1
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Vertongen R, De Felice G, van den Bogaard H, Gallucci F, Bogaerts A, Li S. Sorption-Enhanced Dry Reforming of Methane in a DBD Plasma Reactor for Single-Stage Carbon Capture and Utilization. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:10841-10853. [PMID: 39055865 PMCID: PMC11267637 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Plasma-sorbent systems are a novel technology for single-stage carbon capture and utilization (CCU), where the plasma enables the desorption of CO2 from a sorbent and the simultaneous conversion to CO. In this study, we test the flexibility of a plasma-sorbent system in a single unit, specifically for sorption-enhanced dry reforming of methane (DRM). The experimental results indicate the selective adsorption of CO2 by the sorbent zeolite 5A in the first step, and CH4 addition during the plasma-based desorption of CO2 enables DRM to various value-added products in the second step, such as H2, CO, hydrocarbons, and the byproduct H2O. Furthermore, our work also demonstrates that zeolite has the potential to increase the conversion of CO2 and CH4, attributed to its capability to capture H2O. Aside from the notable carbon deposition, material analysis shows that the zeolite remains relatively stable under plasma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Vertongen
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Giulia De Felice
- Research
Group Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Huub van den Bogaard
- Research
Group Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Research
Group Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Sirui Li
- Research
Group Inorganic Membranes and Membrane Reactors, Sustainable Process
Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
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2
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Long Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang K, Ong WL, Bogaerts A, Li K, Lu C, Li X, Yan J, Tu X, Zhang H. Plasma Chemical Looping: Unlocking High-Efficiency CO 2 Conversion to Clean CO at Mild Temperatures. JACS AU 2024; 4:2462-2473. [PMID: 39055137 PMCID: PMC11267539 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We propose a plasma chemical looping CO2 splitting (PCLCS) approach that enables highly efficient CO2 conversion into O2-free CO at mild temperatures. PCLCS achieves an impressive 84% CO2 conversion and a 1.3 mmol g-1 CO yield, with no O2 detected. Crucially, this strategy significantly lowers the temperature required for conventional chemical looping processes from 650 to 1000 °C to only 320 °C, demonstrating a robust synergy between plasma and the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 oxygen carrier (OC). Systematic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the pivotal role of plasma in activating and partially decomposing CO2, yielding a mixture of CO, O2/O, and electronically/vibrationally excited CO2*. Notably, these excited CO2* species then efficiently decompose over the oxygen vacancies of the OCs, with a substantially reduced activation barrier (0.86 eV) compared to ground-state CO2 (1.63 eV), contributing to the synergy. This work offers a promising and energy-efficient pathway for producing O2-free CO from inert CO2 through the tailored interplay of plasma and OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Long
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- College
of Energy Engineering, ZJU-UIUC, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xingzi Wang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaiyi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wee-Liat Ong
- College
of Energy Engineering, ZJU-UIUC, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Kongzhai Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Chunqiang Lu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Ningbo
Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Ningbo
Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
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3
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Han Y, Fan G, Guo Y, Guo S, Ding J, Han C, Gao Y, Zhang J, Gu X, Wu L. Plasma-Driven Efficient Conversion of CO 2 and H 2O into Pure Syngas with Controllable Wide H 2/CO Ratios over Metal-Organic Frameworks Featuring In Situ Evolved Ligand Defects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406007. [PMID: 38687057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
While the mild production of syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO) from CO2 and H2O is a promising alternative to the coal-based chemical engineering technologies, the inert nature of CO2 molecules, unfavorable splitting pathways of H2O and unsatisfactory catalysts lead to the challenge in the difficult integration of high CO2 conversion efficiency with produced syngas with controllable H2/CO ratios in a wide range. Herein, we report an efficient plasma-driven catalytic system for mild production of pure syngas over porous metal-organic framework (MOF) catalysts with rich confined H2O molecules, where their syngas production capacity is regulated by the in situ evolved ligand defects and the plasma-activated intermediate species of CO2 molecules. Specially, the Cu-based catalyst system achieves 61.9 % of CO2 conversion and the production of pure syngas with wide H2/CO ratios of 0.05 : 1-4.3 : 1. As revealed by the experimental and theoretical calculation results, the in situ dynamic structure evolution of Cu-containing MOF catalysts favors the generation of coordinatively unsaturated metal active sites with optimized geometric and electronic characteristics, the adsorption of reactants, and the reduced energy barriers of syngas-production potential-determining steps of the hydrogenation of CO2 to *COOH and the protonation of H2O to *H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Guilan Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Shoujun Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Junfang Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Chenhui Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yuliang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Limin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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4
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Li R, Aravind I, Weng S, Cai Z, Zhang B, Cronin SB. Achieving Low Voltage Plasma Discharge in Aqueous Solution Using Lithographically Defined Electrodes and Metal/Dielectric Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33571-33577. [PMID: 38900964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Because of the high dielectric strength of water, it is extremely difficult to discharge plasma in a controllable way in the aqueous phase. By using lithographically defined electrodes and metal/dielectric nanoparticles, we create electric field enhancement that enables plasma discharge in liquid electrolytes at significantly reduced applied voltages. Here, we use high voltage (10-30 kV) nanosecond pulse (20 ns) discharges to generate a transient plasma in the aqueous phase. An electrode geometry with a radius of curvature of approximately 10 μm, a gap distance of 300 μm, and an estimated field strength of 5 × 106 V/cm resulted in a reduction in the plasma discharge threshold from 28 to 23 kV. A second structure had a radius of curvature of around 5 μm and a gap distance of 100 μm had an estimated field strength of 9 × 106 V/cm but did not perform as well as the larger gap electrodes. Adding gold nanoparticles (20 nm diameter) in solution further reduced the threshold for plasma discharge to 17 kV due to the electric field enhancement at the water/gold interface, with an estimated E-field enhancement of 4×. Adding alumina nanoparticles decorated with Pt reduced the plasma discharge threshold to 14 kV. In this scenario, the emergence of a triple point at the juncture of alumina, Pt, and water results in the coexistence of three distinct dielectric constants at a singular location. This leads to a notable concentration of electric field, effectively aiding in the initiation of plasma discharge at a reduced voltage. To gain a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the electric field enhancement mechanism, we performed rigorous numerical simulations. These simulations provide valuable insights into the intricate interplay between the lithographically defined electrodes, the nanoparticles, and the resulting electric field distribution, enabling us to extract crucial information and optimize the design parameters for enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Li
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Indu Aravind
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sizhe Weng
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhi Cai
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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5
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O’Modhrain C, Trenchev G, Gorbanev Y, Bogaerts A. Upscaling Plasma-Based CO 2 Conversion: Case Study of a Multi-Reactor Gliding Arc Plasmatron. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2024; 4:333-344. [PMID: 38911941 PMCID: PMC11191589 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure plasmas have shifted in recent years from being a burgeoning research field in the academic setting to an actively investigated technology in the chemical, oil, and environmental industries. This is largely driven by the climate change mitigation efforts, as well as the evident pathways of value creation by converting greenhouse gases (such as CO2) into useful chemical feedstock. Currently, most high technology readiness level (TRL) plasma-based technologies are based on volumetric and power-based scaling of thermal plasma systems, which results in large capital investment and regular maintenance costs. This work investigates bringing a quasi-thermal (so-called "warm") plasma setup, namely, a gliding arc plasmatron, from a lab-scale to a pilot-scale capacity with an increase in throughput capacity by a factor of 10. The method of scaling is the parallelization of plasmatron reactors within a single housing, with the aim of maintaining a warm plasma regime while simultaneously improving build cost and efficiency (compared to separate reactors operating in parallel). Special attention is also given to the safety and control features implemented in the setup, a key component required for integration into industrial systems. The performance of the multi-reactor gliding arc plasmatron (MRGAP) reactor is investigated, focusing on the influence of flow rate and the number of active reactors. The location of active reactors was deemed to have a negligible effect on the monitored metrics of conversion, energy efficiency, and energy cost. The optimum operating conditions were found to be with the most active reactors (five) at the highest investigated flow rate (80 L/min). Analysis of results suggests that an optimum conversion (9%) and plug power-based energy efficiency (19%) can be maintained at a specific energy input (SEI) around 5.3 kJ/L (or 1 eV/molecule). The concept of parallelization of plasmatron reactors within a singular housing was demonstrated to be a viable method for scaling up from a lab-scale to a prototype-scale device, with performance analysis suggesting that increasing the power (through adding more reactor channels) and total flow rate, while maintaining an SEI around 5.3 or 4.2 kJ/L, i.e., 1.3 or 1 eV/molecule (based on plug power and plasma-deposited power, respectively), can result in increased conversion rate without sacrificing absolute conversion or energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin O’Modhrain
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yury Gorbanev
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Qi C, Bi Y, Wang Y, Yu H, Tian Y, Zong P, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang M, Xing T, Wu M, Tu X, Wu W. Unveiling the Mechanism of Plasma-Catalyzed Oxidation of Methane to C 2+ Oxygenates over Cu/UiO-66-NH 2. ACS Catal 2024; 14:7707-7716. [PMID: 38779184 PMCID: PMC11106747 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) offers the potential for converting CH4 with CO2 into liquid products under mild conditions, but controlling liquid selectivity and manipulating intermediate species remain significant challenges. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the Cu/UiO-66-NH2 catalyst in promising the conversion of CH4 and CO2 into oxygenates within a dielectric barrier discharge NTP reactor under ambient conditions. The 10% Cu/UiO-66-NH2 catalyst achieved an impressive 53.4% overall liquid selectivity, with C2+ oxygenates accounting for ∼60.8% of the total liquid products. In situ plasma-coupled Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests that Cu facilitates the cleavage of surface adsorbed COOH species (*COOH), generating *CO and enabling its migration to the surface of Cu particles. This surface-bound *CO then undergoes C-C coupling and hydrogenation, leading to ethanol production. Further analysis using CO diffuse reflection FTIR and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that in situ generated surface *CO is more effective than gas-phase CO (g) in promoting C-C coupling and C2+ liquid formation. This work provides valuable mechanistic insights into C-C coupling and C2+ liquid production during plasma-catalytic CO2 oxidation of CH4 under ambient conditions. These findings hold broader implications for the rational design of more efficient catalysts for this reaction, paving the way for advancements in sustainable fuel and chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yifu Bi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- Sinopec
Qingdao Refining & Chemical CO., LTD, Qingdao 266500, P. R. China
| | - Yaolin Wang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Hong Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Peijie Zong
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qinhua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- National
Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification and Coal-Based Advanced
Materials, ShanDong Energy Group CO., LTD, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xing
- National
Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification and Coal-Based Advanced
Materials, ShanDong Energy Group CO., LTD, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Wenting Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of New Energy, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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7
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Morichika I, Tsusaka H, Ashihara S. Generation of High-Lying Vibrational States in Carbon Dioxide through Coherent Ladder Climbing. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4662-4668. [PMID: 38647557 PMCID: PMC11073050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Mid-infrared laser excitation of molecules into high-lying vibrational states offers a novel route to realize controlled ground-state chemistry. Here we successfully demonstrate vibrational ladder climbing in the antisymmetric stretch of CO2 in the condensed phase by using intense down-chirped mid-infrared pulses. Spectrally resolved pump-probe measurements directly observe excited-state absorptions attributed to vibrational populations up to the v = 9 state, whose corresponding energy of 2.5 eV is 46% of the dissociation energy. By the use of global fitting analysis, important spectroscopic parameters in the high-lying vibrational states, such as transition frequencies and relaxation times, are quantitatively characterized. Remarkably, our analysis shows that 40% of the molecules are excited above the typical activation barriers in the metal-catalyzed CO2 conversions. These results not only demonstrate the promising ability of infrared excitation to produce elevated vibrational states but also represent a significant step toward accelerating CO2 conversions and other chemical processes via mode-specific vibrational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Morichika
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsusaka
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ashihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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8
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Kim M, Mangolini L. Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Probe Surface-Localized Nonthermal Plasma Activation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4136-4141. [PMID: 38593364 PMCID: PMC11033932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature, nonthermal plasmas generate a complex environment even when operated in nonreactive gases. Plasma-produced species impinge on exposed surfaces, and their thermalization is highly localized at the surface. Here we present a Raman thermometry approach to quantifying the resulting degree of surface heating. A nanostructured silver substrate is used to enhance the Raman signal and make it easily distinguishable from the background radiation from the plasma. Phenyl phosphonic acid is used as a molecular probe. Even under moderate plasma power and density, we measure a significant degree of vibrational excitation for the phenyl group, corresponding to an increase in surface temperature of ∼80 °C at a plasma density of 2 × 1010 cm-3. This work confirms that surface-localized thermal effects can be quantified in low-temperature plasma processes. Their characterization is needed to improve our understanding of the plasma-induced activation of surface reactions, which is highly relevant for a broad range of plasma-driven processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials
Science & Engineering Program, University
of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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9
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Xu W, Van Alphen S, Galvita VV, Meynen V, Bogaerts A. Effect of Gas Composition on Temperature and CO 2 Conversion in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron reactor: Insights for Post-Plasma Catalysis from Experiments and Computation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400169. [PMID: 38484131 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Plasma-based CO2 conversion has attracted increasing interest. However, to understand the impact of plasma operation on post-plasma processes, we studied the effect of adding N2, N2/CH4 and N2/CH4/H2O to a CO2 gliding arc plasmatron (GAP) to obtain valuable insights into their impact on exhaust stream composition and temperature, which will serve as feed gas and heat for post-plasma catalysis (PPC). Adding N2 improves the CO2 conversion from 4 % to 13 %, and CH4 addition further promotes it to 44 %, and even to 61 % at lower gas flow rate (6 L/min), allowing a higher yield of CO and hydrogen for PPC. The addition of H2O, however, reduces the CO2 conversion from 55 % to 22 %, but it also lowers the energy cost, from 5.8 to 3 kJ/L. Regarding the temperature at 4.9 cm post-plasma, N2 addition increases the temperature, while the CO2/CH4 ratio has no significant effect on temperature. We also calculated the temperature distribution with computational fluid dynamics simulations. The obtained temperature profiles (both experimental and calculated) show a decreasing trend with distance to the exhaust and provide insights in where to position a PPC bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Research group LADCA, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Research group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Research group LCT, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Senne Van Alphen
- Department of Chemistry, Research group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vladimir V Galvita
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Research group LCT, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vera Meynen
- Department of Chemistry, Research group LADCA, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Department of Chemistry, Research group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Gerrits N, Jackson B, Bogaerts A. Accurate Reaction Probabilities for Translational Energies on Both Sides of the Barrier of Dissociative Chemisorption on Metal Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2566-2572. [PMID: 38416779 PMCID: PMC10926167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are essential for a better understanding of dissociative chemisorption on metal surfaces, which is often the rate-controlling step in heterogeneous and plasma catalysis. The workhorse quasi-classical trajectory approach ubiquitous in molecular dynamics is able to accurately predict reactivity only for high translational and low vibrational energies. In contrast, catalytically relevant conditions generally involve low translational and elevated vibrational energies. Existing quantum dynamics approaches are intractable or approximate as a result of the large number of degrees of freedom present in molecule-metal surface reactions. Here, we extend a ring polymer molecular dynamics approach to fully include, for the first time, the degrees of freedom of a moving metal surface. With this approach, experimental sticking probabilities for the dissociative chemisorption of methane on Pt(111) are reproduced for a large range of translational and vibrational energies by including nuclear quantum effects and employing full-dimensional simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gerrits
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Post Office
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bret Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- Research
Group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Hatami H, Khani M, Razavi Rad SA, Shokri B. CO 2 conversion in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma by argon dilution over MgO/HKUST-1 catalyst using response surface methodology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26280. [PMID: 38384532 PMCID: PMC10878997 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as carbon dioxide adsorption in combination with metal oxides have shown catalyst application in CO2 conversion. Herein, the MgO/HKUST-1 catalyst is synthesized to direct conversion of CO2 upon dilution by argon in a cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. A water-cooling circulation adjusts the reactor temperature, and aluminum powder is used as a high-voltage electrode. The effect of the discharge power, feed flow rate, CO2 fraction, and their interaction in plasma and plasma catalyst method on CO2 conversion (R1), effective CO2 conversion (R2), and energy efficiency (R3) is evaluated by central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results demonstrate that the quadratic regression model describes CO2 conversion and effective CO2 conversion, and the reduced cubic model describes energy efficiency. The results indicate that the method (plasma, plasma catalyst) and discharge power on R1 and R2 have a considerable effect. Also, the method and CO2 fraction on R3 have the greatest impact, respectively. In the plasma and plasma catalyst method maximum CO2 conversion is 12.3% and 20.5% at a feed flow rate of 80 ml/min, CO2 fraction of 50%, and discharge power of 74 W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hatami
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Khani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Shokri
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bang S, Snoeckx R, Cha MS. Valorization of Glycerol through Plasma-Induced Transformation into Formic Acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300925. [PMID: 37811907 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
To cope with climate change issues, a significant shift is required in worldwide energy sources. Hydrogen and bioenergy are being considered as alternatives toward a carbon neutral society, making formic acid - a hydrogen carrying product of glycerol - of interest for the valorization of glycerol. Here we investigate the plasma-induced transformation of glycerol in an aqueous nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharge reactor. We found that the water content in the aqueous mixture fulfilled a crucial role in both the gas phase (as a source of OH radicals) and the liquid phase (as a promotor of the dissolved OH radical's mobility and reactivity). The formic acid produced was linearly proportional to the specific input energy, and the most cost-effective production of formic acid was found with 10 % v/v glycerol in the aqueous mixture. A plausible reaction pathway was proposed, consisting of the OH radical-driven dehydrogenation and dehydration of glycerol. The results provide a fundamental understanding of plasma-induced transformation of glycerol to formic acid and insights for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Bang
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramses Snoeckx
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Min Suk Cha
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Luo Y, Yue X, Zhang H, Liu X, Wu Z. Recent advances in energy efficiency optimization methods for plasma CO 2 conversion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167486. [PMID: 37788772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to develop efficient methods for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) have drawn mounting interest due to incremental concerns over carbon emissions. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has shown promise in this regard by producing numerous reactive substances at relatively low temperatures. However, an analysis of relevant literature reveals an underwhelming level of overall energy efficiency for this technology and an insufficient level of attention being paid to it. It is crucial to put forward more effective energy-saving schemes based on a comprehensive analysis of past research results to promote sustained development. This review highlights the latest advances in pertinent energy efficiency optimization studies and outlines state-of-the-art methods. In terms of energy efficiency optimization for plasma CO2 conversion, a comparison is made among different research results in four aspects as follows. Specifically, this study analyzes reactor structure optimization in terms of discharge characteristic, flow field, and plasma contact area; discusses pathways of heat transfer optimization to suppress the competing reaction; and explores catalyst optimization in terms of active sites, calcination temperature, and product selectivity; examines the potential of utilizing solar energy for clean energy applications. The analysis of energy efficiency data indicates an overall improvement when the aforementioned optimization measures are applied, which is essential to validate the effectiveness of each method. Finally, this paper discusses the potential difficulties and future research areas of NTP technology. Urgent further research is imperative on energy efficiency optimization methods for potential large-scale industrial applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Institute of Building Carbon Neutrality, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China.
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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14
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Rezaei H, Matin AA, Mohammadnejad M. Cold atmospheric plasma treated 3D printed polylactic acid film; application in thin film solid phase microextraction of anticancer drugs. Talanta 2024; 266:125064. [PMID: 37572475 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) represent a pharmacological category of targeted therapeutics deployed for the treatment of malignant pathologies. Considering the side effects of this class of drugs for humans, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) becomes important. Here, a novel and specific methodology is introduced for the quantification of two TKIs (dasatinib and erlotinib) in human plasma samples. Furthermore, this study investigates the successful application of 3D printer technology in analytical sample preparation methods. Employing a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer and polylactic acid (PLA) filament, adsorbent films were designed and produced to be utilized in thin film microextraction. The 3D printed polylactic acid film surface was modified using cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as a fast, clean and dry surface modification method with low consumption of chemicals and energy. Subsequently, FESEM, AFM, ATR-FTIR, and WCA analysis studies were employed to effectively assess the efficacy of the plasma surface modification method for the 3D printed films. After the optimization of the plasma modification and extraction methods, human plasma samples were studied for the effectiveness of the aforementioned approach. So, the selected 3D printed films with excellent microextraction efficiency have been found to be effective in sample preparation of biological samples. The linear dynamic range (LDR), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained 0.10-20 μgL-1, 0.03 μgL-1and 0.1 μgL-1 for dasatinib and 1.0-500 μgL-1, 0.3 μgL-1, and 1 μgL-1 for erlotinib. The results obtained indicate that the developed method proves to be successful in the effective separation of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiseh Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Matin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Mohammadnejad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Zhang W, Wu L, Tao J, Zhu H. Three-dimensional modeling of microwave discharges in a waveguide-based plasma source with experimental comparison. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:065209. [PMID: 38243524 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.065209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper proposes a transient three-dimensional model to simulate microwave-induced discharges in a waveguide-based plasma source under intermediate pressures. A plane-symmetric simplification method is applied to simplify half of the microwave plasma source in the calculation domain, dramatically reducing the demand for computational resources and calculation time. Meanwhile, the numerical simulations remain in three dimensions without dimensionality reduction, which allows us to directly calculate the efficiency of power coupling from the incident microwave to the plasma. Besides, the computation decrease improves the convergence performance of the mathematical model, making it possible to model the entire discharge process from 1×10^{-9} to 1×10^{4}s. This period covers the instantaneous microwave breakdown to the formation of a stable plasma column near steady state. The results have revealed the electromagnetic waveguide structure change of the microwave plasma source during the discharge process. Several microwave power-coupling efficiencies of the waveguide-based plasma source with different thicknesses and permittivities of the glass tube are calculated and compared with the experimentally measured data. Furthermore, the effects of the glass tube on the electromagnetic modes of the traveling microwave propagating along the plasma column and the discharge properties are also investigated. The numerically obtained results generally agree with the theoretical analysis and the experimental data in our previous studies, demonstrating the validity of the proposed mathematical model and the plane-symmetric simplification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guiyang University, 550005 Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wu
- IAEM (Institute of Applied ElectroMagnetics), College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwu Tao
- LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), INPT-ENSEEIHT, University of Toulouse, 31071 Toulouse, France
| | - Huacheng Zhu
- IAEM (Institute of Applied ElectroMagnetics), College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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16
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Rashid A, Lim H, Plaz D, Escobar Cano G, Bresser M, Wiegers KS, Confalonieri G, Baek S, Chen G, Feldhoff A, Schulz A, Weidenkaff A, Widenmeyer M. Hydrogen-Tolerant La 0.6Ca 0.4Co 0.2Fe 0.8O 3-d Oxygen Transport Membranes from Ultrasonic Spray Synthesis for Plasma-Assisted CO 2 Conversion. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:875. [PMID: 37999361 PMCID: PMC10673528 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xFexO3-d in its various compositions has proven to be an excellent CO2-resistant oxygen transport membrane that can be used in plasma-assisted CO2 conversion. With the goal of incorporating green hydrogen into the CO2 conversion process, this work takes a step further by investigating the compatibility of La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xFexO3-d membranes with hydrogen fed into the plasma. This will enable plasma-assisted conversion of the carbon monoxide produced in the CO2 reduction process into green fuels, like methanol. This requires the La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xFexO3-d membranes to be tolerant towards reducing conditions of hydrogen. The hydrogen tolerance of La0.6Ca0.4Co1-xFexO3-d (x = 0.8) was studied in detail. A faster and resource-efficient route based on ultrasonic spray synthesis was developed to synthesise the La0.6Ca0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d membranes. The La0.6Ca0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d membrane developed using ultrasonic spray synthesis showed similar performance in terms of its oxygen permeation when compared with the ones synthesised with conventional techniques, such as co-precipitation, sol-gel, etc., despite using 30% less cobalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasir Rashid
- Research Division of Materials & Resources, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (H.L.); (S.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Research Division of Materials & Resources, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (H.L.); (S.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Daniel Plaz
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giamper Escobar Cano
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (G.E.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Marc Bresser
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (K.-S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Katharina-Sophia Wiegers
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (K.-S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Giorgia Confalonieri
- ESRF—European Synchrotron Research Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Sungho Baek
- Research Division of Materials & Resources, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (H.L.); (S.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Guoxing Chen
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Material Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS, Brentanostr. 2A, 63755 Alzenau, Germany;
| | - Armin Feldhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (G.E.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Andreas Schulz
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.B.); (K.-S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Anke Weidenkaff
- Research Division of Materials & Resources, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (H.L.); (S.B.); (A.W.)
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Material Recycling and Resource Strategies IWKS, Brentanostr. 2A, 63755 Alzenau, Germany;
| | - Marc Widenmeyer
- Research Division of Materials & Resources, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (H.L.); (S.B.); (A.W.)
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17
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He M, Zhang K, Guan Y, Sun Y, Han B. Green carbon science: fundamental aspects. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad046. [PMID: 37565189 PMCID: PMC10411673 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon energy has contributed to the creation of human civilization, and it can be considered that the configuration of the carbon energy system is one of the important laws that govern the operation of everything in the universe. The core of the carbon energy system is the opposition and unity of two aspects: oxidation and reduction. The operation of oxidation and reduction is based on the ternary elemental system composed of the three elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its operation produces numerous reactions and reaction products. Ancient Chinese philosophy helps us to understand in depth the essence of green carbon science, to explore its scientific basis, and to identify the related platforms for technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Research Institute of Petrochem Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Yejun Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low Carbon Energy Conversion Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Low Carbon Technology Innovation Platform, Shanghai 210620, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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18
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Li S, van Raak T, Kriek R, De Felice G, Gallucci F. Gliding Arc Reactor under AC Pulsed Mode Operation: Spatial Performance Profile for NO x Synthesis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:12821-12832. [PMID: 37654788 PMCID: PMC10466458 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional gliding arc reactor for NOx synthesis was investigated in this study using AC pulsed mode operation. Tests with a duty cycle of 40 or 60% achieved the lowest energy consumption of 6.95 MJ/mol, which is an improvement of 15% from the case of continuous operation. Based on the results achieved, a new method for analyzing the spatial profile of the reactor was presented. The reactor was divided into five zones along the arc propagation, and results indicated that the first zone and last zone of the gliding arc reactor had higher energy consumption (9.59 and 8.63 MJ/mol, respectively), while lower consumption was observed in the middle parts of the reactor with a minimum of 5.00 MJ/mol. Spatial-resolved optical emission spectra, the deduced electron density, and temperature indicated the nonuniformity in plasma properties, which corresponds to the NOx production performance across the reactor. This research provides information and discussion that can be used for understanding and optimization of gliding arc reactors toward efficient nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Li
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane
Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Raak
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane
Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Kriek
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane
Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia De Felice
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane
Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Gallucci
- Inorganic Membranes and Membrane
Reactors, Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, De Rondom 70, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
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19
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Khunda D, Li S, Cherkasov N, Rishard MZM, Chaffee AL, Rebrov EV. Effect of temperature on the CO 2 splitting rate in a DBD microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2023; 8:2223-2233. [PMID: 38014416 PMCID: PMC10443439 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel plate-to-plate dielectric barrier discharge microreactor (micro DBD) has been demonstrated in CO2 splitting. In this design, the ground electrode has a cooling microchannel to maintain the electrode temperature in the 263-298 K range during plasma operation. A small gap size between the electrodes of 0.50 mm allowed efficient heat transfer from the surrounding plasma to the ground electrode surface to compensate for heat released in the reaction zone and maintain a constant temperature. The effect of temperature on CO2 conversion and energy efficiency was studied at a voltage of 6-9 kV, a frequency of 60 kHz and a constant CO2 flow rate of 20 ml min-1. The CO2 decomposition rate first increased and then decreased as the electrode temperature decreased from 298 to 263 K with a maximum rate observed at 273 K. Operation at lower temperatures enhanced the vibrational dissociation of the CO2 molecule as opposed to electronic excitation which is the main mechanism at room temperature in conventional DBD reactors, however it also reduced the rate of elementary reaction steps. The counterplay between these two effects leads to a maximum in the reaction rate. The power consumption monotonously increased as the temperature decreased. The effective capacitance of the reactor increased by 1.5 times at 263 K as compared to that at 298 K changing the electric field distribution inside the plasma zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Khunda
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alan L Chaffee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Evgeny V Rebrov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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20
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Upadrasta A, Daniels S, Thompson TP, Gilmore B, Humphreys H. In situ generation of cold atmospheric plasma-activated mist and its biocidal activity against surrogate viruses for COVID-19. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad181. [PMID: 37580171 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To provide an alternative to ultra violet light and vapourized hydrogen peroxide to enhance decontamination of surfaces as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed an indirect method for in situ delivery of cold plasma and evaluated the anti-viral activity of plasma-activated mist (PAM) using bacteriophages phi6, MS2, and phiX174, surrogates for SARS-CoV-2. Exposure to ambient air atmospheric pressure derived PAM caused a 1.71 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction in phi6 titer within 5 min and a 7.4 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction after 10 min when the the PAM source was at 5 and 10 cm. With MS2 and phiX174, a 3.1 and 1.26 log10 PFU ml-1 reduction was achieved, respectively, after 30 min. The rate of killing was increased with longer exposure times but decreased when the PAM source was further away. Trace amounts of reactive species, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite were produced in the PAM, and the anti-viral activity was probably attributable to these and their secondary reactive species. CONCLUSIONS PAM exhibits virucidal activity against surrogate viruses for COVID-19, which is time and distance from the plasma source dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Upadrasta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D09 YD60, Ireland
| | - Stephen Daniels
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, D09 V209, Ireland
| | | | - Brendan Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Hilary Humphreys
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D09 YD60, Ireland
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21
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Osorio-Tejada JL, Rebrov E, Hessel V. Internalisation of environmental costs of decentralised nitrogen fertilisers production. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37363085 PMCID: PMC10251320 DOI: 10.1007/s11367-023-02187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Ammonia (NH3) production is an energy-intensive process that is concentrated in a few countries at large-scale plants, mainly using the Haber-Bosch (HB) process. Local plants next to farmers can reduce environmental impacts, as well as reduce storage, shortage risks, and price volatility of fertilisers. Since local NH3 production is not cost-effective, we analyse how internalisation of environmental impacts into economic analyses could help to promote novel technologies for NH3 synthesis when supplied with renewable energy. Methods Mini-HB plants working at high pressure and temperature, as well as novel alternatives based on plasma reactors working at ambient conditions and using electricity from renewable sources, have been recently proposed for decentralised NH3 production. To evaluate the environmental performances of these alternative and traditional NH3 pathways, a life cycle assessment was performed to quantify the reduced emissions in each production process and the impacts of by-product utilisation, such as steam, oxygen, or carbon black. Different scales of storage and transportation, fuelled by traditional energy sources, were modelled to quantify the impacts of the simplified NH3 supply chains. A review of monetary valuation coefficients was performed to internalise the life cycle environmental impacts into the techno-economic analyses of NH3 production in Australia. Results and discussion Most of the estimated environmental costs were due to the carbon emissions of conventional plants and thermal plasma plants because of the use of fossil-based electricity. However, the high external costs associated with the photochemical oxidant formation and particulate matter affected the thermal plasma and non-thermal plasma (NTP) plants, costing in total 9,500 and 4,200 $/t NH3, respectively, due to the impacts of solar panels manufacturing. In contrast, electrolyser-HB plants obtained rates of 114 $/t NH3 because of the high energy efficiency and oxygen sales. In the future scenario for NTP-based plants, this alternative could also be competitive with rates of 222 $/t NH3. Additionally, the estimated total external costs for the conventional NH3 industry in Australia amounted to about US$5 billion per year. Conclusions Electrolyser-HB plants could be cost-effective in the short term due to the energy efficiency of HB processes. However, the HB process has reached its efficiency limits, while the NTP process still has room for improvement, as well as its production costs are lower at smaller scales. In addition, if monetised environmental costs are analysed for a whole industry, public administrations could be prompted to invest the expected savings in the promotion of these novel technologies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11367-023-02187-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Osorio-Tejada
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Evgeny Rebrov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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22
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Ma X, Albertsma J, Gabriels D, Horst R, Polat S, Snoeks C, Kapteijn F, Eral HB, Vermaas DA, Mei B, de Beer S, van der Veen MA. Carbon monoxide separation: past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3741-3777. [PMID: 37083229 PMCID: PMC10243283 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of carbon monoxide are produced by industrial processes such as biomass gasification and steel manufacturing. The CO present in vent streams is often burnt, this produces a large amount of CO2, e.g., oxidation of CO from metallurgic flue gasses is solely responsible for 2.7% of manmade CO2 emissions. The separation of N2 from CO due to their very similar physical properties is very challenging, meaning that numerous energy-intensive steps are required for CO separation, making the CO separation from many process streams uneconomical in spite of CO being a valuable building block in the production of major chemicals through C1 chemistry and the production of linear hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. The development of suitable processes for the separation of carbon monoxide has both industrial and environmental significance. Especially since CO is a main product of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, an emerging sustainable technology to enable carbon neutrality. This technology also requires an energy-efficient separation process. Therefore, there is a great need to develop energy efficient CO separation processes adequate for these different process streams. As such the urgency of separating carbon monoxide is gaining greater recognition, with research in the field becoming more and more crucial. This review details the principles on which CO separation is based and provides an overview of currently commercialised CO separation processes and their limitations. Adsorption is identified as a technology with the potential for CO separation with high selectivity and energy efficiency. We review the research efforts, mainly seen in the last decades, in developing new materials for CO separation via ad/bsorption and membrane technology. We have geared our review to both traditional CO sources and emerging CO sources, including CO production from CO2 conversion. To that end, a variety of emerging processes as potential CO2-to-CO technologies are discussed and, specifically, the need for CO capture after electrochemical CO2 reduction is highlighted, which is still underexposed in the available literature. Altogether, we aim to highlight the knowledge gaps that could guide future research to improve CO separation performance for industrial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ma
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jelco Albertsma
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Dieke Gabriels
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Rens Horst
- Science and Technology Faculty, University Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sevgi Polat
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
- Chemical Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34854 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Casper Snoeks
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Hüseyin Burak Eral
- Process & Energy Department, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David A Vermaas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastian Mei
- Industrial Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Science and Technology Faculty, University Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Ann van der Veen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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23
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Montesano C, Salden TP, Martini LM, Dilecce G, Tosi P. CO 2 Reduction by Nanosecond-Plasma Discharges: Revealing the Dissociation's Time Scale and the Importance of Pulse Sequence. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:10045-10050. [PMID: 37284293 PMCID: PMC10240531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Power-to-chemical technologies with CO2 as feedstock recycle CO2 and store energy into value-added compounds. Plasma discharges fed by renewable electricity are a promising approach to CO2 conversion. However, controlling the mechanisms of plasma dissociation is crucial to improving the efficiency of the technology. We have investigated pulsed nanosecond discharges, showing that while most of the energy is deposited in the breakdown phase, CO2 dissociation only occurs after an order of microsecond delay, leaving the system in a quasi-metastable condition in the intervening time. These findings indicate the presence of delayed dissociation mechanisms mediated by CO2 excited states rather than direct electron impact. This "metastable" condition, favorable for an efficient CO2 dissociation, can be prolonged by depositing more energy in the form of additional pulses and critically depends on a sufficiently short interpulse time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Montesano
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Toine P.W. Salden
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, 38123, Italy
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600MB, Netherlands
| | | | - Giorgio Dilecce
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, 38123, Italy
- CNR
Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Paolo Tosi
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, 38123, Italy
- CNR
Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Bari, 70126, Italy
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24
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Lisi N, Pasqual Laverdura U, Chierchia R, Luisetto I, Stendardo S. A water cooled, high power, dielectric barrier discharge reactor for CO 2 plasma dissociation and valorization studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7394. [PMID: 37149694 PMCID: PMC10164120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming at the energy efficient use and valorization of carbon dioxide in the framework of decarbonization studies and hydrogen research, a novel dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor has been designed, constructed and developed. This test rig with water cooled electrodes is capable of a plasma power tunable in a wide range from 20W to 2 kW per unit. The reactor was designed to be ready for catalysts and membrane integration aiming at a broad range plasma conditions and processes, including low to moderate high pressures (0.05-2 bar). In this paper, preliminary studies on the highly endothermic dissociation of CO2, into O2 and CO, in a pure, inert, and noble gas mixture flow are presented. These initial experiments were performed in a geometry with a 3 mm plasma gap in a chamber volume of 40cm3, where the process pressure was varied from few 200 mbar to 1 bar, using pure CO2, and diluted in N2. Initial results confirmed the well-known trade-off between conversion rate (up to 60%) and energy efficiency (up to 35%) into the dissociation products, as measured downstream of the reactor system. Improving conversion rate, energy efficiency and the trade-off curve can be further accomplished by tuning the plasma operating parameters (e.g. the gas flow and system geometry). It was found that the combination of a high-power, water-cooled plasma reactor, together with electronic and waveform diagnostic, optical emission and mass spectroscopies provides a convenient experimental framework for studies on the chemical storage of fast electric power transients and surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lisi
- ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Igor Luisetto
- ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
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25
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Hecimovic A, Kiefer C, Meindl A, Antunes R, Fantz U. Fast gas quenching of microwave plasma effluent for enhanced CO2 conversion. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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26
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Joshi N, Loganathan S. In Situ Modification of CuO-Fe 2O 3 by Nonthermal Plasma: Insights into the CO 2-to-CH 3OH Hydrogenation Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13410-13420. [PMID: 37065016 PMCID: PMC10099434 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH on the binary mixed metal oxides of CuO-Fe2O3 under nonthermal plasma discharge has been reported in this study. The catalysts are synthesized using the sol-gel route and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and XPS techniques. The impact of CuO mixing with Fe2O3 on CO2 conversion and CH3OH yield has been investigated. Herein, we have compared two distinct techniques, namely thermal and plasma catalytic processes. The overall outcome shows that the CO2 conversion and CH3OH production increase with an increase in CuO mixing with Fe2O3. The synthesized catalyst does not show significant CO2 conversion and CH3OH formation in the thermal catalytic process (100-250 °C). Interestingly, when plasma discharge is combined with thermal heating, CO2 conversion and CH3OH production significantly improve. The plasma discharges in the CO2/H2 gas stream, at low temperatures (<200 °C), reduce Cu+2 to Cu+1 and Fe+3 to Fe+2, which could probably enhance the CO2 conversion and CH3OH production. Among the catalysts prepared, 15% CuO-Fe2O3 exhibited the best catalytic activity with 13.2% CO2 conversion, 7.3% CH3OH yield, and a space-time yield of 13 mmolCH3OH/h gcat, with 4.67 kJ/L of specific input energy (SIE). The CH3OH space-time yield is 2.9-fold higher than that of the commercial catalyst Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, which is operated at 30 °C with 45.45 kJ/L SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Joshi
- Laboratory
of Plasma Chemistry and Physics (LPCP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Sivachandiran Loganathan
- Laboratory
of Plasma Chemistry and Physics (LPCP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
- Plasma
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
and Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering & Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
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27
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Abstract
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
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28
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Meng G, Xia L, Cheng Y, Yin Z. AC-driven atmospheric pressure glow discharge co-improves conversion and energy efficiency of CO2 splitting. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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29
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Study on the conversion mechanism of CO2 to O2 in pulse voltage dielectric barrier discharge at Martian pressure. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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30
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Kwon H, Kim T, Song S. Dry reforming of methane in a rotating gliding arc plasma: Improving efficiency and syngas cost by quenching product gas. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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31
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He Y, Shen J, Alharbi NS, Chen C. Volatile organic compounds degradation by nonthermal plasma: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32123-32152. [PMID: 36710313 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have posed a severe threat on both ecosystem and human health which thus have gained much attention in recent years. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) as an alternative to traditional methods has been employed to degrade VOC in the atmosphere and wastewater for its high removal efficiency (up to 100%), mild operating conditions, and environmental friendliness. This review outlined the principles of NTP production and the applications on VOC removal in different kinds of reactors, like single/double dielectric barrier discharge, surface discharge, and gliding arc discharge reactors. The combination of NTP with catalysts/oxidants was also applied for VOC degradation to further promote the energy efficiency. Further, detailed explanations were given of the effect of various important factors including input/reactor/external conditions on VOC degradation performance. The reactive species (e.g., high-energy electrons, HO·, O·, N2+, Ar+, O3, H2O2) generated in NTP discharge process have played crucial roles in decomposing VOC molecules; therefore, their variation under different parameter conditions along with the reaction mechanisms involved in these NTP technologies was emphatically explained. Finally, a conclusion of the NTP technologies was presented, and special attention was paid to future challenges for NTP technologies in VOC treatment to stimulate the advances in this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Institute of Plasma Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Njud S Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changlun Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Non-thermal plasma coupled liquid-phase catalysis /Fe2+ for VOCs removal: Enhanced mechanism of protocatechuic acid. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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33
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Thermal and Plasma-Assisted CO2 Methanation over Ru/Zeolite: A Mechanistic Study Using In-Situ Operando FTIR. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CO2 methanation is an attractive reaction to convert CO2 into a widespread fuel such as methane, being the combination of catalysts and a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma responsible for synergistic effects on the catalyst’s performances. In this work, a Ru-based zeolite catalyst, 3Ru/CsUSY, was synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by TGA, XRD, H2-TPR, N2 sorption and CO2-TPD. Catalysts were tested under thermal and plasma-assisted CO2 methanation conditions using in-situ operando FTIR, with the aim of comparing the mechanism under both types of catalysis. The incorporation of Ru over the CsUSY zeolite used as support induced a decrease of the textural properties and an increase of the basicity and hydrophobicity, while no zeolite structural damage was observed. Under thermal conditions, a maximum CO2 conversion of 72% and CH4 selectivity above 95% were registered. These promising results were ascribed to the presence of small Ru0 nanoparticles over the support (16 nm), catalyst surface hydrophobicity and the presence of medium-strength basic sites in the catalyst. Under plasma-catalytic conditions, barely studied in similar setups in literature, CO2 was found to be excited by the plasma, facilitating its adsorption on the surface of 3Ru/CsUSY in the form of oxidized carbon species such as formates, aldehydes, carbonates, or carbonyls, which are afterwards progressively hydrogenated to methane. Adsorption and surface reaction of key intermediates, namely formate and aldehydic groups, was observed even on the support alone, an occurrence not reported before for thermal catalysis. Overall, similar reaction mechanisms were proposed for both thermal and plasma-catalysis conditions.
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34
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CO2 Decomposition in Microwave Discharge Created in Liquid Hydrocarbon. PLASMA 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The task of CO2 decomposition is one of the components of the problem associated with global warming. One of the promising directions of its solution is the use of low-temperature plasma. For these purposes, different types of discharges are used. Microwave discharge in liquid hydrocarbons has not been studied before for this problem. This paper presents the results of a study of microwave discharge products in liquid Nefras C2 80/120 (petroleum solvent, a mixture of light hydrocarbons with a boiling point from 33 to 205 °C) when CO2 is introduced into the discharge zone, as well as the results of a study of the discharge by optical emission spectroscopy and shadow photography methods. The main gas products are H2, C2H2, C2H4, CH4, CO2, and CO. No oxygen was found in the products. The mechanisms of CO2 decomposition in the discharge are considered. The formation of H2 occurs simultaneously with the decomposition of CO2 in the discharge, with a volumetric rate of up to 475 mL/min and energy consumption of up to 81.4 NL/kWh.
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35
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Bang S, Snoeckx R, Cha MS. Kinetic Study for Plasma Assisted Cracking of NH 3: Approaches and Challenges. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1271-1282. [PMID: 36656156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is considered as one of the promising hydrogen carriers toward a sustainable world. Plasma assisted decomposition of NH3 could provide cost- and energy-effective, low-temperature, on-demand (partial) cracking of NH3 into H2. Here, we presented a temperature-dependent plasma-chemical kinetic study to investigate the role of both electron-induced reactions and thermally induced reactions on the decomposition of NH3. We employed a plasma-chemical kinetic model (KAUSTKin), developed a plasma-chemical reaction mechanism for the numerical analysis, and introduced a temperature-controlled dielectric barrier discharge reactor for the experimental investigation using 1 mol % NH3 diluted in N2. As a result, we observed the plasma significantly lowered the cracking temperature and found that the plasma-chemical mechanism should be further improved to better predict the experiment. The commonly used rates for the key NH3 pyrolysis reaction (NH3 + M ↔ NH2 + H + M) significantly overpredicted the recombination rate at temperatures below 600 K. Furthermore, the other identified shortcomings in the available data are (i) thermal hydrazine chemistry, (ii) electron-scattering cross-section data of NxHy, (iii) electron-impact dissociation of N2, and (iv) dissociative quenching of excited states of N2. We believe that the present study will spark fundamental interest to address these shortcomings and contribute to technical advancements in plasma assisted NH3 cracking technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Bang
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramses Snoeckx
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Min Suk Cha
- CCRC, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Hydrogen production by the steam reforming of synthetic biogas in atmospheric-pressure microwave (915 MHz) plasma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2204. [PMID: 36750627 PMCID: PMC9905514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the development of microwave plasma-based technology aimed at efficient hydrogen (H2) production from a so-called synthetic biogas, considered a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which can contain up to 70% CH4. In this work, we tested the performance of a waveguide-supplied metal cylinder-based microwave plasma source (MPS) operating at 915 MHz at atmospheric pressure as a tool for the efficient production of H2 in the steam reforming of the synthetic biogas. The test showed that the steam reforming of the synthetic biogas could be carried out under a wide range of working parameters without soot formation and extinction of the microwave discharge. We found that there is a minimal H2Osteam consumption rate for a given CH4 input volume content, which ensures stable operation of the MPS (no soot). The experiments did not show that increasing the amount of H2Osteam rate above the minimal value for a given CH4 input volume content results in an increase in the H2 production rate, energy yield, CH4 conversion degree, and H2 output concentration. To describe the MPS performance, which also takes into account a factor of the utilization of the CH4 feedstock, we introduced a new parameter, called an energy-CH4 feedstock consumption yield. The best results in terms of the H2 production rate, the energy yield, and the CH4 conversion degree were 239 g[H2]/h 36.8 g[H2]/kWh, and 74.3%, respectively. This shows that the application of the steam reforming, instead of the dry reforming, resulted in a 1.5-fold increase of the H2 production rate and the corresponding energy yield.
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37
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Ammonia decomposition in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma: Insights from experiments and kinetic modeling. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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38
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Deng Z, Yuan Q, Chang R, Ding Z, Ding W, Ren L, Wang Y. High voltage nanosecond pulse generator based on pseudospark switch and diode opening switch. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:024703. [PMID: 36859034 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the development of technology, low-temperature plasma plays an increasingly important role in industrial applications. The industrial application of low-temperature plasma has the following requirements for plasma, high electron energy, low macroscopic temperature, and uniformity. Low-temperature plasma driven by nanosecond pulses reflects more significant advantages in these aspects compared to direct current plasma and alternating current plasma. In this paper, a simple topology is proposed, which is based on the pseudospark switch and the diode opening switch. A pulse generator is developed, which can eventually output pulses with an amplitude of 106 kV, a rise time of 15.5 ns, a pulse width of 46 ns, and a maximum repetition rate of 1 kHz on a 260 Ω resistive load. The pulse generator can successfully drive needle-plate discharge plasma in ambient air. It has excellent parameters, stability, compactness, and a long lifetime. The proposed topology may be helpful for nanosecond pulse generators with amplitude ranging from tens to hundreds of kilovolts, which could be widely used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ran Chang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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39
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Verheyen C, van ’t Veer K, Snyders R, Bogaerts A. Atomic oxygen assisted CO2 conversion: A theoretical analysis. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Zhang B, Ru Q, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhao K, Gu G, Xiang X, Li S, Zhu Y, Jia Y, Cheng G, Du Z. Overcoming energy mismatch of metal oxide semiconductor catalysts for CO2 reduction with triboelectric plasma. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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41
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Mei D, Sun M, Liu S, Zhang P, Fang Z, Tu X. Plasma-enabled catalytic dry reforming of CH4 into syngas, hydrocarbons and oxygenates: Insight into the active metals of γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Ivanov V, Paunska T, Lazarova S, Bogaerts A, Kolev S. Gliding arc/glow discharge for CO2 conversion: Comparing the performance of different discharge configurations. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Altin M, Vialetto L, Longo S, Viegas P, Diomede P. A Modified Fokker-Planck Approach for a Complete Description of Vibrational Kinetics in a N 2 Plasma Chemistry Model. J Phys Chem A 2022; 127:261-275. [PMID: 36580578 PMCID: PMC9841568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Fokker-Planck (FP) approach for the description of vibrational kinetics is extended in order to include multiquanta transitions and time dependent solutions. Due to the importance of vibrational ladder climbing for the optimization of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation, nitrogen is used as a test case with a comprehensive set of elementary processes affecting the vibrational distribution function (VDF). The inclusion of the vibrational energy equation is shown to be the best way to model transient conditions in a plasma reactor using the FP approach. Results are benchmarked against results from the widely employed state-to-state (STS) approach for a wide parameters range. STS and FP solutions agree within ∼10% for the lowest vibrational levels, while time dependent VDFs are in agreement with the STS solution within a ∼ 5% error. Using the FP approach offers the possibility to parametrize drift and diffusion coefficients in energy space as a function of vibrational and gas temperature, providing intuitive and immediate insights into energy transport within the vibrational manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Altin
- Department
of Circular Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Vialetto
- DIFFER
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5612 AJEindhoven, The Netherlands,Theoretical
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143Kiel, Germany
| | - Savino Longo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari, 70126Bari, Italy,Institute
for Plasma Science and Technology, National
Research Council, Bari Section, Via Amendola 122 /70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Pedro Viegas
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611
37Brno, Czech Republic,Instituto
de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paola Diomede
- Department
of Circular Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MDMaastricht, The Netherlands,E-mail:
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Clarke R, Hicks JC. Interrogation of the Plasma-Catalyst Interface via In Situ/Operando Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2022; 2:535-546. [PMID: 36573176 PMCID: PMC9782892 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasma-surface coupling has emerged as a promising approach to perform chemical transformations under mild conditions that are otherwise difficult or impossible thermally. However, a few examples of inexpensive and accessible in situ/operando techniques exist for observing plasma-solid interactions, which has prevented a thorough understanding of underlying surface mechanisms. Here, we provide a simple and adaptable design for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma cell capable of interfacing with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and mass spectrometry (MS) to simultaneously characterize the surface, the plasma phase, and the gas phase, respectively. The system was demonstrated using two example applications: (1) plasma oxidation of primary amine functionalized SBA-15 and (2) catalytic low temperature nitrogen oxidation. The results from application (1) provided direct evidence of a 1% O2/He plasma interacting with the aminosilica surface by selective oxidation of the amino groups to nitro groups without altering the alkyl tether. Application (2) was used to detect the evolution of NOX species bound to both platinum and silica surfaces under plasma stimulation. Together, the experimental results showcase the breadth of possible applications for this device and confirm its potential as an essential tool for conducting research on plasma-surface coupling.
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Feng J, Sun X, Li Z, Hao X, Fan M, Ning P, Li K. Plasma-Assisted Reforming of Methane. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203221. [PMID: 36251924 PMCID: PMC9731725 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4 ) is inexpensive, high in heating value, relatively low in carbon footprint compared to coal, and thus a promising energy resource. However, the locations of natural gas production sites are typically far from industrial areas. Therefore, transportation is needed, which could considerably increase the sale price of natural gas. Thus, the development of distributed, clean, affordable processes for the efficient conversion of CH4 has increasingly attracted people's attention. Among them are plasma technology with the advantages of mild operating conditions, low space need, and quick generation of energetic and chemically active species, which allows the reaction to occur far from the thermodynamic equilibrium and at a reasonable cost. Significant progress in plasma-assisted reforming of methane (PARM) is achieved and reviewed in this paper from the perspectives of reactor development, thermal and nonthermal PARM routes, and catalysis. The factors affecting the conversion of reactants and the selectivity of products are studied. The findings from the past works and the insight into the existing challenges in this work should benefit the further development of reactors, high-performance catalysts, and PARM routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Feng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
| | - Xingguang Hao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071USA
- School of Energy ResourcesUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071USA
- School of Civil & Environmental EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500P. R. China
- Departments of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY82071USA
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46
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Recent progress in plasma-catalytic conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Uniform-saturation modification for hydrophilicity improvement of large-scale PET by plasma-electrified treatment. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Plasma-coupled catalysis in VOCs removal and CO2 conversion: Efficiency enhancement and synergistic mechanism. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Amarnath P, Nandy N, Indumathy B, Yugeswaran S. Study on CO2 based thermal plasma torch and its effective utilization for material processing in atmospheric pressure. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Enhancing CO2 conversion with plasma reactors in series and O2 removal. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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