSA nanoparticles were found to exhibit cytotoxicity toward both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings evidently suggested that the drug-coupled glycated BSA nanoparticles serve as the potential candidates for targeted drug delivery platform used in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Ku
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Shiu-Huey Chou
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Hsien Lin
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Shestovskaya MV, Luss AL, Bezborodova OA, Makarov VV, Keskinov AA. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Cell Responses and the Potency to Improve Radiosensitivity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2406. [PMID: 37896166 PMCID: PMC10610190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main concept of radiosensitization is making the tumor tissue more responsive to ionizing radiation, which leads to an increase in the potency of radiation therapy and allows for decreasing radiation dose and the concomitant side effects. Radiosensitization by metal oxide nanoparticles is widely discussed, but the range of mechanisms studied is not sufficiently codified and often does not reflect the ability of nanocarriers to have a specific impact on cells. This review is focused on the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles while they occupied a special niche among the prospective radiosensitizers due to unique physicochemical characteristics and reactivity. We collected data about the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the main approaches to increase their therapeutic efficacy by variable modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Shestovskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
| | - Anna L. Luss
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
- The Department of Technology of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products Mendeleev of University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga A. Bezborodova
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinskiy p. 3, Moscow 125284, Russia;
| | - Valentin V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
| | - Anton A. Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
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Cavallaro PA, De Santo M, Belsito EL, Longobucco C, Curcio M, Morelli C, Pasqua L, Leggio A. Peptides Targeting HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells and Applications in Tumor Imaging and Delivery of Chemotherapeutics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2476. [PMID: 37686984 PMCID: PMC10490457 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the most common cancer type and one of the major leading causes of death in the female worldwide population. Overexpression of HER2, a transmembrane glycoprotein related to the epidermal growth factor receptor, results in a biologically and clinically aggressive breast cancer subtype. It is also the primary driver for tumor detection and progression and, in addition to being an important prognostic factor in women diagnosed with breast cancer, HER2 is a widely known therapeutic target for drug development. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the main approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer proposed in the literature over the past decade. We focused on the different targeting strategies involving antibodies and peptides that have been explored with their relative outcomes and current limitations that need to be improved. The review also encompasses a discussion on targeted peptides acting as probes for molecular imaging. By using different types of HER2-targeting strategies, nanotechnology promises to overcome some of the current clinical challenges by developing novel HER2-guided nanosystems suitable as powerful tools in breast cancer imaging, targeting, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Alessia Cavallaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marzia De Santo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Emilia Lucia Belsito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Camilla Longobucco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Manuela Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Catia Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Luigi Pasqua
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonella Leggio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (E.L.B.); (C.L.); (M.C.); (C.M.)
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10
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Mehak, Thummer RP, Pandey LM. Surface modified iron-oxide based engineered nanomaterials for hyperthermia therapy of cancer cells. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-47. [PMID: 36710396 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2169370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia is emerging as a promising alternative to the currently available cancer treatment modalities. Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are extensively studied functional nanomaterials for biomedical applications, owing to their tunable physio-chemical properties and magnetic properties. Out of various ferrite classes, spinel and inverse-spinel ferrites are widely used but are affected by particle size distribution, particle shape, particle-particle interaction, geometry, and crystallinity. Notably, their heating ability makes them suitable candidates for heat-mediated cancer cell ablation or hyperthermia therapy. Exposing SPIONs to an externally applied magnetic field of appropriate frequency and intensity causes them to release heat to ablate cancer cells. Majorly, three heating mechanisms are exhibited by magnetic nanomaterials: Nèel relaxation, Brownian relaxation, and hysteresis losses. In SPIONs, Nèel and Brownian relaxations dominate, whereas hysteric losses are negligible. These nanomaterials possess high magnetization values capable of generating heat to ablate cancer cells. Furthermore, surface functionalization of these materials imparts the ability to selectively target cancer cells and deliver cargo to the affected area sparing the normal body cells. The surface of nanoparticles can be functionalized with various physical, chemical, and biological coatings. Moreover, hyperthermia can be applied in combination with other cancer treatment modalities in order to enhance the efficiency of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak
- Bio-interface & Environmental Engineering Lab Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Lalit M Pandey
- Bio-interface & Environmental Engineering Lab Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
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11
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Rajana N, Mounika A, Chary PS, Bhavana V, Urati A, Khatri D, Singh SB, Mehra NK. Multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles in diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer. J Control Release 2022; 352:1024-1047. [PMID: 36379278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent non-cutaneous malignancy in women, with greater than a million new cases every year. In the last decennium, numerous diagnostic and treatment approaches have been enormously studied for Breast cancer. Among the different approaches, nanotechnology has appeared as a promising approach in preclinical and clinical studies for early diagnosis of primary tumors and metastases and eradicating tumor cells. Each of these nanocarriers has its particular advantages and drawbacks. Combining two or more than two constituents in a single nanocarrier system leads to the generation of novel multifunctional Hybrid Nanocarriers with improved structural and biological properties. These novel Hybrid Nanocarriers have the capability to overcome the drawbacks of individual constituents while having the advantages of those components. Various hybrid nanocarriers such as lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles, inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, metal-organic hybrid nanoparticles, and hybrid carbon nanocarriers are utilized for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Certainly, Hybrid Nanocarriers have the capability to encapsulate multiple cargos, targeting agents, enhancement in encapsulation, stability, circulation time, and structural disintegration compared to non-hybrid nanocarriers. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the utilization of Hybrid nanocarriers in breast cancer for imaging platforms, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy, and combinational therapy. In this review, we mainly discussed in detailed about of preparation techniques and toxicological considerations of hybrid nanoparticles. This review also discussed the role of hybrid nanocarriers as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer along with alternative treatment approaches apart from chemotherapy including photothermal and photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, and combinational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Rajana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Aare Mounika
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padakanti Sandeep Chary
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Valamla Bhavana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anuradha Urati
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Khatri
- Department of Biological science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological science, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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12
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Qiao M, Cai H, Zhu Z. Metal-based nano-delivery platform for treating bone disease and regeneration. Front Chem 2022; 10:955993. [PMID: 36017162 PMCID: PMC9395639 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.955993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their excellent characteristics, such as large specific surface area, favorable biosafety, and versatile application, nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in biomedical applications. Among them, metal-based nanomaterials containing various metal elements exhibit significant bone tissue regeneration potential, unique antibacterial properties, and advanced drug delivery functions, thus becoming crucial development platforms for bone tissue engineering and drug therapy for orthopedic diseases. Herein, metal-based drug-loaded nanomaterial platforms are classified and introduced, and the achievable drug-loading methods are comprehensively generalized. Furthermore, their applications in bone tissue engineering, osteoarthritis, orthopedic implant infection, bone tumor, and joint lubrication are reviewed in detail. Finally, the merits and demerits of the current metal-based drug-loaded nanomaterial platforms are critically discussed, and the challenges faced to realize their future applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - He Cai
- *Correspondence: He Cai, ; Zhou Zhu,
| | - Zhou Zhu
- *Correspondence: He Cai, ; Zhou Zhu,
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Sitia L, Sevieri M, Signati L, Bonizzi A, Chesi A, Mainini F, Corsi F, Mazzucchelli S. HER-2-Targeted Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2424. [PMID: 35626028 PMCID: PMC9139811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) overexpressing breast cancer is a breast cancer subtype characterized by high aggressiveness, high frequency of brain metastases and poor prognosis. HER-2, a glycoprotein belonging to the ErbB receptor family, is overexpressed on the outer membrane of cancer cells and has been an important therapeutic target for the development of targeted drugs, such as the monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. These therapies have been available in clinics for more than twenty years. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, a major issue emerged limiting HER-2 targeted therapy efficacy, i.e., the evolution of drug resistance, which could be tackled by nanotechnology. The aim of this review is to provide a first critical update on the different types of HER-2-targeted nanoparticles that have been proposed in the literature in the last decade for therapeutic purposes. We focus on the different targeting strategies that have been explored, their relative outcomes and current limitations that still need to be improved. Then, we review the nanotools developed as diagnostic kits, focusing on the most recent techniques, which allow accurate quantification of HER-2 levels in tissues, with the aim of promoting more personalized medicinal approaches in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Sitia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Marta Sevieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Lorena Signati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Arianna Chesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Mainini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
- IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Salvatore Maugeri, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; (L.S.); (M.S.); (L.S.); (A.B.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (F.C.)
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14
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Mîndrilă B, Rogoveanu I, Buteică SA, Cercelaru L, Mihaiescu DE, Mănescu MD, Mîndrilă I, Pirici I. Liver Histopathological Changes Related to Intraperitoneal Administration of Salicylic Acid/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles to C57BL/6 Mice. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2022; 48:146-154. [PMID: 36320876 PMCID: PMC9590356 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.48.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With a simple synthesis and easy engineering of physicochemical properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have become widely used in multiple biomedical applications. The study of IONPs toxicity has become an important issue, especially as the results reported so far are contradictory and range from lack of toxicity to cellular toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes induced in mouse liver by long-term intraperitoneal injection of low doses of IONPs functionalized with salicylic acid (SaIONPs). The study was performed on C57BL/6 mice that received by intraperitoneal injection (IP), every two days, 0.6ml of SaIONPs aqueous suspension (35mg/kg body weight SaIONPs that contained 20mg/kg body weight of Fe3O4) for 28 days. The results of this study showed that the cumulative dose of 105mg/kg body weight SaIONPs (62mg/kg body weight of Fe3O4) induced histopathological changes in the subcapsular region of the mouse liver, possible by the release of salicylic acid into the peritoneal cavity. The cumulative dose of 244mg/kg body weight SaIONPs (145mg/kg body weight of Fe3O4) induced liver centrilobular necrosis, which requires the use of lower doses in biological applications. However, this may prove to be beneficial in the case of targeted accumulation of SaIONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mîndrilă
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Ion Rogoveanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Liliana Cercelaru
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Dan-Eduard Mihaiescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ion Mîndrilă
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Ionica Pirici
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
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15
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Raikwar S, Jain A, Saraf S, Bidla PD, Panda PK, Tiwari A, Verma A, Jain SK. Opportunities in combinational chemo-immunotherapy for breast cancer using nanotechnology: an emerging landscape. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:247-268. [PMID: 35184620 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2044785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death among women, which is due to the poor response to conventional therapy. There are several complications associated with monotherapy for cancer, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells, multidrug resistance (MDR), side effects, and limited applications. To overcome these challenges, a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines) has been introduced. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have more applications in BC treatment owing to their controlled and targeted drug release with lower toxicity and reduced adverse drug effects. Several nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles, have been used for the effective delivery of drugs. AREAS COVERED This article presents opportunities and challenges in BC treatment, the rationale for cancer immunotherapy, and several combinational approaches with their applications for BC treatment. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology can be used for the early prognosis and cure of BC. Several novel and targeted DDSs have been developed to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs. This article aims to understand new strategies for the treatment of BC and the appropriate design of nanocarriers used as a combinational DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pooja Das Bidla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pritish Kumar Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
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16
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Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Wang M, Ma L. Current understandings and clinical translation of nanomedicines for breast cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114034. [PMID: 34736986 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers that is threatening women's life. Current clinical treatment regimens for breast cancer often involve neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapies, which somewhat are associated with unfavorable features. Also, the heterogeneous nature of breast cancers requires precision medicine that cannot be fulfilled by a single type of systemically administered drug. Taking advantage of the nanocarriers, nanomedicines emerge as promising therapeutic agents for breast cancer that could resolve the defects of drugs and achieve precise drug delivery to almost all sites of primary and metastatic breast tumors (e.g. tumor vasculature, tumor stroma components, breast cancer cells, and some immune cells). Seven nanomedicines as represented by Doxil® have been approved for breast cancer clinical treatment so far. More nanomedicines including both non-targeting and active targeting nanomedicines are being evaluated in the clinical trials. However, we have to realize that the translation of nanomedicines, particularly the active targeting nanomedicines is not as successful as people have expected. This review provides a comprehensive landscape of the nanomedicines for breast cancer treatment, from laboratory investigations to clinical applications. We also highlight the key advances in the understanding of the biological fate and the targeting strategies of breast cancer nanomedicine and the implications to clinical translation.
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17
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Zamani M, Aghajanzadeh M, Sharafi A, Rostamizadeh K, Danafar H. Targeted drug delivery via folate decorated nanocarriers based on linear polymer for treatment of breast cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 27:19-24. [PMID: 34895033 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.2018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this project, a biocompatible block copolymer including poly ethylene glycol and poly caprolactone was synthesized using ring-opening reaction. Then, the copolymer was conjugated to folic acid using lysine as a linker. Also, curcumin (CUR) was used as a therapeutic anticancer agent. Nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare CUR-loaded polymeric micelles. Different methods including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the prepared nanocarriers (NCs). MTT assay and hemolysis assay were used to evaluate in vitro anticancer efficiency and biocompatibility of the prepared NCs, respectively. The results proved efficiency of NCs as a drug delivery system (DDS) in various aspects such as physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Also, in vivo results showed that NCs did not show any severe weight loss and side effects on mice, and the anti-cancer study results of the CUR-loaded NCs proved that the conjugation of folic acid on the surface of NCs as a targeting agent could increase the therapeutic efficacy of CUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Zamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Aghajanzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Kobra Rostamizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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18
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Single-nanometer iron oxide nanoparticles as tissue-permeable MRI contrast agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102340118. [PMID: 34654743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102340118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are robust contrast agents for MRI and often produce particularly strong signal changes per particle. Leveraging these effects to probe cellular- and molecular-level phenomena in tissue can, however, be hindered by the large sizes of typical nanoparticle contrast agents. To address this limitation, we introduce single-nanometer iron oxide (SNIO) particles that exhibit superparamagnetic properties in conjunction with hydrodynamic diameters comparable to small, highly diffusible imaging agents. These particles efficiently brighten the signal in T 1-weighted MRI, producing per-molecule longitudinal relaxation enhancements over 10 times greater than conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents. We show that SNIOs permeate biological tissue effectively following injection into brain parenchyma or cerebrospinal fluid. We also demonstrate that SNIOs readily enter the brain following ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier disruption, emulating the performance of a gadolinium agent and providing a basis for future biomedical applications. These results thus demonstrate a platform for MRI probe development that combines advantages of small-molecule imaging agents with the potency of nanoscale materials.
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19
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Recent advances in active targeting of nanomaterials for anticancer drug delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 296:102509. [PMID: 34455211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges in cancer chemotherapy is the low target to non-target ratio of therapeutic agents which incur severe adverse effect on the healthy tissues. In this regard, nanomaterials have tremendous potential for impacting cancer therapy by altering the toxicity profile of the drug. Some of the striking advantages provided by the nanocarriers mediated targeted drug delivery are relatively high build-up of drug concentration at the tumor site, improved drug content in the formulation and enhanced colloidal stability. Further, nanocarriers with tumor-specific moieties can be targeted to the cancer cell through cell surface receptors, tumor antigens and tumor vasculatures with high affinity and accuracy. Moreover, it overcomes the bottleneck of aimless drug biodistribution, undesired toxicity and heavy dosage of administration. This review discusses the recent developments in active targeting of nanomaterials for anticancer drug delivery through cancer cell surface targeting, organelle specific targeting and tumor microenvironment targeting strategies. Special emphasis has been given towards cancer cell surface and organelle specific targeting as delivery of anticancer drugs through these routes have made paradigm change in cancer management. Further, the current challenges and future prospects of nanocarriers mediated active drug targeting are also demonstrated.
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20
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Combes GF, Vučković AM, Perić Bakulić M, Antoine R, Bonačić-Koutecky V, Trajković K. Nanotechnology in Tumor Biomarker Detection: The Potential of Liganded Nanoclusters as Nonlinear Optical Contrast Agents for Molecular Diagnostics of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4206. [PMID: 34439360 PMCID: PMC8393257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of premature death, and, as such, it can be prevented by developing strategies for early and accurate diagnosis. Cancer diagnostics has evolved from the macroscopic detection of malignant tissues to the fine analysis of tumor biomarkers using personalized medicine approaches. Recently, various nanomaterials have been introduced into the molecular diagnostics of cancer. This has resulted in a number of tumor biomarkers that have been detected in vitro and in vivo using nanodevices and corresponding imaging techniques. Atomically precise ligand-protected noble metal quantum nanoclusters represent an interesting class of nanomaterials with a great potential for the detection of tumor biomarkers. They are characterized by high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and suitability for controlled functionalization with moieties specifically recognizing tumor biomarkers. Their non-linear optical properties are of particular importance as they enable the visualization of nanocluster-labeled tumor biomarkers using non-linear optical techniques such as two-photon-excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation. This article reviews liganded nanoclusters among the different nanomaterials used for molecular cancer diagnosis and the relevance of this new class of nanomaterials as non-linear optical probe and contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume F. Combes
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (G.F.C.); (A.-M.V.); (M.P.B.); (V.B.-K.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Vučković
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (G.F.C.); (A.-M.V.); (M.P.B.); (V.B.-K.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Martina Perić Bakulić
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (G.F.C.); (A.-M.V.); (M.P.B.); (V.B.-K.)
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- UMR 5306, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute Lumière Matière, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecky
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (G.F.C.); (A.-M.V.); (M.P.B.); (V.B.-K.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST), University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean Region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (G.F.C.); (A.-M.V.); (M.P.B.); (V.B.-K.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia
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21
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Hashemzadeh N, Dolatkhah M, Adibkia K, Aghanejad A, Barzegar-Jalali M, Omidi Y, Barar J. Recent advances in breast cancer immunotherapy: The promising impact of nanomedicines. Life Sci 2021; 271:119110. [PMID: 33513401 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the prevalent cancers among women. Generally, the treatment of BC is mostly based on several prominent strategies, including chemotherapy, surgery, endocrine therapy, molecular targeted therapy, and radiation. Owing to the growing knowledge about the complexity of BC pathobiology, immunotherapy as a promising treatment modality has substantially improved the patients' care in the clinic. Immunotherapy is used to harness the patient's immune system to recognize and battle devious cancer cells. As a novel therapy approach, this emerging strategy targets the key molecular entities of tumor tissue. To achieve maximal therapeutic impacts, the dynamic interplay between cancer and immune cells needs to be fully comprehended. The key molecular machinery of solid tumors can be targeted by nanoscale immunomedicines. While discussing the potential biomarkers involved in the initiation and progression of BC, we aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the immunotherapy and articulate the recent advances in terms of the therapeutic strategies used to control this disease, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy, and nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Hashemzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Dolatkhah
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayuob Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mylkie K, Nowak P, Rybczynski P, Ziegler-Borowska M. Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Protein Immobilization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:E248. [PMID: 33419055 PMCID: PMC7825442 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have become materials with great potential, especially considering the applications of biomedical sciences. A series of works on the preparation, characterization, and application of MNPs has shown that the biological activity of such materials depends on their size, shape, core, and shell nature. Some of the most commonly used MNPs are those based on a magnetite core. On the other hand, synthetic biopolymers are used as a protective surface coating for these nanoparticles. This review describes the advances in the field of polymer-coated MNPs for protein immobilization over the past decade. General methods of MNP preparation and protein immobilization are presented. The most extensive section of this article discusses the latest work on the use of polymer-coated MNPs for the physical and chemical immobilization of three types of proteins: enzymes, antibodies, and serum proteins. Where possible, the effectiveness of the immobilization and the activity and use of the immobilized protein are reported. Finally, the information available in the peer-reviewed literature and the application perspectives for the MNP-immobilized protein systems are summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (K.M.); (P.N.); (P.R.)
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23
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Xu X, Li L, Li X, Tao D, Zhang P, Gong J. Aptamer-protamine-siRNA nanoparticles in targeted therapy of ErbB3 positive breast cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Ajinkya N, Yu X, Kaithal P, Luo H, Somani P, Ramakrishna S. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (IONP) Synthesis to Applications: Present and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4644. [PMID: 33080937 PMCID: PMC7603130 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxides are chemical compounds which have different polymorphic forms, including γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), and FeO (wustite). Among them, the most studied are γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4, as they possess extraordinary properties at the nanoscale (such as super paramagnetism, high specific surface area, biocompatible etc.), because at this size scale, the quantum effects affect matter behavior and optical, electrical and magnetic properties. Therefore, in the nanoscale, these materials become ideal for surface functionalization and modification in various applications such as separation techniques, magnetic sorting (cells and other biomolecules etc.), drug delivery, cancer hyperthermia, sensing etc., and also for increased surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for excellent dispersibility in the solution form. The current methods used are partially and passively mixed reactants, and, thus, every reaction has a different proportion of all factors which causes further difficulties in reproducibility. Direct active and complete mixing and automated approaches could be solutions to this size- and shape-controlled synthesis, playing a key role in its exploitation for scientific or technological purposes. An ideal synthesis method should be able to allow reliable adjustment of parameters and control over the following: fluctuation in temperature; pH, stirring rate; particle distribution; size control; concentration; and control over nanoparticle shape and composition i.e., crystallinity, purity, and rapid screening. Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)-based available clinical applications are RNA/DNA extraction and detection of infectious bacteria and viruses. Such technologies are important at POC (point of care) diagnosis. IONPs can play a key role in these perspectives. Although there are various methods for synthesis of IONPs, one of the most crucial goals is to control size and properties with high reproducibility to accomplish successful applications. Using multiple characterization techniques to identify and confirm the oxide phase of iron can provide better characterization capability. It is very important to understand the in-depth IONP formation mechanism, enabling better control over parameters and overall reaction and, by extension, properties of IONPs. This work provides an in-depth overview of different properties, synthesis methods, and mechanisms of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) formation, and the diverse range of their applications. Different characterization factors and strategies to confirm phase purity in the IONP synthesis field are reviewed. First, properties of IONPs and various synthesis routes with their merits and demerits are described. We also describe different synthesis strategies and formation mechanisms for IONPs such as for: wustite (FeO), hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (ɤ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). We also describe characterization of these nanoparticles and various applications in detail. In conclusion, we present a detailed overview on the properties, size-controlled synthesis, formation mechanisms and applications of IONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nene Ajinkya
- Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Poonam Kaithal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, SHUATS, Allahabad 211007, India;
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Materials and Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Prakash Somani
- Center for Grand Challenges and Green Technologies, Applied Science Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411041, India;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore;
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White BE, White MK, Adhvaryu H, Makhoul I, Nima ZA, Biris AS, Ali N. Nanotechnology approaches to addressing HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Nanotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-020-00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBreast cancer is a major cause of cancer-associated deaths in the United States. It was estimated that 12% of women in the U.S. will develop invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2/neu) is a growth-promoting protein that is overexpressed in 15–20% of breast cancers (HER2-positive breast cancer). HER2-positive breast cancer generally grows and spreads more quickly than other breast cancers, but it can be targeted therapeutically. Targeting drugs have been developed with a specific design to stop the growth and even the spread of cancer. These drugs include trastuzumab (Herceptin), pertuzumab (Perjeta), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, or TDM-1), fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan, lapatinib, neratinib and tucatinib. However, the need for better targeted therapy and efficacy still exists. Nanotechnology could have major advantages in terms of detection, targeting, drug delivery, and destruction of cancer cells and tumors. Although a great deal of progress has been accomplished major challenges still need to be addressed. In this review, we examine the major areas of research in the area of nanotechnology and HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Arab-Tehrany E, Elkhoury K, Francius G, Jierry L, Mano JF, Kahn C, Linder M. Curcumin Loaded Nanoliposomes Localization by Nanoscale Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7276. [PMID: 33019782 PMCID: PMC7584047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a hydrophobic drug gaining growing attention because of its high availability, its innocuity, and its anticancer, antitumoral, and antioxidative activity. However, its poor bioavailability in the human body, caused by its low aqueous solubility and fast degradation, presents a big hurdle for its oral administration. Here, we used nano-vesicles made of phospholipids to carry and protect curcumin in its membrane. Various curcumin amounts were encapsulated in the produced phospholipid system to form drug-loaded liposomes. Curcumin's concentration was evaluated using UV-visible measurements. The maximal amount of curcumin that could be added to liposomes was assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were used to determine curcumin's interactions and localization within the phospholipid membrane of the liposomes. X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed to characterize the membrane structure and organization, as well as its mechanical properties at the nanoscale. Conservation of the membrane's properties is found with the addition of curcumin in various amounts before saturation, allowing the preparation of a defined nanocarrier with desired amounts of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Kamil Elkhoury
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Gregory Francius
- LCPME, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Loic Jierry
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Joao F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Cyril Kahn
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Michel Linder
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
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Polymethine Dye-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Targeting CML Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:372-381. [PMID: 32913887 PMCID: PMC7452122 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is unable to eradicate leukemic stem cells (LSC). Polymethine dye-functionalized nanoparticles can be internalized by specific cell types using transmembrane carrier proteins. In this study we investigated the uptake behavior of various polymethine dyes on leukemia cell lines and searched for carrier proteins that guide dye transport using RNA interference. The results show that the uptake of DY-635 is dependent on organic anion transport protein 1B3 (OATP1B3) in CML cells and immature myeloid precursor cells of CML patients. In contrast to nonspecific poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle constructs, DY-635-functionalization of nanoparticles led to an uptake in CML cells. Investigation of these nanoparticles on bone marrow of CML patients showed a preferred uptake in LSC. The transcription of OATP1B3 is known to be induced under hypoxic conditions via the hypoxia-inducing factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), thus also in the stem cells niche. Since these cells have the potential to repopulate the bone marrow after CML treatment discontinuation, eliminating them by means of drug-loaded DY-635-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles deployed as a selective delivery system to LSC is highly relevant to the ongoing search for curative treatment options for CML patients.
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Sorolla A, Sorolla MA, Wang E, Ceña V. Peptides, proteins and nanotechnology: a promising synergy for breast cancer targeting and treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1597-1613. [PMID: 32835538 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1814733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of nanoparticles for breast cancer targeting and treatment has become a reality. They are safe and possess interesting peculiarities such as the unspecific accumulation into the tumor site and the possibility to activate controlled drug release as compared to free drugs. However, there are still many areas of improvement which can certainly be addressed with the use of peptide-based elements. AREAS COVERED The article reviews different preclinical strategies employing peptides and proteins in combination with nanoparticles for breast cancer targeting and treatment as well as peptide and protein-targeted encapsulated drugs, and it lists the current clinical status of therapies using peptides and proteins for breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION The conjugation of protein and peptides can improve tumor homing of nanoparticles, increase cellular penetration and attack specific drivers and vulnerabilities of the breast cancer cell to promote tumor cytotoxicity while reducing secondary effects in healthy tissues. Examples are the use of antibodies, arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptides, membrane disruptive peptides, interference peptides, and peptide vaccines. Although their implementation in the clinic has been relatively slow up to now, we anticipate great progress in the field which will translate into more efficacious and selective nanotherapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| | - Maria Alba Sorolla
- Biomedical Research Institute (IRB Lleida), Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers , Lleida, Spain
| | - Edina Wang
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad De Castilla-La Mancha , Albacete, Spain.,Centro De Investigación En Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII , Madrid, Spain
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Kang RH, Jang JE, Huh E, Kang SJ, Ahn DR, Kang JS, Sailor MJ, Yeo SG, Oh MS, Kim D, Kim HY. A brain tumor-homing tetra-peptide delivers a nano-therapeutic for more effective treatment of a mouse model of glioblastoma. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1213-1225. [PMID: 32510090 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organ-specific cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of molecules that can be highly effective at delivering therapeutic cargoes, and they are currently of great interest in cancer treatment strategies. Herein, we describe a new CPP (amino acid sequence serine-isoleucine-tyrosine-valine, or SIWV) that homes to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumor tissues with remarkable specificity in vitro and in vivo. The SIWV sequence was identified from an isoform of annexin-A3 (AA3H), a membrane-interacting human protein. The mechanism of intracellular permeation is proposed to follow a caveolin-mediated endocytotic pathway, based on in vitro and in vivo receptor inhibition and genetic knockdown studies. Feasibility as a targeting agent for therapeutics is demonstrated in a GBM xenograft mouse model, where porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) containing the clinically relevant anticancer drug SN-38 are grafted with SIWV via a poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. The formulation shows enhanced in vivo targeting ability relative to a formulation employing a scrambled control peptide, and significant (P < 0.05) therapeutic efficacy relative to free SN-38 in the GBM xenograft animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Hyung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Norouzi M, Yathindranath V, Thliveris JA, Kopec BM, Siahaan TJ, Miller DW. Doxorubicin-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles for glioblastoma therapy: a combinational approach for enhanced delivery of nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11292. [PMID: 32647151 PMCID: PMC7347880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anti-cancer drug with cytotoxicity in a variety of different tumors, its effectiveness in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is constrained by insufficient penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, biocompatible magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) stabilized with trimethoxysilylpropyl-ethylenediamine triacetic acid (EDT) were developed as a carrier of DOX for GBM chemotherapy. The DOX-loaded EDT-IONPs (DOX-EDT-IONPs) released DOX within 4 days with the capability of an accelerated release in acidic microenvironments. The DOX-loaded EDT-IONPs (DOX-EDT-IONPs) demonstrated an efficient uptake in mouse brain-derived microvessel endothelial, bEnd.3, Madin–Darby canine kidney transfected with multi-drug resistant protein 1 (MDCK-MDR1), and human U251 GBM cells. The DOX-EDT-IONPs could augment DOX’s uptake in U251 cells by 2.8-fold and significantly inhibited U251 cell proliferation. Moreover, the DOX-EDT-IONPs were found to be effective in apoptotic-induced GBM cell death (over 90%) within 48 h of treatment. Gene expression studies revealed a significant downregulation of TOP II and Ku70, crucial enzymes for DNA repair and replication, as well as MiR-155 oncogene, concomitant with an upregulation of caspase 3 and tumor suppressors i.e., p53, MEG3 and GAS5, in U251 cells upon treatment with DOX-EDT-IONPs. An in vitro MDCK-MDR1-GBM co-culture model was used to assess the BBB permeability and anti-tumor activity of the DOX-EDT-IONPs and DOX treatments. While DOX-EDT-IONP showed improved permeability of DOX across MDCK-MDR1 monolayers compared to DOX alone, cytotoxicity in U251 cells was similar in both treatment groups. Using a cadherin binding peptide (ADTC5) to transiently open tight junctions, in combination with an external magnetic field, significantly enhanced both DOX-EDT-IONP permeability and cytotoxicity in the MDCK-MDR1-GBM co-culture model. Therefore, the combination of magnetic enhanced convective diffusion and the cadherin binding peptide for transiently opening the BBB tight junctions are expected to enhance the efficacy of GBM chemotherapy using the DOX-EDT-IONPs. In general, the developed approach enables the chemotherapeutic to overcome both BBB and multidrug resistance (MDR) glioma cells while providing site-specific magnetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Norouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Vinith Yathindranath
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brian M Kopec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Conibear AC, Schmid A, Kamalov M, Becker CFW, Bello C. Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Approaches for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1174-1205. [PMID: 29173146 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptide-based pharmaceuticals have recently experienced a renaissance due to their ability to fill the gap between the two main classes of available drugs, small molecules and biologics. Peptides combine the high potency and selectivity typical of large proteins with some of the characteristic advantages of small molecules such as synthetic accessibility, stability and the potential of oral bioavailability. METHODS In the present manuscript we review the recent literature on selected peptide-based approaches for cancer treatment, emphasizing recent advances, advantages and challenges of each strategy. RESULTS One of the applications in which peptide-based approaches have grown rapidly is cancer therapy, with a focus on new and established targets. We describe, with selected examples, some of the novel peptide-based methods for cancer treatment that have been developed in the last few years, ranging from naturally-occurring and modified peptides to peptidedrug conjugates, peptide nanomaterials and peptide-based vaccines. CONCLUSION This review brings out the emerging role of peptide-based strategies in oncology research, critically analyzing the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the potential for their development as effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alanca Schmid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meder Kamalov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biolology-PeptLab, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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Kumar G, Nandakumar K, Mutalik S, Rao CM. Biologicals to direct nanotherapeutics towards HER2-positive breast cancers. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 27:102197. [PMID: 32275958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer, an aggressive cancer, is treated with combinations of conventional anticancer drugs viz., cytotoxic drugs, nibs, and mAbs. Major limitations associated with this therapy are patient non-compliance due to the adverse drug reactions and rapid development of resistance by the HER2-positive malignant cells. While the former is addressed by the nano-formulations of the anticancer-drugs to some extent, the latter is still at large. This is because the nanocarriers of the anticancer drugs, by and large, lack the target specificity and selectivity. Thus, nowadays, to overcome these problems, various safe and efficacious biological agents are being used to direct the nanotherapeutics towards the HER2-positive breast cancers. The present review describes the potentials of such biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Salinomycin-Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030477. [PMID: 32155938 PMCID: PMC7153627 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin is an antibiotic introduced recently as a new and effective anticancer drug. In this study, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were utilized as a drug carrier for salinomycin for potential use in glioblastoma (GBM) chemotherapy. The biocompatible polyethylenimine (PEI)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-IONPs (PEI-PEG-IONPs) exhibited an efficient uptake in both mouse brain-derived microvessel endothelial (bEnd.3) and human U251 GBM cell lines. The salinomycin (Sali)-loaded PEI-PEG-IONPs (Sali-PEI-PEG-IONPs) released salinomycin over 4 days, with an initial release of 44% ± 3% that increased to 66% ± 5% in acidic pH. The Sali-IONPs inhibited U251 cell proliferation and decreased their viability (by approximately 70% within 48 h), and the nanoparticles were found to be effective in reactive oxygen species-mediated GBM cell death. Gene studies revealed significant activation of caspases in U251 cells upon treatment with Sali-IONPs. Furthermore, the upregulation of tumor suppressors (i.e., p53, Rbl2, Gas5) was observed, while TopII, Ku70, CyclinD1, and Wnt1 were concomitantly downregulated. When examined in an in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB)-GBM co-culture model, Sali-IONPs had limited penetration (1.0% ± 0.08%) through the bEnd.3 monolayer and resulted in 60% viability of U251 cells. However, hyperosmotic disruption coupled with an applied external magnetic field significantly enhanced the permeability of Sali-IONPs across bEnd.3 monolayers (3.2% ± 0.1%) and reduced the viability of U251 cells to 38%. These findings suggest that Sali-IONPs combined with penetration enhancers, such as hyperosmotic mannitol and external magnetic fields, can potentially provide effective and site-specific magnetic targeting for GBM chemotherapy.
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Tang Z, Jun Y, Lv Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Tao M, Chen X, He J, Zhang L, Wang QL. Aptamer-conjugated and doxorubicin-loaded grapefruit-derived nanovectors for targeted therapy against HER2 + breast cancer. J Drug Target 2020; 28:186-194. [PMID: 31134823 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1624970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression is a hallmark of HER2+ breast cancer. HER2 promotes the growth of cancer cells and makes them particularly aggressive. Currently, trastuzumab is the only HER2-targeted therapeutic agent approved by the FDA for HER2-overexpressing breast cancer treatment. However, clinical efficacy of trastuzumab is limited greatly by the occurrence of drug resistance. In this study, an aptamer (HA1) specific for HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells was selected using Cell-SELEX. This allowed the development of grapefruit-derived nanovectors (GNVs) conjugated with HA1 that targeted specifically HER2+ breast cancer cells. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HA1 effectively promoted the internalisation of GNVs into cancer cells and tumour spheroids. In vivo data showed that drug delivery to tumour tissues and antitumor activities were dramatically enhanced by conjugating HA1 with drug-loaded GNVs. This study indicates that aptamers mediating targeted drug delivery by GNVs represent a promising strategy for HER2+ breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Tang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yali Jun
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yanguan Lv
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, Huai'an Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical Academy, Huai'an, China
| | - Yunjie Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Mingyue Tao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jingdong He
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Qi-Long Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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Alqaraghuli HGJ, Kashanian S, Rafipour R. A Review on Targeting Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1087-1107. [PMID: 31364513 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190731130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents have been used extensively in breast cancer remedy. However, most anticancer drugs cannot differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells, leading to toxic side effects. Also, the resulted drug resistance during chemotherapy reduces treatment efficacy. The development of targeted drug delivery offers great promise in breast cancer treatment both in clinical applications and in pharmaceutical research. Conjugation of nanocarriers with targeting ligands is an effective therapeutic strategy to treat cancer diseases. In this review, we focus on active targeting methods for breast cancer cells through the use of chemical ligands such as antibodies, peptides, aptamers, vitamins, hormones, and carbohydrates. Also, this review covers all information related to these targeting ligands, such as their subtypes, advantages, disadvantages, chemical modification methods with nanoparticles and recent published studies (from 2015 to present). We have discussed 28 different targeting methods utilized for targeted drug delivery to breast cancer cells with different nanocarriers delivering anticancer drugs to the tumors. These different targeting methods give researchers in the field of drug delivery all the information and techniques they need to develop modern drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanain Gomhor J Alqaraghuli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al- Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC) & Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ronak Rafipour
- Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Liang G, Zhu Y, Ali DJ, Tian T, Xu H, Si K, Sun B, Chen B, Xiao Z. Engineered exosomes for targeted co-delivery of miR-21 inhibitor and chemotherapeutics to reverse drug resistance in colon cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:10. [PMID: 31918721 PMCID: PMC6950820 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been commonly prescribed for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), but resistance to 5-FU is one of the main reasons for failure in CRC. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been established as a means of reversing the dilemma by regulating signaling pathways involved in initiation and progression of CRC. However, how to safely and effectively deliver miRNA to target cells becomes a main challenge. Results In this study, Engineered exosomes were exploited to simultaneously deliver an anticancer drug 5-FU and miR-21 inhibitor oligonucleotide (miR-21i) to Her2 expressing cancer cells. Purified engineered exosomes from the donor cells loaded with 5-FU and miR-21i via electroporation to introduce into 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cell line HCT-1165FR. Furthermore, systematic administration of 5-FU and miR-21i loaded exosomes in tumor bearing mice indicated a significantly anti-tumor effect. The results showed that the engineered exosome-based 5-FU and miR-21i co-delivery system could efficiently facilitate cellular uptake and significantly down-regulate miR-21 expression in 5-FU resistant HCT-1165FR cell lines. Consequently, the down-regulation of miR-21 induced cell cycle arrest, reduced tumor proliferation, increased apoptosis and rescued PTEN and hMSH2 expressions, regulatory targets of miR-21. Of particular importance was the significant reduction in tumor growth in a mouse model of colon cancer with systematic administration of the targeting miR-21i. More excitedly, the combinational delivery of miR-21i and 5-FU with the engineered exosomes effectively reverse drug resistance and significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity in 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells, compared with the single treatment with either miR-21i or 5-FU. Conclusion The strategy for co-delivering the functional small RNA and anticancer drug by exosomes foreshadows a potential approach to reverse the drug resistance in CRC and thus to enhance the efficacy of the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yanliang Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Doulathunnisa Jaffar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huantian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Si
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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Nanotechnology, in silico and endocrine-based strategy for delivering paclitaxel and miRNA: Prospects for the therapeutic management of breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:109-128. [PMID: 31891780 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and reoccurring cancers and the second most common reason of death in women. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies for breast cancer, early tumor recurrence and metastasis in patients indicate resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines, such as paclitaxel due to the abnormal expression of ER and EGF2 in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the development of alternatives to paclitaxel is urgently needed to overcome challenges involving drug resistance. An increasing number of studies has revealed miRNAs as novel natural alternative substances that play a crucial role in regulating several physiological processes and have a close, adverse association with several diseases, including breast cancer. Due to the therapeutic potential of miRNA and paclitaxel in cancer research, the current review focuses on the differential roles of various miRNAs in breast cancer development and treatment. miRNA delivery to a specific target site, the development of paclitaxel and miRNA formulations, and nanotechnological strategies for the delivery of nanopaclitaxel in the management of breast cancer are discussed. These strategies involve improving the cellular uptake and bioavailability and reducing the toxicity of free paclitaxel to achieve accumulation tumor site. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to ascertain the enhanced anticancer activity of the nanoformulation of ANG1005 and Abraxane. An in silico analysis revealed that ANG1005 and Abraxane nanoformulations have superior and significantly enhanced interactions with the proteins α-tubulin and Bcl-2. Therefore, ANG1005 and Abraxane may be more suitable in the therapeutic management of breast cancer than the existing free paclitaxel. miRNAs can revert abnormal gene expression to normalcy; since miRNAs serve as tumor suppressors. Therefore, restoration of particular miRNAs levels as a replacement therapy may be an effective endocrine potential strategy for treating ER positive/ negative breast cancers.
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Nuzhina JV, Shtil AA, Prilepskii AY, Vinogradov VV. Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Translation of Magnetite-Based Nanomedicines. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jeon M, Lin G, Stephen ZR, Kato FL, Zhang M. Paclitaxel‐Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Guanyou Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Zachary R. Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Frances L. Kato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Kotla NG, Afshar EG, Samarghandian S, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Sethi G. Nanoparticles Targeting STATs in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1158. [PMID: 31569687 PMCID: PMC6829305 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, an increase in the incidence rate of cancer has been witnessed. Although many efforts have been made to manage and treat this life threatening condition, it is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, scientists have attempted to target molecular signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation and metastasis. It has been shown that signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) contributes to the progression of cancer cells. This important signaling pathway is associated with a number of biological processes including cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It appears that dysregulation of the STAT signaling pathway promotes the migration, viability and malignancy of various tumor cells. Hence, there have been many attempts to target the STAT signaling pathway. However, it seems that currently applied therapeutics may not be able to effectively modulate the STAT signaling pathway and suffer from a variety of drawbacks such as low bioavailability and lack of specific tumor targeting. In the present review, we demonstrate how nanocarriers can be successfully applied for encapsulation of STAT modulators in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar 6451741117, Iran.
| | - Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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Li H, Lu J, Yan C, Xu L. Tumor cell membrane-coated biomimetic nanoplatform for homologous targeted therapy of colorectal carcinoma. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1667804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianbo Lu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chengqiu Yan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China
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42
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Du M, Ouyang Y, Meng F, Ma Q, Liu H, Zhuang Y, Pang M, Cai T, Cai Y. Nanotargeted agents: an emerging therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1771-1786. [PMID: 31298065 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and represents 12% of all cancer cases. Improvements in survival rates are largely attributed to improved screening and diagnosis. Conventional chemotherapy remains an important treatment option but it is beset with poor cell selectivity, serious side effects and resistance. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems bring promising opportunities to breast cancer treatment. They may improve chemotherapy by targeting drugs to tumors, generating high drug concentrations at tumors providing slow release of the drug, increased drug stability and concomitant reductions in side effects. The nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches and the current research and application status of nano-targeted agents for breast cancer are discussed in this review to provide a basis for further study on targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Du
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yong Ouyang
- Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510800, PR China
| | - Fansu Meng
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of TCM, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, PR China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Mujuan Pang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Tiange Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Abstract
Certain genetic mutations lead to the development of cancer through unchecked cell growth and division. Cancer is typically treated through surgical resection, radiotherapy, and small-molecule chemotherapy. A relatively recent approach to cancer therapy involves the use of a natural process wherein small RNA molecules regulate gene expression in a pathway known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNA oligomers pair with a network of proteins to form an RNA-induced silencing complex, which inhibits the translation of mRNA into proteins, thereby controlling the expression of gene products. Synthetically produced RNA oligomers may be designed to target and silence specific oncogenes to provide cancer therapy. The primary challenges facing the use of the RNAi pathway for cancer therapy are the safe and efficacious delivery of RNA payloads and their release at pertinent sites within disease-causing cells. Nucleases are abundant in the bloodstream and intracellular environment, and therapeutic RNA sequences often require a suitable carrier to provide protection from degradation prior to reaching their site of action in the body. The use of metal core nanoparticles (NPs) serving as targeted delivery vehicles able to shield and direct RNA payloads to their intended destinations have recently gained favor. Biological barriers present in the body establish a size prerequisite for drug delivery vehicles; to overcome recognition by the body's immune system and to gain access to intracellular environments, drug carriers must be small (< 100 nm). Iron oxide and gold core NPs can be synthesized with a high degree of control to create uniform ultrasmall drug delivery vehicles capable of bypassing key biological barriers. While progress is being made in size control of liposomal and polymer NPs, such advances still lag in comparison to the exquisite tunability and time stability of size engineering achievable with metal core NPs at bulk scales. Further, unlike lipid- and viral-based transfection agents, the biodistribution of metal core NPs can be traced using noninvasive imaging techniques that capitalize on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and the inorganic atoms at the core of the NPs. Finally, metal core NPs have been shown to match the transfection efficiency of conventional RNA-delivery vehicles while also providing less immunogenicity and minimal side effects through the addition of tumor-targeting ligands on their surface. This Account reviews recent advances in the use of iron oxide and gold NPs for RNAi therapy. An overview of the different types of RNA-based therapies is provided along with a discussion of the advantages and current limitations of the technique. We highlight design considerations for the use of iron oxide and gold NP carriers in RNAi, including a discussion of the importance of size and its role in traversing biological barriers, NP surface modifications required for targeted delivery and RNA payload release, and auxiliary properties supporting imaging functionality for treatment monitoring. Applications of NPs for combination therapies including the pairing of RNAi with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy are explored through examples. Finally, future perspectives are provided with a focus on the current limitations and the potential for clinical translation of iron oxide and gold NPs in RNAi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zachary R. Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Liyanage PY, Hettiarachchi SD, Zhou Y, Ouhtit A, Seven ES, Oztan CY, Celik E, Leblanc RM. Nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery for breast cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:419-433. [PMID: 31034927 PMCID: PMC6549504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and one of the deadliest after lung cancer. Currently, standard methods for cancer therapy including BC are surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, both chemotherapy and radiotherapy often fail to treat BC due to the side effects that these therapies incur in normal tissues and organs. In recent years, various nanoparticles (NPs) have been discovered and synthesized to be able to selectively target tumor cells without causing any harm to the healthy cells or organs. Therefore, NPs-mediated targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) have become a promising technique to treat BC. In addition to their selectivity to target tumor cells and reduce side effects, NPs have other unique properties which make them desirable for cancer treatment such as low toxicity, good compatibility, ease of preparation, high photoluminescence (PL) for bioimaging in vivo, and high loadability of drugs due to their tunable surface functionalities. In this study, we summarize with a critical analysis of the most recent therapeutic studies involving various NPs-mediated DDS as alternatives for the traditional treatment approaches for BC. It will shed light on the significance of NPs-mediated DDS and serve as a guide to seeking for the ideal methodology for future targeted drug delivery for an efficient BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumi Y Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Yiqun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elif S Seven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Cagri Y Oztan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Emrah Celik
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Tian W, Lu J, Jiao D. Stem cell membrane vesicle-coated nanoparticles for efficient tumor-targeted therapy of orthotopic breast cancer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Department of Blood Transfusion; The Second Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jianbo Lu
- Department of Ultrasound; Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Changchun China
| | - Dan Jiao
- Department of Ultrasound; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
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Assessing the Potential of Chitosan/Polylactide Nanoparticles for Delivery of Therapeutics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Vangijzegem T, Stanicki D, Laurent S. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery: applications and characteristics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 16:69-78. [PMID: 30496697 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1554647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For many years, the controlled delivery of therapeutic compounds has been a matter of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. Among the wide amount of drug nanocarriers, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) stand out from the crowd and constitute robust nanoplatforms since they can achieve high drug loading as well as targeting abilities stemming from their remarkable properties (magnetic and biological properties). These applications require precise design of the nanoparticles regarding several parameters which must be considered together in order to attain highest therapeutic efficacy. AREAS COVERED This short review presents recent developments in the field of cancer targeted drug delivery using magnetic nanocarriers as drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The design of nanocarriers enabling efficient delivery of therapeutic compounds toward targeted locations is one of the major area of research in the targeted drug delivery field. By precisely shaping the structural properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles, drugs loaded onto the nanoparticles can be efficiently guided and selectively delivered toward targeted locations. With these goals in mind, special attention should be given to the pharmacokinetics and in vivo behavior of the developed nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vangijzegem
- a Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory , University of Mons , Mons , Belgium
| | - Dimitri Stanicki
- a Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory , University of Mons , Mons , Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- a Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory , University of Mons , Mons , Belgium.,b Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI) , Gosselies , Belgium
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48
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Li D, Mo F, Wu J, Huang Y, Zhou H, Ding S, Chen W. A multifunctional DNA nano-scorpion for highly efficient targeted delivery of mRNA therapeutics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10196. [PMID: 29976947 PMCID: PMC6033943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly efficient cancer cell targeted delivery plays an important role in precise targeted therapies. Herein, a multifunctional DNA nano-scorpion nanostructure (termed AptDzy-DNS) functioned with aptamers and DNAzyme is developed for highly efficient targeted delivery of mRNA therapeutics in gene therapy. The designed AptDzy-DNS is self-assembled with specific aptamers as “scorpion stingers” for targeting tumor cell and DNAzymes as “scorpion pincers” for targeted gene therapy by cleaving mRNA into fragments. The as-prepared AptDzy-DNS can effectively distinguish cancer cells from normal cells by specific cross-talking between aptamers on AptDzy-DNS and overexpressed cell-surface receptors. In the process of gene therapy, by reacting with Mg2+-dependent DNAzyme on AptDzy-DNS, the mRNA oligonucleotide in cancer cell is auto-cleaved into broken strand, failing to be translated into corresponding protein. Following, the downregulation protein can block cancer cell growth and realize highly efficient targeted therapies. The results demonstrate that the multifunctional AptDzy-DNS shows promise for targeted cancer cell discrimination, highly efficient targeted delivery of mRNA therapeutics in gene therapy. Thus, this developed strategy provides impressive improvement on gene targeted therapy and paves the way for application of AptDzy-DNS in human cancer targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Fei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jiangling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China.
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China.
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Guan SS, Wu CT, Chiu CY, Luo TY, Wu JY, Liao TZ, Liu SH. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated HER2-targeted peptides as a nuclear imaging probe for HER2-overexpressed gastric cancer detection in vivo. J Transl Med 2018; 16:168. [PMID: 29921305 PMCID: PMC6009821 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) involved proliferation, angiogenesis, and reduced apoptosis in gastric cancer (GC), which is a common target for tumor therapy. HER2 is usually overexpressed in more than 15% GC patients, developing a reliable diagnostic tool for tumor HER2 detection is important. In this study, we attend to use polyethylene glycol (PEG) linked anti-HER2/neu peptide (AHNP-PEG) as a nuclear imaging agent probe for HER2 detection in GC xenograft animal model. METHODS The HER2 expression of human sera and tissues were detected in GC patients and normal subjects. GC cell lines NCI-N87 (high HER2 levels) and MKN45 (low HER2 levels) were treated with AHNP-PEG to assess the cell viability and HER2 binding ability. The NCI-N87 was treated with AHNP-PEG to observe the level and phosphorylation of HER2. The MKN45 and NCI-N87-induced xenograft mice were intravenous injection with fluorescence labeled AHNP-PEG for detecting in vivo fluorescence imaging properties and biodistribution. The AHNP-PEG was conjugated with diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA) for indium-111 labeling (111In-DTPA-AHNP-PEG). The stability of was assessed in vitro. The imaging properties and biodistribution of 111In-DTPA-AHNP-PEG were observed in NCI-N87-induced xenograft mice. RESULTS The serum HER2 (sHER2) levels in GC patients were significantly higher than the normal subjects. The sHER2 levels were correlated with the tumor HER2 levels in different stages of GC patients. The AHNP-PEG inhibited the cell growth and down-regulated HER2 phosphorylation in HER2-overexpressed human GC cells (NCI-N87) via specific HER2 interaction of cell surface. In addition, the GC tumor tissues from HER2-postive xenograft mice presented higher HER2 fluorescence imaging as compared to HER2-negative group. The HER2 levels in the tumor tissues were also higher than other organs in NCI-N87-induced xenograft mice. Finally, we further observed that the 111In-DTPA-AHNP-PEG was significantly enhanced in tumor tissues of NCI-N87-induced xenograft mice compared to control. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the sHER2 measurement may be as a potential tool for detecting HER2 expressions in GC patients. The radioisotope-labeled AHNP-PEG may be useful to apply in GC patients for HER2 nuclear medicine imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yih Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Zung Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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50
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Arias LS, Pessan JP, Vieira APM, Lima TMTD, Delbem ACB, Monteiro DR. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective on Synthesis, Drugs, Antimicrobial Activity, and Toxicity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020046. [PMID: 29890753 PMCID: PMC6023022 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical applications and biotechnological advances, including magnetic resonance imaging, cell separation and detection, tissue repair, magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery, have strongly benefited from employing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) due to their remarkable properties, such as superparamagnetism, size and possibility of receiving a biocompatible coating. Ongoing research efforts focus on reducing drug concentration, toxicity, and other side effects, while increasing efficacy of IONPs-based treatments. This review highlights the methods of synthesis and presents the most recent reports in the literature regarding advances in drug delivery using IONPs-based systems, as well as their antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms. Furthermore, the toxicity of IONPs alone and constituting nanosystems is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Salomão Arias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Miranda Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Taynara Maria Toito de Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16015-050 Araçatuba/São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente/São Paulo, Brazil.
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