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de Souza Gama FH, Dutra LA, Hawgood M, Dos Reis CV, Serafim RAM, Ferreira MA, Teodoro BVM, Takarada JE, Santiago AS, Balourdas DI, Nilsson AS, Urien B, Almeida VM, Gileadi C, Ramos PZ, Salmazo A, Vasconcelos SNS, Cunha MR, Mueller S, Knapp S, Massirer KB, Elkins JM, Gileadi O, Mascarello A, Lemmens BBLG, Guimarães CRW, Azevedo H, Couñago RM. Novel Dihydropteridinone Derivatives As Potent Inhibitors of the Understudied Human Kinases Vaccinia-Related Kinase 1 and Casein Kinase 1δ/ε. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8609-8629. [PMID: 38780468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and the δ and ε isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1) are linked to various disease-relevant pathways. However, the lack of tool compounds for these kinases has significantly hampered our understanding of their cellular functions and therapeutic potential. Here, we describe the structure-based development of potent inhibitors of VRK1, a kinase highly expressed in various tumor types and crucial for cell proliferation and genome integrity. Kinome-wide profiling revealed that our compounds also inhibit CK1δ and CK1ε. We demonstrate that dihydropteridinones 35 and 36 mimic the cellular outcomes of VRK1 depletion. Complementary studies with existing CK1δ and CK1ε inhibitors suggest that these kinases may play overlapping roles in cell proliferation and genome instability. Together, our findings highlight the potential of VRK1 inhibition in treating p53-deficient tumors and possibly enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer therapies that target DNA stability or cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz A Dutra
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Michael Hawgood
- Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caio Vinícius Dos Reis
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo A M Serafim
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcos A Ferreira
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Guarulhos, São Paulo 07034-904, Brazil
| | - Bruno V M Teodoro
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Guarulhos, São Paulo 07034-904, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Emi Takarada
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - André S Santiago
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Ann-Sofie Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Urien
- Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitor M Almeida
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carina Gileadi
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Priscila Z Ramos
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Anita Salmazo
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Stanley N S Vasconcelos
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Micael R Cunha
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Bennie B L G Lemmens
- Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Guarulhos, São Paulo 07034-904, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Centro de Química Medicinal, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Dr. André Tosello 550, 13083-886 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
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Lee HW, Karki R, Han JH. Inhibition of the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis by hydroxycitric acid attenuates HFD-induced obesity through MCE suppression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155551. [PMID: 38569293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because obesity is associated with a hyperplasia-mediated increase in adipose tissue, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is a leading strategy for preventing obesity. Although (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is used to control obesity, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on MCE are poorly understood. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of HCA on MCE and underlying molecular mechanisms affecting adipogenesis and obesity improvements. METHODS Preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, were treated with HCA; oil red O, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and related alterations in signaling pathways were examined. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered HCA for 12 weeks; body and adipose tissues weights were evaluated, and the regulation of signaling pathways in epidydimal white adipose tissue were examined in vivo. RESULTS Here, we report that during MCE, HCA attenuates the proliferation of the preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. In addition, HCA markedly inhibits Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) phosphorylation, thereby inducing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B and suppressing the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma. Importantly, we found that ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1 (RPS6KA1) influences HCA-mediated inactivation of FoxO1 and its nuclear exclusion. An animal model of obesity revealed that HCA reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity by suppressing adipocyte numbers as well as epididymal and mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, which is attributed to the regulation of RPS6KA1, FoxO1, CDKN1B and PCNA that had been consistently identified in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which HCA regulates adipogenesis and highlight the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis as a therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang L, Yilmaz F, Yildirim O, Schölermann B, Bag S, Greiner L, Pahl A, Sievers S, Scheel R, Strohmann C, Squire C, Foley DJ, Ziegler S, Grigalunas M, Waldmann H. Discovery of a Novel Pseudo-Natural Product Aurora Kinase Inhibitor Chemotype through Morphological Profiling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309202. [PMID: 38569218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The pseudo-natural product (pseudo-NP) concept aims to combine NP fragments in arrangements that are not accessible through known biosynthetic pathways. The resulting compounds retain the biological relevance of NPs but are not yet linked to bioactivities and may therefore be best evaluated by unbiased screening methods resulting in the identification of unexpected or unprecedented bioactivities. Herein, various NP fragments are combined with a tricyclic core connectivity via interrupted Fischer indole and indole dearomatization reactions to provide a collection of highly three-dimensional pseudo-NPs. Target hypothesis generation by morphological profiling via the cell painting assay guides the identification of an unprecedented chemotype for Aurora kinase inhibition with both its relatively highly 3D structure and its physicochemical properties being very different from known inhibitors. Biochemical and cell biological characterization indicate that the phenotype identified by the cell painting assay corresponds to the inhibition of Aurora kinase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Furkan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Okan Yildirim
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sukdev Bag
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Greiner
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS), 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center (COMAS), 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scheel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Squire
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, 8041, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Kim S, Lee KW, Yoo Y, Park SH, Lee JW, Jeon S, Illia S, Joshi P, Park HW, Lo HE, Seo J, Kim Y, Chang M, Lee TJ, Seo JB, Kim SH, Croce CM, Kim I, Suh SS, Jeon YJ. MiR-29 and MiR-140 regulate TRAIL-induced drug tolerance in lung cancer. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:184-197. [PMID: 38693921 PMCID: PMC11062278 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2345644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has chemotherapeutic potential as a regulator of an extrinsic apoptotic ligand, but its effect as a drug is limited by innate and acquired resistance. Recent findings suggest that an intermediate drug tolerance could mediate acquired resistance, which has made the main obstacle for limited utility of TRAIL as an anti-cancer therapeutics. We propose miRNA-dependent epigenetic modification drives the drug tolerant state in TRAIL-induced drug tolerant (TDT). Transcriptomic analysis revealed miR-29 target gene activation in TDT cells, showing oncogenic signature in lung cancer. Also, the restored TRAIL-sensitivity was associated with miR-29ac and 140-5p expressions, which is known as tumor suppressor by suppressing oncogenic protein RSK2 (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase), further confirmed in patient samples. Moreover, we extended this finding into 119 lung cancer cell lines from public data set, suggesting a significant correlation between TRAIL-sensitivity and RSK2 mRNA expression. Finally, we found that increased RSK2 mRNA is responsible for NF-κB activation, which we previously showed as a key determinant in both innate and acquired TRAIL-resistance. Our findings support further investigation of miR-29ac and -140-5p inhibition to maintain TRAIL-sensitivity and improve the durability of response to TRAIL in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Yoo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Jeon
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaginyan Illia
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-En Lo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Seo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonwoo Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Inki Kim
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Jeung D, Lee GE, Chen W, Byun J, Nam SB, Park YM, Lee HS, Kang HC, Lee JY, Kim KD, Hong YS, Lee CJ, Kim DJ, Cho YY. Ribosomal S6 kinase 2-forkhead box protein O4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in melanogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9440. [PMID: 38658799 PMCID: PMC11043394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have examined the signaling pathway involved in melanogenesis through which ultraviolet (UV) or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-MSH) stimuli act as key inducers to produce melanin at the stratum basal layer of the epidermis, the signaling pathway regulating melanogenesis is still controversial. This study reports that α-MSH, not UVA and UVB, acted as a major stimulus of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Signaling pathway analysis using gene knockdown technology and chemical inhibitors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) played an important role in melanogenesis. Unexpectedly, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, increased melanogenesis without UV or α-MSH stimulation, suggesting that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may not be a major signaling pathway for melanogenesis. Chemical inhibition of the MEKs/ERKs/RSK2 signaling pathway using U0126 or BI-D1870 suppressed melanogenesis by stimulation of UVA or α-MSH stimulation, or both. In particular, the genetic depletion of RSK2 or constitutive active (CA)-RSK2 overexpression showed that RSK2 plays a key role in melanogenesis. Interestingly, forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) was phosphorylated by RSK2, resulting in the increase of FOXO4's transactivation activity. Notably, the FOXO4 mutant harboring serine-to-alanine replacement at the phosphorylation sites totally abrogated the transactivation activity and reduced melanin production, indicating that RSK2-mediated FOXO4 activity plays a key role in melanogenesis. Furthermore, kaempferol, a flavonoid inhibiting the RSK2 activity, suppressed melanogenesis. In addition, FOXO4-wt overexpression showed that FOXO4 enhance melanin synthesis. Overall, the RSK2-FOXO4 signaling pathway plays a key role in modulating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Jeung
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Weidong Chen
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Nam
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Min Park
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chongbuk, 28116, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, MBMRF, 1.410, 5300, North L St., McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea.
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6
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Yassin-Kassab A, Chatterjee S, Khan N, Wang N, Sandulache VC, Huang EHB, Burns TF, Duvvuri U. p90RSK pathway inhibition synergizes with cisplatin in TMEM16A overexpressing head and neck cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:233. [PMID: 38373988 PMCID: PMC10875868 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitutes one of the most common types of human cancers and often metastasizes to lymph nodes. Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs are commonly used for treatment of a wide range of cancers, including HNSCC. Its mode of action relies on its ability to impede DNA repair mechanisms, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. However, due to acquired resistance and toxic side-effects, researchers have been focusing on developing novel combinational therapeutic strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance. In the current study, we identified p90RSK, an ERK1/2 downstream target, as a key mediator and a targetable signaling node against cisplatin resistance. Our results strongly support the role of p90RSK in cisplatin resistance and identify the combination of p90RSK inhibitor, BI-D1870, with cisplatin as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance. In addition, we have identified TMEM16A expression as a potential upstream regulator of p90RSK through the ERK pathway and a biomarker of response to p90RSK targeted therapy in the context of cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader Yassin-Kassab
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Suman Chatterjee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nayel Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vlad C Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric H-B Huang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy F Burns
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Smilow Research Center, 530 First Avenue, 801.b, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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7
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Ichikawa K, Ito S, Kato E, Abe N, Machida T, Iwasaki J, Tanaka G, Araki H, Wakayama K, Jona H, Sugimoto T, Miyadera K, Ohkubo S. TAS0612, a Novel RSK, AKT, and S6K Inhibitor, Exhibits Antitumor Effects in Preclinical Tumor Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:174-186. [PMID: 37906695 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The MAPK and PI3K pathways are involved in cancer growth and survival; however, the clinical efficacy of single inhibitors of each pathway is limited or transient owing to resistance mechanisms, such as feedback signaling and/or reexpression of receptor-type tyrosine kinases (RTK). This study identified a potent and novel kinase inhibitor, TAS0612, and characterized its properties. We found that TAS0612 is a potent, orally available compound that can inhibit p90RSK (RSK), AKT, and p70S6K (S6K) as a single agent and showed a strong correlation with the growth inhibition of cancer cells with PTEN loss or mutations, regardless of the presence of KRAS and BRAF mutations. Additional RSK inhibitory activity may differentiate the sensitivity profile of TAS0612 from that of signaling inhibitors that target only the PI3K pathway. Moreover, TAS0612 demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against tumor models wherein inhibition of MAPK or PI3K pathways was insufficient to exert antitumor effects. TAS0612 exhibited a stronger growth-inhibitory activity against the cancer cell lines and tumor models with dysregulated signaling with the genetic abnormalities described above than treatment with inhibitors against AKT, PI3K, MEK, BRAF, and EGFR/HER2. In addition, TAS0612 demonstrated the persistence of blockade of downstream growth and antiapoptotic signals, despite activation of upstream effectors in the signaling pathway and FoxO-dependent reexpression of HER3. In conclusion, TAS0612 with RSK/AKT/S6K inhibitory activity may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with cancer to improve clinical responses and overcome resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ichikawa
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emi Kato
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naomi Abe
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takumitsu Machida
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junya Iwasaki
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Gotaro Tanaka
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hikari Araki
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakayama
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Jona
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sugimoto
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Miyadera
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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8
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Zhang X, Zheng G, Gao S, Zhou F, Pan T, Shi Q, Li J, Zhang X, Huang Z, Quan X. Synthesis and anti-tumor activity evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives with phenyl sulfonamide groups as potent RSK2 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14376. [PMID: 37852922 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome S6 Protein Kinase 2 (RSK2) is involved in many signal pathways such as cell growth, proliferation, survival and migration in tumors. Also, RSK2 can phosphorylate YB-1, which induces the expression of tumor initiating cells, leading to poor prognosis of triple negative breast cancer. Herein, phenyl sulfonamide was introduced to a series of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives to obtain novel RSK2 inhibitors which were evaluated RSK2 inhibitory activity and proliferation inhibitory activity against MDA-MB-468. The newly introduced sulfonamide group was observed to form a hydrogen bond with target residue LEU-74 which played crucial role in activity. The results showed that most of compounds exhibited RSK2 enzyme inhibitory with IC50 up to 1.7 nM. Compound B1 exhibited the strongest MDA-MB-468 cell anti-proliferation activity (IC50 = 0.13 μM). The in vivo tumor growth inhibitory activities were evaluated with compounds B1-B3 in MDA-MB-468 xenograft model which gave up to 54.6% of TGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochuang Zheng
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shang Gao
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Li
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Quan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Wright EB, Lannigan DA. Therapeutic targeting of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297292. [PMID: 38169775 PMCID: PMC10758423 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are downstream effectors of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and are activated in response to tyrosine kinase receptor or G-protein coupled receptor signaling. RSK contains two distinct kinase domains, an N-terminal kinase (NTKD) and a C-terminal kinase (CTKD). The sole function of the CTKD is to aid in the activation of the NTKD, which is responsible for substrate phosphorylation. RSK regulates various homeostatic processes including those involved in transcription, translation and ribosome biogenesis, proliferation and survival, cytoskeleton, nutrient sensing, excitation and inflammation. RSK also acts as a major negative regulator of ERK1/2 signaling. RSK is associated with numerous cancers and has been primarily studied in the context of transformation and metastasis. The development of specific RSK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics has lagged behind that of other members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, a pan-RSK inhibitor, PMD-026, is currently in phase I/1b clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer. However, there are four members of the RSK family, which have overlapping and distinct functions that can vary in a tissue specific manner. Thus, a problem for transitioning a RSK inhibitor to the clinic may be the necessity to develop isoform specific inhibitors, which will be challenging as the NTKDs are very similar to each other. CTKD inhibitors have limited use as therapeutics as they are not able to inhibit the activity of the NTKD but could be used in the development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Wright
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Deborah A. Lannigan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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10
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Katsuragawa‐Taminishi Y, Mizutani S, Kawaji‐Kanayama Y, Onishi A, Okamoto H, Isa R, Mizuhara K, Muramatsu A, Fujino T, Tsukamoto T, Shimura Y, Taniwaki M, Miyagawa‐Hayashino A, Konishi E, Kuroda J. Triple targeting of RSK, AKT, and S6K as pivotal downstream effectors of PDPK1 by TAS0612 in B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4691-4705. [PMID: 37840379 PMCID: PMC10728023 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) are the most common disease entity among hematological malignancies and have various genetically and molecularly distinct subtypes. In this study, we revealed that the blockade of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1), the master kinase of AGC kinases, induces a growth inhibition via cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis in all eight BCL-derived cell lines examined, including those from activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), double expressor DLBCL, Burkitt lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. We also demonstrated that, in these cell lines, RSK2, AKT, and S6K, but not PLK1, SGK, or PKC, are the major downstream therapeutic target molecules of PDPK1 and that RSK2 plays a central role and AKT and S6K play subsidiary functional roles as the downstream effectors of PDPK1 in cell survival and proliferation. Following these results, we confirmed the antilymphoma efficacy of TAS0612, a triple inhibitor for total RSK, including RSK2, AKT, and S6K, not only in these cell lines, regardless of disease subtypes, but also in all 25 patient-derived B lymphoma cells of various disease subtypes. At the molecular level, TAS0612 caused significant downregulation of MYC and mTOR target genes while inducing the tumor suppressor TP53INP1 protein in these cell lines. These results prove that the simultaneous blockade of RSK2, AKT, and S6K, which are the pivotal downstream substrates of PDPK1, is a novel therapeutic target for the various disease subtypes of BCLs and line up TAS0612 as an attractive candidate agent for BCLs for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuragawa‐Taminishi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Shinsuke Mizutani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Yuka Kawaji‐Kanayama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Akio Onishi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Haruya Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Reiko Isa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kentaro Mizuhara
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Ayako Muramatsu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takahiro Fujino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Yuji Shimura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of Blood TransfusionKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | | | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical PathologyKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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11
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Funasaki S, Hatano A, Nakatsumi H, Koga D, Sugahara O, Yumimoto K, Baba M, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI. A stepwise and digital pattern of RSK phosphorylation determines the outcome of thymic selection. iScience 2023; 26:107552. [PMID: 37646020 PMCID: PMC10460994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes with randomly generated T cell receptors (TCRs) undergo positive (maturation) or negative (apoptosis) selection on the basis of the strength of TCR stimulation. Selection fate is determined by engagement of TCR ligands with a subtle difference in affinity, but the molecular details of TCR signaling leading to the different selection outcomes have remained unclear. We performed phosphoproteome analysis of DP thymocytes and found that p90 ribosomal protein kinase (RSK) phosphorylation at Thr562 was induced specifically by high-affinity peptide ligands. Such phosphorylation of RSK triggered its translocation to the nucleus, where it phosphorylated the nuclear receptor Nur77 and thereby promoted its mitochondrial translocation for apoptosis induction. Inhibition of RSK activity protected DP thymocytes from antigen-induced cell death. We propose that RSK phosphorylation constitutes a mechanism by which DP thymocytes generate a stepwise and binary signal in response to exposure to TCR ligands with a graded affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Funasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakatsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Osamu Sugahara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Baba
- Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Anticancer Strategies Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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12
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Henry SP, Jorgensen WL. Progress on the Pharmacological Targeting of Janus Pseudokinases. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10959-10990. [PMID: 37578217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are key components of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and are involved in myriad physiological processes. Though they are the molecular targets of many FDA-approved drugs, these drugs manifest adverse effects due in part to their inhibition of the requisite JAK kinase activity. However, the JAKs uniquely possess an integrated pseudokinase domain (JH2) that regulates the adjacent kinase domain (JH1). The therapeutic targeting of JH2 domains has been less thoroughly explored and may present an avenue to modulate the JAKs without the adverse effects associated with targeting the adjacent JH1 domain. The potential of this strategy was recently demonstrated with the FDA approval of the TYK2 JH2 ligand deucravacitinib for treating plaque psoriasis. In this light, the structure and targetability of the JAK pseudokinases are discussed, in conjunction with the state of development of ligands that bind to these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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13
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Weidenauer K, Schmidt C, Rohde C, Pauli C, Blank MF, Heid D, Waclawiczek A, Corbacioglu A, Göllner S, Lotze M, Vierbaum L, Renders S, Krijgsveld J, Raffel S, Sauer T, Trumpp A, Pabst C, Müller-Tidow C, Janssen M. The ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-1 (RPS6KA1) induces resistance to venetoclax/azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:1611-1625. [PMID: 37414921 PMCID: PMC10400424 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Venetoclax/azacitidine combination therapy is effective in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and tolerable for older, multimorbid patients. Despite promising response rates, many patients do not achieve sustained remission or are upfront refractory. Identification of resistance mechanisms and additional therapeutic targets represent unmet clinical needs. By using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screen targeting 18,053 protein- coding genes in a human AML cell line, various genes conferring resistance to combined venetoclax/azacitidine treatment were identified. The ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1 (RPS6KA1) was among the most significantly depleted sgRNA-genes in venetoclax/azacitidine- treated AML cells. Addition of the RPS6KA1 inhibitor BI-D1870 to venetoclax/azacitidine decreased proliferation and colony forming potential compared to venetoclax/azacitidine alone. Furthermore, BI-D1870 was able to completely restore the sensitivity of OCI-AML2 cells with acquired resistance to venetoclax/azacitidine. Analysis of cell surface markers revealed that RPS6KA1 inhibition efficiently targeted monocytic blast subclones as a potential source of relapse upon venetoclax/azacitidine treatment. Taken together, our results suggest RPS6KA1 as mediator of resistance towards venetoclax/azacitidine and additional RPS6KA1 inhibition as strategy to prevent or overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Weidenauer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Pauli
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Mechanisms Regulating Gene Expression, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Blank
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Heid
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Waclawiczek
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anika Corbacioglu
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Lotze
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Vierbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Renders
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Raffel
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Sauer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Pabst
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Hwang AR, Lee HJ, Kim S, Park SH, Woo CH. Inhibition of p90RSK Ameliorates PDGF-BB-Mediated Phenotypic Change of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell and Subsequent Hyperplasia of Neointima. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098094. [PMID: 37175802 PMCID: PMC10179136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation, which play critical roles in the development of vascular conditions. p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) can regulate various cellular processes through many different target substrates in several cell types, but the regulatory function of p90RSK on PDGF-BB-mediated cell migration and proliferation and subsequent vascular neointima formation has not yet been extensively examined. In this study, we investigated whether p90RSK inhibition protects VSMCs against PDGF-BB-induced cellular phenotypic changes and the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of p90RSK inhibition on neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Pretreatment of cultured primary rat VSMCs with FMK or BI-D1870, which are specific inhibitors of p90RSK, suppressed PDGF-BB-induced phenotypic changes, including migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix accumulation, in VSMCs. Additionally, FMK and BI-D1870 repressed the PDGF-BB-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 expression. Furthermore, p90RSK inhibition hindered the inhibitory effect of PDGF-BB on Cdk inhibitor p27 expression, indicating that p90RSK may induce VSMC proliferation by regulating the G0/G1 phase. Notably, treatment with FMK resulted in attenuation of neointima development in ligated carotid arteries in mice. The findings imply that p90RSK inhibition mitigates the phenotypic switch and neointimal hyperplasia induced by PDGF-BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae-Rang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeng 2-ro, Osong-eub, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Park
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
- Senotherpy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
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15
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Koutsougianni F, Alexopoulou D, Uvez A, Lamprianidou A, Sereti E, Tsimplouli C, Ilkay Armutak E, Dimas K. P90 ribosomal S6 kinases: A bona fide target for novel targeted anticancer therapies? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115488. [PMID: 36889445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of proteins is a group of highly conserved Ser/Thr kinases. They are downstream effectors of the Ras/ERK/MAPK signaling cascade. ERK1/2 activation directly results in the phosphorylation of RSKs, which further, through interaction with a variety of different downstream substrates, activate various signaling events. In this context, they have been shown to mediate diverse cellular processes like cell survival, growth, proliferation, EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Interestingly, increased expression of RSKs has also been demonstrated in various cancers, such as breast, prostate, and lung cancer. This review aims to present the most recent advances in the field of RSK signaling that have occurred, such as biological insights, function, and mechanisms associated with carcinogenesis. We additionally present and discuss the recent advances but also the limitations in the development of pharmacological inhibitors of RSKs, in the context of the use of these kinases as putative, more efficient targets for novel anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Koutsougianni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ayca Uvez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andromachi Lamprianidou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sereti
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University and Center for Molecular Pathology, Skäne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chrisiida Tsimplouli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elif Ilkay Armutak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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16
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Jin L, Mi T, Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang J, Li M, Ren C, Guo P, He D. BI-D1870 Induces Mitotic Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma by Regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 Signal Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072023. [PMID: 37046682 PMCID: PMC10093276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial solid malignant tumors in children. The 5-year survival rate of high-risk or refractory NB is less than 50%. Therefore, developing new effective therapeutics for NB remains an urgent challenge. Materials and Methods: Based on the NB dataset TARGET-NBL in the TCGA database, the prognosis-related genes were analyzed using univariate cox regression (p < 0.01). The protein network interaction of prognostic genes was analyzed using STRING to obtain 150 hub genes with HR > 1 and 150 hub genes with HR < 1. The Connectivity Map database was used to predict a therapeutic drug: BI-D1870, a ribosomal S6 kinase inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of BI-D1870 on NB was investigated through in vivo and in vitro experiments, and its inhibitory mechanism was explored. Results: Both the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that BI-D1870 could inhibit tumor proliferation and induce tumor apoptosis. Furthermore, we proved that BI-D1870 caused G2/M phase arrest and mitosis damage in cells. RNA-seq of cells showed that BI-D1870 may inhibit the growth of NB by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Western blot and immunofluorescence testing showed that BI-D1870 inhibited the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signal pathway to regulate the phosphorylation of RPS6 and 4E BP1 proteins, inhibit protein translation, and inhibit microtubule formation, thus preventing mitotic proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Conclusions: This study provides strong support that BI-D1870 may be a potential adjuvant therapy for NB.
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17
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Fricke AL, Mühlhäuser WWD, Reimann L, Zimmermann JP, Reichenbach C, Knapp B, Peikert CD, Heberle AM, Faessler E, Schäuble S, Hahn U, Thedieck K, Radziwill G, Warscheid B. Phosphoproteomics Profiling Defines a Target Landscape of the Basophilic Protein Kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK in Skeletal Myotubes. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:768-789. [PMID: 36763541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction plays an important role in regulating the functions and fate of skeletal muscle cells. Central players in the phospho-signaling network are the protein kinases AKT, S6K, and RSK as part of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-S6K and RAF-MEK-ERK-RSK pathways. However, despite their functional importance, knowledge about their specific targets is incomplete because these kinases share the same basophilic substrate motif RxRxxp[ST]. To address this, we performed a multifaceted quantitative phosphoproteomics study of skeletal myotubes following kinase inhibition. Our data corroborate a cross talk between AKT and RAF, a negative feedback loop of RSK on ERK, and a putative connection between RSK and PI3K signaling. Altogether, we report a kinase target landscape containing 49 so far unknown target sites. AKT, S6K, and RSK phosphorylate numerous proteins involved in muscle development, integrity, and functions, and signaling converges on factors that are central for the skeletal muscle cytoskeleton. Whereas AKT controls insulin signaling and impinges on GTPase signaling, nuclear signaling is characteristic for RSK. Our data further support a role of RSK in glucose metabolism. Shared targets have functions in RNA maturation, stability, and translation, which suggests that these basophilic kinases establish an intricate signaling network to orchestrate and regulate processes involved in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Fricke
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wignand W D Mühlhäuser
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Reimann
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes P Zimmermann
- Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christa Reichenbach
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian D Peikert
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Heberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erik Faessler
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology─Leibniz-HKI, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo Hahn
- Jena University Language & Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.,Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Gerald Radziwill
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Biochemistry II, Theodor Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Sun Y, Tang L, Wu C, Wang J, Wang C. RSK inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Discovery, optimization, and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115229. [PMID: 36898330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family is a group of serine/threonine kinases, including four isoforms (RSK1/2/3/4). As a downstream effector of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway, RSK participates in many physiological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, and migration, and is intimately involved in tumor occurrence and development. As a result, it is recognized as a potential target for anti-cancer and anti-resistance therapies. There have been several RSK inhibitors discovered or designed in recent decades, but only two have entered clinical trials. Low specificity, low selectivity, and poor pharmacokinetic properties in vivo limit their clinical translation. Published studies performed structure optimization by increasing interaction with RSK, avoiding hydrolysis of pharmacophores, eliminating chirality, adapting to binding site shape, and becoming prodrugs. Besides enhancing efficacy, the focus of further design will move towards selectivity since there are functional differences among RSK isoforms. This review summarized the types of cancers associated with RSK, along with the structural characteristics and optimization process of the reported RSK inhibitors. Furthermore, we addressed the importance of RSK inhibitors' selectivity and discussed future drug development directions. This review is expected to shed light on the emergence of RSK inhibitors with high potency, specificity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lichao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, IL, United States
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Liu RY, Zhang Y, Smolen P, Cleary LJ, Byrne JH. Defective synaptic plasticity in a model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome is rescued by simultaneously targeting PKA and MAPK pathways. Learn Mem 2022; 29:435-446. [PMID: 36446603 PMCID: PMC9749851 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053625.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Empirical and computational methods were combined to examine whether individual or dual-drug treatments can restore the deficit in long-term synaptic facilitation (LTF) of the Aplysia sensorimotor synapse observed in a cellular model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS). The model was produced by pharmacological inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) activity. In this model, coapplication of an activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoform ERK and an activator of protein kinase A (PKA) resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of RSK and enhanced LTF to a greater extent than either drug alone and also greater than their additive effects, which is termed synergism. The extent of synergism appeared to depend on another MAPK isoform, p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK facilitated serotonin (5-HT)-induced RSK phosphorylation, indicating that p38 MAPK inhibits activation of RSK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK combined with activation of PKA synergistically activated both ERK and RSK. Our results suggest that cellular models of disorders that affect synaptic plasticity and learning, such as CLS, may constitute a useful strategy to identify candidate drug combinations, and that combining computational models with empirical tests of model predictions can help explain synergism of drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yili Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Leonard J Cleary
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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20
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Li Y, Yu P, Long J, Tang L, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Cao D, Su J, Chen X, Peng C. A novel ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 inhibitor attenuates the malignant phenotype of cutaneous malignant melanoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13555-13570. [PMID: 36700473 PMCID: PMC9275999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly life-threatening tumor causing the majority of the cutaneous cancer-related deaths. Previously, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), the downstream effector of the MAPK pathway, represents a therapeutic target in melanoma. AE007 is discovered as a targeted RSK2 inhibitor, and subsequent results showed that AE007 inhibits RSK2 by directly binding to its protein kinase domain. AE007 causes cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis, thereby dramatically inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. Nevertheless, melanocytes and keratinocytes are not affected by this compound. In addition, suppression of RSK2 abrogates the inhibitory effect of AE007 on melanoma cell proliferation. AE007 treatment significantly inhibits the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, CDK2, and Bcl-2, while raises the cleavage of PARP. Moreover, RNA sequencing results show that AE007 treatment can affect the genes expression profile, including the expression of cell cycle and DNA replication genes. In conclusion, AE007 is a promising melanoma therapeutic agent by targeting RSK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Long
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - DongSheng Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,Xiang Chen Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,CONTACT Cong Peng Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Cottini F, Rodriguez J, Hughes T, Sharma N, Guo L, Lozanski G, Liu B, Cocucci E, Yang Y, Benson D. Redefining CD56 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1083-1095. [PMID: 35380709 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells aberrantly express surface antigens compared to normal plasma cells. Among others, CD56 is present at variable levels in approximately 70% of MM patients; however very little is known about CD56 role in MM. We demonstrated that MM patients with more than 10 percent of CD56-expressing clonal MM cells have inferior clinical outcomes. By gain-of and loss-of function models, we revealed that CD56 promotes MM cell growth, survival, and adhesion to stromal cells. These protumoral effects are induced by the activation of the RSK2/CREB1 signaling pathway, with increased mRNA and protein levels of the anti-apoptotic genes BCL2 and MCL1. Consequently, the genomic and pharmacological inhibition of RSK2 or CREB1 specifically induced MM cell death in CD56-expressing MM cells. Finally, we observed that CD56 signaling decreases CRBN expression, reducing responses to lenalidomide. RSK2 or CREB1 inhibition increased CRBN levels and were synergic with lenalidomide in inducing cell death, especially in CD56-expressing MM cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CD56 promotes MM cell growth, and pave the way to novel therapies based on targeting CD56, along with the use of CD56 as a predictive biomarker for MM therapies. Implications: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable, genetically heterogeneous disease, without available tailored therapeutic approaches. CD56 signaling promotes MM growth and adhesion, by activating CREB1 target genes, MCL1 and BCL2. Inhibition of CREB1 alone or in combination with lenalidomide is an unexplored synthetic lethal approach in CD56-expressing MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cottini
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Pathology, OhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Don Benson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Isa R, Horinaka M, Tsukamoto T, Mizuhara K, Fujibayashi Y, Taminishi-Katsuragawa Y, Okamoto H, Yasuda S, Kawaji-Kanayama Y, Matsumura-Kimoto Y, Mizutani S, Shimura Y, Taniwaki M, Sakai T, Kuroda J. The Rationale for the Dual-Targeting Therapy for RSK2 and AKT in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062919. [PMID: 35328342 PMCID: PMC8949999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by remarkable cytogenetic/molecular heterogeneity among patients and intraclonal diversity even in a single patient. We previously demonstrated that PDPK1, the master kinase of series of AGC kinases, is universally active in MM, and plays pivotal roles in cell proliferation and cell survival of myeloma cells regardless of the profiles of cytogenetic and genetic abnormalities. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of dual blockade of two major PDPK1 substrates, RSK2 and AKT, in MM. The combinatory treatment of BI-D1870, an inhibitor for N-terminal kinase domain (NTKD) of RSK2, and ipatasertib, an inhibitor for AKT, showed the additive to synergistic anti-tumor effect on human MM-derived cell lines (HMCLs) with active RSK2-NTKD and AKT, by enhancing apoptotic induction with BIM and BID activation. Moreover, the dual blockade of RSK2 and AKT exerted robust molecular effects on critical gene sets associated with myeloma pathophysiologies, such as those with MYC, mTOR, STK33, ribosomal biogenesis, or cell-extrinsic stimuli of soluble factors, in HMCLs. These results provide the biological and molecular rationales for the dual-targeting strategy for RSK2 and AKT, which may overcome the therapeutic difficulty due to cytogenetic/molecular heterogeneity in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Isa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.H.); (S.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Kentaro Mizuhara
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuto Fujibayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Yoko Taminishi-Katsuragawa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Haruya Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Shusuke Yasuda
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.H.); (S.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuka Kawaji-Kanayama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Yayoi Matsumura-Kimoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Shinsuke Mizutani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuji Shimura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.H.); (S.Y.); (T.S.)
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.I.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (Y.F.); (Y.T.-K.); (H.O.); (Y.K.-K.); (Y.M.-K.); (S.M.); (Y.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Katayama K, Nishihata A. RSK Inhibition Induces Apoptosis by Downregulating Protein Synthesis in a Variety of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1843-1850. [PMID: 34602526 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) mutations drive malignancy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which accounts for approximately 40% of AML cases. Treatment with FLT3 or IDH1/2 inhibitors is used for such patients; however, it is not considered for most patients with AML who lack mutations on the respective genes. In this study, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) was found to serve as a new therapeutic target in various AMLs with or without FLT3 mutations. BI-D1870, a potent inhibitor of RSK, significantly suppressed the proliferation of AML cell lines, among which three encoded wild-type FLT3 and three contained FLT3 driver mutations, compared with chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells or other adherent cancer cells. BI-D1870 inhibited protein synthesis by dephosphorylating the p70 S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 in all AML cells except KG-1a cells. Meanwhile, the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B-I and -II increased in KG-1a cells treated with BI-D1870. BI-D1870 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in all AML cells, including KG-1a cells. We next investigated the synergistic effect of BI-D1870 with cytarabine, a traditional anticancer drug used in AML. Synergistic effects of BI-D1870 and cytarabine were not observed in any of the cell lines. The findings suggested that BI-D1870 alone exerts an adequate antiproliferative effect on AML with or without FLT3 mutations and serves as a novel AML therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Katayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University.,Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University
| | - Ayane Nishihata
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University
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24
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Ma Y, Cui D, Wang L, Wang Y, Yang F, Pan H, Gong L, Zhang M, Xiong X, Zhao Y. P90 ribosomal S6 kinase confers cancer cell survival by mediating checkpoint kinase 1 degradation in response to glucose stress. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:132-144. [PMID: 34668620 PMCID: PMC8748233 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In solid tumors, cancer cells have devised multiple approaches to survival and proliferate in response to glucose starvation that is often observed in solid tumor microenvironments. However, the precise mechanisms are far less known. Herein, we report that glucose deprivation activates 90‐kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p90 RSK), a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase, and activated p90 RSK promotes cancer cell survival. Mechanistically, activated p90 RSK by glucose deprivation phosphorylates checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a key transducer in checkpoint signaling pathways, at Ser280 and triggers CHK1 ubiquitination mediated by SCFβ‐TrCP ubiquitin ligase and proteasomal degradation, subsequently suppressing cancer cell apoptosis induced by glucose deprivation. Importantly, we identified an inverse correlation between p90 RSK activity and CHK1 levels within the solid tumor mass, with lower levels of CHK1 and higher activity of p90 RSK in the center of the tumor where low glucose concentrations are often observed. Thus, our study indicates that p90 RSK promotes CHK1 phosphorylation at Ser280 and its subsequent degradation, which allows cancer cells to escape from checkpoint signals under the stress of glucose deprivation, leading to cell survival and thus contributing to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danrui Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linchen Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Lung Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longyuan Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minrun Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Substituted pteridinones, pyrimidines, pyrrolopyrimidines, and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors: Pharmacophore modeling data. Data Brief 2021; 38:107433. [PMID: 34632023 PMCID: PMC8488253 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RSK2 kinase is a downstream effector of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway that is aberrantly active in a range of cancer types and has been recognized an anticancer target. The inhibition of RSK2 kinase activity would disrupt multiple pro-cancer processes; however, there are few RSK2 inhibitors. The data have been obtained for a series of pteridinone-, pyrimidine-, purine-, and pyrrolopyrimidine-based compounds, developed to establish a structure-activity relationship for RSK inhibition. The compounds were docked into the ATP-binding site of the N-terminal domain of the RSK2 kinase using Glide. The binding conformations of these molecules was then used to generate a set of pharmacophore models to determine the structural requirements for RSK2 inhibition. Through the combination of these models, common features (pharmacophores) can be identified that can inform the development of further small molecule RSK inhibitors. The synthesis and evaluation of the pteridinone- and pyrimidine-based compounds was reported in the related articles: Substituted pteridinones as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK) inhibitors: A structure-activity study (Casalvieri et al., 2020) and Molecular docking of substituted pteridinones and pyrimidines to the ATP-binding site of the N-terminal domain of RSK2 and associated MM/GBSA and molecular field datasets (Casalvieri et al., 2020). [1], [2]. The synthesis and evaluation of the purine- and pyrrolopyrimidine-based compounds was reported in the related research article: N-substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors (Casalvieri et al., 2021) [3].
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26
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Gu SH, Chen CH. Involvement of RSK phosphorylation in PTTH-stimulated ecdysone secretion in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:497-507. [PMID: 34089554 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs). In the present study, we further investigated the downstream signalling pathways. Our results showed that PTTH stimulated p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation at Thr573 in Bombyx mori PGs both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro PTTH stimulation was stage- and dose-dependent. The absence of Ca2+ reduced PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation. Stimulation of RSK phosphorylation was also observed after treatment with either A23187 or thapsigargin. A phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, blocked PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation. These results indicate the involvement of Ca2+ and PLC. Treatment with diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, blocked PTTH-regulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating its redox regulation. A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, but not a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, decreased PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating that ERK is an upstream signalling. A protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, chelerythrine C, inhibited PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation, and a PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating the involvement of PKC. BI-D1870, a specific RSK inhibitor, partly prevented PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation and significantly inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH-stimulated RSK phosphorylation is involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. Taken together, these data indicate that PTTH activates RSK phosphorylation which plays important roles in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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27
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Dabbah M, Lishner M, Jarchowsky-Dolberg O, Tartakover-Matalon S, Brin YS, Pasmanik-Chor M, Neumann A, Drucker L. Ribosomal proteins as distinct "passengers" of microvesicles: new semantics in myeloma and mesenchymal stem cells' communication. Transl Res 2021; 236:117-132. [PMID: 33887527 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in multiple myeloma (MM) bone marrows (BM) promote disease progression and drug resistance. Here, we assayed the protein cargo transported from MM-MSCs to MM cells via microvesicles (MVs) with focus on ribosomal proteins (RPs) and assessment of their influence on translation initiation and design of MM phenotype. Proteomics analysis (mass spectrometry) demonstrated increased levels and repertoire of RPs in MM-MSCs MVs compared to normal donors (ND) counterparts (n = 3-8; P = 9.96E - 08). We limited the RPs load in MM-MSCs MVs (starvation, RSK and XPO1 inhibitions), reapplied the modified MVs to MM cell lines (U266, MM1S), and demonstrated that the RPs are essential to the proliferative effect of MM-MSCs MVs on MM cells (n = 3; P < 0.05). We also observed that inhibition with KPT-185 (XPO1 inhibitor) displayed the most extensive effect on RPs delivery into the MVs (↓80%; P = 3.12E - 05). Using flow cytometry we assessed the expression of select RPs (n = 10) in BM-MSCs cell populations (ND and MM; n ≥ 6 each). This demonstrated a heterogeneous expression of RPs in MM-MSCs with distinct subgroups, a phenomenon absent from ND-MSCs samples. These findings bring to light a new mechanism in which the tumor microenvironment participates in cancer promotion. MVs-mediated horizontal transfer of RPs between niche MSCs and myeloma cells is a systemic way to bestow pro-cancer advantages. This capacity also differentiates normal MSCs from the MM-modified MSCs and may mark their reprogramming. Future studies will be aimed at assessing the clinical and therapeutic potential of the increased RPs levels in MM-MSCs MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Dabbah
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Lishner
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Resaerch Institute, Meir Medical Center, Kfar saba, Israel; Sackler faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Jarchowsky-Dolberg
- Hematology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar saba, Israel; Sackler faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shelly Tartakover-Matalon
- Autoimmunity laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar saba, Israel; Sackler faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron S Brin
- Orthopedics Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, G.S.W. Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avivit Neumann
- Oncology Department, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Drucker
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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28
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Yuan Y, Xu J, Jiang L, Yu K, Ge Y, Li M, He H, Niu Q, Shi X, Fan L, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Li S, Xu Y, Wang Z, Li H. Discovery, Optimization, and Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Novel and Potent RSK4 Inhibitors as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13572-13587. [PMID: 34496560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) was identified to be a promising target for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in our previous research, whose current treatments are primarily chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to the lack of targeted therapy. However, few potent and specific RSK4 inhibitors are reported. In this study, a series of 1,4-dihydro-2H-pyrimido[4,5-d][1,3]oxazin-2-ones derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel and potent RSK4 inhibitors. Compound 14f was identified with potent RSK4 inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. 14f significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro with IC50 values of 0.57 and 0.98 μM, respectively. It dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of RSK4 downstream substrates while exerting little effect on the substrates of RSK1-3 in ESCC cells. The markedly suppressed tumor growth and no observed toxicity to main organs in the ESCC xenograft mouse model suggested 14f to be a promising RSK4-targeting agent for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiqi Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayu Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Linni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Research and Development Department, Jiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
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29
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RSK1 vs. RSK2 Inhibitory Activity of the Marine β-Carboline Alkaloid Manzamine A: A Biochemical, Cervical Cancer Protein Expression, and Computational Study. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090506. [PMID: 34564169 PMCID: PMC8467814 DOI: 10.3390/md19090506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manzamines are complex polycyclic marine-derived β-carboline alkaloids with reported anticancer, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, neuritogenic, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis suppression bioactivities, putatively associated with inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, SIX1, and vacuolar ATPases. We hypothesized that additional, yet undiscovered molecular targets might be associated with Manzamine A's (MZA) reported pharmacological properties. We report here, for the first time, that MZA selectively inhibited a 90 kDa ribosomal protein kinase S6 (RSK1) when screened against a panel of 30 protein kinases, while in vitro RSK kinase assays demonstrated a 10-fold selectivity in the potency of MZA against RSK1 versus RSK2. The effect of MZA on inhibiting cellular RSK1 and RSK2 protein expression was validated in SiHa and CaSki human cervical carcinoma cell lines. MZA's differential binding and selectivity toward the two isoforms was also supported by computational docking experiments. Specifically, the RSK1-MZA (N- and C-termini) complexes appear to have stronger interactions and preferable energetics contrary to the RSK2-MZA ones. In addition, our computational strategy suggests that MZA binds to the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK1 rather than the C-terminal domain. RSK is a vertebrate family of cytosolic serine-threonine kinases that act downstream of the ras-ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathway, which phosphorylates substrates shown to regulate several cellular processes, including growth, survival, and proliferation. Consequently, our findings have led us to hypothesize that MZA and the currently known manzamine-type alkaloids isolated from several sponge genera may have novel pharmacological properties with unique molecular targets, and MZA provides a new tool for chemical-biology studies involving RSK1.
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30
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Wright EB, Fukuda S, Li M, Li Y, O'Doherty GA, Lannigan DA. Identifying requirements for RSK2 specific inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1798-1809. [PMID: 34348556 PMCID: PMC8344253 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1957862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying isoform-specific inhibitors for closely related kinase family members remains a substantial challenge. The necessity for achieving this specificity is exemplified by the RSK family, downstream effectors of ERK1/2, which have divergent physiological effects. The natural product, SL0101, a flavonoid glycoside, binds specifically to RSK1/2 through a binding pocket generated by an extensive conformational rearrangement within the RSK N-terminal kinase domain (NTKD). In modelling experiments a single amino acid that is divergent in RSK3/4 most likely prevents the required conformational rearrangement necessary for SL0101 binding. Kinetic analysis of RSK2 association with SL0101 and its derivatives identified that regions outside of the NTKD contribute to stable inhibitor binding. An analogue with an n-propyl-carbamate at the 4” position on the rhamnose moiety was identified that forms a highly stable inhibitor complex with RSK2 but not with RSK1. These results identify a SL0101 modification that will aid the identification of RSK2 specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Wright
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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31
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Chrysostomou S, Roy R, Prischi F, Thamlikitkul L, Chapman KL, Mufti U, Peach R, Ding L, Hancock D, Moore C, Molina-Arcas M, Mauri F, Pinato DJ, Abrahams JM, Ottaviani S, Castellano L, Giamas G, Pascoe J, Moonamale D, Pirrie S, Gaunt C, Billingham L, Steven NM, Cullen M, Hrouda D, Winkler M, Post J, Cohen P, Salpeter SJ, Bar V, Zundelevich A, Golan S, Leibovici D, Lara R, Klug DR, Yaliraki SN, Barahona M, Wang Y, Downward J, Skehel JM, Ali MMU, Seckl MJ, Pardo OE. Repurposed floxacins targeting RSK4 prevent chemoresistance and metastasis in lung and bladder cancer. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaba4627. [PMID: 34261798 PMCID: PMC7611705 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung and bladder cancers are mostly incurable because of the early development of drug resistance and metastatic dissemination. Hence, improved therapies that tackle these two processes are urgently needed to improve clinical outcome. We have identified RSK4 as a promoter of drug resistance and metastasis in lung and bladder cancer cells. Silencing this kinase, through either RNA interference or CRISPR, sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapy and hindered metastasis in vitro and in vivo in a tail vein injection model. Drug screening revealed several floxacin antibiotics as potent RSK4 activation inhibitors, and trovafloxacin reproduced all effects of RSK4 silencing in vitro and in/ex vivo using lung cancer xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models and bladder tumor explants. Through x-ray structure determination and Markov transient and Deuterium exchange analyses, we identified the allosteric binding site and revealed how this compound blocks RSK4 kinase activation through binding to an allosteric site and mimicking a kinase autoinhibitory mechanism involving the RSK4's hydrophobic motif. Last, we show that patients undergoing chemotherapy and adhering to prophylactic levofloxacin in the large placebo-controlled randomized phase 3 SIGNIFICANT trial had significantly increased (P = 0.048) long-term overall survival times. Hence, we suggest that RSK4 inhibition may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for treating lung and bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios Chrysostomou
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rajat Roy
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lucksamon Thamlikitkul
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kathryn L Chapman
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Assay Biology, Domainex Ltd, Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Uwais Mufti
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert Peach
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - David Hancock
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher Moore
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miriam Molina-Arcas
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J Pinato
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joel M Abrahams
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Silvia Ottaviani
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jennifer Pascoe
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Devmini Moonamale
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarah Pirrie
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Gaunt
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucinda Billingham
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil M Steven
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Michael Cullen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - David Hrouda
- Department Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - John Post
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH. UK
| | - Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH. UK
| | | | - Vered Bar
- Curesponse, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Shay Golan
- Department of Urology, Rabin Medical Center, Jabotinsky St. 39, 4941492 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dan Leibovici
- Department of Urology, Kaplan Medical Center, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Romain Lara
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Science, R&D, Discovery Biology, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - David R Klug
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sophia N Yaliraki
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yulan Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - J Mark Skehel
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, MRC LMB, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Maruf M U Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Michael J Seckl
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Olivier E Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Ma J, Scott CA, Ho YN, Mahabaleshwar H, Marsay KS, Zhang C, Teow CK, Ng SS, Zhang W, Tergaonkar V, Partridge LJ, Roy S, Amaya E, Carney TJ. Matriptase activation of Gq drives epithelial disruption and inflammation via RSK and DUOX. eLife 2021; 10:66596. [PMID: 34165081 PMCID: PMC8291973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are primed to respond to insults by activating epithelial cell motility and rapid inflammation. Such responses are also elicited upon overexpression of the membrane-bound protease, Matriptase, or mutation of its inhibitor, Hai1. Unrestricted Matriptase activity also predisposes to carcinoma. How Matriptase leads to these cellular outcomes is unknown. We demonstrate that zebrafish hai1a mutants show increased H2O2, NfκB signalling, and IP3R -mediated calcium flashes, and that these promote inflammation, but do not generate epithelial cell motility. In contrast, inhibition of the Gq subunit in hai1a mutants rescues both the inflammation and epithelial phenotypes, with the latter recapitulated by the DAG analogue, PMA. We demonstrate that hai1a has elevated MAPK pathway activity, inhibition of which rescues the epidermal defects. Finally, we identify RSK kinases as MAPK targets disrupting adherens junctions in hai1a mutants. Our work maps novel signalling cascades mediating the potent effects of Matriptase on epithelia, with implications for tissue damage response and carcinoma progression. Cancer occurs when normal processes in the cell become corrupted or unregulated. Many proteins can contribute, including one enzyme called Matriptase that cuts other proteins at specific sites. Matriptase activity is tightly controlled by a protein called Hai1. In mice and zebrafish, when Hai1 cannot adequately control Matriptase activity, invasive cancers with severe inflammation develop. However, it is unclear how unregulated Matriptase leads to both inflammation and cancer invasion. One outcome of Matriptase activity is removal of proteins called Cadherins from the cell surface. These proteins have a role in cell adhesion: they act like glue to stick cells together. Without them, cells can dissociate from a tissue and move away, a critical step in cancer cells invading other organs. However, it is unknown exactly how Matriptase triggers the removal of Cadherins from the cell surface to promote invasion. Previous work has shown that Matriptase switches on a receptor called Proteinase-activated receptor 2, or Par2 for short, which is known to activate many enzymes, including one called phospholipase C. When activated, this enzyme releases two signals into the cell: a sugar called inositol triphosphate, IP3; and a lipid or fat called diacylglycerol, DAG. It is possible that these two signals have a role to play in how Matriptase removes Cadherins from the cell surface. To find out, Ma et al. mapped the effects of Matriptase in zebrafish lacking the Hai1 protein. This revealed that Matriptase increases IP3 and DAG levels, which initiate both inflammation and invasion. IP3 promotes inflammation by switching on pro-inflammatory signals inside the cell such as the chemical hydrogen peroxide. At the same time, DAG promotes cell invasion by activating a well-known cancer signalling pathway called MAPK. This pathway activates a protein called RSK. Ma et al. show that this protein is required to remove Cadherins from the surface of cells, thus connecting Matriptase’s activation of phospholipase C with its role in disrupting cell adhesion. An increase in the ratio of Matriptase to HAI-1 (the human equivalent of Hai1) is present in many cancers. For this reason, the signal cascades described by Ma et al. may be of interest in developing treatments for these cancers. Understanding how these signals work together could lead to more direct targeted anti-cancer approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire A Scott
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Na Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine S Marsay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Kj Teow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ser Sue Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynda J Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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RSK Isoforms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070726. [PMID: 34202904 PMCID: PMC8301392 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 Kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases that function downstream of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Four RSK isoforms are directly activated by ERK1/2 in response to extracellular stimuli including growth factors, hormones, and chemokines. RSKs phosphorylate many cytosolic and nuclear targets resulting in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, and motility. In hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), RSK isoforms are highly expressed and aberrantly activated resulting in poor outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, understanding RSK function in leukemia could lead to promising therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the current information on human RSK isoforms and discusses their potential roles in the pathogenesis of AML and mechanism of pharmacological inhibitors.
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34
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Casalvieri KA, Matheson CJ, Warfield BM, Backos DS, Reigan P. N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116220. [PMID: 34034149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RSK2 kinase is the downstream effector of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, that is often aberrantly activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, we reported a structure-activity study for BI-D1870, the pan-RSK inhibitor, and identified pteridinones that inhibited cellular RSK2 activity that did not result in concomitant cytotoxicity. In the current study, we developed a series of pyrrolopyrimidines and purines to replace the pteridinone ring of BI-D1870, with a range of N-substituents that extend to the substrate binding site to probe complementary interactions, while retaining the 2,6-difluorophenol-4-amino group to maintain interactions with the hinge domain and the DFG motif. Several compounds inhibited cellular RSK2 activity, and we identified compounds that uncoupled cellular RSK2 inhibition from potent cytotoxicity in the MOLM-13 AML cell line. These N-substituted probes have revealed an opportunity to further examine substituents that extend from the ATP- to the substrate-binding site may confer improved RSK potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Casalvieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Becka M Warfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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35
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Khetan N, Pruliere G, Hebras C, Chenevert J, Athale CA. Self-organized optimal packing of kinesin-5-driven microtubule asters scales with cell size. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs257543. [PMID: 34080632 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial microtubule (MT) arrays or asters determine cell geometry in animal cells. Multiple asters interacting with motors, such as those in syncytia, form intracellular patterns, but the mechanical principles behind this are not clear. Here, we report that oocytes of the marine ascidian Phallusia mammillata treated with the drug BI-D1870 spontaneously form cytoplasmic MT asters, or cytasters. These asters form steady state segregation patterns in a shell just under the membrane. Cytaster centers tessellate the oocyte cytoplasm, that is divide it into polygonal structures, dominated by hexagons, in a kinesin-5-dependent manner, while inter-aster MTs form 'mini-spindles'. A computational model of multiple asters interacting with kinesin-5 can reproduce both tessellation patterns and mini-spindles in a manner specific to the number of MTs per aster, MT lengths and kinesin-5 density. Simulations predict that the hexagonal tessellation patterns scale with increasing cell size, when the packing fraction of asters in cells is ∼1.6. This self-organized in vivo tessellation by cytasters is comparable to the 'circle packing problem', suggesting that there is an intrinsic mechanical pattern-forming module that is potentially relevant to understanding the role of collective mechanics of cytoskeletal elements in embryogenesis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khetan
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gérard Pruliere
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Celine Hebras
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Janet Chenevert
- LBDV, Sorbonne Universite/CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Chaitanya A Athale
- Division of Biology, IISER Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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Volz C, Breid S, Selenz C, Zaplatina A, Golfmann K, Meder L, Dietlein F, Borchmann S, Chatterjee S, Siobal M, Schöttle J, Florin A, Koker M, Nill M, Ozretić L, Uhlenbrock N, Smith S, Büttner R, Miao H, Wang B, Reinhardt HC, Rauh D, Hallek M, Acker-Palmer A, Heukamp LC, Ullrich RT. Inhibition of Tumor VEGFR2 Induces Serine 897 EphA2-Dependent Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis in NSCLC. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107568. [PMID: 32348765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic treatment targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGFR2 signaling has shown limited efficacy in lung cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of VEGFR2 in tumor cells, expressed in ∼20% of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, leads to a pro-invasive phenotype. Drug-induced inhibition of tumor VEGFR2 interferes with the formation of the EphA2/VEGFR2 heterocomplex, thereby allowing RSK to interact with Serine 897 of EphA2. Inhibition of RSK decreases phosphorylation of Serine 897 EphA2. Selective genetic modeling of Serine 897 of EphA2 or inhibition of EphA2 abrogates the formation of metastases in vivo upon VEGFR2 inhibition. In summary, these findings demonstrate that VEGFR2-targeted therapy conditions VEGFR2-positive NSCLC to Serine 897 EphA2-dependent aggressive tumor growth and metastasis. These data shed light on the molecular mechanisms explaining the limited efficacy of VEGFR2-targeted anti-angiogenic treatment in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Volz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Breid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Selenz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Zaplatina
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Golfmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, US Institute for Pathology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sven Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sampurna Chatterjee
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Siobal
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöttle
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirjam Koker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke Nill
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luka Ozretić
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Niklas Uhlenbrock
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Smith
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hui Miao
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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37
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Allaeys I, Ribeiro de Vargas F, Bourgoin SG, Poubelle PE. Human Inflammatory Neutrophils Express Genes Encoding Peptidase Inhibitors: Production of Elafin Mediated by NF-κB and CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1943-1956. [PMID: 33762327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of plasticity of neutrophils is highlighted by studies showing their ability to transdifferentiate into APCs. In this regard, transdifferentiated neutrophils were found at inflammatory sites of autoimmune arthritis (AIA). Exposure of neutrophils to inflammatory stimuli prolongs their survival, thereby favoring the acquisition of pathophysiologically relevant phenotypes and functions. By using microarrays, quantitative RT-PCR, and ELISAs, we showed that long-lived (LL) neutrophils obtained after 48 h of culture in the presence of GM-CSF, TNF, and IL-4 differentially expressed genes related to apoptosis, MHC class II, immune response, and inflammation. The expression of anti-inflammatory genes mainly of peptidase inhibitor families is upregulated in LL neutrophils. Among these, the PI3 gene encoding elafin was the most highly expressed. The de novo production of elafin by LL neutrophils depended on a synergism between GM-CSF and TNF via the activation and cooperativity of C/EBPβ and NF-κB pathways, respectively. Elafin concentrations were higher in synovial fluids (SF) of patients with AIA than in SF of osteoarthritis. SF neutrophils produced more elafin than blood counterparts. These results are discussed with respect to implications of neutrophils in chronic inflammation and the potential influence of elafin in AIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Allaeys
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Research Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Flavia Ribeiro de Vargas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Research Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Bourgoin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Research Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Patrice E Poubelle
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Research Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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38
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Lee WS, Lavery L, Rousseaux MWC, Rutledge EB, Jang Y, Wan YW, Wu SR, Kim W, Al-Ramahi I, Rath S, Adamski CJ, Bondar VV, Tewari A, Soleimani S, Mota S, Yalamanchili HK, Orr HT, Liu Z, Botas J, Zoghbi HY. Dual targeting of brain region-specific kinases potentiates neurological rescue in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106106. [PMID: 33709453 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical question in neurodegeneration is why the accumulation of disease-driving proteins causes selective neuronal loss despite their brain-wide expression. In Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), accumulation of polyglutamine-expanded Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) causes selective degeneration of cerebellar and brainstem neurons. Previous studies revealed that inhibiting Msk1 reduces phosphorylation of ATXN1 at S776 as well as its levels leading to improved cerebellar function. However, there are no regulators that modulate ATXN1 in the brainstem-the brain region whose pathology is most closely linked to premature death. To identify new regulators of ATXN1, we performed genetic screens and identified a transcription factor-kinase axis (ZBTB7B-RSK3) that regulates ATXN1 levels. Unlike MSK1, RSK3 is highly expressed in the human and mouse brainstems where it regulates Atxn1 by phosphorylating S776. Reducing Rsk3 rescues brainstem-associated pathologies and deficits, and lowering Rsk3 and Msk1 together improves cerebellar and brainstem function in an SCA1 mouse model. Our results demonstrate that selective vulnerability of brain regions in SCA1 is governed by region-specific regulators of ATXN1, and targeting multiple regulators could rescue multiple degenerating brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Lee
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Science Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Lavery
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maxime W C Rousseaux
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Rutledge
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youjin Jang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sih-Rong Wu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wonho Kim
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Smruti Rath
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn J Adamski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vitaliy V Bondar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shirin Soleimani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Mota
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hari K Yalamanchili
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Xu J, Jia Q, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Xu T, Yu K, Chai J, Wang K, Chen L, Xiao T, Li M. Prominent roles of ribosomal S6 kinase 4 (RSK4) in cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 219:153374. [PMID: 33621918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RSK4 refers to one Ser/Thr protein kinase functioning downstream pertaining to the signaling channel of protein kinase (MAPK) stimulated by Ras/mitogen. RSK4 can regulate numerous substrates impacting cells' surviving state, growing processes and proliferating process. Thus, dysregulated RSK4 active state display a relationship to several carcinoma categories, covering breast carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, and kidney carcinoma. Whether RSK4 is a tumor suppressor gene or one oncogene remains controversial. No specific inhibiting elements for RSK4 have been found. This review briefs the existing information regarding RSK4 activating process, the function and mechanism of RSK4 in different tumors, and the research progress and limitations of existing RSK inhibitors. RSK4 may be a potential target of molecular therapy medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingge Jia
- Xi'an International Medical Center, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Children's Heart Disease Center, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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40
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Li MY, Fan LN, Han DH, Yu Z, Ma J, Liu YX, Li PF, Zhao DH, Chai J, Jiang L, Li SL, Xiao JJ, Duan QH, Ye J, Shi M, Nie YZ, Wu KC, Liao DJ, Shi Y, Wang Y, Yan QG, Guo SP, Bian XW, Zhu F, Zhang J, Wang Z. Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 promotes radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4301-4319. [PMID: 32396532 DOI: 10.1172/jci134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers and is highly resistant to current treatments. ESCC harbors a subpopulation of cells exhibiting cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties that contribute to therapeutic resistance including radioresistance, but the molecular mechanisms in ESCC CSCs are currently unknown. Here, we report that ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) plays a pivotal role in promoting CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC. RSK4 was highly expressed in ESCC CSCs and associated with radioresistance and poor survival in patients with ESCC. RSK4 was found to be a direct downstream transcriptional target of ΔNp63α, the main p63 isoform, which is frequently amplified in ESCC. RSK4 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway through direct phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. Pharmacologic inhibition of RSK4 effectively reduced CSC properties and improved radiosensitivity in both nude mouse and patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that the ΔNp63α/RSK4/GSK-3β axis plays a key role in driving CSC properties and radioresistance in ESCC, indicating that RSK4 is a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Ni Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Liang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Juan Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology and
| | - Yong-Zhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Chun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, and.,Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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41
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Montero JC, Pandiella A. PDCD4 limits prooncogenic neuregulin-ErbB signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1799-1815. [PMID: 32804243 PMCID: PMC11073242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuregulins and their ErbB/HER receptors play essential roles in mammalian development and tissue homeostasis. In addition, deregulation of their function has been linked to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer or schizophrenia. These circumstances have stimulated research into the biology of this ligand-receptor system. Here we show the identification of programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD4) as a novel neuregulin-ErbB signaling mediator. Phosphoproteomic analyses identified PDCD4 as protein whose phosphorylation increased in cells treated with neuregulin. Mutagenesis experiments defined serine 67 of PDCD4 as a site whose phosphorylation increased upon activation of neuregulin receptors. Phosphorylation of that site promoted degradation of PDCD4 by the proteasome, which depended on exit of PDCD4 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Mechanistic studies defined mTORC1 and ERK1/2 as routes implicated in neuregulin-induced serine 67 phosphorylation and PDCD4 degradation. Functionally, PDCD4 regulated several important biological functions of neuregulin, such as proliferation, migration, or invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Montero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC) and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC) and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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42
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Chu HS, Peterson C, Jun A, Foster J. Targeting the integrated stress response in ophthalmology. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1075-1088. [PMID: 33474991 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1867748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To summarize the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) in the context of ophthalmology, with special interest on the cornea and anterior segment. Results: The ISR is a powerful and conserved signaling pathway that allows for cells to respond to a diverse array of both intracellular and extracellular stressors. The pathway is classically responsible for coordination of the cellular response to amino acid starvation, ultraviolet light, heme dysregulation, viral infection, and unfolded protein. Under normal circumstances, it is considered pro-survival and a necessary mechanism through which protein translation is controlled. However, in cases of severe or prolonged stress the pathway can promote apoptosis, and loss of normal cellular phenotype. The activation of this pathway culminates in the global inhibition of cap-dependent protein translation and the canonical expression of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Conclusion:The eye is uniquely exposed to ISR responsive stressors due to its environmental exposure and relative isolation from the circulatory system which are necessary for its function. We will discuss how this pathway is critical for the proper function of the tissue, its role in development, as well as how targeting of the pathway could alleviate key aspects of diverse ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Sang Chu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cornelia Peterson
- Department of Molecular & Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Foster
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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44
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Wang M, Wan H, Wang S, Liao L, Huang Y, Guo L, Liu F, Shang L, Huang J, Ji D, Xia X, Jiang B, Chen D, Xiong K. RSK3 mediates necroptosis by regulating phosphorylation of RIP3 in rat retinal ganglion cells. J Anat 2020; 237:29-47. [PMID: 32162697 PMCID: PMC7309291 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) plays an important role in the necroptosis signaling pathway. Our previous studies have shown that the RIP3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis occurs in retinal ganglion cell line 5 (RGC-5) following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). However, upstream regulatory pathways of RIP3 are yet to be uncovered. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 3 (RSK3) in the phosphorylation of RIP3 in RGC-5 cell necroptosis following OGD. Our results showed that expression of RSK3, RIP3, and MLKL was upregulated in necroptosis of RGC-5 after OGD. A computer simulation based on our preliminary results indicated that RSK3 might interact with RIP3, which was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Further, we found that the application of a specific RSK inhibitor, LJH685, or rsk3 small interfering RNA (siRNA), downregulated the phosphorylation of RIP3. However, the overexpression of rip3 did not affect the expression of RSK3, thereby indicating that RSK3 could be a possible upstream regulator of RIP3 phosphorylation in OGD-induced necroptosis of RGC-5 cells. Moreover, our in vivo results showed that pretreatment with LJH685 before acute high intraocular pressure episodes could reduce the necroptosis of retinal neurons and improve recovery of impaired visual function. Taken together, our findings suggested that RSK3 might work as an upstream regulator of RIP3 phosphorylation during RGC-5 necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lvshuang Liao
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Limin Guo
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Human AnatomySchool of Basic Medical ScienceXinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
| | - Lei Shang
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesAffiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyChangshaChina
| | - Dan Ji
- Hunan Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyChangshaChina
- Department of OphthalmologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyChangshaChina
- Department of OphthalmologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of OphthalmologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyChangshaChina
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyChangshaChina
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45
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Dissecting the mechanism of signaling-triggered nuclear export of newly synthesized influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16557-16566. [PMID: 32601201 PMCID: PMC7368312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002828117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IV) replicate in the nucleus. Export of newly produced genomes, packaged in viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes, relies on the nuclear CRM1 export pathway and appears to be timely controlled by virus-induced cellular signaling. However, the exact mechanism of the signaling-controlled complex assembly and export is enigmatic. Here we show that IV activates the Raf/MEK/ERK/RSK1 pathway, leading to phosphorylation at specific sites of the NP, which in turn, creates a docking site for binding of the M1 protein, an initial step in formation of vRNP export complexes. These findings are of broad relevance regarding the regulatory role of signaling pathways and posttranslational modifications in virus propagation and will strongly support ongoing development of an alternative anti-influenza therapy. Influenza viruses (IV) exploit a variety of signaling pathways. Previous studies showed that the rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Raf/MEK/ERK) pathway is functionally linked to nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes, suggesting that vRNP export is a signaling-induced event. However, the underlying mechanism remained completely enigmatic. Here we have dissected the unknown molecular steps of signaling-driven vRNP export. We identified kinases RSK1/2 as downstream targets of virus-activated ERK signaling. While RSK2 displays an antiviral role, we demonstrate a virus-supportive function of RSK1, migrating to the nucleus to phosphorylate nucleoprotein (NP), the major constituent of vRNPs. This drives association with viral matrix protein 1 (M1) at the chromatin, important for vRNP export. Inhibition or knockdown of MEK, ERK or RSK1 caused impaired vRNP export and reduced progeny virus titers. This work not only expedites the development of anti-influenza strategies, but in addition demonstrates converse actions of different RSK isoforms.
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46
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Chae HD, Dutta R, Tiu B, Hoff FW, Accordi B, Serafin V, Youn M, Huang M, Sumarsono N, Davis KL, Lacayo NJ, Pigazzi M, Horton TM, Kornblau SM, Sakamoto KM. RSK inhibitor BI-D1870 inhibits acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation by targeting mitotic exit. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2387-2403. [PMID: 32637030 PMCID: PMC7321696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) drives cell proliferation and survival in cancers, although its oncogenic mechanism has not been well characterized. Phosphorylated level of RSK (T573) was increased in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and associated with poor survival. To examine the role of RSK in AML, we analyzed apoptosis and the cell cycle profile following treatment with BI-D1870, a potent inhibitor of RSK. BI-D1870 treatment increased the G2/M population and induced apoptosis in AML cell lines and patient AML cells. Characterization of mitotic phases showed that the metaphase/anaphase transition was significantly inhibited by BI-D1870. BI-D1870 treatment impeded the association of activator CDC20 with APC/C, but increased binding of inhibitor MAD2 to CDC20, preventing mitotic exit. Moreover, the inactivation of spindle assembly checkpoint or MAD2 knockdown released cells from BI-D1870-induced metaphase arrest. Therefore, we investigated whether BI-D1870 potentiates the anti-leukemic activity of vincristine by targeting mitotic exit. Combination treatment of BI-D1870 and vincristine synergistically increased mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute leukemia cells. These data show that BI-D1870 induces apoptosis of AML cells alone and in combination with vincristine through blocking mitotic exit, providing a novel approach to overcoming vincristine resistance in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ritika Dutta
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Tiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fieke W Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Accordi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Minyoung Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Sumarsono
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norman J Lacayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Terzah M Horton
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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47
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Small molecule H89 renders the phosphorylation of S6K1 and AKT resistant to mTOR inhibitors. Biochem J 2020; 477:1847-1863. [PMID: 32347294 PMCID: PMC7261416 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved Ser/Thr kinase that comprises two complexes, termed mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). mTORC1 phosphorylates S6K1 at Thr 389, whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates AKT at Ser 473 to promote cell growth. As the mTOR name implies it is the target of natural product called rapamycin, a clinically approved drug used to treat human disease. Short-term rapamycin treatment inhibits the kinase activity of mTORC1 but not mTORC2. However, the ATP-competitive catalytic mTOR inhibitor Torin1 was identified to inhibit the kinase activity of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Here, we report that H89 (N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino) ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide), a well-characterized ATP-mimetic kinase inhibitor, renders the phosphorylation of S6K1 and AKT resistant to mTOR inhibitors across multiple cell lines. Moreover, H89 prevented the dephosphorylation of AKT and S6K1 under nutrient depleted conditions. PKA and other known H89-targeted kinases do not alter the phosphorylation status of S6K1 and AKT. Pharmacological inhibition of some phosphatases also enhanced S6K1 and AKT phosphorylation. These findings suggest a new target for H89 by which it sustains the phosphorylation status of S6K1 and AKT, resulting in mTOR signaling.
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48
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Matsumura-Kimoto Y, Tsukamoto T, Shimura Y, Chinen Y, Tanba K, Kuwahara-Ota S, Fujibayashi Y, Nishiyama D, Isa R, Yamaguchi J, Kawaji-Kanayama Y, Kobayashi T, Horiike S, Taniwaki M, Kuroda J. Serine-227 in the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK2 is a potential therapeutic target for mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:5185-5199. [PMID: 32420699 PMCID: PMC7367644 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RSK2 is a serine/threonine kinase downstream signaling mediator in the RAS/ERK signaling pathway and may be a therapeutic target in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an almost incurable disease subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. In this study, serine‐227 (RSK2Ser227) in the N‐terminal kinase domain (NTKD) of RSK2 was found to be ubiquitously active in five MCL‐derived cell lines and in tumor tissues derived from five MCL patients. BI‐D1870, an inhibitor specific to RSK2‐NTKD, caused RSK2Ser227 dephosphorylation, and thereby, induced dose‐dependent growth inhibition via G2/M cell cycle blockade and apoptosis in four of the five cell lines, while one cell line showed only modest sensitivity. In addition, RSK2 gene knockdown caused growth inhibition in the four BI‐D1870‐sensitive cell lines. Comparative gene expression profiling of the MCL‐derived cell lines showed that inhibition of RSK2Ser227 by BI‐D1870 caused downregulation of oncogenes, such as c‐MYC and MYB; anti‐apoptosis genes, such as BCL2 and BCL2L1; genes for B cell development, including IKZF1, IKZF3, and PAX5; and genes constituting the B cell receptor signaling pathway, such as CD19, CD79B, and BLNK. These findings show that targeting of RSK2Ser227 enables concomitant blockade of pathways that are critically important in B cell tumorigenesis. In addition, we found favorable combinatory growth inhibitory effects of BI‐D1870 with inhibitors of BTK (ibrutinib), AKT (ipatasertib), and BCL2 (venetoclax) in cell characteristic‐dependent manners. These results provide a rationale for RSK2Ser227 in the NTKD as a potential therapeutic target in MCL and for future development of a novel bioavailable RSK2 NTKD‐specific inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Matsumura-Kimoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Chinen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuna Tanba
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Kuwahara-Ota
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Fujibayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Nishiyama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reiko Isa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Yamaguchi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawaji-Kanayama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horiike
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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49
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Glennon EKK, Austin LS, Arang N, Kain HS, Mast FD, Vijayan K, Aitchison JD, Kappe SHI, Kaushansky A. Alterations in Phosphorylation of Hepatocyte Ribosomal Protein S6 Control Plasmodium Liver Stage Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3391-3399.e4. [PMID: 30893610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are highly selective when infecting hepatocytes and induce many changes within the host cell upon infection. While several host cell factors have been identified that are important for liver infection, our understanding of what facilitates the maintenance of infection remains incomplete. Here, we describe a role for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236) (p-RPS6) in Plasmodium yoelii-infected hepatocytes. Blocking RPS6 phosphorylation prior to infection decreases the number of liver stage parasites within 24 h. Infected hepatocytes exhibit elevated levels of p-RPS6 while simultaneously abrogating the induction of phosphorylation of RPS6 in response to insulin stimulation. This is in contrast with the regulation of p-RPS6 by Toxoplasma gondii, which elevates levels of p-RPS6 after infection but does not alter the response to insulin. Our data support a model in which RPS6 phosphorylation is uncoupled from canonical regulators in Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes and is relied on by the parasite to maintain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura S Austin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nadia Arang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather S Kain
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fred D Mast
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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50
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Casalvieri KA, Matheson CJ, Backos DS, Reigan P. Molecular docking of substituted pteridinones and pyrimidines to the ATP-binding site of the N-terminal domain of RSK2 and associated MM/GBSA and molecular field datasets. Data Brief 2020; 29:105347. [PMID: 32211459 PMCID: PMC7082523 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The data have been obtained for a series of substituted pteridinones and pyrimidines that were developed based on BI-D1870 to establish a structure-activity relationship for RSK inhibition. The 19 compounds, 12 of these with R- and S-isomeric forms, were docked into the ATP-binding site of the N-terminal domain of the RSK2 kinase using Schrodinger Glide. The binding conformations of these molecules and their interactions with RSK2 may inform the development of further small molecule RSK inhibitors. The molecular mechanics energies combined with the generalized Born and surface area continuum solvation (MM-BGSA) method was used to estimate the free energy of binding of the small molecules with RSK2. The molecular field characteristics of the docked confirmations of the inhibitors was examined using Cresset Forge software. The synthesis and evaluation of these compounds was reported in the related research article: Substituted pteridinones as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 2 (RSK2) inhibitors: a structure-activity study (Casalvieri et al., 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Casalvieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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