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Nucera A, Macchia ML, Baranyai Z, Carniato F, Tei L, Ravera M, Botta M. Comprehensive Investigation of [Fe(EDTA)] --Functionalized Derivatives and their Supramolecular Adducts with Human Serum Albumin. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12992-13004. [PMID: 38949627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the coordination chemistry of high-spin Fe(III) complexes has increasingly attracted interest due to their potential as effective alternatives to Gd(III)-based MRI contrast agents. This paper discusses the results from our study on Fe(III) complexes with two EDTA derivatives, each modified with either one (EDTA-BOM) or two (EDTA-BOM2) benzyloxymethylene (BOM) groups on the acetic arm(s). These pendant hydrophobic groups enable the complexes to form noncovalent adducts with human serum albumin (HSA), leading to an observed increase in relaxivity due to the reduction in molecular tumbling. Our research involved detailed relaxometric measurements and analyses of both 1H and 17O NMR data at varying temperatures and magnetic field strengths, which is conducted with and without the presence of a protein. A significant finding of this study is the effect of electronic relaxation time on the effectiveness of [Fe(EDTA-BOM)(H2O)]- and [Fe(EDTA-BOM2)(H2O)]- as diagnostic MRI probes. By integrating these relaxometric results with comprehensive thermodynamic, kinetic, and electrochemical data, we have thoroughly characterized how structural modifications to the EDTA base ligand influence the properties of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nucera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Maria Ludovica Macchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Imaging SpA, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, TS 34149, Italy
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
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Strunz F, Stähli C, Heverhagen JT, Hofstetter W, Egli RJ. Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents and Free Gadolinium Inhibit Differentiation and Activity of Bone Cell Lineages. Invest Radiol 2024; 59:495-503. [PMID: 38117137 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) in magnetic resonance imaging results in the long-term retention of gadolinium (Gd) in tissues and organs, including the bone, and may affect their function and metabolism. This study aims to investigate the effects of Gd and GBCA on the proliferation/survival, differentiation, and function of bone cell lineages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary murine osteoblasts (OB) and osteoclast progenitor cells (OPC) isolated from C57BL/6J mice were used to test the effects of Gd 3+ (12.5-100 μM) and GBCA (100-2000 μM). Cultures were supplemented with the nonionic linear Gd-DTPA-BMA (gadodiamide), ionic linear Gd-DTPA (gadopentetic acid), and macrocyclic Gd-DOTA (gadoteric acid). Cell viability and differentiation were analyzed on days 4-6 of the culture. To assess the resorptive activity of osteoclasts, the cells were grown in OPC cultures and were seeded onto layers of amorphous calcium phosphate with incorporated Gd. RESULTS Gd 3+ did not affect OB viability, but differentiation was reduced dose-dependently up to 72.4% ± 6.2%-73.0% ± 13.2% (average ± SD) at 100 μM Gd 3+ on days 4-6 of culture as compared with unexposed controls ( P < 0.001). Exposure to GBCA had minor effects on OB viability with a dose-dependent reduction up to 23.3% ± 10.2% for Gd-DTPA-BMA at 2000 μM on day 5 ( P < 0.001). In contrast, all 3 GBCA caused a dose-dependent reduction of differentiation up to 88.3% ± 5.2% for Gd-DTPA-BMA, 49.8% ± 16.0% for Gd-DTPA, and 23.1% ± 8.7% for Gd-DOTA at 2000 μM on day 5 ( P < 0.001). In cultures of OPC, cell viability was not affected by Gd 3+ , whereas differentiation was decreased by 45.3% ± 9.8%-48.5% ± 15.8% at 100 μM Gd 3+ on days 4-6 ( P < 0.05). Exposure of OPC to GBCA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cell viability of up to 34.1% ± 11.4% at 2000 μM on day 5 of culture ( P < 0.001). However, differentiation of OPC cultures was reduced on day 5 by 24.2% ± 9.4% for Gd-DTPA-BMA, 47.1% ± 14.0% for Gd-DTPA, and 38.2% ± 10.0% for Gd-DOTA ( P < 0.001). The dissolution of amorphous calcium phosphate by mature osteoclasts was reduced by 36.3% ± 5.3% upon incorporation of 4.3% Gd/Ca wt/wt ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Gadolinium and GBCA inhibit differentiation and activity of bone cell lineages in vitro. Thus, Gd retention in bone tissue could potentially impair the physiological regulation of bone turnover on a cellular level, leading to pathological changes in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Strunz
- From the Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (F.S., W.H., R.J.E.); Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland (F.S.); RMS-Foundation, Bettlach, Switzerland (C.S.); Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.T.H., R.J.E.); and Clinic for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (W.H.)
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Martinelli J, Romano E, Laczovics A, Horváth D, Grattoni E, Baranyai Z, Tei L. Improving the Stability and Kinetic Inertness of Mn(II) Complexes by Increasing the Bridge Length in Bicyclic CDTA-Like Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400570. [PMID: 38597334 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Kinetic inertness of Mn(II)-based MRI contrast agents can be improved by increasing the rigidity of the polydentate ligand that tightly coordinate the metal ion. Taking inspiration from the remarkable increase in kinetic inertness of [Mn(CDTA)]2- compared to [Mn(EDTA)]2- due to the cyclohexyl backbone rigidity, we devised that bicyclic ligands would further improve the kinetic inertness of the Mn(II) complexes. The length of the alkyl bridge on the cyclohexane ring was varied from methylene (BCH-DTA), ethylene (BCO-DTA) to propylene (BCN-DTA) to evaluate the influence of the different trans-diaminotetraacetate ligands on relaxometric, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the Mn(II) complexes. 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric studies showed a slight increase in relaxivity and a faster water exchange rate in these Mn(II)-complexes with respect to [Mn(CDTA)]2-. Solution studies revealed that the conditional stability (pMn) and dissociation half-life (t1/2) at pH 7.4 follow the order [Mn(BCH-DTA)]2-<[Mn(BCO-DTA)]2-<[Mn(BCN-DTA)]2- highlighting the effect of the bridge length on the overall stability of the Mn(II) complexes. Remarkably, [Mn(BCN-DTA)]2- shows an improved pMn value and a 7-times higher kinetic inertness than [Mn(CDTA)]2-. NMR studies on the Zn(II) analogues confirm the rigidity of the bicyclic complexes with an isomerization process at >313 K for the smaller bridged complex [Zn(BCH-DTA)]2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinelli
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Università di Genova, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Romano
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Attila Laczovics
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David Horváth
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary
- Bracco Imaging SpA, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - Elena Grattoni
- Bracco Imaging SpA, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza (TS), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste (TS), Italy
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Imaging SpA, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza (TS), Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
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Kumasaka S, Kartamihardja AAP, Kumasaka Y, Kameo S, Koyama H, Tsushima Y. Anthropogenic gadolinium in the Tone River (Japan): an update showing a 7.7-fold increase from 1996 to 2020. Eur Radiol Exp 2024; 8:64. [PMID: 38782825 PMCID: PMC11116359 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-024-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd), originating from Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is widely identified in the aquatic environment with concerns about toxicity and accumulation. We aimed to present new data on anthropogenic Gd in the Tone River, which has the largest drainage area in Japan, and then to compare the current data with those obtained in 1996. METHODS The water samples were collected on August 9-10, 2020, at 15 different locations of the Tone River in Japan. The concentrations of the rare earth elements (REEs) were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and normalized to Post-Archean Australian Shale to construct shale-normalized REE patterns. The degree of Gd-anomaly was defined as the percentage of anthropogenic Gd to the geogenic background and used to compare the water samples from different locations. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS All the samples displayed positive Gd anomalies. The Gd-anomaly ranged from 121 to 6,545% and displayed a repeating decrease-and-increase trend. The Gd-anomaly showed strong positive correlations to the number of hospitals (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) and their MRI units (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed notable anomalies of Gd concentrations in river water in Japan, with strong positive correlations to the number of major hospitals and their MRI units. Compared with the previous report in 2000, the Gd-anomaly in Tone River increased from 851% (sampled in 1996) to 6,545%, i.e., 7.7 times, reflecting the increased use of GBCAs in hospitals. RELEVANCE STATEMENT Notable Gd concentration anomalies in river water in Japan were observed. This result underlines the importance of more extensive research on anthropogenic gadolinium, and investigations of risks to human health as well as the development of effective removal technologies may be necessary. KEY POINTS • All water samples from Tone River displayed positive Gd anomalies. • The Gd anomalies increased to 7.7 times higher over the past 24 years. • Correlations between Gd values and the number of hospitals and MRI units were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Kumasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - A Adhipatria P Kartamihardja
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Yuka Kumasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Satomi Kameo
- Department of Nutrition, Koshien University, 10-1 Momijigaoka, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-0006, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gunma Rehabilitation Hospital, 2136 Kamisawatari, Nakanojo, Agatsuma District, Gunma, 377-0541, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Zapata-Acevedo JF, Losada-Barragán M, Osma JF, Cruz JC, Reiber A, Petry KG, Caillard A, Sauldubois A, Llamosa Pérez D, Morillo Zárate AJ, Muñoz SB, Daza Moreno A, Silva RV, Infante-Duarte C, Chamorro-Coral W, González-Reyes RE, Vargas-Sánchez K. Specific nanoprobe design for MRI: Targeting laminin in the blood-brain barrier to follow alteration due to neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302031. [PMID: 38603692 PMCID: PMC11008835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, leading to molecular changes in the central nervous system that can be explored with biomarkers of active neuroinflammatory processes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed to detecting lesions and permeability of the BBB. Ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO) are used as contrast agents to improve MRI observations. Therefore, we validate the interaction of peptide-88 with laminin, vectorized on USPIO, to explore BBB molecular alterations occurring during neuroinflammation as a potential tool for use in MRI. The specific labeling of NPS-P88 was verified in endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and astrocytes (T98G) under inflammation induced by interleukin 1β (IL-1β) for 3 and 24 hours. IL-1β for 3 hours in hCMEC/D3 cells increased their co-localization with NPS-P88, compared with controls. At 24 hours, no significant differences were observed between groups. In T98G cells, NPS-P88 showed similar nonspecific labeling among treatments. These results indicate that NPS-P88 has a higher affinity towards brain endothelial cells than astrocytes under inflammation. This affinity decreases over time with reduced laminin expression. In vivo results suggest that following a 30-minute post-injection, there is an increased presence of NPS-P88 in the blood and brain, diminishing over time. Lastly, EAE animals displayed a significant accumulation of NPS-P88 in MRI, primarily in the cortex, attributed to inflammation and disruption of the BBB. Altogether, these results revealed NPS-P88 as a biomarker to evaluate changes in the BBB due to neuroinflammation by MRI in biological models targeting laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mónica Losada-Barragán
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoleculas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andreas Reiber
- Chemistry Department, Grupo La Quimica en la interfase inorgánica-orgánica QUINORG, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Klaus G. Petry
- CNRS UMR 5536 Centre de Resonance Magnétique des Systemes Biologiques and INSERM U1049 Neuroinflammation, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Llamosa Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo Investigación fundamental y aplicada en Materiales, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Agustín Daza Moreno
- Oficial de Protección Radiológica, Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafaela V. Silva
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William Chamorro-Coral
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E. González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Voicu SN, Gheran CV, Balta C, Hermenean A, Callewaert M, Chuburu F, Dinischiotu A. In Vivo Evaluation of Innovative Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents Designed for Bioimaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1064. [PMID: 38674983 PMCID: PMC11054998 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the investigation of biochemical and histological changes induced in different tissues, as a result of the subcutaneous administration of Gd nanohydrogels (GdDOTA⸦CS-TPP/HA) in a CD-1 mouse strain. The nanohydrogels were obtained by encapsulating contrast agents (GdDOTA) in a biocompatible polymer matrix composed of chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) through the ionic gelation process. The effects of Gd nanohydrogels on the redox status were evaluated by measuring specific activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as oxidative stress markers, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and protein-reactive carbonyl groups (PRCG), in the liver, kidney, and heart tissues. The nitrosylated proteins expression were analyzed with Western Blot and the serum biochemical markers were measured with spectrophotometric methods. Also, a histological analysis of CD-1 mouse tissues was investigated. These results indicated that Gd nanohydrogels could potentially be an alternative to current MRI contrast agents thanks to their low toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Nicoleta Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Cecilia Virginia Gheran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Cornel Balta
- Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania; (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania; (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Maité Callewaert
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, CEDEX 2, F-51685 Reims, France; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Françoise Chuburu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, CEDEX 2, F-51685 Reims, France; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
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Coimbra S, Rocha S, Sousa NR, Catarino C, Belo L, Bronze-da-Rocha E, Valente MJ, Santos-Silva A. Toxicity Mechanisms of Gadolinium and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4071. [PMID: 38612881 PMCID: PMC11012457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used for more than 30 years to improve magnetic resonance imaging, a crucial tool for medical diagnosis and treatment monitoring across multiple clinical settings. Studies have shown that exposure to GBCAs is associated with gadolinium release and tissue deposition that may cause short- and long-term toxicity in several organs, including the kidney, the main excretion organ of most GBCAs. Considering the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease worldwide and that most of the complications following GBCA exposure are associated with renal dysfunction, the mechanisms underlying GBCA toxicity, especially renal toxicity, are particularly important. A better understanding of the gadolinium mechanisms of toxicity may contribute to clarify the safety and/or potential risks associated with the use of GBCAs. In this work, a review of the recent literature concerning gadolinium and GBCA mechanisms of toxicity was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Coimbra
- 1H-TOXRUN—1H-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Rocha
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nícia Reis Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Benguela, Benguela, Angola
| | - Cristina Catarino
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Belo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Bronze-da-Rocha
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Garifo S, Vangijzegem T, Stanicki D, Laurent S. A Review on the Design of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:1639. [PMID: 38611919 PMCID: PMC11013788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The administration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) has been conducted since 1988 by clinicians to enhance the clarity and interpretability of MR images. CAs based on gadolinium chelates are the clinical standard used worldwide for the diagnosis of various pathologies, such as the detection of brain lesions, the visualization of blood vessels, and the assessment of soft tissue disorders. However, due to ongoing concerns associated with the safety of gadolinium-based contrast agents, considerable efforts have been directed towards developing contrast agents with better relaxivities, reduced toxicity, and eventually combined therapeutic modalities. In this context, grafting (or encapsulating) paramagnetic metals or chelates onto (within) carbon-based nanoparticles is a straightforward approach enabling the production of contrast agents with high relaxivities while providing extensive tuneability regarding the functionalization of the nanoparticles. Here, we provide an overview of the parameters defining the efficacy of lanthanide-based contrast agents and the subsequent developments in the field of nanoparticular-based contrast agents incorporating paramagnetic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garifo
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Thomas Vangijzegem
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitri Stanicki
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
| | - Sophie Laurent
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.S.)
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 Rue Adrienne Boland, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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10
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Lenkinski RE, Rofsky NM. Contrast Media-driven Anthropogenic Gadolinium: Knowns and Unknowns. Radiology 2024; 311:e240020. [PMID: 38652027 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.240020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have augmented the capabilities of MRI, which has led to their widespread and increasing use in radiology practice. GBCAs are introduced into the environment through disposal of unused product and elimination after intravenous injection, both primarily via liquid dispersion into the environment. This human introduction of gadolinium into the environment, referred to as anthropogenic gadolinium, is associated with the detection of gadolinium in water systems, raising concerns for potential adverse impact and prompting certain mitigation actions. This article summarizes the existing knowledge and problem scope, conveys the relevant underlying chemical principles of chelate dissociation, and offers an inferred perspective that the magnitude of the problem is most unlikely to cause human harm. The merits and limitations regarding possible mitigation tactics, such as collecting urine after GBCA administration, use of lower-dose high-relaxivity macrocyclic GBCAs, and the option for virtual contrast-enhanced examinations, will be discussed. Finally, the potential for monitoring gadolinium uptake in bone will be presented, and recommendations for future research will be offered. © RSNA, 2024 See also the article by Ibrahim et al in this issue. See also the article by McKee et al in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lenkinski
- From the Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (R.E.L.); and Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health Systems, One Gustav L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029 (N.M.R.)
| | - Neil M Rofsky
- From the Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (R.E.L.); and Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health Systems, One Gustav L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029 (N.M.R.)
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11
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Queiroz SM, Veriato TS, Raniero L, Castilho ML. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with epidermal growth factor and gadolinium for precision delivery of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Phys Technol 2024; 17:153-164. [PMID: 37991701 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-023-00761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become increasingly important in clinical diagnosis. However, the low diagnostic specificity of this technique is a limiting factor for the early detection of tumors. To develop a new contrast agent with a specific target for early stage tumors, we present the synthesis and characterization of a nanocontrast composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Carbodiimide-based chemistry was utilized to modify Gd-DTPA for functionalization with AuNPs. This resulted in the formation of the Au@Gd-EGF nanocontrast. The relaxation rate (1/T1) of the nanocontrast was analyzed using MRI, and cytotoxicity was determined based on cell viability and mitochondrial activity in a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the effectiveness of carbodiimide in the formation of the Gd-DTPA-cysteamine complex in the presence of bands at 930, 1042, 1232, 1588, and 1716 cm-1. The complexes exhibited good interactions with the AuNPs. However, the signal intensity of the Au@Gd-EGF nanocontrast was lower than that of the commercial contrast agent because the r1/r2 relaxivities of the Gd-DTPA-based contrast agents were lower than those of the gadoversetamide-based molecules. The Au@Gd-EGF nanocontrast agent exhibited good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and high signal intensity in MRI with active targeted delivery, suggesting significant potential for future applications in the early diagnosis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suélio M Queiroz
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12244000, Brazil
| | - Thaís S Veriato
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12244000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Raniero
- Nanosensors Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraiba, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12244000, Brazil
| | - Maiara L Castilho
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12244000, Brazil.
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12
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Uzal-Varela R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Lalli D, Valencia L, Maneiro M, Botta M, Iglesias E, Esteban-Gómez D, Angelovski G, Platas-Iglesias C. Endeavor toward Redox-Responsive Transition Metal Contrast Agents Based on the Cross-Bridge Cyclam Platform. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1575-1588. [PMID: 38198518 PMCID: PMC10806912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of a series of Mn(III), Co(III), and Ni(II) complexes with cross-bridge cyclam derivatives (CB-cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane) containing acetamide or acetic acid pendant arms. The X-ray structures of [Ni(CB-TE2AM)]Cl2·2H2O and [Mn(CB-TE1AM)(OH)](PF6)2 evidence the octahedral coordination of the ligands around the Ni(II) and Mn(III) metal ions, with a terminal hydroxide ligand being coordinated to Mn(III). Cyclic voltammetry studies on solutions of the [Mn(CB-TE1AM)(OH)]2+ and [Mn(CB-TE1A)(OH)]+ complexes (0.15 M NaCl) show an intricate redox behavior with waves due to the MnIII/MnIV and MnII/MnIII pairs. The Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes with CB-TE2A and CB-TE2AM show quasi-reversible features due to the CoIII/CoII or NiII/NiIII pairs. The [Co(CB-TE2AM)]3+ complex is readily reduced by dithionite in aqueous solution, as evidenced by 1H NMR studies, but does not react with ascorbate. The [Mn(CB-TE1A)(OH)]+ complex is however reduced very quickly by ascorbate following a simple kinetic scheme (k0 = k1[AH-], where [AH-] is the ascorbate concentration and k1 = 628 ± 7 M-1 s-1). The reduction of the Mn(III) complex to Mn(II) by ascorbate provokes complex dissociation, as demonstrated by 1H nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion studies. The [Ni(CB-TE2AM)]2+ complex shows significant chemical exchange saturation transfer effects upon saturation of the amide proton signals at 71 and 3 ppm with respect to the bulk water signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Uzal-Varela
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento
de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Galicia, Spain
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento
de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Galicia, Spain
| | - Daniela Lalli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Magnetic Resonance Platform
(PRISMA-UPO), Universitá del Piemonte
Orientale, Viale T. Michel
11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende 36310, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marcelino Maneiro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus
Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Galicia, Spain
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Magnetic Resonance Platform
(PRISMA-UPO), Universitá del Piemonte
Orientale, Viale T. Michel
11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Emilia Iglesias
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento
de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Galicia, Spain
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento
de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Galicia, Spain
| | - Goran Angelovski
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Cellular Neuroimaging, International Center for Primate
Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and
Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602, PR China
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía (CICA) and Departamento
de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña 15071, Galicia, Spain
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13
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Iyad N, S.Ahmad M, Alkhatib SG, Hjouj M. Gadolinium contrast agents- challenges and opportunities of a multidisciplinary approach: Literature review. Eur J Radiol Open 2023; 11:100503. [PMID: 37456927 PMCID: PMC10344828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2023.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast agents is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the visibility of the details of the organ structures. Gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) has been used since 1988 in MRI for diagnostic and follow-up of patients, the gadolinium good properties make it an effective choice for enhance the signal in MRI by increase its intensity and shortening the relaxation time of the proton. Recently, many studies show a gadolinium deposition in different human organs due to release of free gadolinium various body organs or tissue, which led to increased concern about the use of gadolinium agents, in this study, the potential diseases that may affect the patient and side effects that appear on the patient and related to accumulation of gadolinium were clarified, the study focused on the organs such as brain and bones in which gadolinium deposition was found and the lesions associated with it, and the diseases associated with gadolinium retention includes Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) and Gadolinium deposition disease (GDD). Some studies tended to improve the contrast agents by developing a new non-gadolinium agents or development of next-generation gadolinium agents. In this review article the latest knowledge about MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebal Iyad
- Ibn Rushd Radiology Centre, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Muntaser S.Ahmad
- Ibn Rushd Radiology Centre, Hebron, Palestine
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Allied Medical Health, Palestine Ahliya University, Dheisha, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Sanaa G. Alkhatib
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Allied Medical Health, Palestine Ahliya University, Dheisha, Bethlehem, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Hjouj
- Medical Imaging Department, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis - Main Campus, Jerusalem, Palestine
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14
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Gil CJ, Evans CJ, Li L, Allphin AJ, Tomov ML, Jin L, Vargas M, Hwang B, Wang J, Putaturo V, Kabboul G, Alam AS, Nandwani RK, Wu Y, Sushmit A, Fulton T, Shen M, Kaiser JM, Ning L, Veneziano R, Willet N, Wang G, Drissi H, Weeks ER, Bauser-Heaton HD, Badea CT, Roeder RK, Serpooshan V. Leveraging 3D Bioprinting and Photon-Counting Computed Tomography to Enable Noninvasive Quantitative Tracking of Multifunctional Tissue Engineered Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2302271. [PMID: 37709282 PMCID: PMC10842604 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is revolutionizing the fields of personalized and precision medicine by enabling the manufacturing of bioartificial implants that recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native tissues. However, the lack of quantitative and noninvasive techniques to longitudinally track the function of implants has hampered clinical applications of bioprinted scaffolds. In this study, multimaterial 3D bioprinting, engineered nanoparticles (NPs), and spectral photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) technologies are integrated for the aim of developing a new precision medicine approach to custom-engineer scaffolds with traceability. Multiple CT-visible hydrogel-based bioinks, containing distinct molecular (iodine and gadolinium) and NP (iodine-loaded liposome, gold, methacrylated gold (AuMA), and Gd2 O3 ) contrast agents, are used to bioprint scaffolds with varying geometries at adequate fidelity levels. In vitro release studies, together with printing fidelity, mechanical, and biocompatibility tests identified AuMA and Gd2 O3 NPs as optimal reagents to track bioprinted constructs. Spectral PCCT imaging of scaffolds in vitro and subcutaneous implants in mice enabled noninvasive material discrimination and contrast agent quantification. Together, these results establish a novel theranostic platform with high precision, tunability, throughput, and reproducibility and open new prospects for a broad range of applications in the field of precision and personalized regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Gil
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connor J. Evans
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Alex J. Allphin
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Martin L. Tomov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Linqi Jin
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Merlyn Vargas
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Boeun Hwang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victor Putaturo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gabriella Kabboul
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anjum S. Alam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roshni K. Nandwani
- Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuxiao Wu
- Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Asif Sushmit
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Travis Fulton
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jarred M. Kaiser
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liqun Ning
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Nick Willet
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ge Wang
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Eric R. Weeks
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Holly D. Bauser-Heaton
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Sibley Heart Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cristian T. Badea
- Quantitative Imaging and Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ryan K. Roeder
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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15
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Peng Y, Li Y, Li L, Xie M, Wang Y, Butch CJ. Coating influence on inner shell water exchange: An underinvestigated major contributor to SPIONs relaxation properties. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 54:102713. [PMID: 37839694 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are heavily studied as potential MRI contrast enhancing agents. Every year, novel coatings are reported which yield large increases in relaxivity compared to similar particles. However, the reason for the increased performance is not always well understood mechanistically. In this review, we attempt to relate these advances back to fundamental models of relaxivity, developed for chelated metal ions, primarily gadolinium. We focus most closely on the three-shell model which considers the relaxation of surface-bound, entrained, and bulk water molecules as three distinct contributions to total relaxation. Because SPIONs are larger, more complex, and entrain significantly more water than gadolinium-based contrast agents, we consider how to adapt the application of classical models to SPIONs in a predictive manner. By carefully considering models and previous results, a qualitative model of entrained water interactions emerges, based primarily on the contributions of core size, coating thickness, density, and hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Peng
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manman Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China.
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Christopher J Butch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Cineus R, Abozeid SM, Sokolow GE, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Fe(III) T1 MRI Probes Containing Phenolate or Hydroxypyridine-Appended Triamine Chelates and a Coordination Site for Bound Water. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16513-16522. [PMID: 37748050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Fe(III) complexes containing a triamine framework and phenolate or hydroxypyridine donors are characterized and studied as T1 MRI probes. In contrast to most Fe(III) MRI probes of linear chelates reported to date, the ligands reported here are pentadentate to give six-coordinate complexes with a coordination site for inner-sphere water. The crystal structure of the complex containing unsubstituted phenolate donors, Fe(L1)Cl, shows a six-coordinate iron center and contains a chloride ligand that is displaced in water. Two additional derivatives are sufficiently water-soluble for study as MRI probes, including a complex with a hydroxypyridine group, Fe(L2), and a hydroxybenzoic acid group, Fe(L3). The pH potentiometric titrations give protonation constants of 7.2 and 7.5 for Fe(L2) and Fe(L3), respectively, which are assigned to deprotonation of the bound water. Changes in the electronic absorbance spectra of the complexes as a function of pH are consistent with the deprotonation of phenol pendants at acidic pH values. However, the inner-sphere water ligand of Fe(L2) and Fe(L3) does not exchange rapidly on the NMR timescale at pH 6.0 or 7.4, as shown by variable-temperature 17O NMR spectroscopy. The pH-dependent proton relaxivity profiles show a maximum in relaxivity at a near-neutral pH, suggesting that exchange of the protons of the bound water is an important contribution. Competitive binding studies with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) show effective stability constants for Fe(L2) and Fe(L3) at pH 7.4 with log K values of 21.1 and 20.5, respectively. These two complexes are kinetically inert in carbonate phosphate buffer at 37 °C for several hours but transfer iron to transferrin. Fe(L2) and Fe(L3) show enhanced contrast in T1-weighted imaging analyses in BALB/c mice. These studies show that Fe(L2) clears through mixed renal and hepatobiliary routes, while Fe(L3) has a similar pharmacokinetic clearance profile to a macrocyclic Gd(III) contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cineus
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samira M Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gregory E Sokolow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Amherst, New York 14260, United States
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Amherst, New York 14260, United States
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17
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Le Fur M, Moon BF, Zhou IY, Zygmont S, Boice A, Rotile NJ, Ay I, Pantazopoulos P, Feldman AS, Rosales IA, How IDAL, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Hariri LP, Astashkin AV, Jackson BP, Caravan P. Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent Biodistribution and Speciation in Rats. Radiology 2023; 309:e230984. [PMID: 37874235 PMCID: PMC10623187 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Gadolinium retention has been observed in organs of patients with normal renal function; however, the biodistribution and speciation of residual gadolinium is not well understood. Purpose To compare the pharmacokinetics, distribution, and speciation of four gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in healthy rats using MRI, mass spectrometry, elemental imaging, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Materials and Methods In this prospective animal study performed between November 2021 and September 2022, 32 rats received a dose of gadoterate, gadoteridol, gadobutrol, or gadobenate (2.0 mmol/kg) for 10 consecutive days. GBCA-naive rats were used as controls. Three-dimensional T1-weighted ultrashort echo time images and R2* maps of the kidneys were acquired at 3, 17, 34, and 52 days after injection. At 17 and 52 days after injection, gadolinium concentrations in 23 organ, tissue, and fluid specimens were measured with mass spectrometry; gadolinium distribution in the kidneys was evaluated using elemental imaging; and gadolinium speciation in the kidney cortex was assessed using EPR spectroscopy. Data were assessed with analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, analysis of response profiles, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results For all GBCAs, the kidney cortex exhibited higher gadolinium retention at 17 days after injection than all other specimens tested (mean range, 350-1720 nmol/g vs 0.40-401 nmol/g; P value range, .001-.70), with gadoteridol showing the lowest level of retention. Renal cortex R2* values correlated with gadolinium concentrations measured ex vivo (r = 0.95; P < .001), whereas no associations were found between T1-weighted signal intensity and ex vivo gadolinium concentration (r = 0.38; P = .10). EPR spectroscopy analysis of rat kidney cortex samples showed that all GBCAs were primarily intact at 52 days after injection. Conclusion Compared with other macrocyclic GBCAs, gadoteridol administration led to the lowest level of retention. The highest concentration of gadolinium was retained in the kidney cortex, but T1-weighted MRI was not sensitive for detecting residual gadolinium in this tissue. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Tweedle in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Le Fur
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Brianna F. Moon
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Iris Y. Zhou
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Samantha Zygmont
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Avery Boice
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Nicholas J. Rotile
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Ilknur Ay
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Pamela Pantazopoulos
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Adam S. Feldman
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Ivy A. Rosales
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Ira Doressa Anne L. How
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - David Izquierdo-Garcia
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Andrei V. Astashkin
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Brian P. Jackson
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
| | - Peter Caravan
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology (M.L.F., B.F.M., I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P.,
D.I.G., P.C.), Department of Urology (A.S.F.), and Department of Pathology
(I.A.R., I.D.A.L.H., L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129; Institute for Innovation in
Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (M.L.F., B.F.M.,
I.Y.Z., S.Z., A.B., N.J.R., I.A., P.P., P.C.); Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and
Technology, Cambridge, Mass (D.I.G.); Bioengineering Department, Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (D.I.G.); Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz (A.V.A.); and Trace Element
Analysis Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (B.P.J.)
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Sharma P, Cheng J, Coulthard A. Where does the gadolinium go? A review into the excretion and retention of intravenous gadolinium. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2023; 67:742-752. [PMID: 37665796 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are commonly used in medical imaging. Most intravenously (IV) administered gadolinium is excreted via the kidneys, and pathological retention in renal failure leading to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is well described. More recently, retention of gadolinium in the body in the absence of renal disease has been identified, with unknown clinical consequences. Many patients are aware of this, either through the media or via comprehensive consent documentation. Some internet sites, without hard evidence, have suggested a constellation of possible symptoms associated with GBCA retention. Recent experience with patients ascribing symptoms to a contrast-enhanced MRI examination prompted this review of the fate of injected GBCA after MRI study, and of information available to patients online regarding gadolinium retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Sharma
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Coulthard
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Grosjean N, Le Jean M, Ory J, Blaudez D. Yeast Deletomics to Uncover Gadolinium Toxicity Targets and Resistance Mechanisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2113. [PMID: 37630673 PMCID: PMC10459663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the rare earth elements (REEs), a crucial group of metals for high-technologies. Gadolinium (Gd) is the only REE intentionally injected to human patients. The use of Gd-based contrasting agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary route for Gd direct exposure and accumulation in humans. Consequently, aquatic environments are increasingly exposed to Gd due to its excretion through the urinary tract of patients following an MRI examination. The increasing number of reports mentioning Gd toxicity, notably originating from medical applications of Gd, necessitates an improved risk-benefit assessment of Gd utilizations. To go beyond toxicological studies, unravelling the mechanistic impact of Gd on humans and the ecosystem requires the use of genome-wide approaches. We used functional deletomics, a robust method relying on the screening of a knock-out mutant library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to toxic concentrations of Gd. The analysis of Gd-resistant and -sensitive mutants highlighted the cell wall, endosomes and the vacuolar compartment as cellular hotspots involved in the Gd response. Furthermore, we identified endocytosis and vesicular trafficking pathways (ESCRT) as well as sphingolipids homeostasis as playing pivotal roles mediating Gd toxicity. Finally, tens of yeast genes with human orthologs linked to renal dysfunction were identified as Gd-responsive. Therefore, the molecular and cellular pathways involved in Gd toxicity and detoxification uncovered in this study underline the pleotropic consequences of the increasing exposure to this strategic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grosjean
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Marie Le Jean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Jordan Ory
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France;
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Calvert ND, Kirby A, Suchý M, Pallister P, Torrens AA, Burger D, Melkus G, Schieda N, Shuhendler AJ. Direct mapping of kidney function by DCE-MRI urography using a tetrazinanone organic radical contrast agent. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3965. [PMID: 37407664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are ongoing global health burdens. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard measure of kidney function, with clinical estimates providing a global assessment of kidney health without spatial information of kidney- or region-specific dysfunction. The addition of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to the anatomical imaging already performed would yield a 'one-stop-shop' for renal assessment in cases of suspected AKI and CKD. Towards urography by DCE-MRI, we evaluated a class of nitrogen-centered organic radicals known as verdazyls, which are extremely stable even in highly reducing environments. A glucose-modified verdazyl, glucoverdazyl, provided contrast limited to kidney and bladder, affording functional kidney evaluation in mouse models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN). Imaging outcomes correlated with histology and hematology assessing kidney dysfunction, and glucoverdazyl clearance rates were found to be a reliable surrogate measure of GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Calvert
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexia Kirby
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mojmír Suchý
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Peter Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Aidan A Torrens
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Dept. Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Dept. Radiology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nicola Schieda
- Dept. Radiology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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21
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Kromrey ML, Oswald S, Becher D, Bartel J, Schulze J, Paland H, Ittermann T, Hadlich S, Kühn JP, Mouchantat S. Intracerebral gadolinium deposition following blood-brain barrier disturbance in two different mouse models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10164. [PMID: 37349374 PMCID: PMC10287697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of the blood-brain barrier on neuronal gadolinium deposition in a mouse model after multiple intravenous applications of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide. The prospective study held 54 mice divided into three groups: healthy mice (A), mice with iatrogenic induced disturbance of the blood-brain barrier by glioblastoma (B) or cerebral infarction (C). In each group 9 animals received 10 iv-injections of gadodiamide (1.2 mmol/kg) every 48 h followed by plain T1-weighted brain MRI. A final MRI was performed 5 days after the last contrast injection. Remaining mice underwent MRI in the same time intervals without contrast application (control group). Signal intensities of thalamus, pallidum, pons, dentate nucleus, and globus pallidus-to-thalamus and dentate nucleus-to-pons ratios, were determined. Gadodiamide complex and total gadolinium amount were quantified after the last MR examination via LC-MS/MS and ICP-MS. Dentate nucleus-to-pons and globus pallidus-to-thalamus SI ratios showed no significant increase over time within all mice groups receiving gadodiamide, as well as compared to the control groups at last MR examination. Comparing healthy mice with group B and C after repetitive contrast administration, a significant SI increase could only be detected for glioblastoma mice in globus pallidus-to-thalamus ratio (p = 0.033), infarction mice showed no significant SI alteration. Tissue analysis revealed significantly higher gadolinium levels in glioblastoma group compared to healthy (p = 0.013) and infarction mice (p = 0.029). Multiple application of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide leads to cerebral gadolinium deposition without imaging correlate in MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kromrey
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - S Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - D Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Bartel
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Schulze
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Paland
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Hadlich
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J P Kühn
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Mouchantat
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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22
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Zhang J, Su X, Weng L, Tang K, Miao Y, Teng Z, Wang L. Gadolinium-hybridized mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with high magnetic resonance imaging performance for targeted drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:102-112. [PMID: 36436344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques, which can provide images with excellent anatomical detail, are widely used in clinical diagnosis. However, the current clinical small molecule gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents have the defects of relatively low sensitivity and poor tumor-target specificity, preventing their adoption in biology and medicine. Herein, a facile synthetic strategy to fabricate gadolinium-hybridized mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MOSG) through a nanoprecipitation reaction, with the surface of nanoparticles grafted with the fluorescent dye isothiocyanate (FITC) and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) for delivery of the antitumour drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), resulting in a high-performance nanotheranostic (RGD-MOSG-FITC/DOX) for targeted magnetic resonance imaging and chemotherapy of tumors. The prepared MOSG had a particle size of 60-80 nm and gadolinium elements were distributed in clusters that exhibited boosted longitudinal relaxivity. Routine blood tests and histopathology indicated good biocompatibility of MOSG. Furthermore, after being decorated with Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD), RGD-MOSG-FITC demonstrated more preferable cellular uptake by HeLa cells (high expression of αⅤβ3) than MOSG without RGD grafting. Additionally, the tumor growth inhibition effect of RGD-MOSG-FITC/DOX was substantially more effective than that of the other groups. Therefore, this new delivery platform has good application potential in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Su
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lixing Weng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kaiyuan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Zhaogang Teng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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23
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Lee HD, Grady CJ, Krell K, Strebeck C, Good NM, Martinez-Gomez NC, Gilad AA. A Novel Protein for the Bioremediation of Gadolinium Waste. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522788. [PMID: 36711778 PMCID: PMC9881998 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several hundreds of tons of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are being dumped into the environment every year. Although macrocyclic GBCAs exhibit superior stability compared to their linear counterparts, we have found that the structural integrity of chelates are susceptible to ultraviolet light, regardless of configuration. In this study, we present a synthetic protein termed GLamouR that binds and reports gadolinium in an intensiometric manner. We then explore the extraction of gadolinium from GBCA-spiked artificial urine samples and investigate if the low picomolar concentrations reported in gadolinium-contaminated water sources pose a barrier for bioremediation. Based on promising results, we anticipate GLamouR can be used for detecting and mining REEs beyond gadolinium as well and hope to expand the biological toolbox for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey D. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Grady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Katie Krell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cooper Strebeck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nathan M. Good
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - N. Cecilia Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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24
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Vangijzegem T, Lecomte V, Ternad I, Van Leuven L, Muller RN, Stanicki D, Laurent S. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION): From Fundamentals to State-of-the-Art Innovative Applications for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010236. [PMID: 36678868 PMCID: PMC9861355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in cancer therapy over the years, its complex pathological process still represents a major health challenge when seeking effective treatment and improved healthcare. With the advent of nanotechnologies, nanomedicine-based cancer therapy has been widely explored as a promising technology able to handle the requirements of the clinical sector. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been at the forefront of nanotechnology development since the mid-1990s, thanks to their former role as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Though their use as MRI probes has been discontinued due to an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio, several innovative applications as therapeutic tools have prompted a renewal of interest. The unique characteristics of SPION, i.e., their magnetic properties enabling specific response when submitted to high frequency (magnetic hyperthermia) or low frequency (magneto-mechanical therapy) alternating magnetic field, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (either intrinsically or when activated using various stimuli), make them particularly adapted for cancer therapy. This review provides a comprehensive description of the fundamental aspects of SPION formulation and highlights various recent approaches regarding in vivo applications in the field of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vangijzegem
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (S.L.)
| | - Valentin Lecomte
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Indiana Ternad
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Levy Van Leuven
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Robert N. Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Non-Ionizing Molecular Imaging Unit, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Stanicki
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Non-Ionizing Molecular Imaging Unit, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (S.L.)
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25
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Automated GMP Production and Preclinical Evaluation of [ 68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [ 68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122695. [PMID: 36559188 PMCID: PMC9783202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA are two novel radiotracers suitable for functional PET liver imaging. Due to their specific liver uptake and biliary excretion, the tracers may be applied for segmental liver function quantification, gall tree imaging and the differential diagnosis of liver nodules. The purpose of this study was to investigate problems that occurred initially during the development of the GMP compliant synthesis procedure and to evaluate the tracers in a preclinical model. After low radiolabeling yields were attributed to precursor instability at high temperatures, an optimized radiolabeling procedure was established. Quality controls were in accordance with Ph. Eur. requirements and gave compliant results, although the method for the determination of the 68Ga colloid is partially inhibited due to the presence of a radioactive by-product. The determination of logP revealed [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA (ethoxy bearing) to be more lipophilic than [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA (methoxy bearing). Accordingly, biodistribution studies in an in ovo model showed a higher liver uptake for [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA. In dynamic in ovo PET imaging, rapid tracer accumulation in the liver was observed. Similarly, the activity in the intestines rose steadily within the first hour p.i., indicating biliary excretion. As [68Ga]Ga-TEoS-DAZA and [68Ga]Ga-TMoS-DAZA can be prepared according to GMP guidelines, transition into the early clinical phase is now possible.
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26
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Kashizadeh A, Pastras C, Rabiee N, Mohseni-Dargah M, Mukherjee P, Asadnia M. Potential nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Meniere's disease. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102599. [PMID: 36064032 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meniere's disease (MD) is a progressive inner ear disorder involving recurrent and prolonged episodes or attacks of vertigo with associated symptoms, resulting in a significantly reduced quality of life for sufferers. In most cases, MD starts in one ear; however, in one-third of patients, the disorder progresses to the other ear. Unfortunately, the etiology of the disease is unknown, making the development of effective treatments difficult. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocarriers, offer an array of novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to MD. NPs have specific features such as biocompatibility, biochemical stability, targetability, and enhanced visualization using imaging tools. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of recent advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MD. Furthermore, the crucial challenges adversely affecting the use of nanoparticles to treat middle ear disorders are investigated. Finally, this paper provides recommendations and future directions for improving the performances of nanomaterials on theragnostic applications of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Kashizadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Christopher Pastras
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; The Menière's Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Masoud Mohseni-Dargah
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payal Mukherjee
- RPA Institute of Academic Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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27
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Alvarez-Aguiñaga EA, Elizalde-González MP, García-Díaz E, Sabinas-Hernández SA. UV-light-driven conversion of gadoterate meglumine: Insight into the photocatalyst's influence on conversion pathway, transformation products, and release of toxic ionic gadolinium. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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28
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Oluwasola IE, Ahmad AL, Shoparwe NF, Ismail S. Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs): Uniqueness, aquatic toxicity concerns, and prospective remediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 250:104057. [PMID: 36130428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current toxicity concerns of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have birthed the need to regulate and, sometimes restrict its clinical administration. However, tolerable concentration levels of Gd in the water sector have not been set. Therefore, the detection and speedy increase of the anthropogenic Gd-GBCAs in the various water bodies, including those serving as the primary source of drinking water for adults and children, is perturbing. Nevertheless, the strongly canvassed risk-benefit considerations and superior uniqueness of GBCAs compared to the other ferromagnetic metals guarantees its continuous administration for Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations regardless of the toxicity concerns. Unfortunately, findings have shown that both the advanced and conventional wastewater treatment processes do not satisfactorily remove GBCAs but rather risk transforming the chelated GBCAs to their free ionic metal (Gd 3+) through inadvertent degradation processes. This unintentional water processing-induced GBCA dechelation leads to the intricate pathway for unintentional human intake of Gd ion. Hence exposure to its probable ecotoxicity and several reported inimical effects on human health such as; digestive symptoms, twitching or weakness, cognitive flu, persistent skin diseases, body pains, acute renal and non-renal adverse reactions, chronic skin, and eyes changes. This work proposed an economical and manageable remediation technique for the potential remediation of Gd-GBCAs in wastewater, while a precautionary limit for Gd in public water and commercial drinks is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idowu Ebenezer Oluwasola
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; School of Science and Computer Studies, Food Technology Department, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State 360231, Nigeria.
| | - Abdul Latif Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Gold, Rare Earth, and Material Technopreneurship Centre (GREAT), Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Suzylawati Ismail
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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29
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Uzal-Varela R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Wang H, Esteban-Gómez D, Brandariz I, Gale EM, Caravan P, Platas-Iglesias C. Prediction of Gd(III) complex thermodynamic stability. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Uzal-Varela R, Pérez-Fernández F, Valencia L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Platas-Iglesias C, Caravan P, Esteban-Gómez D. Thermodynamic Stability of Mn(II) Complexes with Aminocarboxylate Ligands Analyzed Using Structural Descriptors. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14173-14186. [PMID: 35994514 PMCID: PMC9455602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We present a quantitative analysis of the thermodynamic
stabilities
of Mn(II) complexes, defined by the equilibrium constants (log KMnL values) and the values of pMn obtained as
−log[Mn]free for total metal and ligand concentrations
of 1 and 10 μM, respectively. We used structural descriptors
to analyze the contributions to complex stability of different structural
motifs in a quantitative way. The experimental log KMnL and pMn values can be predicted to a good accuracy
by adding the contributions of the different motifs present in the
ligand structure. This allowed for the identification of features
that provide larger contributions to complex stability, which will
be very helpful for the design of efficient chelators for Mn(II) complexation.
This issue is particularly important to develop Mn(II) complexes for
medical applications, for instance, as magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) contrast agents. The analysis performed here also indicates
that coordination number eight is more common for Mn(II) than is generally
assumed, with the highest log KMnL values generally observed for hepta- and octadentate ligands. The
X-ray crystal structure of [Mn2(DOTA)(H2O)2], in which eight-coordinate [Mn(DOTA)]2– units are bridged by six-coordinate exocyclic Mn(II) ions, is also
reported. We present empirical relationships
that allow estimating
the log K and pMn values of Mn(II) complexes
relevant as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The prediction of complex stability with these expressions relies
on structural descriptors, providing a very powerful tool to aid with
ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Uzal-Varela
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Fernández
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Laura Valencia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Peter Caravan
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging and the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149, 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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31
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Patra D, Kumar S, Kumar P, Chakraborty I, Basheer B, Shunmugam R. Iron(III) Coordinated Theranostic Polyprodrug with Sequential Receptor-Mitochondria Dual Targeting and T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Potency for Effective and Precise Chemotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3198-3212. [PMID: 35767830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sequential cancer cell receptor and mitochondria dual-targeting single delivery agent deliver chemotherapeutic drug effectively and precisely at the targeted site has become a promising strategy to enhance the drug efficacy and suppressions of cancer cell drug resistance prominence. Herein, required specialty molecules like a chemotherapeutic drug [camptothecin (CPT)], mitochondriotropic segment (triphenyl phosphonium cation) receptor targeting ligand (biotin), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-contrast agent (iron-complex) were tethered to the polyprodrug, CP TP PG BN Fe, using the ring-opening metathesis polymerization technique for potential chemotherapy and simultaneous MRI-based diagnosis. This amphiphilic polyprodrug spontaneously aggregated into nanospheres and exhibited remarkable T1-weighted MRI proficiency. Detail in vitro cellular studies revealed unambiguous mitochondrial delivery of CPT, which eventually enhanced the chemotherapeutic efficacy of CP TP PG BN Fe. Therefore, MRI-tracking, receptor-mitochondria dual targeting, theranostic polyprodrug, and CP TP PG BN Fe opened the way for effective and precise chemotherapy, which would have the attractive potential for diagnosis and decisive dose determination in clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Basim Basheer
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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32
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Gadolinium in Medical Imaging—Usefulness, Toxic Reactions and Possible Countermeasures—A Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060742. [PMID: 35740867 PMCID: PMC9221011 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is one of the rare-earth elements. The properties of its trivalent cation (Gd3+) make it suitable to serve as the central ion in chelates administered intravenously to patients as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. Such Gd-chelates have been used for more than thirty years. During the past decades, knowledge has increased about potential harmful effects of Gd-chelates in patients with severe renal dysfunction. In such patients, there is a risk for a potentially disabling and lethal disease, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Restricting the use of Gd-chelates in persons with severely impaired renal function has decreased the occurrence of this toxic effect in the last decade. There has also been an increasing awareness of Gd-retention in the body, even in patients without renal dysfunction. The cumulative number of doses given, and the chemical structure of the chelate given, are factors of importance for retention in tissues. This review describes the chemical properties of Gd and its medically used chelates, as well as its toxicity and potential side effects related to injection of Gd-chelates.
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Jimenez-Lamana J, Lacomme S, Subirana MA, Le Coustumer P, Schaumlöffel D, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Comprehensive Speciation Analysis of Residual Gadolinium in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in Rats Repeatedly Administered With Gadoterate Meglumine or Gadodiamide. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:283-292. [PMID: 35066532 PMCID: PMC9855751 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several preclinical studies have reported the presence of gadolinium (Gd) in different chemical forms in the brain, depending on the class (macrocyclic versus linear) of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) administered. The aim of this study was to identify, with a special focus on insoluble species, the speciation of Gd retained in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of rats administered repeatedly with gadoterate or gadodiamide 4 months after the last injection. METHODS Three groups (N = 6/group) of healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received a cumulated dose of 50 mmol/kg (4 daily intravenous administrations of 2.5 mmol/kg, for 5 weeks, corresponding to 80-fold the usual clinical dose if adjusted for man) of gadoterate meglumine (macrocyclic) or gadodiamide (linear) or isotonic saline for the control group (4 daily intravenous administrations of 5 mL/kg, for 5 weeks). The animals were sacrificed 4 months after the last injection. Deep cerebellar nuclei were dissected and stored at -80°C before sample preparation. To provide enough tissue for sample preparation and further analysis using multiple techniques, DCN from each group of 6 rats were pooled. Gadolinium species were extracted in 2 consecutive steps with water and urea solution. The total Gd concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soluble Gd species were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The insoluble Gd species were analyzed by single-particle (SP) ICP-MS, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) for elemental detection. RESULTS The Gd concentrations in pooled DCN from animals treated with gadoterate or gadodiamide were 0.25 and 24.3 nmol/g, respectively. For gadoterate, the highest amount of Gd was found in the water-soluble fractions. It was present exclusively as low-molecular-weight compounds, most likely as the intact GBCA form. In the case of gadodiamide, the water-soluble fraction of DCN was composed of high-molecular-weight Gd species of approximately 440 kDa and contained only a tiny amount (less than 1%) of intact gadodiamide. Furthermore, the column recovery calculated for this fraction was incomplete, which suggested presence of labile complexes of dissociated Gd3+ with endogenous molecules. The highest amount of Gd was detected in the insoluble residue, which was demonstrated, by SP-ICP-MS, to be a particulate form of Gd. Two imaging techniques (NanoSIMS and STEM-EDX) allowed further characterization of these insoluble Gd species. Amorphous, spheroid structures of approximately 100-200 nm of sea urchin-like shape were detected. Furthermore, Gd was consistently colocalized with calcium, oxygen, and phosphorous, strongly suggesting the presence of structures composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. No or occasional colocalization with iron and sulfur was observed. CONCLUSION A dedicated analytical workflow produced original data on the speciation of Gd in DCN of rats repeatedly injected with GBCAs. The addition, in comparison with previous studies of Gd speciation in brain, of SP element detection and imaging techniques allowed a comprehensive speciation analysis approach. Whereas for gadoterate the main fraction of retained Gd was present as intact GBCA form in the soluble fractions, for linear gadodiamide, less than 10% of Gd could be solubilized and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The main Gd species detected in the soluble fractions were macromolecules of 440 kDa. One of them was speculated to be a Gd complex with iron-binding protein (ferritin). However, the major fraction of residual Gd was present as insoluble particulate species, very likely composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. This comprehensive Gd speciation study provided important evidence for the dechelation of linear GBCAs and offered a deeper insight into the mechanisms of Gd deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Strzeminska
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Cecile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Javier Jimenez-Lamana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Maria Angels Subirana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Werner P, Schuenke P, Krylova O, Nikolenko H, Taupitz M, Schröder L. Investigating the Role of Sulfate Groups for the Binding of Gd3+ Ions to Glycosaminoglycans with NMR Relaxometry. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100764. [PMID: 35451227 PMCID: PMC9400987 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are highly negatively charged macromolecules with a large cation binding capacity, but their interaction potential with exogeneous Gd3+ ions is under‐investigated. These might be released from chelates used as Gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) for clinical MR imaging due to transmetallation with endogenous cations like Zn2+. Recent studies have quantified how an endogenous GAG sequesters released Gd3+ ions and impacts the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of some GBCAs. In this study, we investigate and compare the chelation ability of two important GAGs (heparin and chondroitin sulfate), as well as the homopolysaccharides dextran and dextran sulfate that are used as models for alternative macromolecular chelators. Our combined approach of MRI‐based relaxometry and isothermal titration calorimetry shows that the chelation process of Gd3+ into GAGs is not just a long‐range electrostatic interaction as proposed for the Manning model, but presumably a site‐specific binding. Furthermore, our results highlight the crucial role of sulfate groups in this process and indicate that the potential of a specific GAG to engage in this mechanism increases with its degree of sulfation. The transchelation of Gd3+ ions from GBCAs to sulfated GAGs should thus be considered as one possible explanation for the observed long‐term deposition of Gd3+in vivo and related observations of long‐term signal enhancements on T1‐weighted MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Werner
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Translational Molecular Imaging, GERMANY
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Oxana Krylova
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Molecular Biophysics, GERMANY
| | - Heike Nikolenko
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Molecular Biophysics, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Charite University Hospital Berlin: Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Radiology, GERMANY
| | - Leif Schröder
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Translational Molecular Imaging, Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120, Heidelberg, GERMANY
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De Tommaso G, Salvatore MM, Siciliano A, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Nicoletti R, DellaGreca M, Guida M, Salvatore F, Iuliano M, Andolfi A. Interaction of the Fungal Metabolite Harzianic Acid with Rare-Earth Cations (La 3+, Nd 3+, Sm 3+, Gd 3+). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061959. [PMID: 35335320 PMCID: PMC8954165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements are emerging contaminants of soil and water bodies which destiny in the environment and effects on organisms is modulated by their interactions with natural ligands produced by bacteria, fungi and plants. Within this framework, coordination by harzianic acid (H2L), a Trichoderma secondary metabolite, of a selection of tripositive rare-earth cations Ln3+ (Ln3+ = La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, and Gd3+) was investigated at 25 °C, and in a CH3OH/0.1 M NaClO4 (50/50 w/w) solvent, using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and pH measurements. Experimental data can be satisfactorily explained by assuming, for all investigated cations, the formation of a mono-complex (LnL+) and a bis-complex (LnL2-). Differences were found between the formation constants of complexes of different Ln3+ cations, which can be correlated with ionic radius. Since gadolinium is the element that raises the most concern among lanthanide elements, its effects on organisms at different levels of biological organization were explored, in the presence and absence of harzianic acid. Results of ecotoxicological tests suggest that harzianic acid can decrease gadolinium biotoxicity, presumably because of complex formation with Gd3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Mauro Iuliano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
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Good NM, Lee HD, Hawker ER, Su MZ, Gilad AA, Martinez-Gomez NC. Hyperaccumulation of Gadolinium by Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 Reveals Impacts of Lanthanides on Cellular Processes Beyond Methylotrophy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:820327. [PMID: 35369483 PMCID: PMC8969499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.820327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanides (Ln) are a new group of life metals, and many questions remain regarding how they are acquired and used in biology. Methylotrophic bacteria can acquire, transport, biomineralize, and use Ln as part of a cofactor complex with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in alcohol dehydrogenases. For most methylotrophic bacteria use is restricted to the light Ln, which range from lanthanum to samarium (atomic numbers 57–62). Understanding how the cell differentiates between light and heavy Ln, and the impacts of these metals on the metabolic network, will advance the field of Ln biochemistry and give insights into enzyme catalysis, stress homeostasis, and metal biomineralization and compartmentalization. We report robust methanol growth with the heavy Ln gadolinium by a genetic variant of the model methylotrophic bacterium Methylorubrum extorquens AM1, named evo-HLn, for “evolved for Heavy Lanthanides.” A non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in a cytosolic hybrid histidine kinase/response regulator allowed for sweeping transcriptional alterations to heavy metal stress response, methanol oxidation, and central metabolism. Increased expression of genes for Ln acquisition and uptake, production of the Ln-chelating lanthanophore, PQQ biosynthesis, and phosphate transport and metabolism resulted in gadolinium hyperaccumulation of 36-fold with a trade-off for light Ln accumulation. Gadolinium was hyperaccumulated in an enlarged acidocalcisome-like compartment. This is the first evidence of a bacterial intracellular Ln-containing compartment that we name the “lanthasome.” Carotenoid and toblerol biosynthesis were also upregulated. Due to its unique capabilities, evo-HLn can be used to further magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioremediation technologies. In this regard, we show that gadolinium hyperaccumulation was sufficient to produce MRI contrast in whole cells, and that evo-HLn was able to readily acquire the metal from the MRI contrast agent gadopentetic acid. Finally, hyperaccumulation of gadolinium, differential uptake of light and heavy Ln, increased PQQ levels, and phosphate transport provide new insights into strategies for Ln recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Good
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Harvey D. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Division of Synthetic Biology, The Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Emily R. Hawker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Morgan Z. Su
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Division of Synthetic Biology, The Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - N. Cecilia Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: N. Cecilia Martinez-Gomez,
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Bücker P, Funke SKI, Factor C, Rasschaert M, Robert P, Sperling M, Karst U. Combined speciation analysis and elemental bioimaging provides new insight into gadolinium retention in kidney. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527577. [PMID: 35150284 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study uses a leaching approach in combination with elemental bioimaging and speciation analysis to obtain insight into the gadolinium species present in the kidney of rats that were treated with either a linear or a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent. Fresh frozen thin sections of the harvested kidneys were immersed halfway into water to wash out hydrophilic species and subsequently analyzed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The water-extracted gadolinium species were analyzed by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Information on the water-soluble species could not only be obtained from the full kidney, but also be traced back to its localization in the tissue. On longitudinal kidney sections treated with gadobutrol, it was found that water-insoluble, permanent Gd depositions were mainly located in the renal cortex, while water-soluble species were found in the medulla, which contains the intact contrast agent up to one year after injection. Moreover, kidney samples from gadodiamide-treated rats showed more water-insoluble Gd deposition in both cortex and medulla, while the concentration of intact contrast agent in the water-soluble fraction was below the limit of detection after twelve months. In conclusion, this rapid approach allowed the spatially resolved differentiation between water-soluble and insoluble gadolinium deposition and is therefore capable of generating new insight into the retention and transportation behavior of gadolinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Sabrina K I Funke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Cécile Factor
- Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet, Roissy CDG, France
| | | | - Philippe Robert
- Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet, Roissy CDG, France
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
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Davies J, Siebenhandl-Wolff P, Tranquart F, Jones P, Evans P. Gadolinium: pharmacokinetics and toxicity in humans and laboratory animals following contrast agent administration. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:403-429. [PMID: 34997254 PMCID: PMC8837552 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have transformed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by facilitating the use of contrast-enhanced MRI to allow vital clinical diagnosis in a plethora of disease that would otherwise remain undetected. Although over 500 million doses have been administered worldwide, scientific research has documented the retention of gadolinium in tissues, long after exposure, and the discovery of a GBCA-associated disease termed nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, found in patients with impaired renal function. An understanding of the pharmacokinetics in humans and animals alike are pivotal to the understanding of the distribution and excretion of gadolinium and GBCAs, and ultimately their potential retention. This has been well studied in humans and more so in animals, and recently there has been a particular focus on potential toxicities associated with multiple GBCA administration. The purpose of this review is to highlight what is currently known in the literature regarding the pharmacokinetics of gadolinium in humans and animals, and any toxicity associated with GBCA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Davies
- GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, UK.
| | | | | | - Paul Jones
- GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, UK
| | - Paul Evans
- GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, UK
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Huang Y, Zhai X, Ma T, Zhang M, Pan H, Weijia Lu W, Zhao X, Sun T, Li Y, Shen J, Yan C, Du Y. Rare earth-based materials for bone regeneration: Breakthroughs and advantages. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Sousa NR, Rocha S, Santos-Silva A, Coimbra S, Valente MJ. Cellular and molecular pathways underlying the nephrotoxicity of gadolinium. Toxicol Sci 2021; 186:134-148. [PMID: 34878122 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence on the short- and long-term adverse effects associated with gadolinium [Gd (III)]-based contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging have emerged in the past three decades. Safety issues arise from the release of Gd (III) from chelates and its deposition in tissues, which is exacerbated in patients with renal disease, since the kidney is the major excretion organ of most of these agents. This study aimed at unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of Gd (III), using an in vitro model of human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cell line). Cell viability declined in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure to GdCl3·6H2O. The estimated inhibitory concentrations (ICs) eliciting 1 to 50% of cell death, after 24 h of exposure, ranged from 3.4 to 340.5 µM. At toxic concentrations, exposure to Gd (III) led to disruption of the oxidative status, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death by apoptosis, switching to necrosis at higher levels, and autophagic activation. Disturbance of the lipid metabolism was already observed at low-toxicity ICs, with accumulation of lipid droplets, and upregulation of genes related to both lipogenesis and lipolysis. Gd (III)-exposure, even at the subtoxic IC01, increased the expression of modulators of various signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of renal disease, including inflammation, hypoxia and fibrosis. Our results give new insights into the mechanisms underlying the nephrotoxic potential of Gd (III) and highlight the need to further clarify the risks versus benefits of the Gd (III)-based contrast agents currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Reis Sousa
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Benguela, Benguela, Angola
| | - Susana Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Coimbra
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia da, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kras EA, Abozeid SM, Eduardo W, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. Comparison of phosphonate, hydroxypropyl and carboxylate pendants in Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes as MRI contrast agents. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111594. [PMID: 34517167 PMCID: PMC9124524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fe(III) macrocyclic complexes containing a macrocycle and three pendant groups including phosphonate (NOTP =1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triyl-tris(methylenephosphonic acid), carboxylate (NOTA = 1,4,7 - triazacyclononane - N,N',N″ - triacetate) or hydroxypropyl (NOHP =(2S,2'S,2"S)-1,1',1″-(1,4,7-triazonane-1,4,7-triyl)tris(propan-2-ol)) were studied in order to compare the effect of these donor groups on solution chemistry and water proton relaxivity. All three complexes, Fe(NOTP), Fe(NOHP) and Fe(NOTA), display a large degree of kinetic inertness to dissociation in the presence of phosphate and carbonate, under acidic conditions of 100 mM HCl or 1 M HCl or to trans-metalation with Zn(II). The r1 proton relaxivity of the complexes at 1.4 T, 33 °C is compared over the pH range of 1 to 10. At pH 7.4, 33 °C, 1.4 T, Fe(NOHP) has the largest relaxivity (1.5 mM-1 s-1), Fe(NOTP) is second at 1.0 mM-1 s-1, whereas Fe(NOTA) is the lowest at 0.61 mM-1 s-1. Fe(NOTP), Fe(NOHP) and Fe(NOTA) all show an increase in relaxivity at very acidic pH values (< 3) that is consistent with an acid-catalyzed process. Variable temperature 17O NMR studies at near neutral pH are consistent with the absence of an inner-sphere water molecule for Fe(NOTP) and Fe(NOHP), supporting second-sphere or outer-sphere water contributions to proton relaxation. Fe(NOTP) shows contrast enhancement in T1 weighted MRI studies in mice and clears through a renal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kras
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Samira M Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Waldine Eduardo
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States of America
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, United States of America.
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Uzal-Varela R, Lalli D, Brandariz I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Platas-Iglesias C, Botta M, Esteban-Gómez D. Rigid versions of PDTA 4- incorporating a 1,3-diaminocyclobutyl spacer for Mn 2+ complexation: stability, water exchange dynamics and relaxivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16290-16303. [PMID: 34730583 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rigid derivatives of the acyclic ligand PDTA4- (H4PDTA = propylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) were prepared by functionalization of a 1,3-diaminocyclobutyl spacer. The new ligands contain either four acetate groups attached to the central scaffold (H4L1) or incorporate pyridyl (H2L2) or propylamide (H2L3) units replacing two of the carboxylate groups. The ligand protonation constants and the stability constants of their Mn2+ complexes were determined using potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations. The stability of the [Mn(L1)]2- complex was found to be significantly higher than that of the flexible [Mn(PDTA)]2- derivative (log KMnL = 10.78 and 10.01, respectively). A detailed study of the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) profiles and 17O NMR measurements evidence that the [Mn(L1)]2- and [Mn(L2)] complexes display a hydration equilibrium in solution involving a seven-coordinate species with an inner-sphere water molecule and a six-coordinate species that lacks a coordinated water molecule. As a result the 1H relaxivities of these complexes are somewhat lower than that of [Mn(EDTA)]2- and related systems. The introduction of propylamide groups in [Mn(L3)] shifts the hydration equilibrium to the seven-coordinate species, which results in a 1H relaxivity (r1p = 3.7 mM-1 s-1 at 22 MHz and 25 °C) exceeding that of [Mn(EDTA)]2- (r1p = 3.3 mM-1 s-1 at 22 MHz and 25 °C). The parameters that control the relaxivities in this family of complexes were determined by simultaneous fitting of the experimental 1H NMRD and 17O NMR data (transverse relaxation rates and chemical shifts), with the aid of computational studies performed at the DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 levels. These studies provide detailed insight of the parameters that control the efficiency of these relaxation agents at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Uzal-Varela
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Daniela Lalli
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Isabel Brandariz
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Mauro Botta
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - David Esteban-Gómez
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
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Werner P, Taupitz M, Schröder L, Schuenke P. An NMR relaxometry approach for quantitative investigation of the transchelation of gadolinium ions from GBCAs to a competing macromolecular chelator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21731. [PMID: 34741037 PMCID: PMC8571392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for more than 30 years. However, there is increasing evidence that their dissociation in vivo leads to long-term depositions of gadolinium ions in the human body. In vitro experiments provide critical insights into kinetics and thermodynamic equilibria of underlying processes, which give hints towards the in vivo situation. We developed a time-resolved MRI relaxometry-based approach that exploits distinct relaxivities of Gd3+ in different molecular environments. Its applicability to quantify the transmetallation of GBCAs, the binding of Gd3+ to competing chelators, and the combined transchelation process is demonstrated. Exemplarily, the approach is applied to investigate two representative GBCAs in the presence of Zn2+ and heparin, which is used as a model for a macromolecular and physiologically occurring chelator. Opposing indirect impacts of heparin on increasing the kinetic stability but reducing the thermodynamic stability of GBCAs are observed. The relaxivity of resulting Gd-heparin complexes is shown to be essentially increased compared to that of the parent GBCAs so that they might be one explanation for observed long-term MRI signal enhancement in vivo. In forthcoming studies, the presented method could help to identify the most potent Gd-complexing macromolecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Werner
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany.
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Mihajlović-Lalić LE, Poljarević J, Grgurić-Šipka S. Metal complexes with α-picolinic acid frameworks and their antitumor activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Speciation Analysis of Gadolinium in the Water-Insoluble Rat Brain Fraction After Administration of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:535-544. [PMID: 33813574 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, the analysis of gadolinium (Gd) speciation in the brain of animals administered with macrocyclic and linear Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has been limited to Gd soluble in mild buffers. Under such conditions, less than 30% of the brain tissue was solubilized and the extraction recoveries of GBCAs into the aqueous phase were poor, especially in the case of the linear GBCAs. The aim of this study was to find the conditions to solubilize the brain tissue (quasi-)completely while preserving the Gd species present. The subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) was intended to shed the light on the speciation of the additionally recovered Gd. METHODS Four groups of healthy female Sprague Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received randomly 5 intravenous injections (1 injection per week during 5 consecutive weeks) of either gadoterate meglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, gadodiamide (cumulated dose of 12 mmol/kg), or no injection (control group). The animals were sacrifice 1 week (W1) after the last injection. Brain tissues were solubilized with urea solution, whereas tissues extracted with water served as controls. Total Gd concentrations were determined in the original brain tissue and its soluble and insoluble fractions by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to calculate the Gd accumulation and extraction efficiency. Size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS was used to monitor the speciation of Gd in the soluble fractions. The stability of GBCAs in the optimum conditions was monitored by spiking the brain samples from the untreated animals. The column recoveries were precisely determined in the purpose of the discrimination of weakly and strongly bound Gd complexes. The identity of the eluted species was explored by the evaluation of the molecular size and retention time matching with Gd chelates and ferritin standard. The speciation analyses were carried out for 2 different brain structures, cortex and cerebellum. RESULTS The combination of water and urea extractions (sequential extraction) managed to solubilize efficiently the brain tissue (97% ± 1%) while preserving the stability of the initially injected form of GBCA. For macrocyclic gadoterate, 97% ± 1% and 102% ± 3% of Gd initially present in the cortex and cerebellum were extracted to the soluble fraction. For gadobenate, similar amounts of Gd (49% ± 1% and 46% ± 4%) were recovered from cortex and cerebellum. For gadodiamide, 48% ± 2% of Gd was extracted from cortex and 34% ± 1% from cerebellum. These extraction efficiencies were higher than reported elsewhere. The SEC-ICP-MS and the column recovery determination proved that Gd present at low nmol/g levels in brain tissue was exclusively in the intact GBCA form in all the fractions of brain from the animals treated with gadoterate. For the linear GBCAs (gadobenate and gadodiamide), 3 Gd species of different hydrodynamic volumes were detected in the urea-soluble fraction: (1) larger than 660 kDa, (2) approximately 440 kDa, and (3) intact GBCAs. The species of 440 kDa corresponded, on the basis of the elution volume, to a Gd3+ complex with ferritin. Gd3+ was also demonstrated by SEC-ICP-MS to react with the ferritin standard in 100 mM ammonium acetate (pH 7.4). In contrast to macrocyclic gadoterate, for linear GBCAs, the column recovery was largely incomplete, suggesting the presence of free, hydrolyzed, or weakly bound Gd3+ with endogenous ligands. CONCLUSIONS The sequential extraction of rat brain tissue with water and urea solution resulted in quasi-complete solubilization of the tissue and a considerable increase in the recoveries of Gd species in comparison with previous reports. The macrocyclic gadoterate was demonstrated to remain intact in the brain 1 week after administration to rats. The linear GBCAs gadobenate and gadodiamide underwent ligand exchange reactions resulting in the presence of a series of Gd3+ complexes of different strength with endogenous ligands. Ferritin was identified as one of the macromolecules reacting with Gd3+. For the linear GBCAs, 3% of the insoluble brain tissue was found to contain more than 50% of Gd in unidentified form(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials, UMR 5254, CNRS-UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
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Baranyai Z, Carniato F, Nucera A, Horváth D, Tei L, Platas-Iglesias C, Botta M. Defining the conditions for the development of the emerging class of Fe III-based MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11138-11145. [PMID: 34522311 PMCID: PMC8386674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe(iii) complexes are attracting growing interest in chemists developing diagnostic probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging because they leverage on an endogenous metal and show superior stability. However, in this case a detailed understanding of the relationship between the chemical structure of the complexes, their magnetic, thermodynamic, kinetic and redox properties and the molecular parameters governing the efficacy (relaxivity) is still far from being available. We have carried out an integrated 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric study as a function of temperature and magnetic field, on the aqua ion and three complexes chosen as reference models, together with theoretical calculations, to obtain accurate values of the parameters that control their relaxivity. Moreover, thermodynamic stability and dissociation kinetics of the Fe(iii) chelates, measured in association with the ascorbate reduction behaviour, highlight their role and mutual influence in achieving the stability required for use in vivo. An integrated 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric study on model systems allowed to highlight that the Fe(III) complexes might represent the best alternative to Gd-based MRI contrast agents at the magnetic fields of current and future clinical scanners.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Research Centre, Bracco Imaging S.p.A. Via Ribes 5 10010 Colleretto Giacosa Italy
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Dávid Horváth
- Bracco Research Centre, Bracco Imaging S.p.A. Via Ribes 5 10010 Colleretto Giacosa Italy.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. H-4010 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña 15071 A Coruña Galicia Spain
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
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Brito B, Price TW, Gallo J, Bañobre-López M, Stasiuk GJ. Smart magnetic resonance imaging-based theranostics for cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:8706-8737. [PMID: 34522208 PMCID: PMC8419031 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart theranostics are dynamic platforms that integrate multiple functions, including at least imaging, therapy, and responsiveness, in a single agent. This review showcases a variety of responsive theranostic agents developed specifically for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to the privileged position this non-invasive, non-ionising imaging modality continues to hold within the clinical imaging field. Different MRI smart theranostic designs have been devised in the search for more efficient cancer therapy, and improved diagnostic efficiency, through the increase of the local concentration of therapeutic effectors and MRI signal intensity in pathological tissues. This review explores novel small-molecule and nanosized MRI theranostic agents for cancer that exhibit responsiveness to endogenous (change in pH, redox environment, or enzymes) or exogenous (temperature, ultrasound, or light) stimuli. The challenges and obstacles in the design and in vivo application of responsive theranostics are also discussed to guide future research in this interdisciplinary field towards more controllable, efficient, and diagnostically relevant smart theranostics agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Brito
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK, HU6 7RX
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Thomas W. Price
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
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Stinnett G, Taheri N, Villanova J, Bohloul A, Guo X, Esposito EP, Xiao Z, Stueber D, Avendano C, Decuzzi P, Pautler RG, Colvin VL. 2D Gadolinium Oxide Nanoplates as T 1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001780. [PMID: 33882196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people a year receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for the diagnosis of conditions as diverse as fatty liver disease and cancer. Gadolinium chelates, which provide preferred T1 contrast, are the current standard but face an uncertain future due to increasing concerns about their nephrogenic toxicity as well as poor performance in high-field MRI scanners. Gadolinium-containing nanocrystals are interesting alternatives as they bypass the kidneys and can offer the possibility of both intracellular accumulation and active targeting. Nanocrystal contrast performance is notably limited, however, as their organic coatings block water from close interactions with surface Gadoliniums. Here, these steric barriers to water exchange are minimized through shape engineering of plate-like nanocrystals that possess accessible Gadoliniums at their edges. Sulfonated surface polymers promote second-sphere relaxation processes that contribute remarkable contrast even at the highest fields (r1 = 32.6 × 10-3 m Gd-1 s-1 at 9.4 T). These noncytotoxic materials release no detectable free Gadolinium even under mild acidic conditions. They preferentially accumulate in the liver of mice with a circulation half-life 50% longer than commercial agents. These features allow these T1 MRI contrast agents to be applied for the first time to the ex vivo detection of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Stinnett
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Nasim Taheri
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Jake Villanova
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Arash Bohloul
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Xiaoting Guo
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Edward P. Esposito
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Deanna Stueber
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Carolina Avendano
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine The Methodist Hospital Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa 16163 Italy
| | - Robia G. Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Vicki L. Colvin
- Departments of Chemistry and Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
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Besenhard MO, Panariello L, Kiefer C, LaGrow AP, Storozhuk L, Perton F, Begin S, Mertz D, Thanh NTK, Gavriilidis A. Small iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI T1 contrast agent: scalable inexpensive water-based synthesis using a flow reactor. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8795-8805. [PMID: 34014243 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesised in water via co-precipitation by quenching particle growth after the desired magnetic iron oxide phase formed. This was achieved in a millifluidic multistage flow reactor by precisely timed addition of an acidic solution. IONPs (≤5 nm), a suitable size for positive T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, were obtained and stabilised continuously. This novel flow chemistry approach facilitates a reproducible and scalable production, which is a crucial paradigm shift to utilise IONPs as contrast agents and replace currently used Gd complexes. Acid addition had to be timed carefully, as the inverse spinel structure formed within seconds after initiating the co-precipitation. Late quenching allowed IONPs to grow larger than 5 nm, whereas premature acid addition yielded undesired oxide phases. Use of a flow reactor was not only essential for scalability, but also to synthesise monodisperse and non-agglomerated small IONPs as (i) co-precipitation and acid addition occurred at homogenous environment due to accurate temperature control and rapid mixing and (ii) quenching of particle growth was possible at the optimum time, i.e., a few seconds after initiating co-precipitation. In addition to the timing of growth quenching, the effect of temperature and dextran present during co-precipitation on the final particle size was investigated. This approach differs from small IONP syntheses in batch utilising either growth inhibitors (which likely leads to impurities) or high temperature methods in organic solvents. Furthermore, this continuous synthesis enables the low-cost (<£10 per g) and large-scale production of highly stable small IONPs without the use of toxic reagents. The flow-synthesised small IONPs showed high T1 contrast enhancement, with transversal relaxivity (r2) reduced to 20.5 mM-1 s-1 and longitudinal relaxivity (r1) higher than 10 mM-1 s-1, which is among the highest values reported for water-based IONP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Céline Kiefer
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alec P LaGrow
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Biophysics group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Francis Perton
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Begin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. and UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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50
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Ferrauto G, Tripepi M, Di Gregorio E, Bitonto V, Aime S, Delli Castelli D. Detection of U-87 Tumor Cells by RGD-Functionalized/Gd-Containing Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in Magnetization Transfer Contrast Magnetic Resonance Images. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:301-312. [PMID: 33273375 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The targeting of tumor cells and their visualization with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important task in biomedicine. The low sensitivity of this technique is a significant drawback and one that may hamper the detection of the imaging reporters used.To overcome this sensitivity issue, this work explores the synergy between 2 strategies: (1) arginine, glycine, aspartic acid peptide (RGD)-functionalized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) loaded with Gd complexes to accumulate large amounts of MRI contrast agent at the targeting site; and (2) the use of magnetization transfer contrast (MTC), which is a sensitive MRI technique for the detection of Gd complexes in the tumor region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Giant unilamellar vesicles were prepared using the gentle swelling method, and the cyclic RGD targeting moiety was introduced onto the external membrane. Paramagnetic Gd-containing complexes and the fluorescent probe rhodamine were both part of the vesicle membranes and Gd-complexes were also the payload within the inner aqueous cavity. Giant unilamellar vesicles that were loaded with the imaging reporters, but devoid of the RGD targeting moiety, were used as controls. U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells, which are known to overexpress the targets for RGD moieties, were used. In the in vivo experiments, U-87 MG cells were subcutaneously injected into nu/nu mice, and the generated tumors were imaged using MRI, 15 days after cell administration. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at 7 T, and T2W, T1W, and MTC/Z-spectra were acquired. Confocal microscopy images and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used for result validation. RESULTS In vitro results show that RGD GUVs specifically bind to U-87 MG cells. Microscopy demonstrates that (1) RGD GUVs were anchored onto the external surface of the tumor cells without any internalization; (2) a low number of GUVs per cell were clustered at specific regions; and (3) there is no evidence for macrophage uptake or cell toxicity. The MRI of cell pellets after incubation with RGD GUVs and untargeted ctrl-GUVs was performed. No difference in T1 signal was detected, whereas a 15% difference in MT contrast is present between the RGD GUV-treated cells and the ctrl-GUV-treated cells.Magnetic resonance imaging scans of tumor-bearing mice were acquired before and after (t = 0, 4 hours and 24 hours) the administration of RGD GUVs and ctrl-GUVs. A roughly 16% MTC difference between the 2 groups was observed after 4 hours. Immunofluorescence analyses and ICP-MS analyses (for Gd-detection) of the explanted tumors confirmed the specific accumulation of RGD GUVs in the tumor region. CONCLUSIONS RGD GUVs seem to be interesting carriers that can facilitate the specific accumulation of MRI contrast agents at the tumor region. However, the concentration achieved is still below the threshold needed for T1w-MRI visualization. Conversely, MTC proved to be sufficiently sensitive for the visualization of detectable contrast between pretargeting and posttargeting images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrauto
- From the Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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