1
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Borgwardt L, Brok J, Andersen KF, Madsen J, Gillings N, Fosbøl MØ, Denholt CL, Petersen IN, Sørensen LS, Enevoldsen LH, Oturai PS, Johannesen HH, Højgaard L, Schulze C, Saxtoft E, Andersen F, Fischer BM. Performing [ 18F]MFBG Long-Axial-Field-of-View PET/CT Without Sedation or General Anesthesia for Imaging of Children with Neuroblastoma. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:1286-1292. [PMID: 38960713 PMCID: PMC11294065 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.267256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) scintigraphy with SPECT/CT is the standard of care for diagnosing and monitoring neuroblastoma. Replacing [123I]MIBG with the new PET tracer meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]MFBG) and further improving sensitivity and reducing noise in a new long-axial-field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanner enable increased image quality and a faster acquisition time, allowing examinations to be performed without sedation or general anesthesia (GA). Focusing on feasibility, we present our first experience with [18F]MFBG LAFOV PET/CT and compare it with [123I]MIBG scintigraphy plus SPECT/CT for imaging in neuroblastoma in children. Methods: A pilot of our prospective, single-center study recruited children with neuroblastoma who were referred for [123I]MIBG scintigraphy with SPECT/CT. Within 1 wk of [123I]MIBG scintigraphy and SPECT/low-dose CT, [18F]MFBG LAFOV PET/ultra-low-dose CT was performed 1 h after injection (1.5-3 MBq/kg) without sedation or GA, in contrast to the 24-h postinjection interval needed for scanning with [123I]MIBG, the 2- to 2.5-h acquisition time, and the GA often needed in children less than 6 y old. Based on the spirocyclic iodonium-ylide precursor, [18F]MFBG was produced in a fully automated good manufacturing practice-compliant procedure. We present the feasibility of the study. Results: In the first paired scans of the first 10 children included (5 at diagnosis, 2 during treatment, 2 during surveillance, and 1 at relapse), [18F]MFBG PET/CT scan showed a higher number of radiotracer-avid lesions in 80% of the cases and an equal number of lesions in 20% of the cases. The SIOPEN score was higher in 50% of the cases, and the Curie score was higher in 70% of the cases. In particular, intraspinal, retroperitoneal lymph node, and bone marrow involvement was diagnosed with much higher precision. None of the children (median age, 1.6 y; range, 0.1-7.9 y) had sedation or GA during the PET procedure, whereas 80% had GA during [123I]MIBG scintigraphy with SPECT/CT. A PET acquisition time of only 2 min without motion artifacts was the data requirement of the 10-min acquisition time for reconstruction to provide a clinically useful image. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of performing [18F]MFBG LAFOV PET/CT for imaging of neuroblastoma. Further, an increased number of radiotracer-avid lesions, an increased SIOPEN score, and an increased Curie score were seen on [18F]MFBG LAFOV PET/CT compared with [123I]MIBG scintigraphy with SPECT/CT, and GA and sedation was avoided in all patients. Thus, with a 1-d protocol, a significantly shorter scan time, a higher sensitivity, and the avoidance of GA and sedation, [18F]MFBG LAFOV PET/CT shows promise for future staging and response assessment and may also have a clinical impact on therapeutic decision-making for children with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Borgwardt
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jesper Brok
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Francis Andersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jacob Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Nicholas Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Marie Øbro Fosbøl
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Charlotte Lund Denholt
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Ida Nymann Petersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Louise Sørup Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Lotte Hahn Enevoldsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Peter Sandor Oturai
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Helle Hjort Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Liselotte Højgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Christina Schulze
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Eunice Saxtoft
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Flemming Andersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Barbara Malene Fischer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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2
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Banka VK, Sainas S, Martino E, Wang J, Lolli ML, Ding YS. Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]brequinar for in vivo PET imaging of hDHODH for potential studies of acute myeloid leukemia and cancers. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00433g. [PMID: 39149561 PMCID: PMC11320022 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme that plays a critical role in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, has been recognized as a promising target for the treatment of diseases that involve cellular proliferation, such as autoimmune diseases and cancers. Pharmacological inhibition of human DHODH (hDHODH) that offers a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment in adult subjects with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has recently been supported by phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory AML. To facilitate the development of optimized hDHODH inhibitors, the presence of an in vivo imaging probe that is able to demonstrate in vivo target engagement is critical and desirable. Brequinar is one of the most potent hDHODH inhibitors so far discovered. In this work, we use a copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) strategy and compare the chemical design and radiosynthesis starting from either pinacole boronate p-nitrobenzyl ester (4) or tributylstannate (tin) p-nitrobenzyl ester (5), chosen for their suitability as a precursor to [18F]brequinar. We report here the design, synthesis, radiolabeling and characterization of [18F]brequinar, and a preliminary PET imaging study of DHODH in vivo. This study provides the strategies to create [18F]brequinar, the first hDHODH inhibitor PET radiotracer, which will facilitate its use as a tool (theranostics) for hDHODH drug development and for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic efficacy in AML and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Banka
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging 660 First Ave., 4th Floor New York NY 10016 USA +1 (212)263 7541 +1 (212)263 6605
| | - Stefano Sainas
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Torino Turin Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Torino Turin Italy
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging 660 First Ave., 4th Floor New York NY 10016 USA +1 (212)263 7541 +1 (212)263 6605
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology (DSTF), University of Torino Turin Italy
| | - Yu-Shin Ding
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging 660 First Ave., 4th Floor New York NY 10016 USA +1 (212)263 7541 +1 (212)263 6605
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA
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3
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Nadporojskii MA, Orlovskaya VV, Fedorova OS, Sysoev DS, Krasikova RN. Automation of Copper-Mediated 18F-Fluorination of Aryl Pinacol Boronates Using 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium Triflate. Molecules 2024; 29:3342. [PMID: 39064920 PMCID: PMC11279627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the copper-mediated radiofluorination of aryl pinacol boronates (arylBPin) using the commercially available, air-stable Cu(OTf)2Py4 catalyst is one of the most efficient synthesis approaches, greatly facilitating access to a range of radiotracers, including drug-like molecules with nonactivated aryl scaffolds. Further adjustment of this methodology, in particular, the [18F]fluoride recovery step for the routine preparation of radiotracers, has been the focus of recent research. In our recent study, an organic solution of 4-dimethylaminopyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMAPOTf) was found to be an efficient PTC for eluting radionuclides retained on the weak anion exchange cartridge, Oasis WAX 1cc, employing the inverse sorption-elution protocol. Notably, the following Cu-mediated radiofluorination of arylBPin precursors in the presence of the Cu(OTf)2(Py)4 catalyst can be performed with high efficiency in the same solvent, bypassing not only the conventional azeotropic drying procedure but any solvent replacement. In the current study, we aimed to translate this methodology, originally developed for remote-controlled operation with manual interventions, into the automated synthesis module on the TRACERlab automation platform. The adjustment of the reagent amounts and solvents allowed for high efficiency in the radiofluorination of a series of model arylBPin substrates on the TRACERlab FXFE Pro synthesis module, which was adapted for nucleophilic radiofluorinations. The practical applicability of the developed radiofluorination approach with DMAPOTf elution was demonstrated in the automated synthesis of 6-L-[18F]FDOPA. The radiotracer was obtained with an activity yield (AY; isolated, not decay-corrected) of 5.2 ± 0.5% (n = 3), with a synthesis time of ca. 70 min on the TRACERlab FX N Pro automation platform. The obtained AY was comparable with one reported by others (6 ± 1%) using the same boronate precursor, while a slightly higher AY of 6-L-[18F]FDOPA (14.5 ± 0.5%) was achieved in our previous work using commercially available Bu4NOTf as the PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Nadporojskii
- Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.N.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Viktoriya V. Orlovskaya
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.O.); (O.S.F.)
| | - Olga S. Fedorova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.O.); (O.S.F.)
| | - Dmitry S. Sysoev
- Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.N.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Raisa N. Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.V.O.); (O.S.F.)
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4
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Morales M, Preshlock S, Sharninghausen LS, Wright JS, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Tandem Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation/Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Aromatic C-H Bonds with [ 18F]TBAF. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:45-53. [PMID: 38006490 PMCID: PMC10867631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H functionalization of (hetero)aromatic C-H bonds with iridium-catalyzed borylation followed by copper-mediated radiofluorination of the in situ generated organoboronates affords fluorine-18 labeled aromatics in high radiochemical conversions and meta-selectivities. This protocol describes the benchtop reaction assembly of the C-H borylation and radiofluorination steps, which can be utilized for the fluorine-18 labeling of densely functionalized bioactive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Ahmed H, Wallimann R, Gisler L, Elghazawy NH, Gruber S, Keller C, Liang SH, Sippl W, Haider A, Ametamey SM. Characterization of ( R)- and ( S)-[ 18F]OF-NB1 in Rodents as Positron Emission Tomography Probes for Imaging GluN2B Subunit-Containing N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4323-4334. [PMID: 38060344 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subtype 2B (GluN1/2B) is implicated in various neuropathologies. Given the lack of a validated radiofluorinated positron emission tomography (PET) probe for the imaging of GluN1/2B receptors, we comprehensively investigated the enantiomers of [18F]OF-NB1 in rodents. Particularly, the (R)- and (S)- enantiomers were evaluated using in silico docking, in vitro autoradiography, in vivo PET imaging, and ex vivo biodistribution studies. A select panel of GluN1/2B antagonists (CP-101,606, CERC-301, and eliprodil) and the off-target sigma-1 receptor ligands (fluspidine and SA4503) were used to determine the specificity and selectivity of the tested enantiomers. Additionally, a nonmetal-mediated radiofluorination strategy was devised that harnesses the potential of diaryliodoniums in the nucleophilic radiofluorination of nonactivated aromatic compounds. Both enantiomers exhibited known GluN1/2B binding patterns; however, the R-enantiomer showed higher GluN1/2B-specific accumulation in rodent autoradiography and higher brain uptake in PET imaging experiments compared to the S-enantiomer. Molecular simulation studies provided further insights with respect to the difference in binding, whereby a reduced ligand-receptor interaction was observed for the S-enantiomer. Nonetheless, both enantiomers showed dose dependency when two different doses (1 and 5 mg/kg) of the GluN1/2B antagonist, CP-101,606, were used in the PET imaging study. Taken together, (R)-[18F]OF-NB1 appears to exhibit the characteristics of a suitable PET probe for imaging of GluN2B-containing NMDARs in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wallimann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livio Gisler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Gruber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Bloux H, Khouya AA, Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Fabis F, Dubost E, Cailly T. Gold(I)-Mediated Radioiododecarboxylation of Arenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:8100-8104. [PMID: 37933839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel radioiodination method is developed using carboxylic acids as radiolabeling precursors. This method involves decarboxylation and organogold(I) intermediate formation, enabling efficient radioiodination of (hetero)arenes and cinnamic and phenylpropiolic acids. Additionally, we demonstrated the prolonged stability of crude gold(I) organometallic compounds, showcasing their enduring radiolabeling capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bloux
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
| | - Ahmed Ait Khouya
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fabis
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Dubost
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
- Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandie (BB@C), Caen 14000, France
- Normandie Univ, UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Caen 14000, France
| | - Thomas Cailly
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Medicament de Normandie, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
- Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen Normandie (BB@C), Caen 14000, France
- IMOGERE, Normandie Université, Caen 14000, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Cote de Nacre, Caen 14000, France
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7
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Lu Y, He Y, Schibli R, Mu L, van Dam RM. Proof-of-concept optimization of a copper-mediated 18F-radiosynthesis of a novel MAGL PET tracer on a high-throughput microdroplet platform and its macroscale translation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4652-4663. [PMID: 37818614 PMCID: PMC10608794 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-mediated radiofluorination has demonstrated remarkable potential in forming aromatic C-18F bonds of radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET). Achieving optimal results often requires optimization efforts, requiring a substantial amount of radiolabeling precursor and time, severely limiting the experimental throughput. Recently, we successfully showcased the feasibility of performing and optimizing Cu-mediated radiosynthesis on a high-throughput microdroplet platform using the well-known and clinically used radioligand [18F]FDOPA as an illustrative example. In our current work, we optimized the Cu-mediated synthesis of a novel monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) PET tracer ([18F]YH149), showing the versatility of droplet-based techniques for early stage tracer development. Across 5 days, we conducted a total of 117 experiments, studying 36 distinct conditions, while utilizing <15 mg of total organoboron precursor. Compared to the original report in which the radiochemical yield (RCY) was 4.4 ± 0.5% (n = 5), the optimized droplet condition provided a substantial improvement in RCY (52 ± 8%, n = 4) and showed excellent radiochemical purity (100%) and molar activity (77-854 GBq μmol-1), using a starting activity of 0.2-1.45 GBq. Furthermore, we showed for the first time a translation of the optimized microscale conditions to a vial-based method. With similar starting activity (0.2-1.44 GBq), the translated synthesis exhibited a comparable RCY of 50 ± 10% (n = 4) while maintaining excellent radiochemical purity (100%) and acceptable molar activity (20-46 GBq μmol-1). The successful translation to vial-based reactions ensures wider applicability of the optimized synthesis by leveraging widely available commercial vial-based synthesis modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Lu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yingfang He
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Haveman LYF, Vugts DJ, Windhorst AD. State of the art procedures towards reactive [ 18F]fluoride in PET tracer synthesis. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 37824021 PMCID: PMC10570257 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful, non-invasive preclinical and clinical nuclear imaging technique used in disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. Fluorine-18 is the predominant radionuclide used for PET tracer synthesis. An impressive variety of new 'late-stage' radiolabeling methodologies for the preparation of 18F-labeled tracers has appeared in order to improve the efficiency of the labeling reaction. MAIN BODY Despite these developments, one outstanding challenge into the early key steps of the process remains: the preparation of reactive [18F]fluoride from oxygen-18 enriched water ([18O]H2O). In the last decade, significant changes into the trapping, elution and drying stages have been introduced. This review provides an overview of the strategies and recent developments in the production of reactive [18F]fluoride and its use for radiolabeling. CONCLUSION Improved, modified or even completely new fluorine-18 work-up procedures have been developed in the last decade with widespread use in base-sensitive nucleophilic 18F-fluorination reactions. The many promising developments may lead to a few standardized drying methodologies for the routine production of a broad scale of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Y F Haveman
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Chavan LN, Voll R, Sanchez MM, Nye JA, Goodman MM. Concise and Scalable Radiosynthesis of (+)-[ 18F]MDL100907 as a Serotonin 5-HT 2A Receptor Antagonist for PET. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3694-3703. [PMID: 37748194 PMCID: PMC10557077 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors play an important role in several psychiatric disorders. In order to investigate the serotonin (5-HT) receptor in vivo, reliable syntheses are required for positron emission tomography (PET) 5-HT radioligands. Owing to the excellent in vivo properties of [18F]MDL100907 for PET, there has been great interest to develop a novel synthetic route for [18F]MDL100907. Here, we report a highly efficient, scalable, and expedient synthesis for [18F]MDL100907. The radiofluorination was performed on a 18F-labeling boron pinacol ester precursor, which is synthesized using the Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction as a key step. Our method is practically more suitable to employ late-stage Cu-mediated radiofluorination and facilitate the production of the [18F]MDL100907 radioligand in excellent decay-corrected RCY of 32 ± 10% (n = 7) within 60 min. We prepared [18F]MDL100907 in high molar activity (2.1 Ci/μmol) and compared it to [11C]MDL100907 in the brain of a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahu N. Chavan
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Ronald Voll
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mar M. Sanchez
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory National Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Wesley
Woods Health Center, 1841 Clifton Rd. NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
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10
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Chassé M, Pees A, Lindberg A, Liang SH, Vasdev N. Spirocyclic Iodonium Ylides for Fluorine-18 Radiolabeling of Non-Activated Arenes: From Concept to Clinical Research. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300072. [PMID: 37183954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging tool for drug discovery, clinical diagnosis, and monitoring of disease progression. Fluorine-18 is the most common radionuclide used for PET, but advances in radiotracer development have been limited by the historical lack of methodologies and precursors amenable to radiolabeling with fluorine-18. Radiolabeling of electron-rich (hetero)aromatic rings remains a long-standing challenge in the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals. In this personal account, we discuss the history of spirocyclic iodonium ylide precursors, from inception to applications in clinical research, for the incorporation of fluorine-18 into complex non-activated (hetero)aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chassé
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anna Pees
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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11
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Conte M, De Feo MS, Corica F, Gorica J, Sidrak MMA, De Cristofaro F, Filippi L, Ricci M, De Vincentis G, Frantellizzi V. A Systematic Review on Dementia and Translocator Protein (TSPO): When Nuclear Medicine Highlights an Underlying Expression. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040598. [PMID: 37189346 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Translocator protein (TSPO) is a neuroinflammation hallmark. Different TSPO affinity compounds have been produced and over time, the techniques of radiolabeling have been refined. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the development of new radiotracers for dementia and neuroinflammation imaging. Methods: An online search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, selecting published studies from January 2004 to December 2022. The accepted studies considered the synthesis of TSPO tracers for nuclear medicine imaging in dementia and neuroinflammation. Results: A total of 50 articles was identified. Twelve papers were selected from the included studies’ bibliographies and 34 were excluded. Thus, 28 articles were ultimately selected for quality assessment. Conclusion: Huge efforts in developing specific and stable tracers for PET/SPECT imaging have been made. The long half-life of 18F makes this isotope a preferable choice to 11C. An emerging limitation to this however is that neuroinflammation involves all of the brain which inhibits the possibility of detecting a slight inflammation status change in patients. A partial solution to this is using the cerebellum as a reference region and developing higher TSPO affinity tracers. Moreover, it is necessary to consider the presence of distomers and racemic compounds interfering with pharmacological tracers’ effects and increasing the noise ratio in images.
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12
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Tutov A, Chen X, Werner RA, Mühlig S, Zimmermann T, Nose N, Koshino K, Lapa C, Decker M, Higuchi T. Rationalizing the Binding Modes of PET Radiotracers Targeting the Norepinephrine Transporter. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020690. [PMID: 36840011 PMCID: PMC9963373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A new PET radiotracer 18F-AF78 showing great potential for clinical application has been reported recently. It belongs to a new generation of phenethylguanidine-based norepinephrine transporter (NET)-targeting radiotracers. Although many efforts have been made to develop NET inhibitors as antidepressants, systemic investigations of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of NET-targeting radiotracers have rarely been performed. METHODS Without changing the phenethylguanidine pharmacophore and 3-fluoropropyl moiety that is crucial for easy labeling, six new analogs of 18F-AF78 with different meta-substituents on the benzene-ring were synthesized and evaluated in a competitive cellular uptake assay and in in vivo animal experiments in rats. Computational modeling of these tracers was established to quantitatively rationalize the interaction between the radiotracers and NET. RESULTS Using non-radiolabeled reference compounds, a competitive cellular uptake assay showed a decrease in NET-transporting affinity from meta-fluorine to iodine (0.42 and 6.51 µM, respectively), with meta-OH being the least active (22.67 µM). Furthermore, in vivo animal studies with radioisotopes showed that heart-to-blood ratios agreed with the cellular experiments, with AF78(F) exhibiting the highest cardiac uptake. This result correlates positively with the electronegativity rather than the atomic radius of the meta-substituent. Computational modeling studies revealed a crucial influence of halogen substituents on the radiotracer-NET interaction, whereby a T-shaped π-π stacking interaction between the benzene-ring of the tracer and the amino acid residues surrounding the NET binding site made major contributions to the different affinities, in accordance with the pharmacological data. CONCLUSION The SARs were characterized by in vitro and in vivo evaluation, and computational modeling quantitatively rationalized the interaction between radiotracers and the NET binding site. These findings pave the way for further evaluation in different species and underline the potential of AF78(F) for clinical application, e.g., cardiac innervation imaging or molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tutov
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, D-86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf A. Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Saskia Mühlig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmermann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Naoko Nose
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Koshino
- Department of Systems and Informatics, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu 069-0832, Japan
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, D-86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (T.H.); Tel.: +49-(931)-201-35455 (T.H.)
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (T.H.); Tel.: +49-(931)-201-35455 (T.H.)
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13
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Krzyczmonik A, Grafinger KE, Keller T, Pfeifer L, Forsback S, Haaparanta-Solin M, Gouverneur V, López-Picón F, Solin O. Evaluation of [ 18F]FMTEB in Sprague Dawley rats as a PET tracer for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 116-117:108309. [PMID: 36521341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.108309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION [18F]FMTEB, along with other tracers, was developed as a promising PET radioligand for imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). Despite favorable preliminary results, it has not been used further for studies of mGluR5. This paper presents an in-depth preclinical evaluation of [18F]FMTEB in healthy Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS [18F]FMTEB was synthesized from a boronic ester precursor using copper-mediated fluorination. In vivo PET imaging was performed on six rats, of which three were pre-treated with a high affinity mGluR5 receptor antagonist. An additional 18 rats were used for ex vivo experiments for metabolite analyses in plasma, brain and urine, and for biodistribution and ex vivo brain autoradiography at different time points. RESULTS [18F]FMTEB was synthesized in adequate radiochemical yield and a molar activity of 154 ± 64 GBq/μmol. Both in vivo imaging and ex vivo brain autoradiography showed high specificity for mGluR5, and the blocking experiments showed a clear decrease in radioactivity in mGluR5-rich brain areas. Metabolite analyses confirmed fast metabolism of the tracer in plasma. The percentage of parent compound in brain tissue exceeded 90 % up to 90 min after injection. CONCLUSION [18F]FMTEB produced via copper-mediated 18F-fluorination fulfilled the requirements for preclinical evaluation in rats. The absence of specific uptake in cerebellum and absence of defluorination of the tracer allowed cerebellum to be used as a reference tissue. Due to the fast kinetics in rats, the region-to-cerebellum ratios equilibrated within 30 min. These results prove [18F]FMTEB to be a good candidate for mapping mGluR5 in rat brain and a suitable alternative to [18F]FPEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzyczmonik
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katharina E Grafinger
- Turku PET Centre, Preclinical Imaging, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Preclinical Imaging, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Francisco López-Picón
- Turku PET Centre, Preclinical Imaging, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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14
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Wenzel B, Fritzsche SR, Toussaint M, Briel D, Kopka K, Brust P, Scheunemann M, Deuther-Conrad W. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of an 18F-Labeled Triazolopyridopyrazine-Based Inhibitor for Neuroimaging of the Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101272. [PMID: 36297384 PMCID: PMC9609767 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 2A is an intracellular enzyme which hydrolyzes the secondary messengers cAMP and cGMP and therefore plays an important role in signaling cascades. A high expression in distinct brain areas as well as in cancer cells makes PDE2A an interesting therapeutic and diagnostic target for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as for cancer. Aiming at specific imaging of this enzyme in the brain with positron emission tomography (PET), a new triazolopyridopyrazine-based derivative (11) was identified as a potent PDE2A inhibitor (IC50, PDE2A = 1.99 nM; IC50, PDE10A ~2000 nM) and has been radiofluorinated for biological evaluation. In vitro autoradiographic studies revealed that [18F]11 binds with high affinity and excellent specificity towards PDE2A in the rat brain. For the PDE2A-rich region nucleus caudate and putamen an apparent KD value of 0.24 nM and an apparent Bmax value of 16 pmol/mg protein were estimated. In vivo PET-MR studies in rats showed a moderate brain uptake of [18F]11 with a highest standardized uptake value (SUV) of 0.97. However, no considerable enrichment in PDE2A-specific regions in comparison to a reference region was detectable (SUVcaudate putamen = 0.51 vs. SUVcerebellum = 0.40 at 15 min p.i.). Furthermore, metabolism studies revealed a considerable uptake of radiometabolites of [18F]11 in the brain (66% parent fraction at 30 min p.i.). Altogether, despite the low specificity and the blood−brain barrier crossing of radiometabolites observed in vivo, [18F]11 is a valuable imaging probe for the in vitro investigation of PDE2A in the brain and has potential as a lead compound for further development of a PDE2A-specific PET ligand for neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (W.D.-C.)
| | - Stefan R. Fritzsche
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlef Briel
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheunemann
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (W.D.-C.)
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15
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Effective Preparation of [ 18F]Flumazenil Using Copper-Mediated Late-Stage Radiofluorination of a Stannyl Precursor. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185931. [PMID: 36144667 PMCID: PMC9505495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: [18F]Flumazenil 1 ([18F]FMZ) is an established positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the imaging of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subtype, GABAA in the brain. The production of [18F]FMZ 1 for its clinical use has proven to be challenging, requiring harsh radiochemical conditions, while affording low radiochemical yields. Fully characterized, new methods for the improved production of [18F]FMZ 1 are needed. (2) Methods: We investigate the use of late-stage copper-mediated radiofluorination of aryl stannanes to improve the production of [18F]FMZ 1 that is suitable for clinical use. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical by-products that were produced under the reaction conditions. (3) Results: The radiosynthesis of [18F]FMZ 1 was fully automated using the iPhase FlexLab radiochemistry module, affording a 22.2 ± 2.7% (n = 5) decay-corrected yield after 80 min. [18F]FMZ 1 was obtained with a high radiochemical purity (>98%) and molar activity (247.9 ± 25.9 GBq/µmol). (4) Conclusions: The copper-mediated radiofluorination of the stannyl precursor is an effective strategy for the production of clinically suitable [18F]FMZ 1.
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16
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Andersen IV, García-Vázquez R, Battisti UM, Herth MM. Optimization of Direct Aromatic 18F-Labeling of Tetrazines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134022. [PMID: 35807267 PMCID: PMC9268649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeling of tetrazines has gained increasing attention due to their important role in pretargeted imaging or therapy. The most commonly used radionuclide in PET imaging is fluorine-18. For this reason, we have recently developed a method which enables the direct aromatic 18F-fluorination of tetrazines using stannane precursors through copper-mediated fluorinations. Herein, we further optimized this labeling procedure. 3-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine was chosen for this purpose because of its high reactivity and respective limited stability during the labeling process. By optimizing parameters such as elution conditions, precursor amount, catalyst, time or temperature, the radiochemical yield (RCY) could be increased by approximately 30%. These conditions were then applied to optimize the RCY of a recently successfully developed and promising pretargeting imaging agent. This agent could be isolated in a decay corrected RCY of 14 ± 3% and Am of 201 ± 30 GBq/µmol in a synthesis time of 70 min. Consequently, the RCY increased by 27%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.V.A.); (R.G.-V.); (U.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rocío García-Vázquez
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.V.A.); (R.G.-V.); (U.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Umberto Maria Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.V.A.); (R.G.-V.); (U.M.B.)
| | - Matthias M. Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.V.A.); (R.G.-V.); (U.M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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17
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Pérez-García RM, Riss PJ. Mild, Organo-Catalysed Borono-Deamination as a Key to Late-Stage Pharmaceutical Precursors and 18F-Labelled Radiotracers. Front Chem 2022; 10:884478. [PMID: 35559222 PMCID: PMC9089349 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalysed method for the synthesis of boronic acid esters from aromatic amines in yields of up to 93% was devised. Mild conditions, benign reagents, short reaction times, low temperatures and a wide substrate scope characterize the method. The reaction was found applicable to the synthesis of boronic acid ester derivatives of complex drug molecules in up to 86% isolated yield and high purity suitable for labelling. These boronates were subsequently labelled with [18F]fluoride ion in radiochemical yields of up to 55% with and even without isolation of the boronate-intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl M. Pérez-García
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospitals HF, Oslo, Norway
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Riss,
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18
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Gendron T, Destro G, Straathof NJW, Sap JBI, Guibbal F, Vriamont C, Caygill C, Atack JR, Watkins AJ, Marshall C, Hueting R, Warnier C, Gouverneur V, Tredwell M. multi-patient dose synthesis of [18F]Flumazenil via a copper-mediated 18F-fluorination. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:5. [PMID: 35306596 PMCID: PMC8934836 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flumazenil (FMZ) is a functionally silent imidazobenzodiazepine which binds to the benzodiazepine binding site of approximately 75% of the brain γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptors (GABAARs). Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the GABAARs with [11C]FMZ has been used to evidence alterations in neuronal density, to assess target engagement of novel pharmacological agents, and to study disorders such as epilepsy and Huntington’s disease. Despite the potential of FMZ PET imaging the short half-life (t1/2) of carbon-11 (20 min) has limited the more widespread clinical use of [11C]FMZ. The fluorine-18 (18F) isotopologue with a longer t1/2 (110 min) is ideally suited to address this drawback. However, the majority of current radiochemical methods for the synthesis of [18F]FMZ are non-trivial and low yielding. We report a robust, automated protocol that is good manufacturing practice (GMP) compatible, and yields multi-patient doses of [18F]FMZ. Results The fully automated synthesis was developed on the Trasis AllinOne (AIO) platform using a single-use cassette. [18F]FMZ was synthesized in a one-step procedure from [18F]fluoride, via a copper-mediated 18F-fluorination of a boronate ester precursor. Purification was performed by semi-preparative radio-HPLC and the collected fraction formulated directly into the final product vial. The overall process from start of synthesis to delivery of product is approximately 55 min. Starting with an initial activity of 23.6 ± 5.8 GBq (n = 3) activity yields of [18F]FMZ were 8.0 ± 1 GBq (n = 3). The synthesis was successfully reproduced at two independent sites, where the product passed quality control release criteria in line with the European Pharmacopoeia standards and ICH Q3D(R1) guidelines to be suitable for human use. Conclusion Reported is a fully automated cassette-based synthesis of [18F]FMZ that is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compatible and produces multi-patient doses of [18F]FMZ. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41181-022-00158-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Florian Guibbal
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Claire Caygill
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - John R Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew J Watkins
- Wales Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher Marshall
- Wales Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rebekka Hueting
- Wales Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Wales Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. .,School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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19
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Lan Y, Guehl NJ, Huynh D, Iyengar SM, Afshar S, Jain MK, Pickett JE, Kang HJ, Wang H, Moon SH, Ondrechen MJ, Wang C, Shoup TM, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-(2-Fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyrano[2,3- b]pyridine-7-carboxamide as a PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2593-2609. [PMID: 35089713 PMCID: PMC9434702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a therapeutic target for several neuropsychiatric disorders. An mGluR2 function in etiology could be unveiled by positron emission tomography (PET). In this regard, 5-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-7-carboxamide ([11C]13, [11C]mG2N001), a potent negative allosteric modulator (NAM), was developed to support this endeavor. [11C]13 was synthesized via the O-[11C]methylation of phenol 24 with a high molar activity of 212 ± 76 GBq/μmol (n = 5) and excellent radiochemical purity (>99%). PET imaging of [11C]13 in rats demonstrated its superior brain heterogeneity and reduced accumulation with pretreatment of mGluR2 NAMs, VU6001966 (9) and MNI-137 (26), the extent of which revealed a time-dependent drug effect of the blocking agents. In a nonhuman primate, [11C]13 selectively accumulated in mGluR2-rich regions and resulted in high-contrast brain images. Therefore, [11C]13 is a potential candidate for translational PET imaging of the mGluR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Dalena Huynh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini M Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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20
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A reliable and automated synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and the clinical application on the imaging of congenital hyperinsulinism of infants. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Chao MN, Chezal JM, Debiton E, Canitrot D, Witkowski T, Levesque S, Degoul F, Tarrit S, Wenzel B, Miot-Noirault E, Serre A, Maisonial-Besset A. A Convenient Route to New (Radio)Fluorinated and (Radio)Iodinated Cyclic Tyrosine Analogs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020162. [PMID: 35215275 PMCID: PMC8877694 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of radiolabeled non-natural amino acids can provide high contrast SPECT/PET metabolic imaging of solid tumors. Among them, radiohalogenated tyrosine analogs (i.e., [123I]IMT, [18F]FET, [18F]FDOPA, [123I]8-iodo-L-TIC(OH), etc.) are of particular interest. While radioiodinated derivatives, such as [123I]IMT, are easily available via electrophilic aromatic substitutions, the production of radiofluorinated aryl tyrosine analogs was a long-standing challenge for radiochemists before the development of innovative radiofluorination processes using arylboronate, arylstannane or iodoniums salts as precursors. Surprisingly, despite these methodological advances, no radiofluorinated analogs have been reported for [123I]8-iodo-L-TIC(OH), a very promising radiotracer for SPECT imaging of prostatic tumors. This work describes a convenient synthetic pathway to obtain new radioiodinated and radiofluorinated derivatives of TIC(OH), as well as their non-radiolabeled counterparts. Using organotin compounds as key intermediates, [125I]5-iodo-L-TIC(OH), [125I]6-iodo-L-TIC(OH) and [125I]8-iodo-L-TIC(OH) were efficiently prepared with good radiochemical yield (RCY, 51–78%), high radiochemical purity (RCP, >98%), molar activity (Am, >1.5–2.9 GBq/µmol) and enantiomeric excess (e.e. >99%). The corresponding [18F]fluoro-L-TIC(OH) derivatives were also successfully obtained by radiofluorination of the organotin precursors in the presence of tetrakis(pyridine)copper(II) triflate and nucleophilic [18F]F− with 19–28% RCY d.c., high RCP (>98.9%), Am (20–107 GBq/µmol) and e.e. (>99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noelia Chao
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Michel Chezal
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Eric Debiton
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Damien Canitrot
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiffany Witkowski
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Sophie Levesque
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Degoul
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Sébastien Tarrit
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Audrey Serre
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
| | - Aurélie Maisonial-Besset
- Inserm, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR 1240, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.N.C.); (J.-M.C.); (E.D.); (D.C.); (T.W.); (S.L.); (F.D.); (S.T.); (E.M.-N.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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van der Hoek S, Antunes IF, Attia KA, Jacquet O, Heeres A, Bulthuis M, Zijlma R, Boersma HH, van Goor H, Visser TJ, Heerspink HJL, Elsinga PH, Stevens J. GMP Compliant Synthesis of [ 18F]Canagliflozin, a Novel PET Tracer for the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16641-16649. [PMID: 34748702 PMCID: PMC8631709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inhibition of the
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)
by canagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus results in large between-patient
variability in clinical response. To better understand this variability,
the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]canagliflozin
was developed via a Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination of its
boronic ester precursor with a radiochemical yield of 2.0 ± 1.9%
and a purity of >95%. The GMP automated synthesis originated [18F]canagliflozin with a yield of 0.5–3% (n = 4) and a purity of >95%. Autoradiography showed [18F]canagliflozin binding in human kidney sections containing SGLT2.
Since [18F]canagliflozin is the isotopologue of the extensively
characterized drug canagliflozin and thus shares its toxicological
and pharmacological characteristics, it enables its immediate use
in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje van der Hoek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Khaled A Attia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Heeres
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands.,Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 7, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Pathology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Zijlma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Pathology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Visser
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Ismailani US, Buchler A, Farber G, Pekošak A, Farber E, MacMullin N, Suuronen EJ, Vasdev N, Beanlands RSB, de Kemp RA, Rotstein BH. Cardiac Sympathetic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with Meta-[ 18F]Fluorobenzylguanidine is Sensitive to Uptake-1 in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4350-4360. [PMID: 34714061 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including ischemia, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Molecular imaging probes such as meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine have demonstrated the utility of assessing neuronal integrity by targeting norepinephrine transporter (NET, uptake-1). However, current radiotracers can report only on innervation due to suboptimal kinetics and lack sensitivity to NET in rodents, precluding mechanistic studies in these species. The objective of this work was to characterize myocardial sympathetic neuronal uptake mechanisms and kinetics of the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]mFBG) in rats. Automated synthesis using spirocyclic iodonium(III) ylide radiofluorination produces [18F]mFBG in 24 ± 1% isolated radiochemical yield and 30-95 GBq/μmol molar activity. PET imaging in healthy rats delineated the left ventricle, with monoexponential washout kinetics (kmono = 0.027 ± 0.0026 min-1, Amono = 3.08 ± 0.33 SUV). Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed tracer retention in the myocardium, while pharmacological treatment with selective NET inhibitor desipramine, nonselective neuronal and extraneuronal uptake-2 inhibitor phenoxybenzamine, and neuronal ablation with neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine reduced myocardial retention by 33, 76, and 36%, respectively. Clearance of [18F]mFBG from the myocardium was unaffected by treatment with uptake-1 and uptake-2 inhibitors following peak myocardial activity. These results suggest that myocardial distribution of [18F]mFBG in rats is dependent on both NET and extraneuronal transporters and that limited reuptake to the myocardium occurs. [18F]mFBG may therefore prove useful for imaging intraneuronal dysfunction in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair S. Ismailani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Ariel Buchler
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gedaliah Farber
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | | | - Eadan Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Nicole MacMullin
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J. Suuronen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Rob S. B. Beanlands
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Robert A. de Kemp
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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24
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Childs MD, Yu L, Kovacs MS, Luyt LG. Radiofluorination of non-activated aromatic prosthetic groups for synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-18 labelled ghrelin(1-8) analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8812-8820. [PMID: 34590643 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR) is differentially expressed in various disease states compared to healthy tissues and thus is a target for molecular imaging. The endogenous ligand for the GHSR is ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide with a unique octanoyl group on the serine-3 residue. A recently reported ghrelin analogue revealed the successful use of fluorine-containing, polycyclic aromatic groups in place of the octanoyl side chain, thereby providing potential access to new 18F-PET imaging probes. The peptide [Inp1,Dpr3(6-FN),1Nal4,Thr8]ghrelin(1-8) amide (1) showed sub-nanomolar receptor affinity (IC50 = 0.11 nM) toward the GHSR making it the strongest affinity ghrelin analogue reported to date. However, attempts to label such non-activated aromatic groups with fluoride-18 through conventional substitution methods resulted in low radiochemical yields, impractical for use in vivo. Since larger, non-activated aromatic groups appear to be of value for incorporating fluorine into ghrelin(1-8) analogues, an additional peptide bearing a 4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-carboxyl (4'-FBC) group in place of the octanoyl side chain was also of interest. Herein, we describe the radiosynthesis of [Inp1,Dpr3([18F]6-FN),1Nal4,Thr8]ghrelin(1-8) amide ([18F]1) and [Inp1,Dpr3([18F]4'-FBC),1Nal4,Thr8]ghrelin(1-8) amide ([18F]2) using a prosthetic group approach from iodonium ylide precursors as well as initial in vitro and in vivo evaluation of [18F]1 as a potential PET tracer for targeted imaging of the GHSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Childs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada.
| | - Lihai Yu
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Michael S Kovacs
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada
- Lawson Cyclotron & PET Radiochemistry Facility, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5 W9, Canada
| | - Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada.
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3 K7, Canada
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25
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Abstract
18F-fluorination is an important and growing field in organic synthesis that has attracted many chemists in the recent past. Here we present our own, biased perspective with a focus on our own chemistry that evaluates recent advances in the field and provides our opinion on the challenges for the development of new chemistry, so that it may have an impact on imaging. We hope that the manuscript will provide a useful guide to chemists to develop reliable and robust reaction chemistry suitable for radiofluorination to have a real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Halder
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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26
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Ajenjo J, Destro G, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Closing the gap between 19F and 18F chemistry. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 34564781 PMCID: PMC8464544 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable tool for drug discovery and diagnosis. The positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 is frequently used in PET radiopharmaceuticals due to its advantageous characteristics; hence, methods streamlining access to 18F-labelled radiotracers can make a direct impact in medicine. For many years, access to 18F-labelled radiotracers was limited by the paucity of methodologies available, and the poor diversity of precursors amenable to 18F-incorporation. During the last two decades, 18F-radiochemistry has progressed at a fast pace with the appearance of numerous methodologies for late-stage 18F-incorporation onto complex molecules from a range of readily available precursors including those that do not require pre-functionalisation. Key to these advances is the inclusion of new activation modes to facilitate 18F-incorporation. Specifically, new advances in late-stage 19F-fluorination under transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and organocatalysis combined with the availability of novel 18F-labelled fluorination reagents have enabled the invention of novel processes for 18F-incorporation onto complex (bio)molecules. This review describes these major breakthroughs with a focus on methodologies for C-18F bond formation. This reinvigorated interest in 18F-radiochemistry that we have witnessed in recent years has made a direct impact on 19F-chemistry with many laboratories refocusing their efforts on the development of methods using nucleophilic fluoride instead of fluorination reagents derived from molecular fluorine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ajenjo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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27
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Chen Z, Destro G, Guibbal F, Chan CY, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Copper-Mediated Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]Rucaparib. Org Lett 2021; 23:7290-7294. [PMID: 34459606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor rucaparib is used in the clinic to treat BRCA-mutated cancers. Herein, we report two strategies to access the 18F-isotopologue of rucaparib by applying a copper-mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorodeboronation. The most successful approach features an aldehydic boronic ester precursor that is subjected to reductive amination post-18F-labeling and affords [18F]rucaparib with an activity yield of 11% ± 3% (n = 3) and a molar activity (Am) up to 30 GBq/μmol. Preliminary in vitro studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Chen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, U.K
| | - Florian Guibbal
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, U.K
| | - Chung Ying Chan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, U.K
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, U.K
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28
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García-Vázquez R, Battisti UM, Jørgensen JT, Shalgunov V, Hvass L, Stares DL, Petersen IN, Crestey F, Löffler A, Svatunek D, Kristensen JL, Mikula H, Kjaer A, Herth MM. Direct Cu-mediated aromatic 18F-labeling of highly reactive tetrazines for pretargeted bioorthogonal PET imaging. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11668-11675. [PMID: 34659701 PMCID: PMC8442695 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pretargeted imaging can be used to visualize and quantify slow-accumulating targeting vectors with short-lived radionuclides such as fluorine-18 - the most popular clinically applied Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radionuclide. Pretargeting results in higher target-to-background ratios compared to conventional imaging approaches using long-lived radionuclides. Currently, the tetrazine ligation is the most popular bioorthogonal reaction for pretargeted imaging, but a direct 18F-labeling strategy for highly reactive tetrazines, which would be highly beneficial if not essential for clinical translation, has thus far not been reported. In this work, a simple, scalable and reliable direct 18F-labeling procedure has been developed. We initially studied the applicability of different leaving groups and labeling methods to develop this procedure. The copper-mediated 18F-labeling exploiting stannane precursors showed the most promising results. This approach was then successfully applied to a set of tetrazines, including highly reactive H-tetrazines, suitable for pretargeted PET imaging. The labeling succeeded in radiochemical yields (RCYs) of up to approx. 25%. The new procedure was then applied to develop a pretargeting tetrazine-based imaging agent. The tracer was synthesized in a satisfactory RCY of ca. 10%, with a molar activity of 134 ± 22 GBq μmol-1 and a radiochemical purity of >99%. Further evaluation showed that the tracer displayed favorable characteristics (target-to-background ratios and clearance) that may qualify it for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Vázquez
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Umberto M Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper T Jørgensen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lars Hvass
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniel L Stares
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ida N Petersen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - François Crestey
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas Löffler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Jesper L Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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Production of 6-l-[ 18F]Fluoro- m-tyrosine in an Automated Synthesis Module for 11C-Labeling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185550. [PMID: 34577021 PMCID: PMC8468244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
6-l-[18F]Fluoro-m-tyrosine (6-l-[18F]FMT) represents a valuable alternative to 6-l-[18F]FDOPA which is conventionally used for the diagnosis and staging of Parkinson’s disease. However, clinical applications of 6-l-[18F]FMT have been limited by the paucity of practical production methods for its automated production. Herein we describe the practical preparation of 6-l-[18F]FMT using alcohol-enhanced Cu-mediated radiofluorination of Bpin-substituted chiral Ni(II) complex in the presence of non-basic Bu4ONTf using a volatile iPrOH/MeCN mixture as reaction solvent. A simple and fast radiolabeling procedure afforded the tracer in 20.0 ± 3.0% activity yield within 70 min. The developed method was directly implemented onto a modified TracerLab FX C Pro platform originally designed for 11C-labeling. This method enables an uncomplicated switch between 11C- and 18F-labeling. The simplicity of the developed procedure enables its easy adaptation to other commercially available remote-controlled synthesis units and paves the way for a widespread application of 6-l-[18F]FMT in the clinic.
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He J, Yan H, Du Y, Ji Y, Cai F, Fan W, Huo L, Liu YH, Wang Z, Li S. Nucleophilic radiosynthesis of boron neutron capture therapy-oriented PET probe [ 18F]FBPA using aryldiboron precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8953-8956. [PMID: 34486586 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A reliable copper-mediated nucleophilic radiosynthesis of the PET imaging probe [18F]FBPA was developed using novel aryldiboron precursors. The carrier-free [18F]FBPA with radiochemical purity >99% was prepared routinely via the two-step synthesis with an automatic module and can be used for clinical PET imaging of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Neuboron Medtech Ltd., No. 568 Longmian Ave, 211100, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Heng Yan
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China.
| | - Yanrong Du
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Ji
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Cai
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China. .,Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Fan
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China.
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan-Hao Liu
- Neuboron Medtech Ltd., No. 568 Longmian Ave, 211100, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, 210016, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China.
| | - Shihong Li
- JYAMS PET Research and Development Limited, No. 568 Longmian Ave, Nanjing, 211100, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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31
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Bowden GD, Chailanggar N, Pichler BJ, Maurer A. Scalable 18F processing conditions for copper-mediated radiofluorination chemistry facilitate DoE optimization studies and afford an improved synthesis of [ 18F]olaparib. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6995-7000. [PMID: 34351339 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00903f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and scalable base-free method for processing [18F]fluoride as [18F]TBAF is reported and applied to copper-mediated radiofluorination radiosyntheses. A central feature of this method is that a single production of [18F]TBAF can be divided into small aliquots that can be used to perform multiple small-scale reactions in DoE optimization studies. The results of these studies can then be reliably translated to full batch tracer productions using automated synthesizers. The processing method was applied to the DoE optimization of [18F]olaparib, affording the tracer in high radiochemical yields via both manual (%RCY = 78 ± 6%, n = 4 (CMRF step only)) and automated (up to 80% (%RCY); 41% activity yield (%AY)) radiosynthesis procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Bowden
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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Bui TT, Kim HK. Recent Advances in Photo-mediated Radiofluorination. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2155-2167. [PMID: 34189852 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bond formations have received a lot of attention because organofluorine compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials science applications. In particular, the incorporation of fluorine-18, which is a commonly used radioisotope for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging tool for the visualization of biochemical events, human metabolism processes, and the measurement and diagnosis of diseases in humans, plays a crucial role in clinical and preclinical studies. Several synthetic methodologies for carbon-fluorine-18 bond formation have been developed. However, conventional fluorination methods have some remaining drawbacks such as the high temperature and basic environment. Photo-induced catalysis is an emerging technique that allow chemists to achieve the synthesis of target molecular architectures under mild conditions. Moreover, several radiofluorination strategies have been developed via photocatalysis. In this review, we focused on describing recent advances in the field of light-mediated radiofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Tan Bui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
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Kumar P, Nagaraj C, Joshi R, Goud NS, Kumar D, Korann V, Mangalore S, Rao NP. Radiosynthesis of [18F]flumazenil for imaging benzodiazepine receptors and its evaluation in human volunteers using simultaneous PET-MRI. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yu HM, Li CY, Liu SW, Yang CH, Chang Y. Copper-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination of [ 18 F]β-CFT for positron emission tomography imaging of dopamine transporter. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:228-236. [PMID: 33570188 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
[18 F]β-CFT is a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for imaging of dopamine transporter. It was proved to be a sensitive PET marker to detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in Parkinson's disease. In recent years, copper-mediated 18 F-fluorination of aryl boronic esters has been successful in some molecules containing aromatic groups. In this study, we describe the novel synthetic strategy of [18 F]β-CFT by copper-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination with pinacol-derived aryl boronic esters upon reaction with [18 F]KF/K222 and Cu (OTf)2 (py)4 . The radiolabeling protocol was optimized with [18 F]fluoride elution method and amount of copper catalyst used. [18 F]β-CFT is obtained from boronic ester precursors in 2.2% to 10.6% non-isolated radiochemical yield (RCY). Purified [18 F]β-CFT with >99% radiochemical purity (RCP) and high molar activity was obtained in validation runs. The radiolabeling procedure is straightforward and can easily be adapted for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Man Yu
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Li
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Liu
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Yang
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chang
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Design, Radiosynthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation in Mice of a Brain-Penetrant 18F-Labelled σ 2 Receptor Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115447. [PMID: 34064122 PMCID: PMC8196714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The σ2 receptor (transmembrane protein 97), which is involved in cholesterol homeostasis, is of high relevance for neoplastic processes. The upregulated expression of σ2 receptors in cancer cells and tissue in combination with the antiproliferative potency of σ2 receptor ligands motivates the research in the field of σ2 receptors for the diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancer. Starting from the well described 2-(4-(1H-indol-1-yl)butyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline class of compounds, we synthesized a novel series of fluorinated derivatives bearing the F-atom at the aromatic indole/azaindole subunit. RM273 (2-[4-(6-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-1-yl)butyl]-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) was selected for labelling with 18F and evaluation regarding detection of σ2 receptors in the brain by positron emission tomography. Initial metabolism and biodistribution studies of [18F]RM273 in healthy mice revealed promising penetration of the radioligand into the brain. Preliminary in vitro autoradiography on brain cryosections of an orthotopic rat glioblastoma model proved the potential of the radioligand to detect the upregulation of σ2 receptors in glioblastoma cells compared to healthy brain tissue. The results indicate that the herein developed σ2 receptor ligand [18F]RM273 has potential to assess by non-invasive molecular imaging the correlation between the availability of σ2 receptors and properties of brain tumors such as tumor proliferation or resistance towards particular therapies.
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Wright JS, Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Sequential Ir/Cu-Mediated Method for the Meta-Selective C-H Radiofluorination of (Hetero)Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6915-6921. [PMID: 33914521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a sequential Ir/Cu-mediated process for the meta-selective C-H radiofluorination of (hetero)arene substrates. In the first step, Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H borylation affords (hetero)aryl pinacolboronate (BPin) esters. The intermediate organoboronates are then directly subjected to copper-mediated radiofluorination with [18F]tetrabutylammonium fluoride to afford fluorine-18 labeled (hetero)arenes in high radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity. This entire process is performed on a benchtop without Schlenk or glovebox techniques and circumvents the need to isolate (hetero)aryl boronate esters. The reaction was automated on a TracerLab FXFN module with 1,3-dimethoxybenzene and a meta-tyrosine derivative. The products, [18F]1-fluoro-3,5-dimethoxybenzene and an 18F-labeled meta-tyrosine derivative, were obtained in 37 ± 5% isolated radiochemical yield and >99% radiochemical purity and 25% isolated radiochemical yield and 99% radiochemical purity, and 0.52 Ci/μmol (19.24 GBq/μmol) molar activity (Am), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Lai TH, Schröder S, Toussaint M, Dukić-Stefanović S, Kranz M, Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Steinbach J, Deuther-Conrad W, Brust P, Moldovan RP. Development of 18F-Labeled Radiotracers for PET Imaging of the Adenosine A 2A Receptor: Synthesis, Radiolabeling and Preliminary Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052285. [PMID: 33669003 PMCID: PMC7956753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) represents a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Aiming at the development of a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer to monitor changes of receptor density and/or occupancy during the A2AR-tailored therapy, we designed a library of fluorinated analogs based on a recently published lead compound (PPY). Among those, the highly affine 4-fluorobenzyl derivate (PPY1; Ki(hA2AR) = 5.3 nM) and the 2-fluorobenzyl derivate (PPY2; Ki(hA2AR) = 2.1 nM) were chosen for 18F-labeling via an alcohol-enhanced copper-mediated procedure starting from the corresponding boronic acid pinacol ester precursors. Investigations of the metabolic stability of [18F]PPY1 and [18F]PPY2 in CD-1 mice by radio-HPLC analysis revealed parent fractions of more than 76% of total activity in the brain. Specific binding of [18F]PPY2 on mice brain slices was demonstrated by in vitro autoradiography. In vivo PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in CD-1 mice revealed a reasonable high initial brain uptake for both radiotracers, followed by a fast clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hang Lai
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Research and Development, ROTOP Pharmaka Ltd., Dresden 01328, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.H.L.); (R.-P.M.); Tel.: +49-341-234-179-4635 (T.H.L.); +49-341-234-179-4634 (R.-P.M.)
| | - Susann Schröder
- Department of Research and Development, ROTOP Pharmaka Ltd., Dresden 01328, Germany;
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Sladjana Dukić-Stefanović
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
- PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), 9009 Tromsø, Norway
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology Research Group, The Arctic University of Norway, 9009 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Research and Development, ROTOP Pharmaka Ltd., Dresden 01328, Germany;
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.T.); (S.D.-S.); (M.K.); (F.-A.L.); (S.F.); (J.S.); (W.D.-C.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.L.); (R.-P.M.); Tel.: +49-341-234-179-4635 (T.H.L.); +49-341-234-179-4634 (R.-P.M.)
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GABA A Receptors in the Mongolian Gerbil: a PET Study Using [ 18F]Flumazenil to Determine Receptor Binding in Young and Old Animals. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:335-347. [PMID: 31102039 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plastic changes in the central auditory system involving the GABAergic system accompany age-related hearing loss. Such processes can be investigated with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]flumazenil ([18F]FMZ). Here, [18F]FMZ PET-based modeling approaches allow a simple and reliable quantification of GABAA receptor binding capacity revealing regional differences and age-related changes. PROCEDURES Sixty-minute list-mode PET acquisitions were performed in 9 young (range 5-6 months) and 11 old (range 39-42 months) gerbils, starting simultaneously with the injection of [18F]FMZ via femoral vein. Non-displaceable binding potentials (BPnd) with pons as reference region were calculated for auditory cortex (AC), inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body (MGB), somatosensory cortex (SC), and cerebellum (CB) using (i) a two-tissue compartment model (2TCM), (ii) the Logan plot with image-derived blood-input (Logan (BI)), (iii) a simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), and (iv) the Logan reference model (Logan (RT)). Statistical parametric mapping analysis (SPM) comparing young and old gerbils was performed using 3D parametric images for BPnd based on SRTM. Results were verified with in vitro autoradiography from five additional young gerbils. Model assessment included the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Hearing was evaluated using auditory brainstem responses. RESULTS BPnd differed significantly between models (p < 0.0005), showing the smallest mean difference between 2TCM as reference and SRTM as simplified procedure. SRTM revealed the lowest AIC values. Both volume of distribution (r2 = 0.8793, p = 0.018) and BPnd (r2 = 0.8216, p = 0.034) correlated with in vitro autoradiography data. A significant age-related decrease of receptor binding was observed in auditory (AC, IC, MGB) and other brain regions (SC and CB) (p < 0.0001, unpaired t test) being confirmed by SPM using pons as reference (p < 0.0001, uncorrected). CONCLUSION Imaging of GABAA receptor binding capacity in gerbils using [18F]FMZ PET revealed SRTM as a simple and robust quantification method of GABAA receptors. Comparison of BPnd in young and old gerbils demonstrated an age-related decrease of GABAA receptor binding.
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Wright JS, Scott PJH, Steel PG. Iridium-Catalysed C-H Borylation of Heteroarenes: Balancing Steric and Electronic Regiocontrol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2796-2821. [PMID: 32202024 PMCID: PMC7894576 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The iridium-catalysed borylation of aromatic C-H bonds has become the preferred method for the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. The reaction is highly efficient, tolerant of a broad range of substituents and can be applied to both carbocyclic and heterocyclic substrates. The regioselectivity of C-H activation is dominated by steric considerations and there have been considerable efforts to develop more selective processes for less constrained substrates. However, most of these have focused on benzenoid-type substrates and in contrast, heteroarenes remain much desired but more challenging substrates with the position and/or nature of the heteroatom(s) significantly affecting reactivity and regioselectivity. This review will survey the borylation of heteroarenes, focusing on the influence of steric and electronic effects on regiochemical outcome and, by linking to current mechanistic understandings, will provide insights to what is currently possible and where further developments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Wright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DurhamScience Laboratories, South Road DurhamDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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40
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Pérez-García RM, Grønnevik G, Riss PJ. A General Protocol for Cu-Mediated Fluoro-deamination: Sandmeyer Fluorination of Diverse Aromatic Substrates. Org Lett 2021; 23:1011-1015. [PMID: 33492972 PMCID: PMC7875512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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A Cu(I)-mediated
fluoro-deamination method for nucleophilic radiofluorination
was devised. The method affords fluorinated aromatic products directly
from anilines under both no-carrier added and stoichiometric conditions.
Isolated radiochemical yields range from 11% to 81% with high radiochemical
purities and a molar activity of 58 MBq/nmol. The reaction conditions
were implemented successfully in an automated process for production
of (S)-4[18F]fluorogluthetimide on a radiosynthesis
module.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manuel Pérez-García
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 23, 0371 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaute Grønnevik
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 23, 0371 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 23, 0371 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Kilbourn MR. 11C- and 18F-Radiotracers for In Vivo Imaging of the Dopamine System: Past, Present and Future. Biomedicines 2021; 9:108. [PMID: 33499179 PMCID: PMC7912183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study brain biochemistry, and in particular the aspects of dopamine neurotransmission, have grown significantly over the 40 years since the first successful in vivo imaging studies in humans. In vivo PET imaging of dopaminergic functions of the central nervous system (CNS) including dopamine synthesis, vesicular storage, synaptic release and receptor binding, and reuptake processes, are now routinely used for studies in neurology, psychiatry, drug abuse and addiction, and drug development. Underlying these advances in PET imaging has been the development of the unique radiotracers labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18. This review focuses on a selection of the more accepted and utilized PET radiotracers currently available, with a look at their past, present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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42
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PET Radiochemistry. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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43
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Hall AJ, Haskali MB. Radiolabelled Peptides: Optimal Candidates for Theranostic Application in Oncology. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Zhu Y, Chen L, Hou W, Li Y. Recent Progress in Nucleophilic Fluoride Mediated Fluorine-18 Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Turnock S, Turton DR, Martins CD, Chesler L, Wilson TC, Gouverneur V, Smith G, Kramer-Marek G. 18F-meta-fluorobenzylguanidine ( 18F-mFBG) to monitor changes in norepinephrine transporter expression in response to therapeutic intervention in neuroblastoma models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20918. [PMID: 33262374 PMCID: PMC7708446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted radiotherapy with 131I-mIBG, a substrate of the human norepinephrine transporter (NET-1), shows promising responses in heavily pre-treated neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Combinatorial approaches that enhance 131I-mIBG tumour uptake are of substantial clinical interest but biomarkers of response are needed. Here, we investigate the potential of 18F-mFBG, a positron emission tomography (PET) analogue of the 123I-mIBG radiotracer, to quantify NET-1 expression levels in mouse models of NB following treatment with AZD2014, a dual mTOR inhibitor. The response to AZD2014 treatment was evaluated in MYCN amplified NB cell lines (Kelly and SK-N-BE(2)C) by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry. PET quantification of 18F-mFBG uptake post-treatment in vivo was performed, and data correlated with NET-1 protein levels measured ex vivo. Following 72 h AZD2014 treatment, in vitro WB analysis indicated decreased mTOR signalling and enhanced NET-1 expression in both cell lines, and 18F-mFBG revealed a concentration-dependent increase in NET-1 function. AZD2014 treatment failed however to inhibit mTOR signalling in vivo and did not significantly modulate intratumoural NET-1 activity. Image analysis of 18F-mFBG PET data showed correlation to tumour NET-1 protein expression, while further studies are needed to elucidate whether NET-1 upregulation induced by blocking mTOR might be a useful adjunct to 131I-mIBG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Turnock
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - David R Turton
- PET Radiochemistry, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Carlos Daniel Martins
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Thomas C Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Graham Smith
- PET Radiochemistry, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Gabriela Kramer-Marek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
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46
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Fragment-based labeling using condensation reactions of six potential 5-HT7R PET tracers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Orlovskaya V, Fedorova O, Kuznetsova O, Krasikova R. Cu‐Mediated Radiofluorination of Aryl Pinacolboronate Esters: Alcohols as Solvents with Application to 6‐L‐[
18
F]FDOPA Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Orlovskaya
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences 9, Pavlova street 197376 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences 9, Pavlova street 197376 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences 9, Pavlova street 197376 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Raisa Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences 9, Pavlova street 197376 Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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48
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Wright JS, Scott PJH, Steel PG. Iridium‐katalysierte C‐H‐Borylierung von Heteroarenen: Eine Balance zwischen sterischer and elektronischer Regiokontrolle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Wright
- Department of Chemistry University of Durham Science Laboratories, South Road Durham Durham DH1 3LE Großbritannien
- Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry University of Durham Science Laboratories, South Road Durham Durham DH1 3LE Großbritannien
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49
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Krasikova RN. Nucleophilic Synthesis of 6-l-[ 18F]FDOPA. Is Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination the Answer? Molecules 2020; 25:E4365. [PMID: 32977512 PMCID: PMC7582790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography employing 6-l-[18F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-l-[18F]FDOPA) is currently a highly relevant clinical tool for detection of gliomas, neuroendocrine tumors and evaluation of Parkinson's disease progression. Yet, the deficiencies of electrophilic synthesis of 6-l-[18F]FDOPA hold back its wider use. To fulfill growing clinical demands for this radiotracer, novel synthetic strategies via direct nucleophilic 18F-radiloabeling starting from multi-Curie amounts of [18F]fluoride, have been recently introduced. In particular, Cu-mediated radiofluorination of arylpinacol boronates and arylstannanes show significant promise for introduction into clinical practice. In this short review these current developments will be discussed with a focus on their applicability to automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa N Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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50
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Craig A, Kolks N, Urusova EA, Zischler J, Brugger M, Endepols H, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. Preparation of labeled aromatic amino acids via late-stage 18F-fluorination of chiral nickel and copper complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9505-9508. [PMID: 32686800 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general protocol for the preparation of 18F-labeled AAAs and α-methyl-AAAs applying alcohol-enhanced Cu-mediated radiofluorination of Bpin-substituted chiral complexes using Ni/Cu-BPX templates as double protecting groups is reported. The chiral auxiliaries are easily accessible from commercially available starting materials in a few synthetic steps. The versatility of the method was demonstrated by the high-yielding preparation of a series of [18F]F-AAAs and the successful implementation of the protocol into automated radiosynthesis modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Craig
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Kolks
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizaveta A Urusova
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Zischler
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Heike Endepols
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 Nuclear Chemistry, 52425 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany and Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Str. 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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