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Van Pilsum JF. Determination of Creatinine and Related Guanidinium Compounds. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470110232.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Glucose transport in muscle is a function of the muscle metabolic state, as evidenced by the increase in glucose transport which occurs with conditions of altered aerobic metabolism such as hypoxia or contractile activity. The energy state of the muscle can be determined by the muscle phosphocreatine concentration. Dietary supplementation of creatine has been shown to increase both phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine (TCr) levels in muscle, although not in the same proportion, so that the PCr/TCr ratio falls suggesting an altered energy state in the cell. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increased creatine content on glucose uptake in muscle. PCr and TCr were determined in plantaris muscles from rats following five weeks of dietary supplementation of creatine monohydrate (300 mg/kg/day). (3)H-2-deoxyglucose uptake was measured in epitrochlearis muscles incubated in the presence or absence of a maximally stimulating dose of insulin. Despite a significant increase in creatine content in muscle, neither basal nor insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was altered in creatine supplemented rats. Since PCr levels were not increased with creatine supplementation, these results suggest that the actual concentration of PCr is a more important determinant of glucose uptake than the PCr/TCr ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Young
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.
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Kaemmerer WF, Rodrigues CM, Steer CJ, Low WC. Creatine-supplemented diet extends Purkinje cell survival in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 transgenic mice but does not prevent the ataxic phenotype. Neuroscience 2001; 103:713-24. [PMID: 11274790 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is not known why expression of a protein with an expanded polyglutamine region is pathogenic in spinocerebellar ataxia, Huntington's disease and several other neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary supplementation with creatine improves survival and motor performance and delays neuronal atrophy in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. These effects may be due to improved energy and calcium homeostasis, enhanced presynaptic glutamate uptake, or protection of mitochondria from the mitochondrial permeability transition. We tested the effects of a 2% creatine-supplemented diet and treatment with taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid, a bile constituent that can inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition, on ataxia and Purkinje cell survival in a transgenic model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. After 24 weeks, transgenic mice on the 2% creatine diet had cerebellar phosphocreatine levels that were 72.5% of wildtype controls, compared to 26.8% in transgenic mice fed a control diet. The creatine diet resulted in maintenance of Purkinje cell numbers in these transgenic mice at levels comparable to wildtype controls, while transgenic mice fed a control diet lost over 25% of their Purkinje cell population. Nevertheless, the ataxic phenotype was neither improved nor delayed. Repeated s.c. ursodeoxycholic acid injections markedly elevated ursodeoxycholic acid levels in the brain without adverse effects, but provided no improvement in phenotype or cell survival in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 mice. These results demonstrate that preserving neurons from degeneration is insufficient to prevent a behavioral phenotype in this transgenic model of polyglutamine disease. In addition, we suggest that the means by which creatine mitigates against the neurodegenerative effects of an ataxin-1 protein containing an expanded polyglutamine region is through mechanisms other than stabilization of mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Kaemmerer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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van Ginneken VJ, van Den Thillart GE, Muller HJ, van Deursen S, Onderwater M, Visée J, Hopmans V, van Vliet G, Nicolay K. Phosphorylation state of red and white muscle in tilapia during graded hypoxia: an in vivo (31)P-NMR study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:R1501-12. [PMID: 10564225 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.5.r1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the energetic consequences of hypoxia in different types of skeletal muscle within a single tilapia species (n = 5). To that aim, 81.0 MHz (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were collected, alternately, from three surface coils placed adjacent to the tissues of interest (dorsal white muscle, ventral white muscle, and lateral red muscle) during a graded hypoxia load over 6 h followed by a 5-h recovery period. The fish were contained in a flow cell, enabling us full control of the oxygen content of the bathing medium. The intracellular pH and the concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), and P(i) were determined from the NMR spectra. For normoxia, biochemical differences for [gamma-ATP], [PCr], and [sugar phosphates] (SP) were observed between all three locations, especially between the red and white muscle. During hypoxia stress, loss of phosphorylated compounds (PCr+P(i)+SP) was observed at all locations but was the most severe in red muscle. When the aerobic (respirometry) and anaerobic ((31)P-NMR) ATP production via an energy balance are compared, flexible metabolic depression is demonstrated during anaerobioses. It is concluded that control of the aerobic and anaerobic component of metabolism during metabolic depression is independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J van Ginneken
- Integrative Zoology, Department of Biology, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, van der Klaauw Laboratories, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leach RM, Sheehan DW, Chacko VP, Sylvester JT. Effects of hypoxia on energy state and pH in resting pulmonary and femoral arterial smooth muscles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L1051-60. [PMID: 9843841 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.6.l1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of hypoxia on energy state and intracellular pH (pHi) in resting pulmonary and systemic arterial smooth muscles, we used 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and colorimetric and enzymatic assays to measure pHi; intracellular concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine, and Pi; and phosphorylation potential in superfused tissue segments from porcine proximal intrapulmonary and superficial femoral arteries. Under baseline conditions (PO2 467 +/- 12.1 mmHg), energy state and total creatine (phosphocreatine + creatine) concentration were lower and pHi was higher in pulmonary arteries. During hypoxia (PO2 23 +/- 2.4 mmHg), energy state deteriorated more in femoral arteries than in pulmonary arteries. pHi fell in both tissues but was always more alkaline in pulmonary arteries. Reoxygenation reversed the changes induced by hypoxia. These results suggest that production and/or elimination of ATP and H+ was different in resting pulmonary and systemic arterial smooth muscles under baseline and hypoxic conditions. Because energy state and pHi affect a wide variety of cellular processes, including signal transduction, contractile protein interaction, and activities of ion pumps and channels, further investigation is indicated to determine whether these differences have functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Leach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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LUNDHOLM L, MOHME-LUNDHOLM E. The effects of adrenaline and glucose on the content of high-energy phosphate esters in substrate-depleted vascular smooth muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 56:130-9. [PMID: 13931698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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YAGI K, NODA L. Phosphate transfer to myofibrils by ATP-creatine transphosphorylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 43:249-59. [PMID: 13787047 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Robitaille PM, Merkle H, Lew B, Path G, Hendrich K, Lindstrom P, From AH, Garwood M, Bache RJ, Uğurbil K. Transmural high energy phosphate distribution and response to alterations in workload in the normal canine myocardium as studied with spatially localized 31P NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1990; 16:91-116. [PMID: 2255241 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910160110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spatially localized phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the normal canine myocardium to measure the relative content of high energy phosphates across the left ventricular wall. Transmural NMR data were acquired in five voxels spanning the wall of the left ventricle using the FLAX-ISIS technique. The validity of the FLAX-ISIS approach in acquiring localized spectra for transmural studies and in providing quantitative information from the localized spectra was examined rigorously by studies involving phantoms, intact rats, and the canine myocardium in vivo. The results indicated that (1) this technique yields spatially resolved spectra with partial overlap between adjacent voxels and virtually no overlap between every other voxel; (2) in the canine heart, signals from subepicardium, midwall, and subendocardium can be detected separately without cross contamination; and (3) relative metabolite contents within a voxel and among voxels can be quantitated. Transmural 31P NMR spectra were acquired with cardiac gating on 29 separate animals either at early systole or late diastole, and at three different workloads with the heart rate peak systolic pressure product (RPP) increasing from 6000 mmHg/min to 35,000 mmHg/min. The data revealed that in the normal canine myocardium, the creatine phosphate (CP) content and the CP/ATP ratio was significantly lower in the subendocardium than in the subepicardium. ATP levels were transmurally constant. Both the CP content and the CP/ATP ratio measured for each voxel remained unaltered in relation to either the phase of the cardiac cycle or approximately fourfold increase in workload. Free ADP levels calculated for each voxel showed that ADP was relatively higher in the subendocardium than the subepicardium, and in all transmural layers was higher than its apparent Km for oxidative phosphorylation. In this domain changes in ADP content with workload and MVO2 are not expected and were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Robitaille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Navarre 55392
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Buysse AM, Delanghe JR, De Buyzere ML, De Scheerder IK, De Mol AM, Noens L. Enzymatic erythrocyte creatine determinations as an index for cell age. Clin Chim Acta 1990; 187:155-62. [PMID: 2317932 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(90)90342-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Creatine concentration in red blood cells was determined after ammoniumsulfate precipitation on a clear hemoglobin-free filtrate with a new enzymatic assay making use of bacterial creatinase. The method described is more specific than Griffiths' method and can easily be mechanised and adapted for use in a routine laboratory using classical automated equipment. By contrast with Griffiths' method no significant interferences of amino acids and creatine-like molecules were found. Reference values for this method were 0.379 +/- 0.076 mmol/l. In patients with high turnover of erythrocytes, e.g. haemodialysis patients (0.529 +/- 0.122 mmol/l), and renal insufficiency patients (0.565 +/- 0.145 mmol/l), significantly increased creatine concentration in erythrocytes were observed. Low erythrocyte creatine concentrations were found in chronic ambulatory dialysis patients (0.311 +/- 0.042 mmol/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buysse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Gent, Belgium
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13
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Determination of high-energy phosphate compounds in fish muscle: 31P-NMR spectroscopy and enzymatic methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90318-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Van Waarde A, Van den Thillart G, Erkelens C, Addink A, Lugtenburg J. Functional coupling of glycolysis and phosphocreatine utilization in anoxic fish muscle. An in vivo 31P NMR study. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Preservation of high-energy phosphates in human myocardium A phosphorus 31-nuclear magnetic resonance study of the effect of temperature on atrial appendages. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(19)34387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zimmer SD, Uğurbil K, Michurski SP, Mohanakrishnan P, Ulstad VK, Foker JE, From AH. Alterations in Oxidative Function and Respiratory Regulation in the Post-ischemic Myocardium. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Archer SL, Nelson DP, Zimmer S, From AH, Weir EK. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is unaltered by creatine depletion induced by dietary beta-guanidino propionic acid. Life Sci 1989; 45:1081-8. [PMID: 2796598 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that a specific phosphagen pool might serve a sensor function, allowing direct detection of alveolar hypoxia by the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. The possibility that phosphocreatine (PCr) levels could serve as such a sensor was assessed in isolated rat lungs. Pulmonary vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and alveolar hypoxia was assessed in lungs from control and PCr-depleted rats. PCr depletion was accomplished by feeding rats a diet containing 2% beta-guanidino propionic acid (beta-GPA), an competitive inhibitor of creatine uptake. Total creatine was depleted in beta-GPA lungs, compared to control lungs (p less than 0.05). Lung PCr levels were undetectable by the available 31P NMR spectroscopy system. PCr and creatine were depleted in hearts from beta-GPA rats relative to control hearts (p less than 0.001). Normoxic pulmonary artery pressure and the pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypoxia were not qualitatively or quantitatively altered by the diet indicating either that PCr is not a critical participant in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction or that the degree of PCr depletion achieved was inadequate to expose its role in the hypoxic pressor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Archer
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minnesota 55417
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IWAMOTO MUNEAKI, YAMANAKA HIDEAKI, ABE HIROKI, USHIO HIDEKI, WATABE SHUGO, HASHIMOTO KANEHISA. ATP and Creatine Phosphate Breakdown in Spiked Plaice Muscle during Storage, and Activities of Some Enzymes Involved. J Food Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb07810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mainwood GW, Totosy de Zepetnek J. The effect of creatine analogue substitution on the post tetanic response of fast muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 194:519-25. [PMID: 3751729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5107-8_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mainwood GW, Totosy De Zepetnek J. Post-tetanic responses in creatine-depleted rat EDL muscle. Muscle Nerve 1985; 8:774-82. [PMID: 3935927 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The total creatine content of rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles is reduced from 26.7 mumol X g-1 to 5.2 mumol X g-1 after 4 weeks on a diet containing beta-guanidinopropionate. The resting muscles of these animals contain only 5% of the normal creatine phosphate and about 30% of the normal adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Isometric twitch and brief tetanic responses are not significantly different from normal. However, following a 1-second tetanus, the normal twitch potentiation (+80%) is reversed in depleted muscles (-40%). The initial suppression lasts 1-2 seconds and is followed by a small delayed potentiation (+25%). Relaxation rate, which is normally increased following a tetanus, is considerably reduced in depleted muscles. Reversal of potentiation appears to be due to a suppression of twitch activation. The suppression may result from a transient fall in delta GATP, which is thought to be a critical parameter in the uptake of Ca++ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
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Ghins E, Colson-van Schoor M, Maréchal G. The origin of muscle stem cells in rat triceps surae regenerating after mincing. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1984; 5:711-22. [PMID: 6533161 DOI: 10.1007/bf00713929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rat triceps surae was minced and orthotopically autografted. Twitch time to peak, maxima tetanic tension, lactate dehydrogenase activity and total creatine concentration were measured in muscles regenerating for 30, 60 and 90 days. If the minces were frozen and thawed before grafting, muscle regeneration was suppressed. If they were further heated before grafting, muscle regeneration was also suppressed. If one half of the mince was either frozen and thawed or frozen, thawed and heated, and then recombined with the remaining half, muscle regeneration was delayed. However, at 90 days, 'intensive properties' (twitch time to peak, maximum tetanic tension, total creatine concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity) of regenerates obtained from such partially treated minces were similar to those of regenerates obtained from untreated minces although their 'extensive properties' (weight and maximal tetanic force) were approximately halved. The extent of regeneration depends on the mass of untreated mince autografted and thus, presumably, on the number of viable muscle stem cells initially present in the mince.
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De Saedeleer M, Marechal G. Chemical energy usage during isometric twitches of frog sartorius muscle intoxicated with an isomer of creatine, beta-guanidinopropionate. Pflugers Arch 1984; 402:185-9. [PMID: 6335584 DOI: 10.1007/bf00583333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Frogs were injected for several weeks with beta-guanidinopropionate, an isomer of creatine. Their sartorius muscles were isolated, poisoned with iodoacetate and stimulated isometrically with 75 shocks/min in nitrogen until rigor. In comparison with sartorius muscles of untreated frogs, they contained more free creatine and less phosphocreatine, but the same content in total creatine and ATP. They also contained beta-guanidinopropionate both free and phosphorylated. However, muscles in rigor contained the same concentration of the phosphorylated form as resting muscles, i.e., phospho-beta-guanidinopropionate was not split during contraction. The number of twitches performed before rigor was decreased. There was no change in the chemical energy usage (sum of phosphocreatine breakdown and twice ATP breakdown) per twitch.
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Cheng RH, Majlessi MR, Cheng SC. Utilization of Barritt color reaction for studying synaptosomal creatine phosphokinase. Neurochem Res 1984; 9:571-6. [PMID: 6462328 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The assay for creatine phosphokinase activity depending upon the color formation from creatine was reinvestigated. Its sensitivity was improved to 5 nmol of creatine. The method gave satisfactory Michaelis constants for both creatine phosphate and adenosine-diphosphate and was useful in detecting low creatine phosphokinase activity.
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Polacheck I, Kwon-Chung KJ. Creatinine metabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillisporus. J Bacteriol 1980; 142:15-20. [PMID: 6989801 PMCID: PMC293892 DOI: 10.1128/jb.142.1.15-20.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic species of Cryptococcus, C. neoformans and C. bacillisporus, utilized creatinine as a source of nitrogen but not of carbon. Chromatographic and autoradiographic studies suggest that creatinine metabolism in both species involves a single step resulting in the production of methylhydantoin and ammonia. The enzyme responsible for this step, creatinine deiminase, was produced by the cells only in the presence of creatinine in both species. The synthesis of creatinine deiminase was repressed by ammonia in C. neoformans, but not in C. bacillisporus. A possible explanation for this variation, based on the ecological differences between the two species, is discussed. A novel method for measuring creatinine deiminase activity is also described.
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Joanny P, Garron J, Millet Y, Tognetti P, Ohayon H. Effect of pyridoxine, glyoxylic acid and pyridoxylate on oxidative metabolism in vitro and phosphorylated energy-rich compounds studied in rat brains during acute hypoxia and ischaemia. Resuscitation 1979; 7:135-44. [PMID: 542729 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9572(79)90008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine (1-8 mmol/l) did not change significantly the cerebral oxygen nor the hypoxic or ischaemic degradation of phosphocreatine and ATP. Glyoxylic acid (1-8 mmol/l), an inhibitor of the citric acid cycle, depressed the electrically stimulated oxygen uptake of brain slices to a lesser extent than did pyridoxylate. Moreover, at concentrations of 0.66 mmol/l, pyridoxylate predominantly delayed the hypoxic or the ischaemic breakdown of creatine phosphate and of ATP compared with glyoxylic acid (0.66 mmol/l). These findings paralleled clearly the prominent hypoxic and post-hypoxic protection afforded by pyridoxylate upon rat brain electrogenesis, reported in the preceding paper.
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Hofmann WW, Butte J, Leon HA. Relationship of intracellular creatine concentration and uptake to muscle mass in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 235:C199-203. [PMID: 727242 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1978.235.5.c199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Attempts have been made to evaluate the role of intracellular creatine in conditions leading to increased or decreased amounts of contractile protein in rat skeletal muscles. Resting concentrations of intracellular creatine ([Cr]i) and creatine phosphate ([CrP]i) were compared in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles with those immediately after a 20-s tetanic stimulation. The hydrolysis of creatine phosphate was the same after heavily and lightly loaded contractions, suggesting that hypertrophy of isometric exercise is not mediated by creatine. With atrophy after denervation or interruption of sciatic axoplasmic flow [Cr]i also remained unchanged, though [CrP]i and the rate of Cr uptake fell after denervation. The major change in adult red and white muscle bulk with unaltered [Cr]i suggests that the Cr sensitivity found by others in developing muscle in vitro has been supplemented or replaced by other control mechanisms.
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Leech AR, Beis I, Newsholme EA. Radiochemical assays for creatine kinase and arginine kinase using rapid ion exchange separations. Anal Biochem 1978; 90:561-75. [PMID: 215057 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Berlet HH. Comparative study of various methods for the extraction of free creatine and phosphocreatine from mouse skeletal muscle. Anal Biochem 1974; 60:347-57. [PMID: 4367533 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Canfield P, Maréchal G. Equilibrium of nucleotides in frog sartorius muscle during an isometric tetanus at 20 degrees C. J Physiol 1973; 232:453-66. [PMID: 4543341 PMCID: PMC1350503 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The concentrations of creatine, phosphorylcreatine (PC), ATP, ADP, AMP and IMP have been measured in frog sartorius muscles at 20 degrees C during isometric tetani lasting from 0.5 to 12 sec. Each muscle was tetanized once only for the chosen duration. The muscles were poisoned with iodoacetic acid and nitrogen to prevent oxidative and glycolytic activity.2. The rate of PC splitting decreased exponentially with the duration of the tetanus (alpha = 0.16 sec(-1)). Net ATP splitting began after 2 sec, accompanied by an increase in AMP and ADP; inosine monophosphate (IMP) also appeared both earlier and faster than adenosine monophosphate (AMP).3. On the basis of two equilibrium reactions, the Lohmann and myokinase reactions, the concentration of adenosine nucleotides should be a function of the ratio creatine/phosphorylcreatine.4. The agreement between nucleotide concentrations predicted by this equilibrium hypothesis and those observed experimentally was good provided it was assumed that 90% of the acid-labile ADP found in resting muscle was bound in vivo and remained so throughout the tetanus. The validity of this assumption is discussed.5. The IMP concentration was an exponential function of the ratio creatine/phosphorylcreatine.
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Altersbedingte Abnahme von Kreatinphosphat und Änderungen der Adeninnukleotide in der Skelettmuskulatur von Ratten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02008300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Säulen-chromatographische Vielfachanalyse von Kreatin und Kreatinphosphat in Gewebsextrakten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00546374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lea CH, Parr LJ, Jackson HF. Chemical and organoleptic changes in poultry meat resulting from the growth of psychrophylic spoilage bacteria at 1 degree C. 3. Glutamine, glutathione, tyrosine, ammonia, lactic acid, creatine, carbohydrate, haem pigment and hydrogen sulphide. Br Poult Sci 1969; 10:229-38. [PMID: 5391134 DOI: 10.1080/00071666908415763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wong T. Phosphocreatine. I. Isolation and determination of phosphocreatine by Dowex 2 column chromatography. Anal Biochem 1969; 27:218-30. [PMID: 5812952 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(69)90026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ermini M, Verzár F. Decreased restitution of creatine phosphate in white and red skeletal muscles during aging. EXPERIENTIA 1968; 24:902-4. [PMID: 5709028 DOI: 10.1007/bf02138640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Raia S, Scheuer PJ. Method for obtaining both frozen and paraffin sections from the same liver biopsy. J Clin Pathol 1968; 21:413-4. [PMID: 5699084 PMCID: PMC473810 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.21.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kastenschmidt LL, Briskey EJ, Hoekstra WG. Metabolic intermediates in skeletal muscles with fast and slow rates of post-mortem glycolysis. Nature 1966; 212:288-9. [PMID: 5970122 DOI: 10.1038/212288a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Daemers-Lambert C, Debrun FM, Dethier G, Manil J. [Metabolism of phosphorus esters in the Rana temporaria sartorius treated with a hypertonic Ringer solution]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1966; 74:374-96. [PMID: 4162220 DOI: 10.3109/13813456609059918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Szent-Györgyi AG, Prior G. Exchange of adenosine diphosphate bound to actin in superprecipitated actomyosin and contracted myofibrils. J Mol Biol 1966; 15:515-38. [PMID: 5915180 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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EMERT GM. The effect of d-tubocurarine and strychnine on muscle creatine metabolism. Life Sci 1964; 3:323-31. [PMID: 14172946 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(64)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maréchal G. Phosphorylcreatine and ATP changes during shortening and lengthening of stimulated muscle. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1964; 72:306-9. [PMID: 4157951 DOI: 10.3109/13813456409058976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Loeffler G. [On the problem of the genetic influence on the excretion of creatine and creatinine in the urine. Studies on twins and families by means of thin-layer chromatography]. HUMANGENETIK 1964; 1:170-93. [PMID: 5895732 DOI: 10.1007/bf00389635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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GRIFFITHS PD, LEHMANN H. ESTIMATION OF CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE AS AN ADDITIONAL METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SEMINAL STAINS. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 1964; 4:32-34. [PMID: 14106763 DOI: 10.1177/002580246400400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The difficulties inherent in the identification of seminal stains in the absence of demonstrable spermatozoa are recalled. The enzyme creatine phosphokinase is present in high concentrations in seminal fluid and it is readily detected in the human ejaculate even in cases of azoospermia. The enzyme can be detected in high concentration in dried stains for at least six months. The levels of enzyme in seminal fluid are greatly in excess of those found in any other body fluid. It is suggested that estimation of the enzyme level in dried stains is a valuable addition to existing methods used when attempting to prove that a stain on clothing is seminal in origin.
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MENNE F, CARNIER S, SOLIMAN MR. Kreatinverluste und Kreatinaufnahme durch isolierte Herzen bei Durchstr�mung mit kreatinhaltigen L�sungen. J Mol Med (Berl) 1963; 41:234-9. [PMID: 13934870 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bestimmung des Gesamtglykogens neben säurelöslichen Metaboliten in Perchlorsäure-Organhomogenaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02045617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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