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Jia M, Wang Y, Jin H, Li J, Song T, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Hu H, Li R, Wu Z, Jiao P. Comparative Genomics Analysis of the Populus Epidermal Pattern Factor (EPF) Family Revealed Their Regulatory Effects in Populus euphratica Stomatal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10052. [PMID: 39337538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought stress seriously threatens plant growth. The improvement of plant water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance through stomatal regulation is an effective strategy for coping with water shortages. Epidermal patterning factor (EPF)/EPF-like (EPFL) family proteins regulate stomatal formation and development in plants and thus contribute to plant stress adaptation. Here, our analysis revealed the presence of 14 PeEPF members in the Populus euphratica genome, which exhibited a relatively conserved gene structure with 1-3 introns. Subcellular localisation prediction revealed that 9 PeEPF members were distributed in the chloroplasts of P. euphratica, and 5 were located extracellularly. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PeEPFs can be divided into three clades, with genes within the same clade revealing a relatively conserved structure. Furthermore, we observed the evolutionary conservation of PeEPFs and AtEPF/EPFLs in certain domains, which suggests their conserved function. The analysis of cis-acting elements suggested the possible involvement of PeEPFs in plant response to multiple hormones. Transcriptomic analysis revealed considerable changes in the expression level of PeEPFs during treatment with polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid. The overexpression of PeEPF2 resulted in low stomatal density in transgenetic lines. These findings provide a basis for gaining insights into the function of PeEPFs in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Jia
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jing Li
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Tongrui Song
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Peipei Jiao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Lang PLM, Erberich JM, Lopez L, Weiß CL, Amador G, Fung HF, Latorre SM, Lasky JR, Burbano HA, Expósito-Alonso M, Bergmann DC. Century-long timelines of herbarium genomes predict plant stomatal response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1641-1653. [PMID: 39117952 PMCID: PMC11383800 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dissecting plant responses to the environment is key to understanding whether and how plants adapt to anthropogenic climate change. Stomata, plants' pores for gas exchange, are expected to decrease in density following increased CO2 concentrations, a trend already observed in multiple plant species. However, it is unclear whether such responses are based on genetic changes and evolutionary adaptation. Here we make use of extensive knowledge of 43 genes in the stomatal development pathway and newly generated genome information of 191 Arabidopsis thaliana historical herbarium specimens collected over 193 years to directly link genetic variation with climate change. While we find that the essential transcription factors SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, central to stomatal development, are under strong evolutionary constraints, several regulators of stomatal development show signs of local adaptation in contemporary samples from different geographic regions. We then develop a functional score based on known effects of gene knock-out on stomatal development that recovers a classic pattern of stomatal density decrease over the past centuries, suggesting a genetic component contributing to this change. This approach combining historical genomics with functional experimental knowledge could allow further investigations of how different, even in historical samples unmeasurable, cellular plant phenotypes may have already responded to climate change through adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L M Lang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lua Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah F Fung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sergio M Latorre
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moisés Expósito-Alonso
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Tulva I, Koolmeister K, Hõrak H. Low relative air humidity and increased stomatal density independently hamper growth in young Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39072887 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal pores in plant leaves mediate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss via transpiration. Altered stomatal density can affect plant photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency, and growth, potentially providing either benefits or drawbacks depending on the environment. Here we explore, at different air humidity regimes, gas exchange, stomatal anatomy, and growth of Arabidopsis lines designed to combine increased stomatal density (epf1, epf2) with high stomatal sensitivity (ht1-2, cyp707a1/a3). We show that the stomatal density and sensitivity traits combine as expected: higher stomatal density increases stomatal conductance, whereas the effect is smaller in the high stomatal sensitivity mutant backgrounds than in the epf1epf2 double mutant. Growth under low air humidity increases plant stomatal ratio with relatively more stomata allocated to the adaxial epidermis. Low relative air humidity and high stomatal density both independently impair plant growth. Higher evaporative demand did not punish increased stomatal density, nor did inherently low stomatal conductance provide any protection against low relative humidity. We propose that the detrimental effects of high stomatal density on plant growth at a young age are related to the cost of producing stomata; future experiments need to test if high stomatal densities might pay off in later life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Tulva
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaspar Koolmeister
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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4
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Gray J, Dunn J. Optimizing Crop Plant Stomatal Density to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041672. [PMID: 37923396 PMCID: PMC11146307 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up carbon dioxide, and lose water, through pores on their leaf surfaces called stomata. We have a good understanding of the biochemical signals that control the production of stomata, and over the past decade, these have been manipulated to produce crops with fewer stomata. Crops with abnormally low stomatal densities require less water to produce the same yield and have enhanced drought tolerance. These "water-saver" crops also have improved salinity tolerance and are expected to have increased resistance to some diseases. We calculate that the widespread adoption of water-saver crops could lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 GtCO2/yr and thus could help to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security through protecting yields in stressful environments and requiring fewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Dunn
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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5
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Li S, Yan J, Chen LG, Meng G, Zhou Y, Wang CM, Jiang L, Luo J, Jiang Y, Li QF, Tang W, He JX. Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons via transcription factors BZR1 and BES1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1382-1400. [PMID: 38345866 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate stomatal development. In this study, we report that BR represses stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledons via transcription factors BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and bri1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), which directly target MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 9 (MKK9) and FAMA, 2 important genes for stomatal development. BZR1/BES1 bind MKK9 and FAMA promoters in vitro and in vivo, and mutation of the BZR1/BES1 binding motif in MKK9/FAMA promoters abolishes their transcription regulation by BZR1/BES1 in plants. Expression of a constitutively active MKK9 (MKK9DD) suppressed overproduction of stomata induced by BR deficiency, while expression of a constitutively inactive MKK9 (MKK9KR) induced high-density stomata in bzr1-1D. In addition, bzr-h, a sextuple mutant of the BZR1 family of proteins, produced overabundant stomata, and the dominant bzr1-1D and bes1-D mutants effectively suppressed the stomata-overproducing phenotype of brassinosteroid insensitive 1-116 (bri1-116) and brassinosteroid insensitive 2-1 (bin2-1). In conclusion, our results revealed important roles of BZR1/BES1 in stomatal development, and their transcriptional regulation of MKK9 and FAMA expression may contribute to BR-regulated stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Lian-Ge Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Guanghua Meng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
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6
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Peng Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Geng Z, Qin Y, Ma S. Stomatal maturomics: hunting genes regulating guard cell maturation and function formation from single-cell transcriptomes. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00117-6. [PMID: 38768655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Stomata play critical roles in gas exchange and immunity to pathogens. While many genes regulating early stomatal development up to the production of young guard cells (GCs) have been identified in Arabidopsis, much less is known about how young GCs develop into mature functional stomata. Here we perform a maturomics study on stomata, with "maturomics" defined as omics analysis of the maturation process of a tissue or organ. We develop an integrative scheme to analyze three public stomata-related single-cell RNA-seq datasets and identify a list of 586 genes that are specifically up-regulated in all three datasets during stomatal maturation and function formation. The list, termed sc_586, is enriched with known regulators of stomatal maturation and functions. To validate the reliability of the dataset, we selected two candidate G2-like transcription factor genes, MYS1 and MYS2, to investigate their roles in stomata. These two genes redundantly regulate the size and hoop rigidity of mature GCs, and the mys1 mys2 double mutants cause mature GCs with severe defects in regulating their stomatal apertures. Taken together, our results provide a valuable list of genes for studying GC maturation and function formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhenxing Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yue Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Shisong Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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7
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de la Paz Pollicelli M, Márquez F, Idaszkin YL. Towards a comprehensive understanding of zinc tolerance in Limonium brasiliense as a useful tool for environmental remediation and monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25299-25311. [PMID: 38468000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem worldwide, creating the necessity to find eco-friendly strategies for monitoring and remediating environments. This study aimed to evaluate morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses as indicative of Zn tolerance in Limonium brasiliense and to determine the ability of this halophyte to accumulate different concentrations of Zn (0, 100, and 200 μM) in hydroponic conditions. The leaf shape at high Zn concentration showed enlarged petioles and lanceolate blades, whereas the leaf size was reduced. Water content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and pigment content decreased with Zn addition. Of the antioxidant activities, only APx increased 75% compared to the control by Zn stress. Zn concentration was higher in aerial structures than in roots (BAC> 1 and TF> 1), suggesting that L. brasiliense could function as an accumulator of Zn. Its great ability to resist metal stress and its strong capacity to protect itself against high Zn concentration postulate it as a good phytoremediation of environments enriched with Zn. The study emphasizes using leaf morphology as an early biomonitoring tool for detecting Zn pollution, providing more evidence of their potential use as a biomarker for evaluating and assessing ecosystem health in biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Paz Pollicelli
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Federico Márquez
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Yanina L Idaszkin
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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8
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Falquetto-Gomes P, Silva WJ, Siqueira JA, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. From epidermal cells to functional pores: Understanding stomatal development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154163. [PMID: 38118303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, small hydromechanical valves in the leaf epidermis, are fundamental in regulating gas exchange and water loss between plants and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of coordinated events ranging from the initial cell division that determines the meristemoid mother cells to forming specialized structures such as guard cells. These events are orchestrated by the transcription factors SPEECHLESS, FAMA, and MUTE through signaling networks. The role of plant hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and brassinosteroids) in regulating stomatal development has been elucidated through these signaling cascades. In addition, environmental factors, such as light availability and CO2 concentration, also regulate the density and distribution of stomata in leaves, ultimately affecting overall water use efficiency. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms underlying stomatal development, connecting key signaling processes that activate or inhibit cell differentiation responsible for forming guard cells in the leaf epidermis. The factors responsible for integrating transcription factors, hormonal responses, and the influence of climatic factors on the signaling network that leads to stomatal development in plants are further discussed. Understanding the intricate connections between these factors, including the metabolic regulation of plant development, may enable us to maximize plant productivity under specific environmental conditions in changing climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Falquetto-Gomes
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welson Júnior Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Siqueira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology Under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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9
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Zhang K, Xue M, Qin F, He Y, Zhou Y. Natural polymorphisms in ZmIRX15A affect water-use efficiency by modulating stomatal density in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2560-2573. [PMID: 37572352 PMCID: PMC10651153 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) is closely related to crop drought resistance. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation in SD may facilitate efforts to improve water-use efficiency. Here, we report a genome-wide association study for SD in maize seedlings, which identified 18 genetic variants that could be resolved to seven candidate genes. A 3-bp insertion variant (InDel1089) in the last exon of Zea mays (Zm) IRX15A (Irregular xylem 15A) had the most significant association with SD and modulated the translation of ZmIRX15A mRNA by affecting its secondary structure. Dysfunction of ZmIRX15A increased SD, leading to an increase in the transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation efficiency. ZmIRX15A encodes a xylan deposition enzyme and its disruption significantly decreased xylan abundance in secondary cell wall composition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial alteration of the expression of genes involved in stomatal complex morphogenesis and drought response in the loss-of-function of ZmIRX15A mutant. Overall, our study provides important genetic insights into the natural variation of leaf SD in maize, and the identified loci or genes can serve as direct targets for enhancing drought resistance in molecular-assisted maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCo‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsKey Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan He
- National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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10
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Matkowski H, Daszkowska-Golec A. Update on stomata development and action under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1270180. [PMID: 37849845 PMCID: PMC10577295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1270180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, key gatekeepers of plant hydration, have long been known to play a pivotal role in mitigating the impacts of abiotic stressors. However, the complex molecular mechanisms underscoring this role remain unresolved fully and continue to be the subject of research. In the context of water-use efficiency (WUE), a key indicator of a plant's ability to conserve water, this aspect links intrinsically with stomatal behavior. Given the pivotal role of stomata in modulating water loss, it can be argued that the complex mechanisms governing stomatal development and function will significantly influence a plant's WUE under different abiotic stress conditions. Addressing these calls for a concerted effort to strengthen plant adaptability through advanced, targeted research. In this vein, recent studies have illuminated how specific stressors trigger alterations in gene expression, orchestrating changes in stomatal pattern, structure, and opening. This reveals a complex interplay between stress stimuli and regulatory sequences of essential genes implicated in stomatal development, such as MUTE, SPCH, and FAMA. This review synthesizes current discoveries on the molecular foundations of stomatal development and behavior in various stress conditions and their implications for WUE. It highlights the imperative for continued exploration, as understanding and leveraging these mechanisms guarantee enhanced plant resilience amid an ever-changing climatic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Doll Y, Koga H, Tsukaya H. Experimental validation of the mechanism of stomatal development diversification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5667-5681. [PMID: 37555400 PMCID: PMC10540739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are the structures responsible for gas exchange in plants. The established framework for stomatal development is based on the model plant Arabidopsis, but diverse patterns of stomatal development have been observed in other plant lineages and species. The molecular mechanisms behind these diversified patterns are still poorly understood. We recently proposed a model for the molecular mechanisms of the diversification of stomatal development based on the genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae), according to which a temporal shift in the expression of key stomatal transcription factors SPEECHLESS and MUTE leads to changes in the behavior of meristemoids (stomatal precursor cells). In the present study, we genetically manipulated Arabidopsis to test this model. By altering the timing of MUTE expression, we successfully generated Arabidopsis plants with early differentiation or prolonged divisions of meristemoids, as predicted by the model. The epidermal morphology of the generated lines resembled that of species with prolonged or no meristemoid divisions. Thus, the evolutionary process can be reproduced by varying the SPEECHLESS to MUTE transition. We also observed unexpected phenotypes, which indicated the participation of additional factors in the evolution of the patterns observed in nature. This study provides novel experimental insights into the diversification of meristemoid behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Doll
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Phetluan W, Wanchana S, Aesomnuk W, Adams J, Pitaloka MK, Ruanjaichon V, Vanavichit A, Toojinda T, Gray JE, Arikit S. Candidate genes affecting stomatal density in rice (Oryza sativa L.) identified by genome-wide association. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111624. [PMID: 36737006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata regulate photosynthesis and water loss. They have been an active subject of research for centuries, but our knowledge of the genetic components that regulate stomatal development in crops remains very limited in comparison to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Leaf stomatal density was found to vary by over 2.5-fold across a panel of 235 rice accessions. Using GWAS, we successfully identified five different QTLs associated with stomatal density on chromosomes 2, 3, 9, and 12. Forty-two genes were identified within the haplotype blocks corresponding to these QTLs. Of these, nine genes contained haplotypes that were associated with different stomatal densities. These include a gene encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, an enzyme that has previously been associated with altered stomatal density in Arabidopsis, and genes encoding a B-BOX zinc finger family protein, a leucine-rich repeat family protein, and the 40 S ribosomal protein S3a, none of which have previously been linked to stomatal traits. We investigated further and show that a closely related B-BOX protein regulates stomatal development in Arabidopsis. The results of this study provide information on genetic associations with stomatal density in rice. The QTLs and candidate genes may be useful in future breeding programs for low or high stomatal density and, consequently, improved photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency, or drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watchara Phetluan
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wanchana Aesomnuk
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Julian Adams
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Mutiara K Pitaloka
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Vinitchan Ruanjaichon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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13
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Bernal-Gallardo JJ, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Marsch-Martinez N, de Folter S. Novel Roles of SPATULA in the Control of Stomata and Trichome Number, and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:596. [PMID: 36771679 PMCID: PMC9919660 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) has been identified as a regulator during different stages of Arabidopsis development, including the control of leaf size. However, the mechanism via which it performs this function has not been elucidated. To better understand the role of SPT during leaf development, we used a transcriptomic approach to identify putative target genes. We found putative SPT target genes related to leaf development, and to stomata and trichome formation. Furthermore, genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that SPT is a negative regulator of stomata number and a positive regulator of trichome number. In addition, SPT is required for sucrose-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jazmin Bernal-Gallardo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Zuñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- CONACYT, Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martinez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato 36824, Mexico
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14
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Bertolino LT, Caine RS, Zoulias N, Yin X, Chater CCC, Biswal A, Quick WP, Gray JE. Stomatal Development and Gene Expression in Rice Florets. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1679-1694. [PMID: 35993973 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play a fundamental role in modulating the exchange of gases between plants and the atmosphere. These microscopic structures form in high numbers on the leaf epidermis and are also present on flowers. Although leaf stomata are well studied, little attention has been paid to the development or function of floral stomata. Here, we characterize in detail the spatial distribution and development of the floral stomata of the indica rice variety IR64. We show that stomatal complexes are present at low density on specific areas of the lemma, palea and anthers and are morphologically different compared to stomata found on leaves. We reveal that in the bract-like organs, stomatal development follows the same cell lineage transitions as in rice leaves and demonstrate that the overexpression of the stomatal development regulators OsEPFL9-1 and OsEPF1 leads to dramatic changes in stomatal density in rice floral organs, producing lemma with approximately twice as many stomata (OsEPFL9-1_oe) or lemma where stomata are practically absent (OsEPF1_oe). Transcriptomic analysis of developing florets also indicates that the cellular transitions during the development of floral stomata are regulated by the same genetic network used in rice leaves. Finally, although we were unable to detect an impact on plant reproduction linked to changes in the density of floral stomata, we report alterations in global gene expression in lines overexpressing OsEPF1 and discuss how our results reflect on the possible role(s) of floral stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia T Bertolino
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert S Caine
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicholas Zoulias
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Xiaojia Yin
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Caspar C C Chater
- Trait Diversity and Function, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Akshaya Biswal
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico City 06600, Mexico
| | - William P Quick
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Julie E Gray
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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15
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Ge S, Zhang RX, Wang YF, Sun P, Chu J, Li J, Sun P, Wang J, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. The Arabidopsis Rab protein RABC1 affects stomatal development by regulating lipid droplet dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4274-4292. [PMID: 35929087 PMCID: PMC9614440 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that serve as hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism in virtually all organisms. Mobilization of LDs is important in light-induced stomatal opening. However, whether and how LDs are involved in stomatal development remains unknown. We show here that Arabidopsis thaliana LIPID DROPLETS AND STOMATA 1 (LDS1)/RABC1 (At1g43890) encodes a member of the Rab GTPase family that is involved in regulating LD dynamics and stomatal morphogenesis. The expression of RABC1 is coordinated with the different phases of stomatal development. RABC1 targets to the surface of LDs in response to oleic acid application in a RABC1GEF1-dependent manner. RABC1 physically interacts with SEIPIN2/3, two orthologues of mammalian seipin, which function in the formation of LDs. Disruption of RABC1, RABC1GEF1, or SEIPIN2/3 resulted in aberrantly large LDs, severe defects in guard cell vacuole morphology, and stomatal function. In conclusion, these findings reveal an aspect of LD function and uncover a role for lipid metabolism in stomatal development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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16
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Soltabayeva A, Dauletova N, Serik S, Sandybek M, Omondi JO, Kurmanbayeva A, Srivastava S. Receptor-like Kinases (LRR-RLKs) in Response of Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192660. [PMID: 36235526 PMCID: PMC9572924 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants live under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and, to cope with the adversity and severity, plants have well-developed resistance mechanisms. The mechanism starts with perception of the stimuli followed by molecular, biochemical, and physiological adaptive measures. The family of LRR-RLKs (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases) is one such group that perceives biotic and abiotic stimuli and also plays important roles in different biological processes of development. This has been mostly studied in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and to some extent in other plants, such as Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Brassica napus, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Brachypodium distachyon, Medicago truncatula, Gossypium barbadense, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, and Malus robusta. Most LRR-RLKs tend to form different combinations of LRR-RLKs-complexes (dimer, trimer, and tetramers), and some of them were observed as important receptors in immune responses, cell death, and plant development processes. However, less is known about the function(s) of LRR-RLKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we give recent updates about LRR-RLK receptors, specifically focusing on their involvement in biotic and abiotic stresses in the model plant, A. thaliana. Furthermore, the recent studies on LRR-RLKs that are homologous in other plants is also reviewed in relation to their role in triggering stress response processes against biotic and abiotic stimuli and/or in exploring their additional function(s). Furthermore, we present the interactions and combinations among LRR-RLK receptors that have been confirmed through experiments. Moreover, based on GENEINVESTIGATOR microarray database analysis, we predict some potential LRR-RLK genes involved in certain biotic and abiotic stresses whose function and mechanism may be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Soltabayeva
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Nurbanu Dauletova
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Symbat Serik
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Margulan Sandybek
- Biology Department, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - John Okoth Omondi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe P.O. Box 30258, Malawi
| | - Assylay Kurmanbayeva
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- NCS-TCP, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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17
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Dopchiz LP, Ansaldo M. Determination of stomatic density, index, and area as exposition biomarkers of pollution in Deschampsia antárctica Desv. (Poaceae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1321-1329. [PMID: 36152117 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Until not so long ago, Antarctica was considered to be a polar region practically pristine. The Antarctic Peninsula has the highest concentration of scientific stations from different countries. Anthropogenic activity has caused alterations in the Antarctic ecosystems directly affecting terrestrial vegetation. This fact requires the finding of biomarkers in native plants to estimate the effects of human impact. Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) is the unique native grass described so far for Antarctica and was used for multiple investigations. In this study, plants were collected on Carlini scientific station, 25 de Mayo (King George) Island, Potter Peninsula, South Shetland Islands. Thus, the main objective planned consists of the evaluation of leaf stomata-related parameters as pollution biomarkers. The results of the stomatic index (SI), density (SD), and area (SA) were shown at sites with different levels of human impact (close and far away from the scientific station). It was found that the correlation between SD and SI, on the adaxial side of the leaves, resulted in a good biomarker for estimating the degree of anthropogenic impact in each studied area. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Dopchiz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Ecotoxicología, Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, (B1650HML) General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martin Ansaldo
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Ecotoxicología, Instituto Antártico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, (B1650HML) General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Zhao YY, Lyu MA, Miao F, Chen G, Zhu XG. The evolution of stomatal traits along the trajectory toward C4 photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:441-458. [PMID: 35652758 PMCID: PMC9434244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis optimizes plant carbon and water relations, allowing high photosynthetic rates with low stomatal conductance. Stomata have long been considered a part of the C4 syndrome. However, it remains unclear how stomatal traits evolved along the path from C3 to C4. Here, we examined stomata in the Flaveria genus, a model used for C4 evolutionary study. Comparative, transgenic, and semi-in vitro experiments were performed to study the molecular basis that underlies the changes of stomatal traits in C4 evolution. The evolution from C3 to C4 species is accompanied by a gradual rather than an abrupt change in stomatal traits. The initial change appears near the Type I intermediate stage. Co-evolution of the photosynthetic pathway and stomatal traits is supported. On the road to C4, stomata tend to be fewer in number but larger in size and stomatal density dominates changes in anatomical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax). Reduction of FSTOMAGEN expression underlies decreased gsmax in Flaveria and likely occurs in other C4 lineages. Decreased gsmax contributes to the increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency in C4 evolution. This work highlights the stomatal traits in the current C4 evolutionary model. Our study provides insights into the pattern, mechanism, and role of stomatal evolution along the road toward C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingju Amy Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FenFen Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Genyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Xiong L, Huang Y, Liu Z, Li C, Yu H, Shahid MQ, Lin Y, Qiao X, Xiao J, Gray JE, Jin J. Small EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE2 peptides regulate awn development in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:516-531. [PMID: 35689635 PMCID: PMC9434303 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) and EPF-LIKE (EPFL) family of small secreted peptides act to regulate many aspects of plant growth and development; however, their functions are not widely characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) technology to individually knockout each of 11 EPF/EPFL genes in the rice cultivar Kasalath. Loss of function of most OsEPF/EPFL genes generated no obvious phenotype alteration, while disruption of OsEPFL2 in Kasalath caused a short or no awn phenotype and reduced grain size. OsEPFL2 is strongly expressed in the young panicle, consistent with a role in regulating awn and grain development. Haplotype analysis indicated that OsEPFL2 can be classified into six major haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation analyses suggested that OsEPFL2 was positively selected during the domestication of rice. Our work to systematically investigate the function of EPF/EPFL peptides demonstrates that different members of the same gene family have been independently selected for their ability to regulate a similar biological function and provides perspective on rice domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zupei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chen Li
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanhui Lin
- Institute of Food Crops, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Hainan Scientific Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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20
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Chen Y, Zhu W, Yan T, Chen D, Jiang L, Chen ZH, Wu D. Stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. PLANTA 2022; 256:64. [PMID: 36029339 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density and guard cell length of 274 global core germplasms of rapeseed reveal that the stomatal morphological variation contributes to global ecological adaptation and diversification of Brassica napus. Stomata are microscopic structures of plants for the regulation of CO2 assimilation and transpiration. Stomatal morphology has changed substantially in the adaptation to the external environment during land plant evolution. Brassica napus is a major crop to produce oil, livestock feed and biofuel in the world. However, there are few studies on the regulatory genes controlling stomatal development and their interaction with environmental factors as well as the genetic mechanism of adaptive variation in B. napus. Here, we characterized stomatal density (SD) and guard cell length (GL) of 274 global core germplasms at seedling stage. It was found that among the significant phenotypic variation, European germplasms are mostly winter rapeseed with high stomatal density and small guard cell length. However, the germplasms from Asia (especially China) are semi-winter rapeseed, which is characterized by low stomatal density and large guard cell length. Through selective sweep analysis and homology comparison, we identified several candidate genes related to stomatal density and guard cell length, including Epidermal Patterning Factor2 (EPF2; BnaA09g23140D), Epidermal Patterning Factor Like4 (EPFL4; BnaC01g22890D) and Suppressor of LLP1 (SOL1 BnaC01g22810D). Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis showed that natural variation in EPF2, EPFL4 and SOL1 is closely associated with the winter, spring, and semi-winter rapeseed ecotypes. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time the relation between stomatal phenotypic variation and ecological adaptation in rapeseed, which is useful for future molecular breeding of rapeseed in the context of evolution and domestication of key stomatal traits and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeke Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weizhuo Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yan
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Danyi Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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21
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Gao Y, Yang J, Duan W, Ma X, Qu L, Xu Z, Yang Y, Xu J. NtRAV4 negatively regulates drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum by enhancing antioxidant capacity and defence system. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1775-1788. [PMID: 35789421 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE NtRAV4 is a nucleus-localised protein and no self-activation effect. ntrav4 mutants maintain the steady state of the ROS system under drought stress by enhancing antioxidant capacity and defence system. The APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor (TF) family plays an important role in plant responses to environmental stresses. In this study, we identified a novel NtRAV4 TF, a member of RAV subfamily among AP2/ERF gene family, which have AP2 and B3 domain in its N- and C-terminus, respectively. Subcellular localisation and self-activation activity analysis revealed that NtRAV4 localised in the nucleus and had no self-activation effect. The overexpression and gene editing vectors of NtRAV4 were constructed by homologous recombination and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods, and transformed into tobacco by agrobacterium-mediated method. ntrav4 led to the appearance of termination codon in advance and lacked the unique B3 domain of RAV subfamily protein. Further analysis displayed that knockout of the NtRAV4 in tobacco increased drought tolerance with high relative water content, accompanied by reduced stomatal aperture, density, and stomatal opening ratio compared to overexpression lines and WT. Moreover, ntrav4 knockout plants also exhibited increased osmotic tolerance with low malondialdehyde (MDA) and ion leakage (EL), less accumulation of O2•- and H2O2, and high enzymatic antioxidant (SOD, POD, CAT) activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant (AsA-GSH cycle) contents and hormone (IAA, ABA, GA3, and ZR) levels under drought stress. Furthermore, ntrav4 mutants in tobacco improved the expression levels of ROS-related proline synthesis and stress-responsive genes under osmotic stress. Our results indicate that NtRAV4 negatively regulates plant tolerance to drought stress by reducing water loss and activating the antioxidant system and stress-related gene expression to maintain the steady state of the ROS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jie Yang
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Wangjun Duan
- China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lili Qu
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zicheng Xu
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yongxia Yang
- National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre, College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Jiayang Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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22
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Pérez-Bueno ML, Illescas-Miranda J, Martín-Forero AF, de Marcos A, Barón M, Fenoll C, Mena M. An extremely low stomatal density mutant overcomes cooling limitations at supra-optimal temperature by adjusting stomatal size and leaf thickness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919299. [PMID: 35937324 PMCID: PMC9355609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The impact of global warming on transpiration and photosynthesis would compromise plant fitness, impacting on crop yields and ecosystem functioning. In this frame, we explored the performance of a set of Arabidopsis mutants carrying partial or total loss-of-function alleles of stomatal development genes and displaying distinct stomatal abundances. Using microscopy and non-invasive imaging techniques on this genotype collection, we examined anatomical leaf and stomatal traits, plant growth and development, and physiological performance at optimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (30°C) temperatures. All genotypes showed thermomorphogenetic responses but no signs of heat stress. Data analysis singled out an extremely low stomatal abundance mutant, spch-5. At 22°C, spch-5 had lower transpiration and warmer leaves than the wild type. However, at 30°C, this mutant developed larger stomata and thinner leaves, paralleled by a notable cooling capacity, similar to that of the wild type. Despite their low stomatal density (SD), spch-5 plants grown at 30°C showed no photosynthesis or growth penalties. The behavior of spch-5 at supra-optimal temperature exemplifies how the effect of very low stomatal numbers can be counteracted by a combination of larger stomata and thinner leaves. Furthermore, it provides a novel strategy for coping with high growth temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amanda F. Martín-Forero
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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23
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Sabharwal T, Lu Z, Slocum RD, Kang S, Wang H, Jiang HW, Veerappa R, Romanovicz D, Nam JC, Birk S, Clark G, Roux SJ. Constitutive expression of a pea apyrase, psNTP9, increases seed yield in field-grown soybean. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10870. [PMID: 35760854 PMCID: PMC9237067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the demand for food by a rapidly growing human population, agricultural scientists have carried out both plant breeding and genetic engineering research. Previously, we reported that the constitutive expression of a pea apyrase (Nucleoside triphosphate, diphosphohydrolase) gene, psNTP9, under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, resulted in soybean plants with an expanded root system architecture, enhanced drought resistance and increased seed yield when they are grown in greenhouses under controlled conditions. Here, we report that psNTP9-expressing soybean lines also show significantly enhanced seed yields when grown in multiple different field conditions at multiple field sites, including when the gene is introgressed into elite germplasm. The transgenic lines have higher leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and decreased stomatal density and cuticle permeability, traits that increase water use efficiency and likely contribute to the increased seed yields of field-grown plants. These altered properties are explained, in part, by genome-wide gene expression changes induced by the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sabharwal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Robert D Slocum
- Program in Biological Sciences, Goucher College, Towson, MD, 21204, USA
| | - Seongjoon Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Han-Wei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Roopadarshini Veerappa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dwight Romanovicz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ji Chul Nam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Simon Birk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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24
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Clark JW, Harris BJ, Hetherington AJ, Hurtado-Castano N, Brench RA, Casson S, Williams TA, Gray JE, Hetherington AM. The origin and evolution of stomata. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R539-R553. [PMID: 35671732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of stomata is one of the key innovations that led to the colonisation of the terrestrial environment by the earliest land plants. However, our understanding of the origin, evolution and the ancestral function of stomata is incomplete. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that, firstly, stomata are ancient structures, present in the common ancestor of land plants, prior to the divergence of bryophytes and tracheophytes and, secondly, there has been reductive stomatal evolution, especially in the bryophytes (with complete loss in the liverworts). From a review of the evidence, we conclude that the capacity of stomata to open and close in response to signals such as ABA, CO2 and light (hydroactive movement) is an ancestral state, is present in all lineages and likely predates the divergence of the bryophytes and tracheophytes. We reject the hypothesis that hydroactive movement was acquired with the emergence of the gymnosperms. We also conclude that the role of stomata in the earliest land plants was to optimise carbon gain per unit water loss. There remain many other unanswered questions concerning the evolution and especially the origin of stomata. To address these questions, it will be necessary to: find more fossils representing the earliest land plants, revisit the existing early land plant fossil record in the light of novel phylogenomic hypotheses and carry out more functional studies that include both tracheophytes and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Brogan J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alexander J Hetherington
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Natalia Hurtado-Castano
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert A Brench
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soils, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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25
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Sheng M, Da L, Song Q, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Xu W, Su Z. Systems biology-based analysis indicates that PHO1;H10 positively modulates high light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis leaves. Genomics 2022; 114:110363. [PMID: 35398515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PHO1;H10 is a member of the PHO1 gene family with SPX and EXS domains, and its functions remain largely unknown. As shown in PCSD database, the upstream region of PHO1;H10 gene is in the active chromatin states, with high DHS accessibility and binding sites of multiple transcription factors, especially ABI5, SPCH and HY5. Co-expression network and data-mining analyses showed PHO1;H10 and co-expression genes were with activation under high light stress. We did wet-lab experiments, and found that the detached leaves of PHO1;H10 overexpression lines accumulated more anthocyanin than those of WT and mutant under high light treatment. RNA-seq results showed overexpression of PHO1;H10 up-regulated many anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The GSEA analysis result showed that the functional module related to anthocyanin pathway was significantly enriched. In summary, we conducted systems biology approach, combining dry- and wet-lab analyses, and discovered that PHO1;H10 might play an essential role during modulating high light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis detached leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingling Da
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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Li S, Li L, Fan W, Ma S, Zhang C, Kim JC, Wang K, Russinova E, Zhu Y, Zhou Y. LeafNet: a tool for segmenting and quantifying stomata and pavement cells. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1171-1188. [PMID: 35080620 PMCID: PMC8972303 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play important roles in gas and water exchange in leaves. The morphological features of stomata and pavement cells are highly plastic and are regulated during development. However, it is very laborious and time-consuming to collect accurate quantitative data from the leaf surface by manual phenotyping. Here, we introduce LeafNet, a tool that automatically localizes stomata, segments pavement cells (to prepare them for quantification), and reports multiple morphological parameters for a variety of leaf epidermal images, especially bright-field microscopy images. LeafNet employs a hierarchical strategy to identify stomata using a deep convolutional network and then segments pavement cells on stomata-masked images using a region merging method. LeafNet achieved promising performance on test images for quantifying different phenotypes of individual stomata and pavement cells compared with six currently available tools, including StomataCounter, Cellpose, PlantSeg, and PaCeQuant. LeafNet shows great flexibility, and we improved its ability to analyze bright-field images from a broad range of species as well as confocal images using transfer learning. Large-scale images of leaves can be efficiently processed in batch mode and interactively inspected with a graphic user interface or a web server (https://leafnet.whu.edu.cn/). The functionalities of LeafNet could easily be extended and will enhance the efficiency and productivity of leaf phenotyping for many plant biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiliang Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Suping Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jang Chol Kim
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- Authors for correspondence: (Y.X.Z.) and (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Authors for correspondence: (Y.X.Z.) and (Y.Z.)
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27
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Huang Y, Zheng Z, Bi X, Guo K, Liu S, Huo X, Tian D, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang Y. Integrated morphological, physiological and omics analyses reveal the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) gene contributing to growth, flowering and defence in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111165. [PMID: 35151442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) catalyses the acetylation of serotonin, a rate-limiting process in melatonin biosynthesis. To obtain better insight into the underlying mechanism of AANAT's actions in switchgrass growth, flowering and defence, we performed integrated morphological, physiological and omics analyses between overexpressed oAANAT transgenic lines in wild-type and transgenic control (expressing only the empty vector) plants. We showed that oAANAT played pivotal roles in modulating plant growth through its regulation of cell elongation, and regulating flowering through photoperiod and GA pathways. In relation to photosynthesis, oAANAT promoted photosynthetic efficiency primarily through regulating leaf anatomical structures, stomatal development and chlorophyll metabolism. Moreover, oAANAT overexpression can trigger a number of defence responses or strategies, including antioxidant enzymatic properties, non-enzymatic capacity, significantly activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and adaptive morphological characteristics. This study unveils the possible molecular mechanisms underlying oAANAT dependent melatonin functions in switchgrass, providing an important starting point for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Huang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Zehui Zheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuexue Huo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Danyang Tian
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huayue Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Forestry College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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28
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Clemens M, Faralli M, Lagreze J, Bontempo L, Piazza S, Varotto C, Malnoy M, Oechel W, Rizzoli A, Dalla Costa L. VvEPFL9-1 Knock-Out via CRISPR/Cas9 Reduces Stomatal Density in Grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878001. [PMID: 35656017 PMCID: PMC9152544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal Patterning Factor Like 9 (EPFL9), also known as STOMAGEN, is a cysteine-rich peptide that induces stomata formation in vascular plants, acting antagonistically to other epidermal patterning factors (EPF1, EPF2). In grapevine there are two EPFL9 genes, EPFL9-1 and EPFL9-2 sharing 82% identity at protein level in the mature functional C-terminal domain. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 system was applied to functionally characterize VvEPFL9-1 in 'Sugraone', a highly transformable genotype. A set of plants, regenerated after gene transfer in embryogenic calli via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were selected for evaluation. For many lines, the editing profile in the target site displayed a range of mutations mainly causing frameshift in the coding sequence or affecting the second cysteine residue. The analysis of stomata density revealed that in edited plants the number of stomata was significantly reduced compared to control, demonstrating for the first time the role of EPFL9 in a perennial fruit crop. Three edited lines were then assessed for growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in experiments carried out at different environmental conditions. Intrinsic water-use efficiency was improved in edited lines compared to control, indicating possible advantages in reducing stomatal density under future environmental drier scenarios. Our results show the potential of manipulating stomatal density for optimizing grapevine adaptation under changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Clemens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michele Faralli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Faralli,
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Lorenza Dalla Costa,
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29
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Jia MZ, Liu LY, Geng C, Jiang J. Activation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthases Sets Stomatal Density and Clustered Ratio on Leaf Epidermis of Arabidopsis in Response to Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758785. [PMID: 34938306 PMCID: PMC8685546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adjustment of stomatal density and clustered ratio on the epidermis is the important strategy for plants to respond to drought, because the stoma-based water loss is directly related to plant growth and survival under drought conditions. But the relevant adjustment mechanism still needs to be explored. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is disclosed to promote stomatal development, while in vivo ACC levels depend on activation of ACC synthase (ACS) family members. Based on the findings of ACS expression involving in drought response and several ACS activity inhibitors reducing stomatal density and cluster in drought response, here we examined how ACS activation is involved in the establishment of stomatal density and cluster on the epidermis under drought conditions. Preliminary data indicated that activation of ACS2 and/or ACS6 (ACS2/6) increased stomatal density and clustered ratio on the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis by accumulating ACC under moderate drought, and raised the survival risk of seedlings under escalated drought. Further exploration indicated that, in Arabidopsis seedlings stressed by drought, the transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH), the initiator of stomatal development, activates ACS2/6 expression and ACC production; and that ACC accumulation induces Ca2+ deficiency in stomatal lineage; this deficiency inactivates a subtilisin-like protease STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 1 (SDD1) by stabilizing the inhibition of the transcription factor GT-2 Like 1 (GTL1) on SDD1 expression, resulting in an increases of stomatal density and cluster ratio on the leaf epidermis. This work provides a novel evidence that ACS2/6 activation plays a key role in the establishment of stomatal density and cluster on the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis in response to drought.
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30
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Independent parental contributions initiate zygote polarization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4810-4816.e5. [PMID: 34496220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis of flowering plants is initiated by polarization of the zygote, a prerequisite for correct axis formation in the embryo. The daughter cells of the asymmetric zygote division form the pro-embryo and the mostly extra-embryonic suspensor.1 The suspensor plays a pivotal role in nutrient and hormone transport and rapid growth of the embryo.2,3 Zygote polarization is controlled by a MITOGEN-ACTIVATING PROTEIN (MAP) kinase signaling pathway including the MAPKK kinase (MAP3K) YODA (YDA)4 and the upstream membrane-associated proteins BRASINOSTEROID SIGNALING KINASE 1 (BSK1) and BSK2.5,6 Furthermore, suspensor development is controlled by cysteine-rich peptides of the EMBRYO SURROUNDING FACTOR 1 (ESF1) family.7 While they act genetically upstream of YDA, the corresponding receptor to perceive these potential ligands is unknown. In other developmental processes, such as stomata development, YDA activity is controlled by receptor kinases of the ERECTA family (ERf).8-12 While the receptor kinases upstream of BSK1/2 in the embryo have so far not been identified,1 YDA is in part activated by the sperm cell-derived BSK family member SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) that represents a naturally occurring, constitutively active variant of BSK1.5,13 It has been speculated that SSP might be a paternal component of a parental tug-of-war controlling resource allocation toward the embryo.2,13 Here, we show that in addition to SSP, the receptor kinase ERECTA plays a crucial role in zygote polarization as a maternally contributed part of the embryonic YDA pathway. We conclude that two independent parental contributions initiate zygote polarization and control embryo development.
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31
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López-Cordova A, Ramírez-Medina H, Silva-Martinez GA, González-Cruz L, Bernardino-Nicanor A, Huanca-Mamani W, Montero-Tavera V, Tovar-Aguilar A, Ramírez-Pimentel JG, Durán-Figueroa NV, Acosta-García G. LEA13 and LEA30 Are Involved in Tolerance to Water Stress and Stomata Density in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081694. [PMID: 34451739 PMCID: PMC8400336 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are a large protein family that mainly function in protecting cells from abiotic stress, but these proteins are also involved in regulating plant growth and development. In this study, we performed a functional analysis of LEA13 and LEA30 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that the expression of both genes increased when plants were subjected to drought-stressed conditions. The insertional lines lea13 and lea30 were identified for each gene, and both had a T-DNA element in the regulatory region, which caused the genes to be downregulated. Moreover, lea13 and lea30 were more sensitive to drought stress due to their higher transpiration and stomatal spacing. Microarray analysis of the lea13 background showed that genes involved in hormone signaling, stomatal development, and abiotic stress responses were misregulated. Our results showed that LEA proteins are involved in drought tolerance and participate in stomatal density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael López-Cordova
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Humberto Ramírez-Medina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Guillermo-Antonio Silva-Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Leopoldo González-Cruz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Aurea Bernardino-Nicanor
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Wilson Huanca-Mamani
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Víctor Montero-Tavera
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Forestry Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Celaya 38110, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Tovar-Aguilar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto S/N., Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, Mexico; (A.T.-A.); (N.-V.D.-F.)
| | | | - Noé-Valentín Durán-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto S/N., Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, Mexico; (A.T.-A.); (N.-V.D.-F.)
| | - Gerardo Acosta-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-4616117575 (ext. 5471)
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Witoń D, Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Czarnocka W, Bernacki M, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Karpiński S. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 impacts leaf development, temperature, and stomatal movement in hybrid aspen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2190-2204. [PMID: 34010410 PMCID: PMC8331162 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement and density influence plant water use efficiency and thus biomass production. Studies in model plants within controlled environments suggest MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 (MPK4) may be crucial for stomatal regulation. We present functional analysis of MPK4 for hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) grown under natural field conditions for several seasons. We provide evidence of the role of MPK4 in the genetic and environmental regulation of stomatal formation, differentiation, signaling, and function; control of the photosynthetic and thermal status of leaves; and growth and acclimation responses. The long-term acclimation manifested as variations in stomatal density and distribution. Short-term acclimation responses were derived from changes in the stomatal aperture. MPK4 localized in the cytoplasm of guard cells (GCs) was a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stomatal closure and nitric oxide metabolism in the ABA-dependent pathways, while to a lesser extent, it was involved in ABA-induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation. MPK4 also affected the stomatal aperture through deregulation of microtubule patterns and cell wall structure and composition, including via pectin methyl-esterification, and extensin levels in the GC wall. Deregulation of leaf anatomy (cell compaction) and stomatal movement, together with increased light energy absorption, resulted in altered leaf temperature, photosynthesis, cell death, and biomass accumulation in mpk4 transgenic plants. Divergence between absorbed energy and assimilated energy is a bottleneck, and MPK4 can participate in the control of energy dissipation (thermal effects). Furthermore, MPK4 can participate in balancing the photosynthetic energy distribution via its effective use in growth or redirection to acclimation/defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | - Maciej Bernacki
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Raszyn 05090, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow 30239, Poland
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Błonie 05870, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
- Author for communication:
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Chowdhury MR, Ahamed MS, Mas-ud MA, Islam H, Fatamatuzzohora M, Hossain MF, Billah M, Hossain MS, Matin MN. Stomatal development and genetic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07889. [PMID: 34485750 PMCID: PMC8408637 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata are turgor-driven microscopic epidermal valves of land plants. The controlled opening and closing of the valves are essential for regulating the gas exchange and minimizing the water loss and eventually regulating the internal temperatures. Stomata are also a major site of pathogen/microbe entry and plant defense system. Maintaining proper stomatal density, distribution, and development are pivotal for plant survival. Arabidopsis is a model plant to study molecular basis including signaling pathways, transcription factors, and key components for the growth and development of specific organs as well as the whole plant. It has intensively been studied and found out the driver for the development and patterning of stomata. In this review, we have explained how the MAPK signaling cascade is controlled by TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) receptor-like protein and the Erecta (ER) receptor-like kinase family. We have also summarized how this MAPK cascade affects primary transcriptional regulators to finally activate the main three basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) principal transcription factors, which are required for the development and patterning of stomata. Moreover, regulatory activity and cellular connections of polar proteins and environmentally mediated ligand-receptor interactions in the stomatal developmental pathways have extensively been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rayhan Chowdhury
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sabbir Ahamed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atik Mas-ud
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Hiya Islam
- Biotechnology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Fatamatuzzohora
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Firose Hossain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mutasim Billah
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Matin
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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Li H, Yang Y, Wang H, Liu S, Jia F, Su Y, Li S, He F, Feng C, Niu M, Wang J, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. The Receptor-Like Kinase ERECTA Confers Improved Water Use Efficiency and Drought Tolerance to Poplar via Modulating Stomatal Density. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147245. [PMID: 34298865 PMCID: PMC8303786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar is one of the most important tree species in the north temperate zone, but poplar plantations are quite water intensive. We report here that CaMV 35S promoter-driven overexpression of the PdERECTA gene, which is a member of the LRR-RLKs family from Populus nigra × (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra), improves water use efficiency and enhances drought tolerance in triploid white poplar. PdERECTA localizes to the plasma membrane. Overexpression plants showed lower stomatal density and larger stomatal size. The abaxial stomatal density was 24-34% lower and the stomatal size was 12-14% larger in overexpression lines. Reduced stomatal density led to a sharp restriction of transpiration, which was about 18-35% lower than the control line, and instantaneous water use efficiency was around 14-63% higher in overexpression lines under different conditions. These phenotypic changes led to increased drought tolerance. PdERECTA overexpression plants not only survived longer after stopping watering but also performed better when supplied with limited water, as they had better physical and photosynthesis conditions, faster growth rate, and higher biomass accumulation. Taken together, our data suggest that PdERECTA can alter the development pattern of stomata to reduce stomatal density, which then restricts water consumption, conferring enhanced drought tolerance to poplar. This makes PdERECTA trees promising candidates for establishing more water use efficient plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinli Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6233-6400
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Blümke P, Schlegel J, Gonzalez-Ferrer C, Becher S, Pinto KG, Monaghan J, Simon R. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase MAZZA mediates developmental processes with CLAVATA1 family receptors in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4853-4870. [PMID: 33909893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinases (RLKs) CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and BARELY ANY MERISTEMs (BAM1-BAM3) form the CLV1 family (CLV1f), which perceives peptides of the CLV3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) family within various signaling pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana. CLE peptide signaling, which is required for meristem size control, vascular development, and pathogen responses, involves the formation of receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. These complexes comprise RLKs and co-receptors in varying compositions depending on the signaling context, and regulate expression of target genes, such as WUSCHEL (WUS). How the CLE signal is transmitted intracellularly after perception at the plasma membrane is not known in detail. Here, we found that the membrane-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) MAZZA (MAZ) and additional members of the Pti1-like protein family interact in vivo with CLV1f receptors. MAZ, which is widely expressed throughout the plant, localizes to the plasma membrane via post-translational palmitoylation, potentially enabling stimulus-triggered protein re-localization. We identified a role for a CLV1-MAZ signaling module during stomatal and root development, and redundancy could potentially mask other phenotypes of maz mutants. We propose that MAZ, and related RLCKs, mediate CLV1f signaling in a variety of developmental contexts, paving the way towards understanding the intracellular processes after CLE peptide perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blümke
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jenia Schlegel
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carmen Gonzalez-Ferrer
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - Sabine Becher
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karine Gustavo Pinto
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Arellano-Villagómez FC, Guevara-Olvera L, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, E. Cerbantez-Bueno V, Verdugo-Perales M, R. Medina H, De Folter S, Acosta-García G. Arabidopsis cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase CRK33 affects stomatal density and drought tolerance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1905335. [PMID: 33769202 PMCID: PMC8143253 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1905335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases (CRKs) are transmembrane proteins containing two domains of unknown function 26 (DUF26) RLKs in their ectodomain. Despite that CRKs control important aspects of plant development, only few proteins have functionally been characterized. In this work, we analyzed the function of CRK33 by characterizing two insertional lines. The stomatal density and stomatal index were decreased in crk33-2 and crk33-3 plants in comparison to wild-type plants, correlating with a decreased transpiration in transgenic plants and a higher drought tolerance. Furthermore, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance changed. Finally, all four stomata cell fate genes were upregulated, especially the expression of TMM and SPCH in the mutant background, suggesting a role for CRK33 in stomatal spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Guevara-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITCelaya, Celaya, México
| | - Víctor M. Zuñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro De Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, México
- Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Vincent E. Cerbantez-Bueno
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro De Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, México
| | - Mercedes Verdugo-Perales
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITCelaya, Celaya, México
| | - Humberto R. Medina
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITCelaya, Celaya, México
| | - Stefan De Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro De Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, México
| | - Gerardo Acosta-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITCelaya, Celaya, México
- CONTACT Gerardo Acosta-García Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITCelaya, Celaya, México
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Guo X, Park CH, Wang ZY, Nickels BE, Dong J. A spatiotemporal molecular switch governs plant asymmetric cell division. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:667-680. [PMID: 33941907 PMCID: PMC9115727 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) requires protein polarization in the mother cell to produce daughter cells with distinct identities (cell-fate asymmetry). Here, we define a previously undocumented mechanism for establishing cell-fate asymmetry in Arabidopsis stomatal stem cells. In particular, we show that polarization of the protein phosphatase BSL1 promotes stomatal ACD by establishing kinase-based signalling asymmetry in the two daughter cells. BSL1 polarization in the stomatal ACD mother cell is triggered at the onset of mitosis. Polarized BSL1 is inherited by the differentiating daughter cell, where it suppresses cell division and promotes cell-fate determination. Plants lacking BSL proteins exhibit stomatal overproliferation, which demonstrates that the BSL family plays an essential role in stomatal development. Our findings establish that BSL1 polarization provides a spatiotemporal molecular switch that enables cell-fate asymmetry in stomatal ACD daughter cells. We propose that BSL1 polarization is triggered by an ACD checkpoint in the mother cell that monitors the establishment of division-plane asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryce E Nickels
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030432. [PMID: 33668323 PMCID: PMC7996297 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density, spacing, and patterning greatly influence the efficiency of gas exchange, photosynthesis, and water economy. They are regulated by a complex of extracellular and intracellular factors through the signaling pathways. After binding the extracellular epidermal patterning factor 1 (EPF1) and 2 (EPF2) as ligands, the receptor-ligand complexes activate by phosphorylation through the MAP-kinase cascades, regulating basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways running within the transition of the protodermal cell into a pair of guard cells with a space (aperture) between them, called a stoma, comprising asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions and draw several functional models. The feedback mechanisms involving the bHLH factors SPCH and MUTE are not fully recognized yet. We show the feedback mechanisms driven by SPCH and MUTE in the regulation of EPF2 and the ERECTA family. Intersections of the molecular mechanisms for fate determination of stomatal lineage cells with the role of core cell cycle-related genes and stabilization of SPCH and MUTE are also reported.
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Dehydration-Induced WRKY Transcriptional Factor MfWRKY70 of Myrothamnus flabellifolia Enhanced Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020327. [PMID: 33671480 PMCID: PMC7926768 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurrection plants Myrothamnus flabellifolia can survive long term severe drought and desiccation conditions and soon recover after rewatering. However, few genes related to such excellent drought tolerance and underlying molecular mechanism have been excavated. WRKY transcription factors play critical roles in biotic and abiotic stress signaling, in which WRKY70 functions as a positive regulator in biotic stress response but a negative regulator in abiotic stress signaling in Arabidopsis and some other plant species. In the present study, the functions of a dehydration-induced MfWRKY70 of M. flabellifolia participating was investigated in the model plant Arabidopsis. Our results indicated that MfWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus and could significantly increase tolerance to drought, osmotic, and salinity stresses by promoting root growth and water retention, as well as enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and membrane-lipid stability under stressful conditions. Moreover, the expression of stress-associated genes (P5CS, NCED3 and RD29A) was positively regulated in the overexpression of MfWRKY70 Arabidopsis. We proposed that MfWRKY70 may function as a positive regulator for abiotic stress responses and can be considered as a potential gene for improvement of drought and salinity tolerance in plants.
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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Feitosa-Araujo E, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Pena MM, Medeiros DB, Perez de Souza L, Yoshida T, Weber APM, Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Schwarzländer M, Nunes-Nesi A. Changes in intracellular NAD status affect stomatal development in an abscisic acid-dependent manner. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1149-1168. [PMID: 32996222 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays a central role in redox metabolism in all domains of life. Additional roles in regulating posttranslational protein modifications and cell signaling implicate NAD as a potential integrator of central metabolism and programs regulating stress responses and development. Here we found that NAD negatively impacts stomatal development in cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants with reduced capacity for NAD+ transport from the cytosol into the mitochondria or the peroxisomes exhibited reduced numbers of stomatal lineage cells and reduced stomatal density. Cotyledons of plants with reduced NAD+ breakdown capacity and NAD+ -treated cotyledons also presented reduced stomatal number. Expression of stomatal lineage-related genes was repressed in plants with reduced expression of NAD+ transporters as well as in plants treated with NAD+ . Impaired NAD+ transport was further associated with an induction of abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive genes. Inhibition of ABA synthesis rescued the stomatal phenotype in mutants deficient in intracellular NAD+ transport, whereas exogenous NAD+ feeding of aba-2 and ost1 seedlings, impaired in ABA synthesis and ABA signaling, respectively, did not impact stomatal number, placing NAD upstream of ABA. Additionally, in vivo measurement of ABA dynamics in seedlings of an ABA-specific optogenetic reporter - ABAleon2.1 - treated with NAD+ showed increases in ABA content suggesting that NAD+ impacts on stomatal development through ABA synthesis and signaling. Our results demonstrate that intracellular NAD+ homeostasis as set by synthesis, breakdown and transport is essential for normal stomatal development, and provide a link between central metabolism, hormone signaling and developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feitosa-Araujo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus M Pena
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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Li S, Zhang J, Liu L, Wang Z, Li Y, Guo L, Li Y, Zhang X, Ren S, Zhao B, Zhang N, Guo YD. SlTLFP8 reduces water loss to improve water-use efficiency by modulating cell size and stomatal density via endoreduplication. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2666-2679. [PMID: 32799324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving plant water-use efficiency (WUE) is important to plant survival and crop yield in the context of water limitation. In this study, SlTLFP8 (Tubby-like F-box protein 8) was identified as an osmotic-induced gene in tomato. Transgenic tomato with up-regulated expression of SlTLFP8 showed enhanced water-deficient resistance, whereas knockout mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 were more sensitive to water deficit. SlTLFP8 overexpression significantly enhanced WUE by suppressing transpiration under both water-sufficient and water-deficient conditions. Further study showed that overexpressing SlTLFP8 significantly increased leaf epidermal cell size and thereby decreased stomatal density 10-20%, conversely SlTLFP8 knockout resulted in decreased cell size and thereby increased stomatal density 20-50%. SlTLFP8 overexpression and knockout modulated ploidy levels in leaf cells. Changes in expression of cell cycle related genes also indicated that SlTLFP8 affected cell size and stomatal density through endocycle transition. Despite changes in stomata density and transpiration, altering the expression of SlTLFP8 did not change photosynthesis. Additionally, biomass was not altered and there was little difference in fruit yield for transgenic and wild type lines under water-sufficient and water-deficient conditions. Our results demonstrate the effect of SlTLFP8 on endoreduplication and the potential of SlTLFP8 for improvement of WUE. BRIEF SUMMERY: This work found a new mechanism of TLP (Tubby like protein) response to water-deficient stress. SlTLFP8, a member of TLP family, regulates water-deficient resistance by modulating water loss via affecting stomatal density. Expression of SlTLFP8 was induced by osmotic stress. Transgenic tomato lines with SlTLFP8 overexpression or SlTLFP8 knockout showed significantly differences in water-use efficiency (WUE) and water-deficient resistance. The difference of leaf water loss caused by transpiration is the main explanation of the difference in WUE and water-deficient resistance. Additionally, overexpressing SlTLFP8 significantly decreased stomatal density, while SlTLFP8 knockout resulted in increased stomatal density, and SlTLFP8 affected stomatal density through endoreduplication and altered epidermal cell size. Despite changes in stomata density, altering the expression of SlTLFP8 did not result in distinct changes in photosynthesis, biomass and yield of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqin Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Ren
- School of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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43
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Cortijo S, Locke JCW. Does Gene Expression Noise Play a Functional Role in Plants? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1041-1051. [PMID: 32467064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in individual cells can be surprisingly noisy. In unicellular organisms this noise can be functional; for example, by allowing a subfraction of the population to prepare for environmental stress. The role of gene expression noise in multicellular organisms has, however, remained unclear. In this review, we discuss how new techniques are revealing an unexpected level of variability in gene expression between and within genetically identical plants. We describe recent progress as well as speculate on the function of transcriptional noise as a mechanism for generating functional phenotypic diversity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cortijo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - James C W Locke
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
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Samakovli D, Tichá T, Šamaj J. HSP90 chaperones regulate stomatal differentiation under normal and heat stress conditions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1789817. [PMID: 32669038 PMCID: PMC8550182 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1789817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal development is tightly connected with the overall plant growth, while changes in environmental conditions, like elevated temperature, affect negatively stomatal formation. Stomatal ontogenesis follows a well-defined series of cell developmental transitions in the cotyledon and leaf epidermis that finally lead to the production of mature stomata. YODA signaling cascade regulates stomatal development mainly through the phosphorylation and inactivation of SPEECHLESS (SPCH) transcription factor, while HSP90 chaperones have a central role in the regulation of YODA cascade. Here, we report that acute heat stress affects negatively stomatal differentiation, leads to high phosphorylation levels of MPK3 and MPK6, and alters the expression of SPCH and MUTE transcription factors. Genetic depletion of HSP90 leads to decreased stomatal differentiation rates. Thus, HSP90 chaperones safeguard the completion of distinct stomatal differentiation steps depending on these two transcription factors under normal and heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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45
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Lim SD, Mayer JA, Yim WC, Cushman JC. Plant tissue succulence engineering improves water-use efficiency, water-deficit stress attenuation and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1049-1072. [PMID: 32338788 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue succulence (ratio of tissue water/leaf area or dry mass) or the ability to store water within living tissues is among the most successful adaptations to drought in the plant kingdom. This taxonomically widespread adaptation helps plants avoid the damaging effects of drought, and is often associated with the occupancy of epiphytic, epilithic, semi-arid and arid environments. Tissue succulence was engineered in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpression of a codon-optimized helix-loop-helix transcription factor (VvCEB1opt ) from wine grape involved in the cell expansion phase of berry development. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines displayed significant increases in cell size, succulence and decreased intercellular air space. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines showed increased instantaneous and integrated water-use efficiency (WUE) due to reduced stomatal conductance caused by reduced stomatal aperture and density resulting in increased attenuation of water-deficit stress. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines also showed increased salinity tolerance due to reduced salinity uptake and dilution of internal Na+ and Cl- as well as other ions. Alterations in transporter activities were further suggested by media and apoplastic acidification, hygromycin B tolerance and changes in relative transcript abundance patterns of various transporters with known functions in salinity tolerance. Engineered tissue succulence might provide an effective strategy for improving WUE, drought avoidance or attenuation, salinity tolerance, and for crassulacean acid metabolism biodesign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Don Lim
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won Cheol Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
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46
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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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47
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Santosh Kumar VV, Verma RK, Yadav SK, Yadav P, Watts A, Rao MV, Chinnusamy V. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing of drought and salt tolerance ( OsDST) gene in indica mega rice cultivar MTU1010. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1099-1110. [PMID: 32549675 PMCID: PMC7266915 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of abiotic stress tolerant rice cultivars is necessary for sustainable rice production under the scenario of global climate change, dwindling fresh water resources and increase in salt affected areas. Several genes from rice have been functionally validated by using EMS mutants and transgenics. Often, many of these desirable alleles are not available indica rice which is mainly cultivated, and where available, introgression of these alleles into elite cultivars is a time and labour intensive process, in addition to the potential introgression of non-desirable genes due to linkage. CRISPR-Cas technology helps development of elite cultivars with desirable alleles by precision gene editing. Hence, this study was carried out to create mutant alleles of drought and salt tolerance (DST) gene by using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in indica rice cv. MTU1010. We used two different gRNAs to target regions of DST protein that might be involved in protein-protein interaction and successfully generated different mutant alleles of DST gene. We selected homozygous dst mutant with 366 bp deletion between the two gRNAs for phenotypic analysis. This 366 bp deletion led to the deletion of amino acid residues from 184 to 305 in frame, and hence the mutant was named as dst ∆184-305 . The dst ∆184-305 mutation induced by CRISPR-Cas9 method in DST gene in indica rice cv. MTU1010 phenocopied EMS-induced dst (N69D) mutation reported earlier in japonica cultivar. The dst ∆184-305 mutant produced leaves with broader width and reduced stomatal density, and thus enhanced leaf water retention under dehydration stress. Our study showed that the reduction in stomatal density in loss of function mutants of dst is, at least, in part due to downregulation of stomatal developmental genes SPCH1, MUTE and ICE1. The Cas9-free dst ∆184-305 mutant exhibited moderate level tolerance to osmotic stress and high level of salt stress in seedling stage. Thus, dst mutant alleles generated in this study will be useful for improving drought and salt tolerance and grain yield in indica rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Santosh Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Verma
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Shashank Kumar Yadav
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Archana Watts
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - M. V. Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, Bhartidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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48
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Caine RS, Chater CCC, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Stomata and Sporophytes of the Model Moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32523599 PMCID: PMC7261847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosses are an ancient land plant lineage and are therefore important in studying the evolution of plant developmental processes. Here, we describe stomatal development in the model moss species Physcomitrium patens (previously known as Physcomitrella patens) over the duration of sporophyte development. We dissect the molecular mechanisms guiding cell division and fate and highlight how stomatal function might vary under different environmental conditions. In contrast to the asymmetric entry divisions described in Arabidopsis thaliana, moss protodermal cells can enter the stomatal lineage directly by expanding into an oval shaped guard mother cell (GMC). We observed that when two early stage P. patens GMCs form adjacently, a spacing division can occur, leading to separation of the GMCs by an intervening epidermal spacer cell. We investigated whether orthologs of Arabidopsis stomatal development regulators are required for this spacing division. Our results indicated that bHLH transcription factors PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 are required for GMC formation. Moreover, the ligand and receptor components PpEPF1 and PpTMM are also required for orientating cell divisions and preventing single or clustered early GMCs from developing adjacent to one another. The identification of GMC spacing divisions in P. patens raises the possibility that the ability to space stomatal lineage cells could have evolved before mosses diverged from the ancestral lineage. This would have enabled plants to integrate stomatal development with sporophyte growth and could underpin the adoption of multiple bHLH transcription factors and EPF ligands to more precisely control stomatal patterning in later diverging plant lineages. We also observed that when P. patens sporophyte capsules mature in wet conditions, stomata are typically plugged whereas under drier conditions this is not the case; instead, mucilage drying leads to hollow sub-stomatal cavities. This appears to aid capsule drying and provides further evidence for early land plant stomata contributing to capsule rupture and spore release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caspar C. C. Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Samakovli D, Tichá T, Vavrdová T, Ovečka M, Luptovčiak I, Zapletalová V, Kuchařová A, Křenek P, Krasylenko Y, Margaritopoulou T, Roka L, Milioni D, Komis G, Hatzopoulos P, Šamaj J. YODA-HSP90 Module Regulates Phosphorylation-Dependent Inactivation of SPEECHLESS to Control Stomatal Development under Acute Heat Stress in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:612-633. [PMID: 31935463 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal ontogenesis, patterning, and function are hallmarks of environmental plant adaptation, especially to conditions limiting plant growth, such as elevated temperatures and reduced water availability. The specification and distribution of a stomatal cell lineage and its terminal differentiation into guard cells require a master regulatory protein phosphorylation cascade involving the YODA mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. YODA signaling results in the activation of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASEs (MPK3 and MPK6), which regulate transcription factors, including SPEECHLESS (SPCH). Here, we report that acute heat stress affects the phosphorylation and deactivation of SPCH and modulates stomatal density. By using complementary molecular, genetic, biochemical, and cell biology approaches, we provide solid evidence that HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 90 (HSP90s) play a crucial role in transducing heat-stress response through the YODA cascade. Genetic studies revealed that YODA and HSP90.1 are epistatic, and they likely function linearly in the same developmental pathway regulating stomata formation. HSP90s interact with YODA, affect its cellular polarization, and modulate the phosphorylation of downstream targets, such as MPK6 and SPCH, under both normal and heat-stress conditions. Thus, HSP90-mediated specification and differentiation of the stomatal cell lineage couples stomatal development to environmental cues, providing an adaptive heat stress response mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Samakovli
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Luptovčiak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kuchařová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Yuliya Krasylenko
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Theoni Margaritopoulou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Loukia Roka
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Dimitra Milioni
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 118 55, Greece
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
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Fanourakis D, Nikoloudakis N, Pappi P, Markakis E, Doupis G, Charova SN, Delis C, Tsaniklidis G. The Role of Proteases in Determining Stomatal Development and Tuning Pore Aperture: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E340. [PMID: 32182645 PMCID: PMC7154916 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteases, the proteolytic enzymes that catalyze protein breakdown and recycling, play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including stomatal development and distribution, as well as, systemic stress responses. In this review, we summarize what is known about the participation of proteases in both stomatal organogenesis and on the stomatal pore aperture tuning, with particular emphasis on their involvement in numerous signaling pathways triggered by abiotic and biotic stressors. There is a compelling body of evidence demonstrating that several proteases are directly or indirectly implicated in the process of stomatal development, affecting stomatal index, density, spacing, as well as, size. In addition, proteases are reported to be involved in a transient adjustment of stomatal aperture, thus orchestrating gas exchange. Consequently, the proteases-mediated regulation of stomatal movements considerably affects plants' ability to cope not only with abiotic stressors, but also to perceive and respond to biotic stimuli. Even though the determining role of proteases on stomatal development and functioning is just beginning to unfold, our understanding of the underlying processes and cellular mechanisms still remains far from being completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece;
- Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, 70200 Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus;
| | - Polyxeni Pappi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Emmanouil Markakis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Georgios Doupis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Spyridoula N. Charova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Development, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—‘Demeter’, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Heraklion, 71307 Crete, Greece; (P.P.); (E.M.); (G.D.)
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