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Vue Z, Prasad P, Le H, Neikirk K, Harris C, Garza-Lopez E, Wang E, Murphy A, Jenkins B, Vang L, Scudese E, Shao B, Kadam A, Shao J, Marshall AG, Crabtree A, Kirk B, Koh A, Wilson G, Oliver A, Rodman T, Kabugi K, Koh HJ, Smith Q, Zaganjor E, Wanjalla CN, Dash C, Evans C, Phillips MA, Hubert D, Ajijola O, Whiteside A, Do Koo Y, Kinder A, Demirci M, Albritton CF, Wandira N, Jamison S, Ahmed T, Saleem M, Tomar D, Williams CR, Sweetwyne MT, Murray SA, Cooper A, Kirabo A, Jadiya P, Quintana A, Katti P, Fu Dai D, McReynolds MR, Hinton A. The MICOS Complex Regulates Mitochondrial Structure and Oxidative Stress During Age-Dependent Structural Deficits in the Kidney. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.09.598108. [PMID: 38915644 PMCID: PMC11195114 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.09.598108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The kidney filters nutrient waste and bodily fluids from the bloodstream, in addition to secondary functions of metabolism and hormone secretion, requiring an astonishing amount of energy to maintain its functions. In kidney cells, mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and help maintain kidney function. Due to aging, the efficiency of kidney functions begins to decrease. Dysfunction in mitochondria and cristae, the inner folds of mitochondria, is a hallmark of aging. Therefore, age-related kidney function decline could be due to changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and subsequent alterations in metabolism and lipid composition. We sought to understand if there is altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, as marked by 3D morphological changes, across time in tubular kidney cells. Serial block facing-scanning electron microscope (SBF-SEM) and manual segmentation using the Amira software were used to visualize murine kidney samples during the aging process at 3 months (young) and 2 years (old). We found that 2-year mitochondria are more fragmented, compared to the 3-month, with many uniquely shaped mitochondria observed across aging, concomitant with shifts in ROS, metabolomics, and lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we show that the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex is impaired in the kidney due to aging. Disruption of the MICOS complex shows altered mitochondrial calcium uptake and calcium retention capacity, as well as generation of oxidative stress. We found significant, detrimental structural changes to aged kidney tubule mitochondria suggesting a potential mechanism underlying why kidney diseases occur more readily with age. We hypothesize that disruption in the MICOS complex further exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle of mitochondrial degradation and oxidative stress, thus impacting kidney health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Praveena Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801
| | - Han Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chanel Harris
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Edgar Garza-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexandria Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801
| | - Brenita Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Estevão Scudese
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashlesha Kadam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Jianqiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrea G. Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Amber Crabtree
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Benjamin Kirk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alice Koh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Genesis Wilson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashton Oliver
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Taylor Rodman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kinuthia Kabugi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ho-Jin Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Quinton Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Elma Zaganjor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Chandravanu Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chantell Evans
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark A. Phillips
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David Hubert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Olujimi Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Whiteside
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Young Do Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - André Kinder
- Artur Sá Earp Neto University Center - UNIFASE-FMP, Petrópolis Medical School, Brazil
| | - Mert Demirci
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Claude F. Albritton
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3501, USA
| | - Nelson Wandira
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sydney Jamison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Taseer Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 USA
| | - Mariya T. Sweetwyne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sandra A. Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Anthonya Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Anita Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, AP, 517619, India
| | - Dao Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melanie R. McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Munk SHN, Merchut-Maya JM, Adelantado Rubio A, Hall A, Pappas G, Milletti G, Lee M, Johnsen LG, Guldberg P, Bartek J, Maya-Mendoza A. NAD + regulates nucleotide metabolism and genomic DNA replication. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1774-1786. [PMID: 37957325 PMCID: PMC10709141 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The intricate orchestration of enzymatic activities involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preserving genomic integrity. As a co-enzyme, NAD+ plays a key role in regulating metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and Kreb's cycle. ADP-ribosyltransferases (PARPs) and sirtuins rely on NAD+ to mediate post-translational modifications of target proteins. The activation of PARP1 in response to DNA breaks leads to rapid depletion of cellular NAD+ compromising cell viability. Therefore, the levels of NAD+ must be tightly regulated. Here we show that exogenous NAD+, but not its precursors, has a direct effect on mitochondrial activity. Short-term incubation with NAD+ boosts Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain and enhances pyrimidine biosynthesis. Extended incubation with NAD+ results in depletion of pyrimidines, accumulation of purines, activation of the replication stress response and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, a combination of NAD+ and 5-fluorouridine selectively kills cancer cells that rely on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. We propose an integrated model of how NAD+ regulates nucleotide metabolism, with relevance to healthspan, ageing and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnaldur Hall
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Pappas
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MyungHee Lee
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per Guldberg
- Molecular Diagnostics Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Astigiano C, Piacente F, Laugieri ME, Benzi A, Di Buduo CA, Miguel CP, Soncini D, Cea M, Antonelli A, Magnani M, Balduini A, De Flora A, Bruzzone S. Sirtuin 6 Regulates the Activation of the ATP/Purinergic Axis in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076759. [PMID: 37047732 PMCID: PMC10095398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a member of the mammalian NAD+-dependent deac(et)ylase sirtuin family. SIRT6’s anti-inflammatory roles are emerging increasingly often in different diseases and cell types, including endothelial cells. In this study, the role of SIRT6 in pro-inflammatory conditions was investigated by engineering human umbilical vein endothelial cells to overexpress SIRT6 (SIRT6+ HUVECs). Our results showed that SIRT6 overexpression affected the levels of adhesion molecules and sustained megakaryocyte proliferation and proplatelet formation. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory activation of the ATP/purinergic axis was reduced in SIRT6+ HUVECs. Specifically, the TNFα-induced release of ATP in the extracellular space and the increase in pannexin-1 hemichannel expression, which mediates ATP efflux, were hampered in SIRT6+ cells. Instead, NAD+ release and Connexin43 expression were not modified by SIRT6 levels. Moreover, the Ca2+ influx in response to ATP and the expression of the purinergic receptor P2X7 were decreased in SIRT6+ HUVECs. Contrary to extracellular ATP, extracellular NAD+ did not evoke pro-inflammatory responses in HUVECs. Instead, NAD+ administration reduced endothelial cell proliferation and motility and counteracted the TNFα-induced angiogenesis. Altogether, our data reinforce the view of SIRT6 activation as an anti-inflammatory approach in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Astigiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Laugieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Christian A. Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via C. Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carolina P. Miguel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via C. Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Debora Soncini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via C. Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi, 16132 Genova, Italy
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4
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Benzi A, Baratto S, Astigiano C, Sturla L, Panicucci C, Mamchaoui K, Raffaghello L, Bruzzone S, Gazzerro E, Bruno C. Aberrant Adenosine Triphosphate Release and Impairment of P2Y2-Mediated Signaling in Sarcoglycanopathies. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100037. [PMID: 36925196 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoglycanopathies, limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) caused by genetic loss-of-function of the membrane proteins sarcoglycans (SGs), are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle. In these disorders, muscle necrosis is associated with immune-mediated damage, whose triggering and perpetuating molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) seems to represent a crucial factor, with eATP activating purinergic receptors. Indeed, in vivo blockade of the eATP/P2X7 purinergic pathway ameliorated muscle disease progression. P2X7 inhibition improved the dystrophic process by restraining the activity of P2X7 receptors on immune cells. Whether P2X7 blockade can display a direct action on muscle cells is not known yet. In this study, we investigated eATP effects in primary cultures of myoblasts isolated from patients with LGMDR3 (α-sarcoglycanopathy) and in immortalized cells isolated from a patient with LGMDR5 (γ-sarcoglycanopathy). Our results demonstrated that, owing to a reduced ecto-ATPase activity and/or an enhanced release of ATP, patient cells are exposed to increased juxtamembrane concentrations of eATP and display a higher susceptivity to eATP signals. The purinoceptor P2Y2, which proved to be overexpressed in patient cells, was identified as a pivotal receptor responsible for the enhanced ATP-induced or UTP-induced Ca2+ increase in affected myoblasts. Moreover, P2Y2 stimulation in LDMDR3 muscle cells induced chemotaxis of immune cells and release of interleukin-8. In conclusion, a higher eATP concentration and sensitivity in primary human muscle cells carrying different α-SG or γ-SG loss-of-function mutations indicate that eATP/P2Y2 is an enhanced signaling axis in cells from patients with α-/γ-sarcoglycanopathy. Understanding the basis of the innate immune-mediated damage associated with the dystrophic process may be critical in overcoming the immunologic hurdles associated with emerging gene therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Serena Baratto
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Cecilia Astigiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine-DIMES, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gazzerro
- Unit of Muscle Research Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and ChildHealth-DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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5
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Skelly PJ, Nation CS, Da'Dara AA. Schistosoma mansoni and the purinergic halo. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:1080-1088. [PMID: 36182536 PMCID: PMC9669209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular schistosomes may control immune and hemostatic responses by regulating the nature and amount of selected host purinergic signaling molecules - such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) - surrounding them. Such metabolites are collectively known as the worm's 'purinergic halo'. Host-interactive, membrane-bound, tegumental ectonucleotidases, notably SmATPDase1, SmNPP5, SmAP and SmNACE, can degrade proinflammatory, prothrombotic and immunomodulatory purinergic metabolites like those listed. A common catabolic product is the anti-inflammatory metabolite adenosine that can additionally be taken in by the worms as food. We envision the tegumental ectonucleotidases as having a twofold role at the worm surface: first, they degrade potentially harmful host signaling molecules, and second, they generate vital nutrients around the worms from where these can be conveniently imported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Catherine S Nation
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Akram A Da'Dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Paracrine ADP Ribosyl Cyclase-Mediated Regulation of Biological Processes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172637. [PMID: 36078044 PMCID: PMC9454491 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyl cyclases (ADPRCs) catalyze the synthesis of the Ca2+-active second messengers Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and ADP-ribose (ADPR) from NAD+ as well as nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+) from NADP+. The best characterized ADPRC in mammals is CD38, a single-pass transmembrane protein with two opposite membrane orientations. The first identified form, type II CD38, is a glycosylated ectoenzyme, while type III CD38 has its active site in the cytosol. The ectoenzymatic nature of type II CD38 raised long ago the question of a topological paradox concerning the access of the intracellular NAD+ substrate to the extracellular active site and of extracellular cADPR product to its intracellular receptors, ryanodine (RyR) channels. Two different transporters, equilibrative connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels for NAD+ and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) for cADPR, proved to mediate cell-autonomous trafficking of both nucleotides. Here, we discussed how type II CD38, Cx43 and CNTs also play a role in mediating several paracrine processes where an ADPRC+ cell supplies a neighboring CNT-and RyR-expressing cell with cADPR. Recently, type II CD38 was shown to start an ectoenzymatic sequence of reactions from NAD+/ADPR to the strong immunosuppressant adenosine; this paracrine effect represents a major mechanism of acquired resistance of several tumors to immune checkpoint therapy.
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7
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Tan A, Doig CL. NAD + Degrading Enzymes, Evidence for Roles During Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697359. [PMID: 34485381 PMCID: PMC8415550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contribute to metabolic dysfunction, increase susceptibility to disease, and occur as a result of pathogenic infection. The enzymatic cleavage of NAD+ transfers ADP-ribose (ADPr) to substrate proteins generating mono-ADP-ribose (MAR), poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (OAADPr). These important post-translational modifications have roles in both immune response activation and the advancement of infection. In particular, emergent data show viral infection stimulates activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) mediated NAD+ depletion and stimulates hydrolysis of existing ADP-ribosylation modifications. These studies are important for us to better understand the value of NAD+ maintenance upon the biology of infection. This review focuses specifically upon the NAD+ utilising enzymes, discusses existing knowledge surrounding their roles in infection, their NAD+ depletion capability and their influence within pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Tan
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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8
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Pointer TC, Gorelick FS, Desir GV. Renalase: A Multi-Functional Signaling Molecule with Roles in Gastrointestinal Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082006. [PMID: 34440775 PMCID: PMC8391834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival factor renalase (RNLS) is a recently discovered secretory protein with potent prosurvival and anti-inflammatory effects. Several evolutionarily conserved RNLS domains are critical to its function. These include a 20 aa site that encodes for its prosurvival effects. Its prosurvival effects are shown in GI disease models including acute cerulein pancreatitis. In rodent models of pancreatic cancer and human cancer tissues, increased RNLS expression promotes cancer cell survival but shortens life expectancy. This 37 kD protein can regulate cell signaling as an extracellular molecule and probably also at intracellular sites. Extracellular RNLS signals through a specific plasma membrane calcium export transporter; this interaction appears most relevant to acute injury and cancer. Preliminary studies using RNLS agonists and antagonists, as well as various preclinical disease models, suggest that the immunologic and prosurvival effects of RNLS will be relevant to diverse pathologies that include acute organ injuries and select cancers. Future studies should define the roles of RNLS in intestinal diseases, characterizing the RNLS-activated pathways linked to cell survival and developing therapeutic agents that can increase or decrease RNLS in relevant clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Pointer
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
- VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gary V. Desir
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
- VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Klaver D, Thurnher M. Control of Macrophage Inflammation by P2Y Purinergic Receptors. Cells 2021; 10:1098. [PMID: 34064383 PMCID: PMC8147772 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages comprise a phenotypically and functionally diverse group of hematopoietic cells. Versatile macrophage subsets engage to ensure maintenance of tissue integrity. To perform tissue stress surveillance, macrophages express many different stress-sensing receptors, including purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors that respond to extracellular nucleotides and their sugar derivatives. Activation of G protein-coupled P2Y receptors can be both pro- and anti-inflammatory. Current examples include the observation that P2Y14 receptor promotes STAT1-mediated inflammation in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages as well as the demonstration that P2Y11 receptor suppresses the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and concomitantly promotes the release of soluble TNF receptors from anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Here, we review macrophage regulation by P2Y purinergic receptors, both in physiological and disease-associated inflammation. Therapeutic targeting of anti-inflammatory P2Y receptor signaling is desirable to attenuate excessive inflammation in infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Conversely, anti-inflammatory P2Y receptor signaling must be suppressed during cancer therapy to preserve its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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10
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Li Q, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Synthesis of proteogenic amino acid-based NAD analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1839-1856. [PMID: 33817782 PMCID: PMC9292562 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is dynamically regulated to accompany immune cell function, and altered immunometabolism can result in impaired immune responses. Concomitantly, the pharmacological manipulation of metabolic processes offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolic intermediate that serves as enzyme cofactor in redox reactions, and is also used as a co‐substrate by many enzymes such as sirtuins, adenosine diphosphate ribose transferases and synthases. Through these activities, NAD+ metabolism regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, regulation of the epigenetic landscape and inflammation. Thus, the manipulation of NAD+ availability using pharmacological compounds such as NAD+ precursors can have immune‐modulatory properties in inflammation. Here, we discuss how the NAD+ metabolism contributes to the immune response and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Navarro
- Interactions With The Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel M Gómez de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lin Q, Zuo W, Liu Y, Wu K, Liu Q. NAD + and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:104-110. [PMID: 33485900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays pivotal roles in controlling many biochemical processes. 'NAD' refers to the chemical backbone irrespective of charge, whereas 'NAD+' and 'NADH' refers to oxidized and reduced forms, respectively. NAD+/NADH ratio is essential for maintaining cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and for modulating energy metabolism. As a sensing or consuming enzyme of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) synthases (CD38 and CD157), and sirtuin protein deacetylases (sirtuins, SIRTs), NAD+ participates in several key processes in cardiovascular disease. For example, NAD+ protects against metabolic syndrome, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, arrhythmia and hypertension. Accordingly, the subsequent loss of NAD+ in aging or during stress results in altered metabolic status and potentially increased disease susceptibility. Therefore, it is essential to maintain NAD+ or reduce loss in the heart. This review focuses on the involvement of NAD+ in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and explores the effects of NAD+ boosting strategies in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, PR China; Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, PR China; Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Wanyun Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, PR China; Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, PR China; Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, PR China; Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, PR China; Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, PR China; Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, PR China; Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, PR China; Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, PR China; Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan 410011, PR China.
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13
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Meng YR, Zhang D, Zou X, Ma F, Kang Q, Zhang CY. A trifunctional split dumbbell probe coupled with ligation-triggered isothermal rolling circle amplification for label-free and sensitive detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Talanta 2020; 224:121962. [PMID: 33379129 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important small biomolecule that participates in a variety of physiological functions, and it has been regarded as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and a promising target for disease treatment. The conventional methods for NAD+ assay often suffer from complicated procedures, expensive labeling, poor selectivity, and unsatisfactory sensitivity. Herein, we develop a label-free and sensitive method for NAD+ assay based on the integration of a trifunctional split dumbbell probe with ligation-triggered isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA). We design a trifunctional split dumbbell probe that can act as a probe for NAD+ recognition, a template for RCA reaction, and a substrate for SYBR Green I binding. In the presence of target NAD+, it can serve as a cofactor to active E. coli DNA ligase which subsequently catalyzes the ligation of split dumbbell probe to form a circular template for RCA reaction, generating numerous dumbbell probe amplicons which can be easily and label-free monitored by using SYBR Green I as the fluorescent indicator. Due to the high fidelity of NAD+-dependent ligation and high amplification efficiency of RCA amplification, this method exhibits high sensitivity with a detection limit of 85.6 fM and good selectivity with the capability of discriminating target NAD+ from its analogs. Moreover, this method can be applied for accurate and sensitive detection of NAD+ in complex biological samples and cancer cells, holding great potential in NAD+-related biological researches and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoran Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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14
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Apte SH, Minigo G, Groves PL, Spargo JC, Plebanski M, Grigg MJ, Kenangalem E, Burel JG, Loughland JR, Flanagan KL, Piera KA, William T, Price RN, Woodberry T, Barber BE, Anstey NM, Doolan DL. A population of CD4 hiCD38 hi T cells correlates with disease severity in patients with acute malaria. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1209. [PMID: 33282291 PMCID: PMC7684974 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+ T cells are critical mediators of immunity to Plasmodium spp. infection, but their characteristics during malarial episodes and immunopathology in naturally infected adults are poorly defined. Flow cytometric analysis of PBMCs from patients with either P. falciparum or P. knowlesi malaria revealed a pronounced population of CD4+ T cells co-expressing very high levels of CD4 and CD38 we have termed CD4hiCD38hi T cells. We set out to gain insight into the function of these novel cells. METHODS CD4+ T cells from 18 patients with P. falciparum or P. knowlesi malaria were assessed by flow cytometry and sorted into populations of CD4hiCD38hi or CD4norm T cells. Gene expression in the sorted populations was assessed by qPCR and NanoString. RESULTS CD4hiCD38hi T cells expressed high levels of CD4 mRNA and canonical type 1 regulatory T-cell (TR1) genes including IL10, IFNG, LAG3 and HAVCR2 (TIM3), and other genes with relevance to cell migration and immunomodulation. These cells increased in proportion to malaria disease severity and were absent after parasite clearance with antimalarials. CONCLUSION In naturally infected adults with acute malaria, a prominent population of type 1 regulatory T cells arises that can be defined by high co-expression of CD4 and CD38 (CD4hiCD38hi) and that correlates with disease severity in patients with falciparum malaria. This study provides fundamental insights into T-cell biology, including the first evidence that CD4 expression is modulated at the mRNA level. These findings have important implications for understanding the balance between immunity and immunopathology during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Apte
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Present address:
Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles HospitalChermsideQLDAustralia
| | - Gabriela Minigo
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Penny L Groves
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jessie C Spargo
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash UniversityPrahranVICAustralia,School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Mathew J Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Papuan Health and Community Development FoundationTimikaIndonesia
| | - Julie G Burel
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Present address:
La Jolla Institute for ImmunologyLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jessica R Loughland
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Department of Immunology and PathologyMonash UniversityPrahranVICAustralia,School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVICAustralia,School of MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTASAustralia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Timothy William
- School of MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTASAustralia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Nuffield Department of Clinical MedicineCentre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia,Charles Darwin UniversityDarwinNTAustralia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health DivisionMenzies School of Health ResearchCasuarinaNTAustralia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases ProgramQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia,Centre for Molecular TherapeuticsAustralian Institute of Tropical Health & MedicineJames Cook UniversityCairnsQLDAustralia
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15
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Wang S, Han J, Xia J, Hu Y, Shi L, Ren A, Zhu J, Zhao M. Overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (nmnat) increases the growth rate, Ca 2+ concentration and cellulase production in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7079-7091. [PMID: 32632475 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying new and economical means to utilize diverse lignocellulosic biomass is an urgent task. Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known edible and medicinal basidiomycete with an excellent ability to degrade a wide range of cellulosic biomass, and its nutrient use efficiency is closely related to the activity of extracellular cellulase. Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis is controlled in response to nutritional status, and NAD+ is an essential metabolite involved in diverse cellular processes. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is a common enzyme in three NAD+ synthesis pathways. In this study, a homologous gene of nmnat was cloned from G. lucidum and two G. lucidum overexpression strains, OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19, were constructed using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. The G. lucidum nmnat overexpression strains showed obviously increased colony growth on different carbon sources, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the G. lucidum OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19 strains were increased by 2.04- and 2.30-fold, respectively, compared with those in the wild-type (WT) strains. In the G. lucidum OE::nmnat4 and OE::nmnat19 strains, endo-β-glucanase (CMCase) activity increased by approximately 2.8- and 3-fold, while β-glucosidase (pNPGase) activity increased by approximately 1.9- and 2.1-fold, respectively, compared with the activity in the WT strains. Furthermore, overexpression of NAD+ synthesis pathways was found to elicit cellulase production by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that increased intracellular NAD+ contents through overexpression of the nmnat gene of NAD+ synthesis pathways may increase cellulase production by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in G. lucidum. KEY POINTS: • The concentration of NAD+influences cellulase production in G. lucidum. • The concentration of NAD+influences the intracellular Ca2+concentration in G. lucidum. • The concentration of NAD+influences cellulase production by eliciting a change in intracellular Ca2+in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071787. [PMID: 32635428 PMCID: PMC7407231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a fundamental process in every multicellular organism. In addition to membrane-bound and released factors, the sharing of cytosolic components represents a new, poorly explored signaling route. An extraordinary example of this communication channel is the direct transport of mitochondria between cells. In this review, we discuss how intercellular mitochondrial transfer can be used by cancer cells to sustain their high metabolic requirements and promote drug resistance and describe relevant molecular players in the context of current and future cancer therapy.
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17
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Sadeghi L, Yekta R, Dehghan G. New mechanisms of phenytoin in calcium homeostasis: competitive inhibition of CD38 in hippocampal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:191-198. [PMID: 30402721 PMCID: PMC6279657 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Phenytoin is a major anticonvulsant drug that is effective to improve arrhythmia and neuropathic pain. According to early works, phenytoin affected cell membrane depolarization by sodium channel blocking, guanylyl and adenylyl cyclase suppression that cause to intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ downregulation. This study was aimed to clarify some ambiguities in pathophysiological action of phenytoin by in vitro and molecular docking analyses. Methods In this study intracellular free Ca2+ of primary culture of embryonic mouse hippocampus evaluated via Fura 2 as fluorescent probe. The effects of phenytoin on ADP ribosyl cyclase activity was assessed by recently developed fluorometric assay. Molecular docking simulation was also implemented to investigate the possible interaction between phenytoin and CD38. Results Our results confirmed phenytoin competitively inhibits cyclase activity of CD38 (IC50 = 8.1 μM) and reduces cADPR content. cADPR is a Ca2+-mobilising second messenger which binds to L-type calcium channel and ryanodine receptors in cell and ER membrane and increases cytosolic free Ca2+. Ca2+ content of cells decreased significantly in the presence of phenytoin in a dose dependent manner (IC50 = 12.74 µM). Based on molecular docking analysis, phenytoin binds to deeper site of CD38 active site, mainly via hydrophobic interactions and consequently inhibits proper contact of substrate with catalytic residues specially Glu 226, Trp 186, Thr221. Conclusion Taken together, one of the anticonvulsant mechanisms of phenytoin is Ca2+ inhibition from CD38 pathway, therefore could be used in disorders that accompanied by CD38 over production or activation such as heart disease, depression, brain sepsis, airway disease, oxidative stress and inflammation. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Yekta
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Kessel C, Fuehner S, Zell J, Zimmermann B, Drewianka S, Brockmeyer S, Holzinger D, Hinze C, Wittkowski H, Foell D. Calcium and zinc tune autoinflammatory Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by S100A12. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1370-1373.e8. [PMID: 30010542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kessel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Fuehner
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jana Zell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Sonja Brockmeyer
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Holzinger
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Claas Hinze
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
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Exploiting ROS and metabolic differences to kill cisplatin resistant lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49275-49292. [PMID: 28525376 PMCID: PMC5564767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of lung cancer. We have discovered that cisplatin resistant (CR) lung cancer cells, regardless of the signaling pathway status, share the common parameter which is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and undergo metabolic reprogramming. CR cells were no longer addicted to the glycolytic pathway, but rather relied on oxidative metabolism. They took up twice as much glutamine and were highly sensitive to glutamine deprivation. Glutamine is hydrolyzed to glutamate for glutathione synthesis, an essential factor to abrogate high ROS via xCT antiporter. Thus, blocking glutamate flux using riluzole (an amyotropic lateral sclerosis approved drug) can selectively kill CR cells in vitro and in vivo. However, we discovered here that glutathione suppression is not the primary pathway in eradicating the CR cells. Riluzole can lead to further decrease in NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) expressions which in turn further heightened oxidative stress in CR cells. LDHA knocked-down cells became hypersensitive to riluzole treatments and possessed increased levels of ROS. Addition of NAD+ re-stabilized LDHA and reversed riluzole induced cell death. Thus far, no drugs are available which could overcome cisplatin resistance or kill cisplatin resistant cells. CR cells possess high levels of ROS and undergo metabolic reprogramming. These metabolic adaptations can be exploited and targeted by riluzole. Riluzole may serve as a dual-targeting agent by suppression LDHA and blocking xCT antiporter. Repurposing of riluzole should be considered for future treatment of cisplatin resistant lung cancer patients.
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20
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β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (β-NAD) Inhibits ATP-Dependent IL-1β Release from Human Monocytic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041126. [PMID: 29642561 PMCID: PMC5979475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine essential for host defense, high systemic levels cause life-threatening inflammatory syndromes. ATP, a stimulus of IL-1β maturation, is released from damaged cells along with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD). Here, we tested the hypothesis that β-NAD controls ATP-signaling and, hence, IL-1β release. Lipopolysaccharide-primed monocytic U937 cells and primary human mononuclear leukocytes were stimulated with 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)ATP trieethylammonium salt (BzATP), a P2X7 receptor agonist, in the presence or absence of β-NAD. IL-1β was measured in cell culture supernatants. The roles of P2Y receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β, PLA2G6) were investigated using specific inhibitors and gene-silencing. Exogenous β-NAD signaled via P2Y receptors and dose-dependently (IC50 = 15 µM) suppressed the BzATP-induced IL-1β release. Signaling involved iPLA2β, release of a soluble mediator, and nAChR subunit α9. Patch-clamp experiments revealed that β-NAD inhibited BzATP-induced ion currents. In conclusion, we describe a novel triple membrane-passing signaling cascade triggered by extracellular β-NAD that suppresses ATP-induced release of IL-1β by monocytic cells. This cascade links activation of P2Y receptors to non-canonical metabotropic functions of nAChRs that inhibit P2X7 receptor function. The biomedical relevance of this mechanism might be the control of trauma-associated systemic inflammation.
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21
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Sociali G, Raffaghello L, Magnone M, Zamporlini F, Emionite L, Sturla L, Bianchi G, Vigliarolo T, Nahimana A, Nencioni A, Raffaelli N, Bruzzone S. Antitumor effect of combined NAMPT and CD73 inhibition in an ovarian cancer model. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2968-84. [PMID: 26658104 PMCID: PMC4823084 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of intracellular NAD+. NAMPT inhibitors have potent anticancer activity in several preclinical models by depleting NAD+ and ATP levels. Recently, we demonstrated that CD73 enables the utilization of extracellular NAD+/nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) by converting them to Nicotinamide riboside (NR), which can cross the plasmamembrane and fuel intracellular NAD+ biosynthesis in human cells. These processes are herein confirmed to also occur in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line (OVCAR-3), by means of CD73 or NRK1 specific silencing. Next, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of the simultaneous inhibition of NAMPT (with FK866) and CD73 (with α, β-methylene adenosine 5′-diphosphate, APCP), in an in vivo human ovarian carcinoma model. Interestingly, the combined therapy was found to significantly decrease intratumor NAD+, NMN and ATP levels, compared with single treatments. In addition, the concentration of these nucleotides in ascitic exudates was more remarkably reduced in animals treated with both FK866 and APCP compared with single treatments. Importantly, tumors treated with FK866 in combination with APCP contained a statistically significant lower proportion of Ki67 positive proliferating cells and a higher percentage of necrotic area. Finally, a slight but significant increase in animal survival in response to the combined therapy, compared to the single agents, could be demonstrated. Our results indicate that the pharmacological inhibition of CD73 enzymatic activity could be considered as a means to potentiate the anti-cancer effects of NAMPT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Sociali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mirko Magnone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Zamporlini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bianchi
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Istituto G. Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vigliarolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Aimable Nahimana
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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22
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An C, Ding Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Mou Z. Elongator Plays a Positive Role in Exogenous NAD-Induced Defense Responses in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:396-404. [PMID: 26926998 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular NAD is emerging as an important signal molecule in animal cells, but its role in plants has not been well-established. Although it has been shown that exogenous NAD(+) activates defense responses in Arabidopsis, components in the exogenous NAD(+)-activated defense pathway remain to be fully discovered. In a genetic screen for mutants insensitive to exogenous NAD(+) (ien), we isolated a mutant named ien2. Map-based cloning revealed that IEN2 encodes ELONGATA3 (ELO3)/AtELP3, a subunit of the Arabidopsis Elongator complex, which functions in multiple biological processes, including histone modification, DNA (de)methylation, and transfer RNA modification. Mutations in the ELO3/AtELP3 gene compromise exogenous NAD(+)-induced expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, and transgenic expression of the coding region of ELO3/AtELP3 in elo3/Atelp3 restores NAD(+) responsiveness to the mutant plants, demonstrating that ELO3/AtELP3 is required for exogenous NAD(+)-induced defense responses. Furthermore, mutations in genes encoding the other five Arabidopsis Elongator subunits (ELO2/AtELP1, AtELP2, ELO1/AtELP4, AtELP5, and AtELP6) also compromise exogenous NAD(+)-induced PR gene expression and resistance to P. syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. These results indicate that the Elongator complex functions as a whole in exogenous NAD(+)-activated defense signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfu An
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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23
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Intracellular NAD+ levels are associated with LPS-induced TNF-α release in pro-inflammatory macrophages. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00301. [PMID: 26764408 PMCID: PMC4770305 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces changes in intracellular NAD+ levels in a pro-inflammatory, but not an anti-inflammatory, macrophage model that are correlated with the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Metabolism and immune responses have been shown to be closely linked and as our understanding increases, so do the intricacies of the level of linkage. NAD+ has previously been shown to regulate tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis and TNF-α has been shown to regulate NAD+ homoeostasis providing a link between a pro-inflammatory response and redox status. In the present study, we have used THP-1 differentiation into pro- (M1-like) and anti- (M2-like) inflammatory macrophage subset models to investigate this link further. Pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages showed different resting NAD+ levels and expression levels of NAD+ homoeostasis enzymes. Challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a pro-inflammatory stimulus for macrophages, caused a large, biphasic and transient increase in NAD+ levels in pro- but not anti-inflammatory macrophages that were correlated with TNF-α release and inhibition of certain NAD+ synthesis pathways blocked TNF-α release. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation also caused changes in mRNA levels of some NAD+ homoeostasis enzymes in M1-like cells. Surprisingly, despite M2-like cells not releasing TNF-α or changing NAD+ levels in response to lipopolysaccharide, they showed similar mRNA changes compared with M1-like cells. These data further strengthen the link between pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and NAD+. The agonist-induced rise in NAD+ shows striking parallels to well-known second messengers and raises the possibility that NAD+ is acting in a similar manner in this model.
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24
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Pliyev BK, Ivanova AV, Savchenko VG. Extracellular NAD(+) inhibits human neutrophil apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 19:581-93. [PMID: 24292505 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of neutrophil apoptosis plays a critical role in the inflammatory response. Inflammation has previously been shown to increase levels of extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). The present study demonstrates that extracellular NAD(+) at concentrations found in the inflamed tissues profoundly delays spontaneous apoptosis of human neutrophils as was evidenced by inhibition of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. The effect was abrogated by NF157, an antagonist of P2Y11 receptor, and was pertussis toxin-insensitive. The NAD(+)-mediated delay of neutrophil apoptosis was reversed by 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, and Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Blocking of NAD(+)-induced influx of extracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA did not abolish the pro-survival effect of NAD(+). Extracellular NAD(+) inhibited proteasome-dependent degradation of Mcl-1 upstream of caspase activation and, furthermore, suppressed Bax translocation to the mitochondria and attenuated both dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Finally, we found that extracellular NAD(+) inhibited spontaneous activation of caspase-9, but not caspase-8, and the pro-survival effect of extracellular NAD(+) was abrogated by the inhibitor of caspase-9, but not by the inhibitor of caspase-8. Together, these results demonstrate that extracellular NAD(+) inhibits neutrophil apoptosis via P2Y11 receptor and cAMP/PKA pathway by regulating Mcl-1 level, Bax targeting to the mitochondria and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Thus, extracellular NAD(+) acts as a neutrophil survival factor that can contribute to prolonged neutrophil lifespan in inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Pliyev
- Hematology Research Center, Novy Zykovsky Pr. 4, Moscow, 125167, Russia,
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25
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Hasan MA, Sultan MT, Ahn WG, Kim YJ, Jang JH, Hong CW, Song DK. Scant Extracellular NAD Cleaving Activity of Human Neutrophils is Down-Regulated by fMLP via FPRL1. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:497-502. [PMID: 25598664 PMCID: PMC4296039 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cleaving activity of a particular cell type determines the rate of the degradation of extracellular NAD with formation of metabolites in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, which has important physiological consequences. It is yet to be elucidated whether intact human neutrophils have any extracellular NAD cleaving activity. In this study, with a simple fluorometric assay utilizing 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide (etheno-NAD) as the substrate, we have shown that intact peripheral human neutrophils have scant extracellular etheno-NAD cleaving activity, which is much less than that of mouse bone marrow neutrophils, mouse peripheral neutrophils, human monocytes and lymphocytes. With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we have identified that ADP-ribose (ADPR) is the major extracellular metabolite of NAD degradation by intact human neutrophils. The scant extracellular etheno-NAD cleaving activity is decreased further by N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP), a chemoattractant for neutrophils. The fMLP-mediated decrease in the extracellular etheno-NAD cleaving activity is reversed by WRW4, a potent FPRL1 antagonist. These findings show that a much less extracellular etheno-NAD cleaving activity of intact human neutrophils compared to other immune cell types is down-regulated by fMLP via a low affinity fMLP receptor FPRL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Md Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ja Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Infectious Diseases Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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26
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Abstract
Renalase, a recently discovered flavoprotein, which is strongly expressed in the kidney and heart, effectively metabolizes catecholamines. It was discovered during the search to identify proteins secreted by the kidney that could help explain the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recent advances have led to more detailed knowledge of its biology, structure, enzymatic activity, mechanisms of action, associations with human disease states and potential therapeutic value. In this study, we review these advances with a focus on hypertension and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Desir
- Medical Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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27
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Liu M, Gu L, Sulkin MS, Liu H, Jeong EM, Greener I, Xie A, Efimov IR, Dudley SC. Mitochondrial dysfunction causing cardiac sodium channel downregulation in cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 54:25-34. [PMID: 23123323 PMCID: PMC3595554 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is associated with cardiac Na(+) channel downregulation that may contribute to arrhythmias. Previously, we have shown that elevated intracellular NADH causes a decrease in cardiac Na(+) current (I(Na)) signaled by an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we tested whether the NADH-mitochondria ROS pathway was involved in the reduction of I(Na) in a nonischemic cardiomyopathic model and correlated the findings with myopathic human hearts. Nonischemic cardiomyopathy was induced in C57BL/6 mice by hypertension after unilateral nephrectomy, deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) pellet implantation, and salt water substitution. Sham operated mice were used as controls. After six weeks, heart tissue and ventricular myocytes isolated from mice were utilized for whole cell patch clamp recording, NADH/NAD(+) level measurements, and mitochondrial ROS monitoring with confocal microscopy. Human explanted hearts were studied using optical mapping. Compared to the sham mice, the arterial blood pressure was higher, the left ventricular volume was significantly enlarged (104.7±3.9 vs. 87.9±6.1 μL, P<0.05), and the ejection fraction was reduced (37.1±1.8% vs. 49.4±3.7%, P<0.05) in DOCA mice. Both the whole cell and cytosolic NADH level were increased (279±70% and 123±2% of sham, respectively, P<0.01), I(Na) was decreased (60±10% of sham, P<0.01), and mitochondrial ROS overproduction was observed (2.9±0.3-fold of sham, P<0.01) in heart tissue and myocytes of myopathic mice vs. sham. Treatment of myocytes with NAD(+) (500 μM), mitoTEMPO (10 μM), chelerythrine (50 μM), or forskolin (5 μM) restored I(Na) back to the level of sham. Injection of NAD(+) (100mg/kg) or mitoTEMPO (0.7 mg/kg) twice (at 24h and 1h before myocyte isolation) to animals also restored I(Na). All treatments simultaneously reduced mitochondrial ROS levels to that of controls. CD38 was found to transduce the extracellular NAD(+) signal. Correlating with the mouse model, failing human hearts showed a reduction in conduction velocity that improved with NAD(+). Nonischemic cardiomyopathy was associated with elevated NADH level, PKC activation, mitochondrial ROS overproduction, and a concomitant decrease in I(Na). Reducing mitochondrial ROS by application of NAD(+), mitoTEMPO, PKC inhibitors, or PKA activators, restored I(Na). NAD(+) improved conduction velocity in human myopathic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- the Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lianzhi Gu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- the Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S. Sulkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- the Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Euy-Myoung Jeong
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Ian Greener
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - An Xie
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Igor R. Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, USA
| | - Samuel C. Dudley
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- the Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Desir GV, Wang L, Peixoto AJ. Human renalase: a review of its biology, function, and implications for hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:417-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Umapathy NS, Gonzales J, Fulzele S, Kim KM, Lucas R, Verin AD. β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory effects in a murine model of acute lung injury. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:223-32. [PMID: 22563684 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.673049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occur in approximately 200,000 patients per year. Studies indicate that lung endothelium plays a significant role in ALI. The authors' recent in vitro studies demonstrate a novel mechanism of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD)-induced protection against gram-positive (pneumolysin, PLY) and gram-negative (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) toxin-induced lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the protective effect of β-NAD against LPS-induced ALI in mice. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: vehicle, β-NAD, LPS, and LPS/β-NAD. After surgery, mice were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Evans blue dye-albumin (EBA) was given through the internal jugular vein 2 hours prior to the termination of the experiments. Upon sacrificing the animals, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and the lungs were harvested. β-NAD treatment significantly attenuated the inflammatory response by means of reducing the accumulation of cells and protein in BALF, blunting the parenchymal neutrophil infiltration, and preventing capillary leak. In addition, the histological examination demonstrated decreased interstitial edema in the LPS/β-NAD specimens, as compared to the LPS-only specimens. The mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated in the LPS group treated with β-NAD compared to the LPS-only-treated group. β-NAD treatment down-regulated the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that β-NAD could be investigated as a therapeutic option against bacterial toxin-induced lung inflammation and ALI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavedi Siddaramappa Umapathy
- Vascular Biology Center and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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30
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Zamora R, Azhar N, Namas R, Metukuri MR, Clermont T, Gladstone C, Namas RA, Hermus L, Megas C, Constantine G, Billiar TR, Fink MP, Vodovotz Y. Identification of a novel pathway of transforming growth factor-β1 regulation by extracellular NAD+ in mouse macrophages: in vitro and in silico studies. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31003-14. [PMID: 22829588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.344309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is anti-inflammatory. We hypothesized that NAD(+) would modulate the anti-inflammatory cytokine Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1. Indeed, NAD(+) led to increases in both active and latent cell-associated TGF-β1 in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as well as in primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from both C3H/HeJ (TLR4-mutant) and C3H/HeOuJ (wild-type controls for C3H/HeJ) mice. NAD(+) acts partially via cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and subsequent release of Ca(2+). Treatment of macrophages with the cADPR analog 3-deaza-cADPR or Ca(2+) ionophores recapitulated the effects of NAD(+) on TGF-β1, whereas the cADPR antagonist 8-Br-cADPR, Ca(2+) chelation, and antagonism of L-type Ca(2+) channels suppressed these effects. The time and dose effects of NAD(+) on TGF-β1 were complex and could be modeled both statistically and mathematically. Model-predicted levels of TGF-β1 protein and mRNA were largely confirmed experimentally but also suggested the presence of other mechanisms of regulation of TGF-β1 by NAD(+). Thus, in vitro and in silico evidence points to NAD(+) as a novel modulator of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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31
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Bruzzone S, Basile G, Mannino E, Sturla L, Magnone M, Grozio A, Salis A, Fresia C, Vigliarolo T, Guida L, De Flora A, Tossi V, Cassia R, Lamattina L, Zocchi E. Autocrine abscisic acid mediates the UV-B-induced inflammatory response in human granulocytes and keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2502-10. [PMID: 21898394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UV-B is an abiotic environmental stress in both plants and animals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone regulating fundamental physiological functions in plants, including response to abiotic stress. We previously demonstrated that ABA is an endogenous stress hormone also in animal cells. Here, we investigated whether autocrine ABA regulates the response to UV-B of human granulocytes and keratinocytes, the cells involved in UV-triggered skin inflammation. The intracellular ABA concentration increased in UV-B-exposed granulocytes and keratinocytes and ABA was released into the supernatant. The UV-B-induced production of NO and of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytosis, and cell migration were strongly inhibited in granulocytes irradiated in the presence of a monoclonal antibody against ABA. Moreover, presence of the same antibody strongly inhibited release of NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by UV-B irradiated keratinocytes. Lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 2 (LANCL2) is required for the activation of the ABA signaling pathway in human granulocytes. Silencing of LANCL2 in human keratinocytes by siRNA was accompanied by abrogation of the UV-B-triggered release of PGE(2), TNF-α, and NO and ROS production. These results indicate that UV-B irradiation induces ABA release from human granulocytes and keratinocytes and that autocrine ABA stimulates cell functions involved in skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine and CEBR, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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32
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Zhang L, Xu X, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Shen D, Peng L, Song J. Cu(ii)- and disulfide bonds-induced stabilization during the guanidine hydrochloride- and thermal-induced denaturation of NAD-glycohydrolase from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus. Metallomics 2011; 4:166-73. [PMID: 22045055 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NAD-glycohydrolase (AA-NADase) from Agkistrodon acutus venom is a unique multicatalytic enzyme with both NADase and AT(D)Pase-like activities. Among all identified NADases, only AA-NADase is a disulfide-linked dimer and contains Cu(2+). Cu(2+) and disulfide bonds are essential for its multicatalytic activity. In this study, the effects of Cu(2+) and disulfide-bonds on guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)- and thermal-induced unfolding of AA-NADase have been investigated by fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Cu(2+) and disulfide bonds not only increase the free energy change during the GdnHCl-induced unfolding as determined by fluorescence, but also increase the overall enthalpy change and the transition temperature during the thermal-induced unfolding as determined by CD and DSC. The slope of the GdnHCl-induced unfolding curve at its midpoint and the heat capacity of thermal-induced unfolding are slightly affected by Cu(2+) but significantly decrease after reduction of three disulfide-bonds. This work suggests that Cu(2+) stabilizes the folded state by increasing the enthalpy of unfolding, while disulfide-bonds stabilize the folded state by increasing the enthalpy of unfolding and stabilizing the packing of hydrophobic residues. Thus both Cu(2+) and disulfide bonds play a structural role in its multicatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
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33
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Jeong EM, Liu M, Sturdy M, Gao G, Varghese ST, Sovari AA, Dudley SC. Metabolic stress, reactive oxygen species, and arrhythmia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:454-63. [PMID: 21978629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias can cause sudden cardiac death (SCD) and add to the current heart failure (HF) health crisis. Nevertheless, the pathological processes underlying arrhythmias are unclear. Arrhythmic conditions are associated with systemic and cardiac oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In excitable cardiac cells, ROS regulate both cellular metabolism and ion homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that elevated cellular ROS can cause alterations of the cardiac sodium channel (Na(v)1.5), abnormal Ca(2+) handling, changes of mitochondrial function, and gap junction remodeling, leading to arrhythmogenesis. This review summarizes our knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS may cause arrhythmias and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to prevent arrhythmias by targeting ROS and its consequences. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes".
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Affiliation(s)
- Euy-Myoung Jeong
- Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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34
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Lee HC. Cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP: fraternal twin messengers for calcium signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:699-711. [PMID: 21786193 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept advanced by Berridge and colleagues that intracellular Ca(2+)-stores can be mobilized in an agonist-dependent and messenger (IP(3))-mediated manner has put Ca(2+)-mobilization at the center stage of signal transduction mechanisms. During the late 1980s, we showed that Ca(2+)-stores can be mobilized by two other messengers unrelated to inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) and identified them as cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a novel cyclic nucleotide from NAD, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), a linear metabolite of NADP. Their messenger functions have now been documented in a wide range of systems spanning three biological kingdoms. Accumulated evidence indicates that the target of cADPR is the ryanodine receptor in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum, while that of NAADP is the two pore channel in endolysosomes.As cADPR and NAADP are structurally and functionally distinct, it is remarkable that they are synthesized by the same enzyme. They are thus fraternal twin messengers. We first identified the Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase as one such enzyme and, through homology, found its mammalian homolog, CD38. Gene knockout in mice confirms the important roles of CD38 in diverse physiological functions from insulin secretion, susceptibility to bacterial infection, to social behavior of mice through modulating neuronal oxytocin secretion. We have elucidated the catalytic mechanisms of the Aplysia cyclase and CD38 to atomic resolution by crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. This article gives a historical account of the cADPR/NAADP/CD38-signaling pathway and describes current efforts in elucidating the structure and function of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Wu Y, Xu J, Velazquez H, Wang P, Li G, Liu D, Sampaio-Maia B, Quelhas-Santos J, Russell K, Russell R, Flavell RA, Pestana M, Giordano F, Desir GV. Renalase deficiency aggravates ischemic myocardial damage. Kidney Int 2010; 79:853-60. [PMID: 21178975 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to an 18-fold increase in cardiovascular complications not fully explained by traditional risk factors. Levels of renalase, a recently discovered oxidase that metabolizes catecholamines, are decreased in CKD. Here we show that renalase deficiency in a mouse knockout model causes increased plasma catecholamine levels and hypertension. Plasma blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and aldosterone were unaffected. However, knockout mice had normal systolic function and mild ventricular hypertrophy but tolerated cardiac ischemia poorly and developed myocardial necrosis threefold more severe than that found in wild-type mice. Treatment with recombinant renalase completely rescued the cardiac phenotype. To gain insight into the mechanisms mediating this cardioprotective effect, we tested if gene deletion affected nitrate and glutathione metabolism, but found no differences between hearts of knockout and wild-type mice. The ratio of oxidized (NAD) to reduced (NADH) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in cardiac tissue, however, was significantly decreased in the hearts of renalase knockout mice, as was plasma NADH oxidase activity. In vitro studies confirmed that renalase metabolizes NADH and catecholamines. Thus, renalase plays an important role in cardiovascular pathology and its replacement may reduce cardiac complications in renalase-deficient states such as CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029, USA
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Fruscione F, Scarfì S, Ferraris C, Bruzzone S, Benvenuto F, Guida L, Uccelli A, Salis A, Usai C, Jacchetti E, Ilengo C, Scaglione S, Quarto R, Zocchi E, De Flora A. Regulation of human mesenchymal stem cell functions by an autocrine loop involving NAD+ release and P2Y11-mediated signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:1183-98. [PMID: 20964598 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In several cell types, a regulated efflux of NAD(+) across Connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HC) can occur, and extracellular NAD(+) (NAD(+)(e)) affects cell-specific functions. We studied the capability of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to release intracellular NAD(+) through Cx43 HC. NAD(+) efflux, quantified by a sensitive enzymatic cycling assay, was significantly upregulated by low extracellular Ca(2+) (5-6-fold), by shear stress (13-fold), and by inflammatory conditions (3.1- and 2.5-fold in cells incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or at 39°C, respectively), as compared with untreated cells, whereas it was downregulated in Cx43-siRNA-transfected MSC (by 53%) and by cell-to-cell contact (by 45%). Further, we show that NAD(+)(e) activates the purinergic receptor P2Y(11) and a cyclic adenosin monophosphate (cAMP)/cyclic ADP-ribose/[Ca(2+)](i) signaling cascade, involving the opening, unique to MSC, of L-type Ca(2+) channels. Extracellular NAD(+) enhanced nuclear translocation of cAMP/Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors. Moreover, NAD(+), either extracellularly added or autocrinally released, resulted in stimulation of MSC functions, including proliferation, migration, release of prostaglandin E(2) and cytokines, and downregulation of T lymphocyte proliferation compared with controls. No detectable modifications of MSC markers and of adipocyte or osteocyte differentiation were induced by NAD(+)(e). Controls included Cx43-siRNA transfected and/or NAD(+)-glycohydrolase-treated MSC (autocrine effects), and NAD(+)-untreated or P2Y(11)-siRNA-transfected MSC (exogenous NAD(+)). These findings suggest a potential beneficial role of NAD(+)(e) in modulating MSC functions relevant to MSC-based cell therapies.
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Xu X, Zhang L, Luo Z, Shen D, Wu H, Peng L, Song J, Zhang Y. Metal ions binding to NAD-glycohydrolase from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus: regulation of multicatalytic activity. Metallomics 2010; 2:480-9. [PMID: 21072348 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AA-NADase from Agkistrodon acutus venom is a unique multicatalytic enzyme with both NADase and AT(D)Pase activities. Among all identified NADases, only AA-NADase contains Cu(2+) ions that are essential for its multicatalytic activity. In this study, the interactions between divalent metal ions and AA-NADase and the effects of metal ions on its structure and activity have been investigated by equilibrium dialysis, isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering and HPLC. The results show that AA-NADase has two classes of Cu(2+) binding sites, one activator site with high affinity and approximately six inhibitor sites with low affinity. Cu(2+) ions function as a switch for its NADase activity. In addition, AA-NADase has one Mn(2+) binding site, one Zn(2+) binding site, one strong and two weak Co(2+) binding sites, and two strong and six weak Ni(2+) binding sites. Metal ion binding affinities follow the trend Cu(2+) > Ni(2+) > Mn(2+) > Co(2+) > Zn(2+), which accounts for the existence of one Cu(2+) in the purified AA-NADase. Both NADase and ADPase activities of AA-NADase do not have an absolute requirement for Cu(2+), and all tested metal ions activate its NADase and ADPase activities and the activation capacity follows the trend Zn(2+) > Mn(2+) > Cu(2+) ~Co(2+) > Ni(2+). Metal ions serve as regulators for its multicatalytic activity. Although all tested metal ions have no obvious effects on the global structure of AA-NADase, Cu(2+)- and Zn(2+)-induced conformational changes around some Trp residues have been observed. Interestingly, each tested metal ion has a very similar activation of both NADase and ADPase activities, suggesting that the two different activities probably occur at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China.
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Grahnert A, Grahnert A, Klein C, Schilling E, Wehrhahn J, Hauschildt S. Review: NAD +: a modulator of immune functions. Innate Immun 2010; 17:212-33. [PMID: 20388721 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910361989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Latterly, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has emerged as a molecule with versatile functions and of enormous impact on the maintenance of cell integrity. Besides playing key roles in almost all major aspects of energy metabolism, there is mounting evidence that NAD+ and its degradation products affect various biological activities including calcium homeostasis, gene transcription, DNA repair, and intercellular communication. This review is aimed at giving a brief insight into the life cycle of NAD+ in the cell, referring to synthesis, action and degradation aspects. With respect to their immunological relevance, the importance and function of the major NAD+ metabolizing enzymes, namely CD38/CD157, ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), poly-ADP-ribose-polymerases (PARPs), and sirtuins are summarized and roles of NAD+ and its main degradation product adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADPR) in cell signaling are discussed. In addition, an outline of the variety of immunological processes depending on the activity of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), the key enzyme of the salvage pathway of NAD+ synthesis, is presented. Taken together, an efficient supply of NAD+ seems to be a crucial need for a multitude of cell functions, underlining the yet only partly revealed potency of this small molecule to influence cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grahnert
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, Leipzig, Germany
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Umapathy NS, Zemskov EA, Gonzales J, Gorshkov BA, Sridhar S, Chakraborty T, Lucas R, Verin AD. Extracellular beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) promotes the endothelial cell barrier integrity via PKA- and EPAC1/Rac1-dependent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:215-23. [PMID: 20054824 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular beta-NAD is known to elevate intracellular levels of calcium ions, inositol 1,4,5-trisphate and cAMP. Recently, beta-NAD was identified as an agonist for P2Y1 and P2Y11 purinergic receptors. Since beta-NAD can be released extracellularly from endothelial cells (EC), we have proposed its involvement in the regulation of EC permeability. Here we show, for the first time, that endothelial integrity can be enhanced in EC endogenously expressing beta-NAD-activated purinergic receptors upon beta-NAD stimulation. Our data demonstrate that extracellular beta-NAD increases the transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner indicating endothelial barrier enhancement. Importantly, beta-NAD significantly attenuated thrombin-induced EC permeability as well as the barrier-compromising effects of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial toxins representing the barrier-protective function of beta-NAD. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals more pronounced staining of cell-cell junctional protein VE-cadherin at the cellular periphery signifying increased tightness of the cell-cell contacts after beta-NAD stimulation. Interestingly, inhibitory analysis (pharmacological antagonists and receptor sequence specific siRNAs) indicates the participation of both P2Y1 and P2Y11 receptors in beta-NAD-induced TER increase. beta-NAD-treatment attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) indicating its involvement in barrier protection. Our studies also show the involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and EPAC1 pathways as well as small GTPase Rac1 in beta-NAD-induced EC barrier enhancement. With these results, we conclude that beta-NAD regulates the pulmonary EC barrier integrity via small GTPase Rac1- and MLCP- dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavedi S Umapathy
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Liu M, Sanyal S, Gao G, Gurung IS, Zhu X, Gaconnet G, Kerchner LJ, Shang LL, Huang CLH, Grace A, London B, Dudley SC. Cardiac Na+ current regulation by pyridine nucleotides. Circ Res 2009; 105:737-45. [PMID: 19745168 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.197277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutations in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like (GPD1-L) protein reduce cardiac Na+ current (I(Na)) and cause Brugada Syndrome (BrS). GPD1-L has >80% amino acid homology with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is involved in NAD-dependent energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we tested whether NAD(H) could regulate human cardiac sodium channels (Na(v)1.5). METHODS AND RESULTS HEK293 cells stably expressing Na(v)1.5 and rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were used. The influence of NADH/NAD+ on arrhythmic risk was evaluated in wild-type or SCN5A(+/-) mouse heart. A280V GPD1-L caused a 2.48+/-0.17-fold increase in intracellular NADH level (P<0.001). NADH application or cotransfection with A280V GPD1-L resulted in decreased I(Na) (0.48+/-0.09 or 0.19+/-0.04 of control group, respectively; P<0.01), which was reversed by NAD+, chelerythrine, or superoxide dismutase. NAD+ antagonism of the Na+ channel downregulation by A280V GPD1-L or NADH was prevented by a protein kinase (PK)A inhibitor, PKAI(6-22). The effects of NADH and NAD+ were mimicked by a phorbol ester and forskolin, respectively. Increasing intracellular NADH was associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachycardia in wild-type mouse hearts. Extracellular application of NAD+ to SCN5A(+/-) mouse hearts ameliorated the risk of ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that Na(v)1.5 is regulated by pyridine nucleotides, suggesting a link between metabolism and I(Na). This effect required protein kinase C activation and was mediated by oxidative stress. NAD+ could prevent this effect by activating PKA. Mutations of GPD1-L may downregulate Na(v)1.5 by altering the oxidized to reduced NAD(H) balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Division in Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago and the Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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APO866 activity in hematologic malignancies: a preclinical in vitro study. Blood 2009; 113:6035-7; author reply 6037-8. [PMID: 19498032 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-209213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Yu FX, Goh SR, Dai RP, Luo Y. Adenosine-containing molecules amplify glucose signaling and enhance txnip expression. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:932-42. [PMID: 19246513 PMCID: PMC5419282 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells sense extracellular glucose concentrations via diverse mechanisms to regulate the expression of genes involved in metabolic control. One such example is the tight correlation between the expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) and extracellular glucose levels. In this report, we show that the transcription of the Txnip gene is induced by adenosine-containing molecules, of which an intact adenosine moiety is necessary and sufficient. Txnip promoter contains a carbohydrate response element, which mediates the induction of Txnip expression by these molecules in a glucose-dependent manner. Max-like protein X and MondoA are transcription factors previously shown to stimulate glucose-dependent Txnip expression and are shown here to convey stimulatory signals from extracellular adenosine-containing molecules to the Txnip promoter. The regulatory role of these molecules may be exerted via amplifying glucose signaling. Hence, this revelation may pave the way for interventions aimed toward metabolic disorders resulting from abnormal glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xing Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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Bodrato N, Franco L, Fresia C, Guida L, Usai C, Salis A, Moreschi I, Ferraris C, Verderio C, Basile G, Bruzzone S, Scarfì S, De Flora A, Zocchi E. Abscisic acid activates the murine microglial cell line N9 through the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14777-87. [PMID: 19329433 PMCID: PMC2685659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone regulating important functions in higher plants, notably responses to abiotic stress. Recently, chemical or physical stimulation of human granulocytes was shown to induce production and release of endogenous ABA, which activates specific cell functions. Here we provide evidence that ABA stimulates several functional activities of the murine microglial cell line N9 (NO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, cell migration) through the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose and an increase of intracellular calcium. ABA production and release occur in N9 cells stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate, the chemoattractant peptide f-MLP, or beta-amyloid, the primary plaque component in Alzheimer disease. Finally, ABA priming stimulates N9 cell migration toward beta-amyloid. These results indicate that ABA is a pro-inflammatory hormone inducing autocrine microglial activation, potentially representing a new target for anti-inflammatory therapies aimed at limiting microglia-induced tissue damage in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bodrato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Magnone M, Bruzzone S, Guida L, Damonte G, Millo E, Scarfì S, Usai C, Sturla L, Palombo D, De Flora A, Zocchi E. Abscisic acid released by human monocytes activates monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cell responses involved in atherogenesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17808-18. [PMID: 19332545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809546200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone recently identified as a new endogenous pro-inflammatory hormone in human granulocytes. Here we report the functional activation of human monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells by ABA. Incubation of monocytes with ABA evokes an intracellular Ca2+ rise through the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose, leading to NF-kappaB activation and consequent increase of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production and enhanced release of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and of metalloprotease-9, all events reportedly involved in atherogenesis. Moreover, monocytes release ABA when exposed to thrombin-activated platelets, a condition occurring at the injured vascular endothelium; monocyte-derived ABA behaves as an autocrine and paracrine pro-inflammatory hormone-stimulating monocyte migration and MCP-1 release, as well as vascular smooth muscle cells migration and proliferation. These results, and the presence of ABA in human arterial plaques at a 10-fold higher concentration compared with normal arterial tissue, identify ABA as a new signal molecule involved in the development of atherosclerosis and suggest a possible new target for anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Magnone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, and Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, San Martino Hospital, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Zhang X, Mou Z. Extracellular pyridine nucleotides induce PR gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:302-12. [PMID: 18798871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP function inside the cell to regulate intracellular signaling processes, recent evidence from animal studies suggests that NAD(P) also functions in the extracellular compartment (ECC). Extracellular NAD(P) [eNAD(P)] can either directly bind to plasma membrane receptors or be metabolized by ecto-enzymes to produce cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and/or may ADP-ribosylate cell-surface receptors, resulting in activation of transmembrane signaling. In this study, we report that, in plants, exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. Chelation of Ca(2+) by EGTA significantly inhibits the induction of PR genes by exogenous NAD(P), suggesting that exogenous NAD(P) may induce PR genes through a pathway that involves Ca(2+) signaling. We show that exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), and induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression and disease resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection, and that the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance. We propose that NAD(P) leakage from cells losing membrane integrity upon environmental stress may function as an elicitor to activate plant defense responses. Our data provide evidence that eNAD(P) functions in plant signaling, and illustrate the potential importance of eNAD(P) in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Identification of an unusual AT(D)Pase-like activity in multifunctional NAD glycohydrolase from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus. Biochimie 2008; 91:240-51. [PMID: 18952139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NAD-glycohydrolases (NADases) are ubiquitous enzymes that possess NAD glycohydrolase, ADPR cyclase or cADPR hydrolase activity. All these activities are attributed to the NADase-catalyzed cleavage of C-N glycosyl bond. AA-NADase purified from the venom of Agkistrodon acutus is different from the known NADases, for it consists of two chains linked with disulfide-bond(s) and contains one Cu(2+) ion. Here, we show that AA-NADase is not only able to cleave the C-N glycosyl bond of NAD to produce ADPR and nicotinamide, but also able to cleave the phosphoanhydride linkages of ATP, ADP and AMP-PNP to yield AMP. AA-NADase selectively cleaves the P-O-P bond of ATP, ADP and AMP-PNP without the cleavage of P-O-P bond of NAD. The hydrolysis reactions of NAD, ATP and ADP catalyzed by AA-NADase are mutually competitive. ATP is the excellent substrate for AA-NADase with the highest specificity constant k(cat)/K(m) of 293+/-7mM(-1)s(-1). AA-NADase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to produce AMP with an intermediate ADP. AA-NADase binds with one AMP with high affinity determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). AMP is an efficient inhibitor against NAD. AA-NADase has so far been identified as the first unique multicatalytic enzyme with both NADase and AT(D)Pase-like activities.
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Bruzzone S, Bodrato N, Usai C, Guida L, Moreschi I, Nano R, Antonioli B, Fruscione F, Magnone M, Scarfì S, De Flora A, Zocchi E. Abscisic acid is an endogenous stimulator of insulin release from human pancreatic islets with cyclic ADP ribose as second messenger. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32188-97. [PMID: 18784081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802603200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant stress hormone recently identified as an endogenous pro-inflammatory cytokine in human granulocytes. Because paracrine signaling between pancreatic beta cells and inflammatory cells is increasingly recognized as a pathogenetic mechanism in the metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, we investigated the effect of ABA on insulin secretion. Nanomolar ABA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN-m and INS-1 cells and from murine and human pancreatic islets. The signaling cascade triggered by ABA in insulin-releasing cells sequentially involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, cAMP overproduction, protein kinase A-mediated activation of the ADP-ribosyl cyclase CD38, and cyclic ADP-ribose overproduction. ABA is rapidly produced and released from human islets, RIN-m, and INS-1 cells stimulated with high glucose concentrations. In conclusion, ABA is an endogenous stimulator of insulin secretion in human and murine pancreatic beta cells. Autocrine release of ABA by glucose-stimulated pancreatic beta cells, and the paracrine production of the hormone by activated granulocytes and monocytes suggest that ABA may be involved in the physiology of insulin release as well as in its dysregulation under conditions of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV/1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Malavasi F, Deaglio S, Funaro A, Ferrero E, Horenstein AL, Ortolan E, Vaisitti T, Aydin S. Evolution and function of the ADP ribosyl cyclase/CD38 gene family in physiology and pathology. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:841-86. [PMID: 18626062 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane proteins CD38 and CD157 belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that play crucial roles in human physiology. Expressed in distinct patterns in most tissues, CD38 (and CD157) cleaves NAD(+) and NADP(+), generating cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), NAADP, and ADPR. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+), the most ancient and universal cell signaling system. The entire family of enzymes controls complex processes, including egg fertilization, cell activation and proliferation, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and immune responses. Over the course of evolution, the molecules have developed the ability to interact laterally and frontally with other surface proteins and have acquired receptor-like features. As detailed in this review, the loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications in mice. CD38 is a powerful disease marker for human leukemias and myelomas, is directly involved in the pathogenesis and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and controls insulin release and the development of diabetes. Here, the data concerning diseases are examined in view of potential clinical applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The concluding remarks try to frame all of the currently available information within a unified working model that takes into account both the enzymatic and receptorial functions of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry and Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy.
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Terashima M, Takahashi M, Shimoyama M, Tanigawa Y, Urano T, Tsuchiya M. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase7.1 (Art7.1) on chicken B cells: the possible role of Art7 in B cell receptor signalling and proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scarfì S, Ferraris C, Fruscione F, Fresia C, Guida L, Bruzzone S, Usai C, Parodi A, Millo E, Salis A, Burastero G, De Flora A, Zocchi E. Cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated expansion and stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells by the plant hormone abscisic acid. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2855-64. [PMID: 18687991 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone involved in fundamental processes in higher plants. Endogenous ABA biosynthesis occurs also in lower Metazoa, in which ABA regulates several physiological functions by activating ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ADPRC) and causing overproduction of the Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), thereby enhancing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Recently, production and release of ABA have been demonstrated to take place also in human granulocytes, where ABA behaves as a proinflammatory hormone through the same cADPR/[Ca(2+)](i) signaling pathway described in plants and in lower Metazoa. On the basis of the fact that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) express ADPRC activity, we investigated the effects of ABA and of its second messenger, cADPR, on purified human MSC. Both ABA and cADPR stimulate the in vitro expansion of MSC without affecting differentiation. The underlying mechanism involves a signaling cascade triggered by ABA binding to a plasma membrane receptor and consequent cyclic AMP-mediated activation of ADPRC and of the cADPR/[Ca(2+)](i) system. Moreover, ABA stimulates the following functional activities of MSC: cyclooxygenase 2-catalyzed production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), release of several cytokines known to mediate the trophic and immunomodulatory properties of MSC, and chemokinesis. Remarkably, ABA proved to be produced and released by MSC stimulated by specific growth factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein-7), by inflammatory cytokines, and by lymphocyte-conditioned medium. These data demonstrate that ABA is an autocrine stimulator of MSC function and suggest that it may participate in the paracrine signaling among MSC, inflammatory/immune cells, and hemopoietic progenitors. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Genova, Genova,, Italy.
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