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Muñoz-Vargas MA, González-Gordo S, Aroca A, Romero LC, Gotor C, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Persulfidome of Sweet Pepper Fruits during Ripening: The Case Study of Leucine Aminopeptidase That Is Positively Modulated by H 2S. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:719. [PMID: 38929158 PMCID: PMC11200738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein persulfidation is a thiol-based oxidative posttranslational modification (oxiPTM) that involves the modification of susceptible cysteine thiol groups present in peptides and proteins through hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thus affecting their function. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits as a model material at different stages of ripening (immature green and ripe red), endogenous persulfidated proteins (persulfidome) were labeled using the dimedone switch method and identified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS). A total of 891 persulfidated proteins were found in pepper fruits, either immature green or ripe red. Among these, 370 proteins were exclusively present in green pepper, 237 proteins were exclusively present in red pepper, and 284 proteins were shared between both stages of ripening. A comparative analysis of the pepper persulfidome with that described in Arabidopsis leaves allowed the identification of 25% of common proteins. Among these proteins, glutathione reductase (GR) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were selected to evaluate the effect of persulfidation using an in vitro approach. GR activity was unaffected, whereas LAP activity increased by 3-fold after persulfidation. Furthermore, this effect was reverted through treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). To our knowledge, this is the first persulfidome described in fruits, which opens new avenues to study H2S metabolism. Additionally, the results obtained lead us to hypothesize that LAP could be involved in glutathione (GSH) recycling in pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Angeles Aroca
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Luis C. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
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Miyaji S, Ito T, Kitaiwa T, Nishizono K, Agake SI, Harata H, Aoyama H, Umahashi M, Sato M, Inaba J, Fushinobu S, Yokoyama T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Hirai MY, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. N 2-Acetylornithine deacetylase functions as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase in the cytosolic glutathione degradation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1603-1618. [PMID: 38441834 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is required for various physiological processes in plants, including redox regulation and detoxification of harmful compounds. GSH also functions as a repository for assimilated sulfur and is actively catabolized in plants. In Arabidopsis, GSH is mainly degraded initially by cytosolic enzymes, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, and γ-glutamyl peptidase, which release cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly). However, the subsequent enzyme responsible for catabolizing this dipeptide has not been identified to date. In the present study, we identified At4g17830 as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase, namely cysteinylglycine peptidase 1 (CGP1). CGP1 complemented the phenotype of the yeast mutant that cannot degrade Cys-Gly. The Arabidopsis cgp1 mutant had lower Cys-Gly degradation activity than the wild type and showed perturbed concentrations of thiol compounds. Recombinant CGP1 showed reasonable Cys-Gly degradation activity in vitro. Metabolomic analysis revealed that cgp1 exhibited signs of severe sulfur deficiency, such as elevated accumulation of O-acetylserine (OAS) and the decrease in sulfur-containing metabolites. Morphological changes observed in cgp1, including longer primary roots of germinating seeds, were also likely associated with sulfur starvation. Notably, At4g17830 has previously been reported to encode an N2-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) that functions in the ornithine biosynthesis. The cgp1 mutant did not show a decrease in ornithine content, whereas the analysis of CGP1 structure did not rule out the possibility that CGP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase and NAOD activities. Therefore, we propose that CGP1 is a Cys-Gly dipeptidase that functions in the cytosolic GSH degradation pathway and may play dual roles in GSH and ornithine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitaiwa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishizono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Agake
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroki Harata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haruna Aoyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Minori Umahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Inaba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Park EJ, Li K, Kang MS, Choi JW, Baek B, Yang YK, Cho AE, Lee BS. Perfluorooctanoic acid inhibits cell proliferation through mitochondrial damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105810. [PMID: 38513818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Grown evidence has shown that the liver and reproductive organs were the main target organs of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Herein, we studied a toxic mechanism of PFOA using HeLa Chang liver epithelial cells. When incubated with PFOA for 24 h or 48 h, cell proliferation was inhibited in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion, but interestingly, the feature of dead cells was not notable. Mitochondrial volume was increased with concentration and time, whereas the mitochondrial membrane potential and produced ATP amounts were significantly reduced. Autophagosome-like vacuoles and contraction of the mitochondrial inner membrane were observed in PFOA-treated cells. The expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and p-ACC proteins rapidly decreased, and that of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins increased. The expression of solute carrier family 7 genes, ChaC glutathione-specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1, and 5S ribosomal RNA gene was up-regulated the most in cells exposed to PFOA for 24 h, and the KEGG pathway analysis revealed that PFOA the most affected metabolic pathways and olfactory transduction. More importantly, PPAR alpha, fatty acid binding protein 1, and CYP450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 were identified as the target proteins for binding between PFOA and cells. Taken together, we suggest that disruption of mitochondrial integrity and function may contribute closely to PFOA-induced cell proliferation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea; Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - BoSung Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyeong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Zhang L, Sun W, Gao W, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Chen T, Yang D. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the GGCT gene family in wheat. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:32. [PMID: 38177998 PMCID: PMC10768367 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), an enzyme to maintain glutathione homeostasis, plays a vital role in the response to plant growth and development as well as the adaptation to various stresses. Although the GGCT gene family analysis has been conducted in Arabidopsis and rice, the family genes have not yet been well identified and analyzed at the genome-wide level in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). RESULTS In the present study, 20 TaGGCT genes were identified in the wheat genome and widely distributed on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 4A, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6A, 6B, 6D, 7A, 7B, and 7D. Phylogenetic and structural analyses showed that these TaGGCT genes could be classified into three subfamilies: ChaC, GGGACT, and GGCT-PS. They exhibited similar motif compositions and distribution patterns in the same subgroup. Gene duplication analysis suggested that the expansion of TaGGCT family genes was facilitated by segmental duplications and tandem repeats in the wheat evolutionary events. Identification of diverse cis-acting response elements in TaGGCT promoters indicated their potential fundamental roles in response to plant development and abiotic stresses. The analysis of transcriptome data combined with RT-qPCR results revealed that the TaGGCTs genes exhibited ubiquitous expression across plant organs, with highly expressed in roots, stems, and developing grains. Most TaGGCT genes were up-regulated after 6 h under 20% PEG6000 and ABA treatments. Association analysis revealed that two haplotypes of TaGGCT20 gene displayed significantly different Thousand-kernel weight (TKW), Kernel length (KL), and Kernel width (KW) in wheat. The geographical and annual distribution of the two haplotypes of TaGGCT20 gene further revealed that the frequency of the favorable haplotype TaGGCT20-Hap-I was positively selected in the historical breeding process of wheat. CONCLUSION This study investigated the genome-wide identification, structure, evolution, and expression analysis of TaGGCT genes in wheat. The motifs of TaGGCTs were highly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of wheat. Most TaGGCT genes were highly expressed in roots, stems, and developing grains, and involved in the response to drought stresses. Two haplotypes were developed in the TaGGCT20 gene, where TaGGCT20-Hap-I, as a favorable haplotype, was significantly associated with higher TKW, KL, and KW in wheat, suggesting that the haplotype is used as a function marker for the selection in grain yield in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wanting Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Weidong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
| | - Delong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
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Singh G, Le H, Ablordeppey K, Long S, Minocha R, Dhankher OP. Overexpression of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1 (CsGGCT2;1) reduces arsenic toxicity and accumulation in Camelina sativa (L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:14. [PMID: 38135793 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Overexpressing CsGGCT2;1 in Camelina enhances arsenic tolerance, reducing arsenic accumulation by 40-60%. Genetically modified Camelina can potentially thrive on contaminated lands and help safeguard food quality and sustainable food and biofuel production. Environmental arsenic contamination is a serious global issue that adversely affects human health and diminishes the quality of harvested produce. Glutathione (GSH) is known to bind and detoxify arsenic and other toxic metals. A steady level of GSH is maintained within cells via the γ-glutamyl cycle. The γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases (GGCTs) have previously been shown to be involved in GSH degradation and increased tolerance to toxic metals in plants. In this study, we characterized the GGCT2;1 homolog from Camelina sativa for its role in arsenic tolerance and accumulation. Overexpression of CsGGCT2;1 in Camelina under CaMV35S constitutive promoter resulted in strong tolerance to arsenite (AsIII). The overexpression (OE) lines had 2.6-3.5-fold higher shoots and sevenfold to tenfold enhanced root biomass on media supplemented with AsIII, relative to wild-type plants. The CsGGCT2;1 OE lines accumulated 40-60% less arsenic in root and shoot tissues compared to wild-type plants. Further, the OE lines had ~ twofold higher chlorophyll content and 35% lesser levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of membrane damage via lipid peroxidation. There was a slight but non-significant increase in 5-oxoproline (5-OP), a product of GSH degradation, in OE lines. However, the transcript levels of Oxoprolinase 1 (OXP1) were upregulated, indicating the accelerated conversion of 5-OP to glutamate, which is further utilized for the resynthesis of GSH to maintain GSH homeostasis. Overall, this research suggests that genetically modified Camelina may have the potential for cultivation on contaminated marginal lands to reduce As accumulation; thereby could help in addressing food safety issues as well as future food and biofuel needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpal Singh
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Helen Le
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kenny Ablordeppey
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Long
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Rakesh Minocha
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Azarova I, Polonikov A, Klyosova E. Molecular Genetics of Abnormal Redox Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054738. [PMID: 36902173 PMCID: PMC10003739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their neutralization by antioxidant enzymes is one of the major pathological disorders underlying the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present review summarizes the current state of the art advances in understanding the role of abnormal redox homeostasis in the molecular mechanisms of T2D and provides comprehensive information on the characteristics and biological functions of antioxidant and oxidative enzymes, as well as discusses genetic studies conducted so far in order to investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in genes encoding redox state-regulating enzymes to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
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Inoue R, Nakamura N, Matsumoto C, Takase H, Sekiya J, Prieto R. Characterization of γ-glutamyltransferase- and phytochelatin synthase-mediated catabolism of glutathione and glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:381-389. [PMID: 37283618 PMCID: PMC10240914 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) has been implicated in a multitude of cellular functions, such as protection of cells against oxidative stress, detoxification of xenobiotics via degradation of GSH S-conjugates, and disease resistance. Glutathione also serves as a precursor of phytochelatins, and thereby plays an essential role in heavy metal detoxification. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three functional γ-glutamyltransferase genes (AtGGT1, AtGGT2, AtGGT4) and two phytochelatin synthase genes (AtPCS1, AtPCS2). The function of plant GGT has not yet been clearly defined, although it is thought to be involved in GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism. On the other hand, besides its role in heavy metal detoxification, PCS has also been involved in GSH S-conjugate catabolism. Herein we describe the HPLC characterization of GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in GSH biosynthesis (pad2-1/gsh1), atggt and atpcs1 T-DNA insertion mutants, atggt pad2-1, atggt atpcs1 double mutants, and the atggt1 atggt4 atpcs1 triple mutant. The results of our HPLC analysis confirm that AtGGT and AtPCS play important roles in two different pathways related with GSH and GSH S-conjugate (GS-bimane) catabolism in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Jiro Sekiya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Rafael Prieto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
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Pavlů J, Kerchev P, Černý M, Novák J, Berka M, Jobe TO, López Ramos JM, Saiz-Fernández I, Rashotte AM, Kopriva S, Brzobohatý B. Cytokinin modulates the metabolic network of sulfur and glutathione. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7417-7433. [PMID: 36226742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin is implicated in a range of growth, developmental, and defense processes. A growing body of evidence supports a crosstalk between cytokinin and nutrient signaling pathways, such as nitrate availability. Cytokinin signaling regulates sulfur-responsive gene expression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and their impact on sulfur-containing metabolites have not been systematically explored. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological tools, we investigated the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. Exogenous cytokinin triggered sulfur starvation-like gene expression accompanied by a decrease in sulfate and glutathione content. This process was uncoupled from the activity of the major transcriptional regulator of sulfate starvation signaling SULFUR LIMITATION 1 and an important glutathione-degrading enzyme, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1, expression of which was robustly up-regulated by cytokinin. Conversely, glutathione accumulation was observed in mutants lacking the cytokinin receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 3 and in cytokinin-deficient plants. Cytokinin-deficient plants displayed improved root growth upon exposure to glutathione-depleting chemicals which was attributed to a higher capacity to maintain glutathione levels. These results shed new light on the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. They position cytokinin as an important modulator of sulfur uptake, assimilation, and remobilization in plant defense against xenobiotics and root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pavlů
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy O Jobe
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Maria López Ramos
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Michael Rashotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Wang Z, Yang L, Jander G, Bhawal R, Zhang S, Liu Z, Oakley A, Hua J. AIG2A and AIG2B limit the activation of salicylic acid-regulated defenses by tryptophan-derived secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4641-4660. [PMID: 35972413 PMCID: PMC9614473 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defense systems involving tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites (TDSMs) and salicylic acid (SA) are induced by general nonself signals and pathogen signals, respectively, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether and how these chemical defense systems are connected and balanced is largely unknown. In this study, we identified the AVRRPT2-INDUCED GENE2A (AIG2A) and AIG2B genes as gatekeepers that prevent activation of SA defense systems by TDSMs. These genes also were identified as important contributors to natural variation in disease resistance among A. thaliana natural accessions. The loss of AIG2A and AIG2B function leads to upregulation of both SA and TDSM defense systems. Suppressor screens and genetic analysis revealed that a functional TDSM system is required for the upregulation of the SA pathway in the absence of AIG2A and AIG2B, but not vice versa. Furthermore, the AIG2A and AIG2B genes are co-induced with TDSM biosynthesis genes by general pathogen elicitors and nonself signals, thereby functioning as a feedback control of the TDSM defense system, as well as limiting activation of the SA defense system by TDSMs. Thus, this study uncovers an AIG2A- and AIG2B-mediated mechanism that fine-tunes and balances SA and TDSM chemical defense systems in response to nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aaron Oakley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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12
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Ito T, Kitaiwa T, Nishizono K, Umahashi M, Miyaji S, Agake S, Kuwahara K, Yokoyama T, Fushinobu S, Maruyama‐Nakashita A, Sugiyama R, Sato M, Inaba J, Hirai MY, Ohkama‐Ohtsu N. Glutathione degradation activity of γ-glutamyl peptidase 1 manifests its dual roles in primary and secondary sulfur metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1626-1642. [PMID: 35932489 PMCID: PMC9804317 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) functions as a major sulfur repository and hence occupies an important position in primary sulfur metabolism. GSH degradation results in sulfur reallocation and is believed to be carried out mainly by γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases (GGCT2;1, GGCT2;2, and GGCT2;3), which, however, do not fully explain the rapid GSH turnover. Here, we discovered that γ-glutamyl peptidase 1 (GGP1) contributes to GSH degradation through a yeast complementation assay. Recombinant proteins of GGP1, as well as GGP3, showed high degradation activity of GSH, but not of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), in vitro. Notably, the GGP1 transcripts were highly abundant in rosette leaves, in agreement with the ggp1 mutants constantly accumulating more GSH regardless of nutritional conditions. Given the lower energy requirements of the GGP- than the GGCT-mediated pathway, the GGP-mediated pathway could be a more efficient route for GSH degradation than the GGCT-mediated pathway. Therefore, we propose a model wherein cytosolic GSH is degraded chiefly by GGP1 and likely also by GGP3. Another noteworthy fact is that GGPs are known to process GSH conjugates in glucosinolate and camalexin synthesis; indeed, we confirmed that the ggp1 mutant contained higher levels of O-acetyl-l-Ser, a signaling molecule for sulfur starvation, and lower levels of glucosinolates and their degradation products. The predicted structure of GGP1 further provided a rationale for this hypothesis. In conclusion, we suggest that GGP1 and possibly GGP3 play vital roles in both primary and secondary sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitaiwa
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishizono
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Minori Umahashi
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Shunsuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Agake
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Kana Kuwahara
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural SciencesFukushima UniversityKanayagawa 1Fukushima‐shiFukushima960‐1296Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of BiotechnologyThe University of Tokyo1‐1‐1 YayoiBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8657Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative MicrobiologyThe University of Tokyo1‐1‐1 YayoiBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐8657Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama‐Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental ScienceKyushu University744 MotookaNishi‐kuFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Department of PharmacyNational University of Singapore4 Science Drive 2117544SingaporeSingapore
- Present address:
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba University1‐8‐1, Inohana, Chuo‐kuChiba260‐8675Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Jun Inaba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1‐7‐22, Suehiro‐cho, Tsurumi‐kuYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoyaAichi464‐8601Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama‐Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology3‐5‐8, Saiwai‐choFuchuTokyo183‐8509Japan
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13
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Ghosh A, Islam MS, Alam NB, Mustafiz A, Islam T. Transcript profiling of glutathione metabolizing genes reveals abiotic stress and glutathione-specific alteration in Arabidopsis and rice. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1375-1390. [PMID: 36051227 PMCID: PMC9424389 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Homoeostasis of glutathione (GSH) is crucial for plant survival and adaptability against stress. Despite the presence of complete Arabidopsis and rice genome sequence, the comprehensive analysis of the GSH metabolizing genes is still missing. This research concentrated on the comprehensive understanding of GSH metabolizing genes in two model plants-Arabidopsis and rice in terms of their subcellular localization, exon-intron distribution, protein domain structure, and transcript abundance. Expression profiling using the microarray data provided significant evidence of their participation in response to various abiotic stress conditions. Besides, some of these GSH metabolizing genes revealed their expression alteration in several developmental changes and tissue diversification. The presence of various stress-specific cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of GSH metabolizing genes could be directly correlated with their stress-specific transcript alteration. Moreover, the application of exogenous GSH significantly downregulated GSH synthesizing genes and upregulated GSH metabolizing genes in Arabidopsis with few exceptions indicating a product-dependent regulation of GSH metabolizing genes. Interestingly, validation of rice GSH metabolizing genes in response to drought and salinity showed an almost similar pattern of expression in quantitative real-time as observed by microarray data. Altogether, GSH metabolizing members are a promising and underutilized genetic source for plant improvement that could be used to enhance stress tolerance in plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01220-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sifatul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Nazmir Binta Alam
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tahmina Islam
- Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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14
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Webb CT, Yang W, Riley BT, Hayes BK, Sivaraman KK, Malcolm TR, Harrop S, Atkinson SC, Kass I, Buckle AM, Drinkwater N, McGowan S. A metal ion-dependent conformational switch modulates activity of the Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102119. [PMID: 35691342 PMCID: PMC9270245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal-dependent M17 aminopeptidases are conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. This large enzyme family is characterized by a conserved binuclear metal center and a distinctive homohexameric arrangement. Recently, we showed that hexamer formation in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases was controlled by the metal ion environment, although the functional necessity for hexamer formation is still unclear. To further understand the mechanistic role of the hexameric assembly, here we undertook an investigation of the structure and dynamics of the M17 aminopeptidase from Plasmodium falciparum, PfA-M17. We describe a novel structure of PfA-M17, which shows that the active sites of each trimer are linked by a dynamic loop, and loop movement is coupled with a drastic rearrangement of the binuclear metal center and substrate-binding pocket, rendering the protein inactive. Molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical analyses of PfA-M17 variants demonstrated that this rearrangement is inherent to PfA-M17, and that the transition between the active and inactive states is metal dependent and part of a dynamic regulatory mechanism. Key to the mechanism is a remodeling of the binuclear metal center, which occurs in response to a signal from the neighboring active site and serves to moderate the rate of proteolysis under different environmental conditions. In conclusion, this work identifies a precise mechanism by which oligomerization contributes to PfA-M17 function. Furthermore, it describes a novel role for metal cofactors in the regulation of enzymes, with implications for the wide range of metalloenzymes that operate via a two-metal ion catalytic center, including DNA processing enzymes and metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaille T Webb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Current address Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Blake T Riley
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Brooke K Hayes
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Komagal Kannan Sivaraman
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tess R Malcolm
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen Harrop
- Australian Synchrotron. 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Itamar Kass
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; Victorian Life Sciences Computation Center, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Current address InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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15
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Dorion S, Ouellet JC, Rivoal J. Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090641. [PMID: 34564457 PMCID: PMC8464934 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.
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16
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Jobe TO, Yu Q, Hauser F, Xie Q, Meng Y, Maassen T, Kopriva S, Schroeder JI. The SLIM1 transcription factor is required for arsenic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1696-1707. [PMID: 33960401 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators of arsenic-induced gene expression remain largely unknown. Sulfur assimilation is tightly linked with arsenic detoxification. Here, we report that mutant alleles in the SLIM1 transcription factor are substantially more sensitive to arsenic than cadmium. Arsenic treatment caused high levels of oxidative stress in the slim1 mutants, and slim1 alleles were impaired in both thiol accumulation and sulfate accumulation. We further found enhanced arsenic accumulation in roots of slim1 mutants. Transcriptome analyses indicate an important role for SLIM1 in arsenic-induced tolerance mechanisms. The present study identifies the SLIM1 transcription factor as an essential component in arsenic tolerance and arsenic-induced gene expression. Our results suggest that the severe arsenic sensitivity of the slim1 mutants is caused by altered redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O Jobe
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Qi Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Felix Hauser
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qingqing Xie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Meng
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tim Maassen
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Watanabe M, Chiba Y, Hirai MY. Metabolism and Regulatory Functions of O-Acetylserine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Homocysteine, and Serine in Plant Development and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643403. [PMID: 34025692 PMCID: PMC8137854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of an organism is closely related to both its internal and external environments. Metabolites can act as signal molecules that regulate the functions of genes and proteins, reflecting the status of these environments. This review discusses the metabolism and regulatory functions of O-acetylserine (OAS), S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), homocysteine (Hcy), and serine (Ser), which are key metabolites related to sulfur (S)-containing amino acids in plant metabolic networks, in comparison to microbial and animal metabolism. Plants are photosynthetic auxotrophs that have evolved a specific metabolic network different from those in other living organisms. Although amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and common metabolites in all living organisms, their metabolism and regulation in plants have specific features that differ from those in animals and bacteria. In plants, cysteine (Cys), an S-containing amino acid, is synthesized from sulfide and OAS derived from Ser. Methionine (Met), another S-containing amino acid, is also closely related to Ser metabolism because of its thiomethyl moiety. Its S atom is derived from Cys and its methyl group from folates, which are involved in one-carbon metabolism with Ser. One-carbon metabolism is also involved in the biosynthesis of AdoMet, which serves as a methyl donor in the methylation reactions of various biomolecules. Ser is synthesized in three pathways: the phosphorylated pathway found in all organisms and the glycolate and the glycerate pathways, which are specific to plants. Ser metabolism is not only important in Ser supply but also involved in many other functions. Among the metabolites in this network, OAS is known to function as a signal molecule to regulate the expression of OAS gene clusters in response to environmental factors. AdoMet regulates amino acid metabolism at enzymatic and translational levels and regulates gene expression as methyl donor in the DNA and histone methylation or after conversion into bioactive molecules such as polyamine and ethylene. Hcy is involved in Met-AdoMet metabolism and can regulate Ser biosynthesis at an enzymatic level. Ser metabolism is involved in development and stress responses. This review aims to summarize the metabolism and regulatory functions of OAS, AdoMet, Hcy, and Ser and compare the available knowledge for plants with that for animals and bacteria and propose a future perspective on plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Fan KT, Hsu Y, Yeh CF, Chang CH, Chang WH, Chen YR. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Regulation of the Tomato Proteome in Response to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084174. [PMID: 33920680 PMCID: PMC8073981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight (LB) disease is a major threat to potato and tomato production. It is caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans can destroy all of the major organs in plants of susceptible crops and result in a total loss of productivity. At the early pathogenesis stage, this hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen causes an asymptomatic biotrophic infection in hosts, which then progresses to a necrotrophic phase at the later infection stage. In this study, to examine how the tomato proteome is regulated by P. infestans at different stages of pathogenesis, a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to trace the dynamics of the protein regulation. A comprehensive picture of the regulation of tomato proteins functioning in the immunity, signaling, defense, and metabolism pathways at different stages of P. infestans infection is revealed. Among the regulated proteins, several involved in mediating plant defense responses were found to be differentially regulated at the transcriptional or translational levels across different pathogenesis phases. This study increases understanding of the pathogenesis of P. infestans in tomato and also identifies key transcriptional and translational events possibly targeted by the pathogen during different phases of its life cycle, thus providing novel insights for developing a new strategy towards better control of LB disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Ching-Fang Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-2787-2050
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Panpetch P, Sirikantaramas S. Fruit ripening-associated leucylaminopeptidase with cysteinylglycine dipeptidase activity from durian suggests its involvement in glutathione recycling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:69. [PMID: 33526024 PMCID: PMC7852106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a highly popular fruit in Thailand and several other Southeast Asian countries. It is abundant in essential nutrients and sulphur-containing compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC). Cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) is produced by GSH catabolism and occurs in durian fruit pulp. Cysteine (Cys) is a precursor of sulphur-containing volatiles generated during fruit ripening. The aforementioned substances contribute to the strong odour and flavour of the ripe fruit. However, the genes encoding plant Cys-Gly dipeptidases are unknown. The aim of this study was to measure leucylaminopeptidase (LAP) activity in durian fruit pulp. RESULTS We identified DzLAP1 and DzLAP2, which the former was highly expressed in the fruit pulp. DzLAP1 was expressed at various ripening stages and in response to ethephon/1-MCP treatment. Hence, DzLAP1 is active at the early stages of fruit ripening. DzLAP1 is a metalloenzyme ~ 63 kDa in size. It is activated by Mg2+ or Mn2+ and, like other LAPs, its optimal alkaline pH is 9.5. Kinetic studies revealed that DzLAP1 has Km = 1.62 mM for its preferred substrate Cys-Gly. DzLAP1-GFP was localised to the cytosol and targeted the plastids. In planta Cys-Gly hydrolysis was confirmed for Nicotiana benthamiana leaves co-infiltrated with Cys-Gly and expressing DzLAP1. CONCLUSIONS DzLAP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity in the γ-glutamyl cycle. The present study revealed that the LAPs account for the high sulphur-containing compound levels identified in fully ripened durian fruit pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Panpetch
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Centre, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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20
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Malcolm TR, Belousoff MJ, Venugopal H, Borg NA, Drinkwater N, Atkinson SC, McGowan S. Active site metals mediate an oligomeric equilibrium in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100173. [PMID: 33303633 PMCID: PMC7948507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
M17 leucyl aminopeptidases are metal-dependent exopeptidases that rely on oligomerization to diversify their functional roles. The M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M17) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv-M17) function as catalytically active hexamers to generate free amino acids from human hemoglobin and are drug targets for the design of novel antimalarial agents. However, the molecular basis for oligomeric assembly is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the active site metal ions essential for catalytic activity have a secondary structural role mediating the formation of active hexamers. We found that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 exist in a metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium between active hexameric species and smaller inactive species that can be controlled by manipulating the identity and concentration of metals available. Mutation of residues involved in metal ion binding impaired catalytic activity and the formation of active hexamers. Structural resolution of Pv-M17 by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with solution studies revealed that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 bind metal ions and substrates in a conserved fashion, although Pv-M17 forms the active hexamer more readily and processes substrates faster than PfA-M17. On the basis of these studies, we propose a dynamic equilibrium between monomer ↔ dimer ↔ tetramer ↔ hexamer, which becomes directional toward the large oligomeric states with the addition of metal ions. This sophisticated metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium may apply to other M17 aminopeptidases and underpin the moonlighting capabilities of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Malcolm
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramacciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Lu Y, Peng F, Yang Z. Decisive Enzymes and Prediction Models for the Glutathione Content in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) Exposed to Cadmium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11855-11862. [PMID: 32986429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, glutathione (GSH) is crucial for the detoxification and tolerance of heavy metals. However, the change characteristics and decisive enzymes involved in GSH metabolism under heavy metal exposure are still unclear. Based on long-term exposure cultivation of spinach and monitoring of the change trends of enzyme activity and GSH contents in response to cadmium (Cd) stress, these issues were clarified. Spinach goes through three statuses in sequence in response to Cd stress, that is, perception status (PS), response status (RS), and new stable status. With the increase in the Cd concentration, the durations of the PS and RS and the time to reach the peaks in the roots were shorter. However, the durations of the PS and the time to reach the peaks in the leaves were longer. The enzyme activities changed significantly in response to diverse Cd stress in RS. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was vital to the GSH content in roots. Glutathione synthase was important for the GSH content in leaves. The results of this study provide valuable information to find an efficient way to perform GSH adjustments to fulfill the goal of ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
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22
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Thirumalaikumar VP, Wagner M, Balazadeh S, Skirycz A. Autophagy is responsible for the accumulation of proteogenic dipeptides in response to heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS J 2020; 288:281-292. [PMID: 32301545 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteogenic dipeptides are intermediates of proteolysis as well as an emerging class of small-molecule regulators with diverse and often dipeptide-specific functions. Herein, prompted by differential accumulation of dipeptides in a high-density Arabidopsis thaliana time-course stress experiment, we decided to pursue an identity of the proteolytic pathway responsible for the buildup of dipeptides under heat conditions. By querying dipeptide accumulation versus available transcript data, autophagy emerged as a top hit. To examine whether autophagy indeed contributes to the accumulation of dipeptides measured in response to heat stress, we characterized the loss-of-function mutants of crucial autophagy proteins to test whether interfering with autophagy would affect dipeptide accumulation in response to the heat treatment. This was indeed the case. This work implicates the involvement of autophagy in the accumulation of proteogenic dipeptides in response to heat stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.,University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.,University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Drinkwater N, Malcolm TR, McGowan S. M17 aminopeptidases diversify function by moderating their macromolecular assemblies and active site environment. Biochimie 2019; 166:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Huang XY, Li M, Luo R, Zhao FJ, Salt DE. Epigenetic regulation of sulfur homeostasis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4171-4182. [PMID: 31087073 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for adaptation to fluctuating availability of nutrients in soil. Such mechanisms are of importance for plants to maintain homeostasis of nutrient elements for their development and growth. The molecular mechanisms controlling the homeostasis of nutrient elements at the genetic level have been gradually revealed, including the identification of regulatory factors and transporters responding to nutrient stresses. Recent studies have suggested that such responses are controlled not only by genetic regulation but also by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we present recent studies on the involvement of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA-mediated gene silencing in the regulation of sulfur homeostasis and the response to sulfur deficiency. We also discuss the potential effect of sulfur-containing metabolites such as S-adenosylmethionine on the maintenance of DNA and histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongjian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - David E Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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25
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He Z, Wang S, Shao Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Chen Y, Hu J, Zhang F, Liu XS. Ras Downstream Effector GGCT Alleviates Oncogenic Stress. iScience 2019; 19:256-266. [PMID: 31400748 PMCID: PMC6700472 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells adapt to oncogenic transformation-associated cellular stress and become fully transformed is still unknown. Here we identified a novel GGCT-regulated glutathione (GSH)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic pathway in oncogenic stress alleviation. We identified GGCT as a target of oncogenic Ras and that it is required for oncogenic Ras-induced primary mouse cell proliferation and transformation and in vivo lung cancer formation in the LSL-Kras G12D mouse model. However, GGCT deficiency is compatible with normal mouse development, suggesting that GGCT can be a cancer-specific therapeutic target. Genetically amplified GGCT locus further supports the oncogenic driving function of GGCT. In summary, our study not only identifies an oncogenic function of GGCT but also identifies a novel regulator of GSH metabolism, with implications for further understanding of oncogenic stress and cancer treatment. GGCT is a target of Ras and is required for Ras-induced cancer formation GGCT deletion is compatible with normal mouse development and tissue function GGCT genomic locus is amplified in multiple human cancer types GGCT could alleviate oncogenic stress by regulating GSH-ROS metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoke He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junhao Hu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Core Facility, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Song Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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26
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Lv H, Zhen C, Liu J, Yang P, Hu L, Shang P. Unraveling the Potential Role of Glutathione in Multiple Forms of Cell Death in Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3150145. [PMID: 31281572 PMCID: PMC6590529 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3150145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is the principal intracellular antioxidant buffer against oxidative stress and mainly exists in the forms of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The processes of glutathione synthesis, transport, utilization, and metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain intracellular glutathione homeostasis and redox balance. As for cancer cells, they exhibit a greater ROS level than normal cells in order to meet the enhanced metabolism and vicious proliferation; meanwhile, they also have to develop an increased antioxidant defense system to cope with the higher oxidant state. Growing numbers of studies have implicated that altering the glutathione antioxidant system is associated with multiple forms of programmed cell death in cancer cells. In this review, we firstly focus on glutathione homeostasis from the perspectives of glutathione synthesis, distribution, transportation, and metabolism. Then, we discuss the function of glutathione in the antioxidant process. Afterwards, we also summarize the recent advance in the understanding of the mechanism by which glutathione plays a key role in multiple forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Finally, we highlight the glutathione-targeting therapeutic approaches toward cancers. A comprehensive review on the glutathione homeostasis and the role of glutathione depletion in programmed cell death provide insight into the redox-based research concerning cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lijiang Hu
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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27
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Joshi NC, Meyer AJ, Bangash SAK, Zheng ZL, Leustek T. Arabidopsis γ-glutamylcyclotransferase affects glutathione content and root system architecture during sulfur starvation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1387-1397. [PMID: 30368820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase initiates glutathione degradation to component amino acids l-glutamate, l-cysteine and l-glycine. The enzyme is encoded by three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, one of which (GGCT2;1) is transcriptionally upregulated by starvation for the essential macronutrient sulfur (S). Regulation by S-starvation suggests that GGCT2;1 mobilizes l-cysteine from glutathione when there is insufficient sulfate for de novo l-cysteine synthesis. The response of wild-type seedlings to S-starvation was compared to ggct2;1 null mutants. S-starvation causes glutathione depletion in S-starved wild-type seedlings, but higher glutathione is maintained in the primary root tip than in other seedling tissues. Although GGCT2;1 is induced throughout seedlings, its expression is concentrated in the primary root tip where it activates the γ-glutamyl cycle. S-starved wild-type plants also produce longer primary roots, and lateral root growth is suppressed. While glutathione is also rapidly depleted in ggct2;1 null seedlings, much higher glutathione is maintained in the primary root tip compared to the wild-type. S-starved ggct2;1 primary roots grow longer than the wild-type, and lateral root growth is not suppressed. These results point to a role for GGCT2;1 in S-starvation-response changes to root system architecture through activity of the γ-glutamyl cycle in the primary root tip. l-Cysteine mobilization from glutathione is not solely a function of GGCT2;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen C Joshi
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zhi-Liang Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Thomas Leustek
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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28
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Watanabe M, Netzer F, Tohge T, Orf I, Brotman Y, Dubbert D, Fernie AR, Rennenberg H, Hoefgen R, Herschbach C. Metabolome and Lipidome Profiles of Populus × canescens Twig Tissues During Annual Growth Show Phospholipid-Linked Storage and Mobilization of C, N, and S. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1292. [PMID: 30233628 PMCID: PMC6133996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The temperate climax tree species Fagus sylvatica and the floodplain tree species Populus × canescens possess contrasting phosphorus (P) nutrition strategies. While F. sylvatica has been documented to display P storage and mobilization (Netzer et al., 2017), this was not observed for Populus × canescens (Netzer et al., 2018b). Nevertheless, changes in the abundance of organic bound P in gray poplar trees indicated adaptation of the P nutrition to different needs during annual growth. The present study aimed at characterizing seasonal changes in metabolite and lipid abundances in gray poplar and uncovering differences in metabolite requirement due to specific needs depending on the season. Seasonal variations in the abundance of (i) sugar-Ps and phospholipids, (ii) amino acids, (iii) sulfur compounds, and (iv) carbon metabolites were expected. It was hypothesized that seasonal changes in metabolite levels relate to N, S, and C storage and mobilization. Changes in organic metabolites binding Pi (Porg) are supposed to support these processes. Variation in triacylglycerols, in sugar-phosphates, in metabolites of the TCA cycle and in the amino acid abundance of poplar twig buds, leaves, bark, and wood were found to be linked to changes in metabolite abundances as well as to C, N, and S storage and mobilization processes. The observed changes support the view of a lack of any P storage in poplar. Yet, during dormancy, contents of phospholipids in twig bark and wood were highest probably due to frost-hardening and to its function in extra-plastidic membranes such as amyloplasts, oleosomes, and protein bodies. Consistent with this assumption, in spring sugar-Ps increased when phospholipids declined and poplar plants entering the vegetative growth period and, hence, metabolic activity increases. These results indicate that poplar trees adopt a policy of P nutrition without P storage and mobilization that is different from their N- and S-nutrition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- NARA Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- NARA Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Isabel Orf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - David Dubbert
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Bachhawat AK, Yadav S. The glutathione cycle: Glutathione metabolism beyond the γ-glutamyl cycle. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:585-592. [PMID: 29667297 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione was discovered in 1888, over 125 years ago. Since then, our understanding of various functions and metabolism of this important molecule has grown over these years. But it is only now, in the last decade, that a somewhat complete picture of its metabolism has emerged. Glutathione metabolism has till now been largely depicted and understood by the γ-glutamyl cycle that was proposed in 1970. However, new findings and knowledge particularly on the transport and degradation of glutathione have revealed that many aspects of the γ-glutamyl cycle are incorrect. Despite this, an integrated critical analysis of the cycle has never been undertaken and this has led to the cycle and its errors perpetuating in the literature. This review takes a careful look at the γ-glutamyl cycle and its shortcomings and presents a "glutathione cycle" that captures the current understanding of glutathione metabolism. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(7):585-592, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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30
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Sang Y, Wang Y, Ni H, Cazalé A, She Y, Peeters N, Macho AP. The Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAY targets plant redox regulators to suppress immune responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:129-142. [PMID: 27768829 PMCID: PMC6638004 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The subversion of plant cellular functions is essential for bacterial pathogens to proliferate in host plants and cause disease. Most bacterial plant pathogens employ a type III secretion system to inject type III effector (T3E) proteins inside plant cells, where they contribute to the pathogen-induced alteration of plant physiology. In this work, we found that the Ralstonia solanacearum T3E RipAY suppresses plant immune responses triggered by bacterial elicitors and by the phytohormone salicylic acid. Further biochemical analysis indicated that RipAY associates in planta with thioredoxins from Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. Interestingly, RipAY displays γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) activity to degrade glutathione in plant cells, which is required for the reported suppression of immune responses. Given the importance of thioredoxins and glutathione as major redox regulators in eukaryotic cells, RipAY activity may constitute a novel and powerful virulence strategy employed by R. solanacearum to suppress immune responses and potentially alter general redox signalling in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
| | - Hong Ni
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
| | | | - Yi‐Min She
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
| | - Nemo Peeters
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐Tolosan 31326France
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201602China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China
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31
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione degradation has for long been thought to occur only on noncytosolic pools. This is because there has been only one enzyme known to degrade glutathione (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and this localizes to either the plasma membrane (mammals, bacteria) or the vacuolar membrane (yeast, plants) and acts on extracellular or vacuolar pools. The last few years have seen the discovery of several new enzymes of glutathione degradation that function in the cytosol, throwing new light on glutathione degradation. Recent Advances: The new enzymes that have been identified in the last few years that can initiate glutathione degradation include the Dug enzyme found in yeast and fungi, the ChaC1 enzyme found among higher eukaryotes, the ChaC2 enzyme found from bacteria to man, and the RipAY enzyme found in some bacteria. These enzymes play roles ranging from housekeeping functions to stress responses and are involved in processes such as embryonic neural development and pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to delineating the pathways of glutathione degradation in detail, a critical issue is to find how these new enzymes impact cellular physiology and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Glutathione degradation plays a far greater role in cellular physiology than previously envisaged. The differential regulation and differential specificities of various enzymes, each acting on distinct pools, can lead to different consequences to the cell. It is likely that the coming years will see these downstream effects being unraveled in greater detail and will lead to a better understanding and appreciation of glutathione degradation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1200-1216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
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32
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Maruyama-Nakashita A. Metabolic changes sustain the plant life in low-sulfur environments. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:144-151. [PMID: 28759781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants assimilate inorganic sulfate into various organic sulfur (S) compounds, which contributes to the global sulfur cycle in the environment as well as the nutritional supply of this essential element to animals. Plants, to sustain their lives, adapt the flow of their S metabolism to respond to external S status by activating S assimilation and catabolism of stored S compounds, and by repressing the synthesis of secondary S metabolites like glucosinolates. The molecular mechanism of this response has been gradually revealed, including the discovery of several regulatory proteins and enzymes involved in S deficiency responses. Recent progress in this research area and the remaining issues are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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33
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Kaur A, Gautam R, Srivastava R, Chandel A, Kumar A, Karthikeyan S, Bachhawat AK. ChaC2, an Enzyme for Slow Turnover of Cytosolic Glutathione. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:638-651. [PMID: 27913623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.727479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione degradation plays an important role in glutathione and redox homeostasis, and thus it is imperative to understand the enzymes and the mechanisms involved in glutathione degradation in detail. We describe here ChaC2, a member of the ChaC family of γ-glutamylcyclotransferases, as an enzyme that degrades glutathione in the cytosol of mammalian cells. ChaC2 is distinct from the previously described ChaC1, to which ChaC2 shows ∼50% sequence identity. Human and mouse ChaC2 proteins purified in vitro show 10-20-fold lower catalytic efficiency than ChaC1, although they showed comparable Km values (Km of 3.7 ± 0.4 mm and kcat of 15.9 ± 1.0 min-1 toward glutathione for human ChaC2; Km of 2.2 ± 0.4 mm and kcat of 225.2 ± 15 min-1 toward glutathione for human ChaC1). The ChaC1 and ChaC2 proteins also shared the same specificity for reduced glutathione, with no activity against either γ-glutamyl amino acids or oxidized glutathione. The ChaC2 proteins were found to be expressed constitutively in cells, unlike the tightly regulated ChaC1. Moreover, lower eukaryotes have a single member of the ChaC family that appears to be orthologous to ChaC2. In addition, we determined the crystal structure of yeast ChaC2 homologue, GCG1, at 1.34 Å resolution, which represents the first structure of the ChaC family of proteins. The catalytic site is defined by a fortuitous benzoic acid molecule bound to the crystal structure. The mechanism for binding and catalytic activity of this new enzyme of glutathione degradation, which is involved in continuous but basal turnover of cytosolic glutathione, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 140306, India and
| | - Ruchi Gautam
- the CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ritika Srivastava
- the CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Avinash Chandel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 140306, India and
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 140306, India and
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- the CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 140306, India and
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Popa CM, Tabuchi M, Valls M. Modification of Bacterial Effector Proteins Inside Eukaryotic Host Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:73. [PMID: 27489796 PMCID: PMC4951486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria manipulate their hosts by delivering a number of virulence proteins -called effectors- directly into the plant or animal cells. Recent findings have shown that such effectors can suffer covalent modifications inside the eukaryotic cells. Here, we summarize the recent reports where effector modifications by the eukaryotic machinery have been described. We restrict our focus on proteins secreted by the type III or type IV systems, excluding other bacterial toxins. We describe the known examples of effectors whose enzymatic activity is triggered by interaction with plant and animal cell factors, including GTPases, E2-Ubiquitin conjugates, cyclophilin and thioredoxins. We focus on the structural interactions with these factors and their influence on effector function. We also review the described examples of host-mediated post-translational effector modifications which are required for proper subcellular location and function. These host-specific covalent modifications include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and lipidations such as prenylation, fatty acylation and phospholipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina M Popa
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University Kagawa, Japan
| | - Marc Valls
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Du L, Song J, Forney C, Palmer LC, Fillmore S, Zhang Z. Proteome changes in banana fruit peel tissue in response to ethylene and high-temperature treatments. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16012. [PMID: 27162640 PMCID: PMC4846988 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa AAA group) is one of the most consumed fruits in the world due to its flavor and nutritional value. As a typical climacteric fruit, banana responds to ethylene treatment, which induces rapid changes of color, flavor (aroma and taste), sweetness and nutritional composition. It has also been reported that ripening bananas at temperatures above 24 °C inhibits chlorophyll breakdown and color formation but increases the rate of senescence. To gain fundamental knowledge about the effects of high temperature and ethylene on banana ripening, a quantitative proteomic study employing multiplex peptide stable isotope dimethyl labeling was conducted. In this study, green (immature) untreated banana fruit were subjected to treatment with 10 μL L(-1) of ethylene for 24 h. After ethylene treatment, treated and untreated fruit were stored at 20 or 30 °C for 24 h. Fruit peel tissues were then sampled after 0 and 1 day of storage, and peel color and chlorophyll fluorescence were evaluated. Quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted on the fruit peels after 1 day of storage. In total, 413 common proteins were identified and quantified from two biological replicates. Among these proteins, 91 changed significantly in response to ethylene and high-temperature treatments. Cluster analysis on these 91 proteins identified 7 groups of changed proteins. Ethylene treatment and storage at 20 °C induced 40 proteins that are correlated with pathogen resistance, cell wall metabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, allergens and ribosomal proteins, and it repressed 36 proteins that are associated with fatty acid and lipid metabolism, redox-oxidative responses, and protein biosynthesis and modification. Ethylene treatment and storage at 30 °C induced 32 proteins, which were mainly similar to those in group 1 but also included 8 proteins in group 3 (identified as chitinase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1, cysteine synthase, villin-2, leucine-transfer RNA ligase, CP47 protein and calmodulin) and repressed 43 proteins in 4 groups (groups 4-7), of which 6 were associated with photosynthesis II oxygen-evolving protein, the photosynthesis I reaction center, sugar metabolism, the redox-oxidative system and fatty acid metabolism. Differences in the response to ethylene and holding temperature at 30 °C were also revealed and have been discussed. The identities and quantities of the proteins found were linked with quality changes. This study demonstrates that ethylene and high temperature influence banana fruit ripening and senescence at the proteomic level and reveals the mechanisms by which high temperature accelerates banana fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Du
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main St., Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Charles Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main St., Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Leslie Campbell Palmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main St., Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main St., Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - ZhaoQi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangZhou, China
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36
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Fujiwara S, Kawazoe T, Ohnishi K, Kitagawa T, Popa C, Valls M, Genin S, Nakamura K, Kuramitsu Y, Tanaka N, Tabuchi M. RipAY, a Plant Pathogen Effector Protein, Exhibits Robust γ-Glutamyl Cyclotransferase Activity When Stimulated by Eukaryotic Thioredoxins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6813-30. [PMID: 26823466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum injects more than 70 effector proteins (virulence factors) into the host plant cells via the needle-like structure of a type III secretion system. The type III secretion system effector proteins manipulate host regulatory networks to suppress defense responses with diverse molecular activities. Uncovering the molecular function of these effectors is essential for a mechanistic understanding of R. solanacearum pathogenicity. However, few of the effectors from R. solanacearum have been functionally characterized, and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the ChaC domain-containing effector RipAY/RSp1022 from R. solanacearum exhibits γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT) activity to degrade the major intracellular redox buffer, glutathione. Heterologous expression of RipAY, but not other ChaC family proteins conserved in various organisms, caused growth inhibition of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the intracellular glutathione level was decreased to ∼30% of the normal level following expression of RipAY in yeast. Although active site mutants of GGCT activity were non-toxic, the addition of glutathione did not reverse the toxicity, suggesting that the toxicity might be a consequence of activity against other γ-glutamyl compounds. Intriguingly, RipAY protein purified from a bacterial expression system did not exhibit any GGCT activity, whereas it exhibited robust GGCT activity upon its interaction with eukaryotic thioredoxins, which are important for intracellular redox homeostasis during bacterial infection in plants. Our results suggest that RipAY has evolved to sense the host intracellular redox environment, which triggers its enzymatic activity to create a favorable environment for R. solanacearum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Fujiwara
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kawazoe
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- the Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-0093, Japan
| | - Takao Kitagawa
- the Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Crina Popa
- the Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- the Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stéphane Genin
- INRA-CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microoganismes, UMR441-2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France, and
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- the Center of Clinical Laboratories, Tokuyama Medical Association Hospital, Shunan 745-0846, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- the Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Naotaka Tanaka
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan,
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