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Chen P, Lou L, Sharma B, Li M, Xie C, Yang F, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Gao L. Recent Advances on PKM2 Inhibitors and Activators in Cancer Applications. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2955-2973. [PMID: 37455458 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230714144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells, from the normal mode of glucose metabolism named glycolysis, is a pivotal characteristic of impending cancerous cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important enzyme that catalyzes the final rate-limiting stage during glycolysis, is highly expressed in numerous types of tumors and aids in development of favorable conditions for the survival of tumor cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that PKM2 is one of promising targets for innovative drug discovery, especially for the developments of antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent advancement on PKM2 modulators including inhibitors and activators in cancer applications. We also discussed the classifications of pyruvate kinases in mammals and the biological functions of PKM2 in this review. We do hope that this review would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on PKM2 modulators, which may benefit the development of more potent PKM2-related drug candidates to treat PKM2-associated diseases including cancers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Bigyan Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Mengchu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
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Wei Y, Miao Q, Zhang Q, Mao S, Li M, Xu X, Xia X, Wei K, Fan Y, Zheng X, Fang Y, Mei M, Zhang Q, Ding J, Fan Y, Lu M, Hu G. Aerobic glycolysis is the predominant means of glucose metabolism in neuronal somata, which protects against oxidative damage. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2081-2089. [PMID: 37996529 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
It is generally thought that under basal conditions, neurons produce ATP mainly through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and glycolytic activity only predominates when neurons are activated and need to meet higher energy demands. However, it remains unknown whether there are differences in glucose metabolism between neuronal somata and axon terminals. Here, we demonstrated that neuronal somata perform higher levels of aerobic glycolysis and lower levels of OXPHOS than terminals, both during basal and activated states. We found that the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) is localized predominantly in the somata rather than in the terminals. Deletion of Pkm2 in mice results in a switch from aerobic glycolysis to OXPHOS in neuronal somata, leading to oxidative damage and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Our findings update the conventional view that neurons uniformly use OXPHOS under basal conditions and highlight the important role of somatic aerobic glycolysis in maintaining antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - QianQian Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyu Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinquan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Huang D, Gao W, Zhong X, Wu H, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Qian J, Ge J. Epigenetically altered macrophages promote development of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196704. [PMID: 37215106 PMCID: PMC10196132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) risk is elevated in diabetic patients, but the underlying mechanism such as involvement of epigenetic control of foam macrophages remains unclear. We have previously shown the importance of immune regulation on endothelial cells to AS development in diabetes. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that diabetes may promote AS through modification of the epigenetic status of macrophages. Methods We employed the Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) method to evaluate the expression levels of key epigenetic regulators in both endothelial cells and macrophages at the AS lesions of patients. We then assessed the correlation between the significantly altered epigenetic regulator and serum levels of low-density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TRIG) and high-density Lipoprotein (HDL) in patients. In vitro, the effects of high glucose on glucose utilization, lactate production, succinate levels, oxygen consumption and polarization in either undifferentiated or differentiated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were analyzed. The effects of depleting this significantly altered epigenetic regulator in macrophages on AS development were assessed in AS-prone diabetic mice. Results Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) was identified as the most significantly altered epigenetic regulator in macrophages from the AS lesions in human diabetic patients. The levels of HDAC3 positively correlated with high serum LDL and TRIG, as well as low serum HDL. High glucose significantly increased glucose utilization, lactate production, succinate levels and oxygen consumption in cultured macrophages, and induced proinflammatory M1-like polarization. Macrophage depletion of HDAC3 significantly attenuated AS severity in AS-prone diabetic mice. Conclusion Epigenetically altered macrophages promote development of diabetes-associated AS, which could be prevented through HDAC3 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Junbo Ge
- *Correspondence: Juying Qian, ; Junbo Ge,
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Ouyang X, Zhu R, Lin L, Wang X, Zhuang Q, Hu D. GAPDH Is a Novel Ferroptosis-Related Marker and Correlates with Immune Microenvironment in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020142. [PMID: 36837761 PMCID: PMC9961514 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a prevalent form of lung cancer with high morbidity and fatality rates. Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent. Recent findings have suggested that ferroptosis inducers have promising prospects for the therapy of LUAD. However, ferroptosis-related gene expression in LUAD and its relationship with the tumor prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment remain unknown. We identified a total of 638 ferroptosis-related genes, built a LUAD ferroptosis-related risk model (FRRM) with the help of Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, split LUAD patients into high- and low-risk clusters, and verified the model utilizing the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The results of the FRRM's principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated its strong predictive power. Further, univariate and multivariate Cox and AUC curve analyses demonstrated that the model was independent of other clinical traits and served as an independent prognostic factor. The nomogram demonstrated strong predictive power for overall survival, according to calibration plots. We also explored variations in clinical characteristics, immune cell infiltration, immune-related function, and functional pathways between the high- and low-risk groups. Additionally, we used a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of various genes in the two groups to search for potential target genes. GAPDH was then chosen for a follow-up investigation. An analysis was performed on the relationship between GAPDH and variations in survival prognosis, clinical traits, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and immunotherapy. In vitro tests further supported the probable functions of GAPDH as a ferroptosis marker in LUAD. In conclusion, a novel ferroptosis-related prognostic gene, GAPDH, was discovered, whose expression was connected to the tumor immune microenvironment. The combination of immunotherapy and the targeting of GAPDH to induce ferroptosis in LUAD may provide a novel therapeutical option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Ouyang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xunxun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qigang Zhuang
- The First Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
- Clinical Research Center of Cancer Immunotherapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8587-3071
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Gill GS, Schultz MC. Multienzyme activity profiling for evaluation of cell‐to‐cell variability of metabolic state. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:709-723. [PMID: 36349298 PMCID: PMC9635011 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In solid organs, cells of the same “type” can vary in their molecular phenotype. The basis of this state variation is being revealed by characterizing cell features including the expression pattern of mRNAs and the internal distribution of proteins. Here, the variability of metabolic state between cells is probed by enzyme activity profiling. We study individual cells of types that can be identified during the post‐mitotic phase of oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Whole‐cell homogenates of isolated oocytes are used for kinetic analysis of enzymes, with a focus on the initial reaction rate. For each oocyte type studied, the activity signatures of glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) vary more between the homogenates of single oocytes than between repeat samplings of control homogenates. Unexpectedly, the activity signatures of GAPDH and MDH1 strongly co‐vary between oocytes of each type and change in strength of correlation during oogenesis. Therefore, variability of the kinetic behavior of these housekeeping enzymes between “identical” cells is physiologically programmed. Based on these findings, we propose that single‐cell profiling of enzyme kinetics will improve understanding of how metabolic state heterogeneity is related to heterogeneity revealed by omics methods including proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind S. Gill
- Department of Biochemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Michael C. Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Corrêa-Ferreira ML, do Rocio Andrade Pires A, Barbosa IR, Echevarria A, Pedrassoli GH, Winnischofer SMB, Noleto GR, Cadena SMSC. The mesoionic compound MI-D changes energy metabolism and induces apoptosis in T98G glioma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2033-2045. [PMID: 35420333 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mesoionic compound 4-phenyl-5-(4-nitro-cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride (MI-D) impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and has a significant antitumour effect against hepatocarcinoma and melanoma. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effect of MI-D on T98G glioblastoma cells and investigated whether the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation promoted by MI-D is relevant to its cytotoxic effect. The effects of MI-D on T98G cells cultured in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) HG (glycolysis-dependent) and galactose plus glutamine-supplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) GAL (oxidative phosphorylation-dependent) were compared. T98G cells grown in DMEM GAL medium exhibited higher respiration rates and citrate synthase activity and lower lactate levels, confirming the metabolic shift to oxidative phosphorylation in these cells. MI-D significantly decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in both media; however, T98G cells cultured in DMEM GAL medium were more susceptible. The mesoionic significantly inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of glioma cells in both media. At the same time, lactate levels were not altered, indicating an absence of compensatory glycolysis activation. Additionally, MI-D increased the citrate synthase activity of cells in both media, which in DMEM HG-cultivated cells was followed by citrate accumulation. Apoptosis dependent on caspase-3 mediated the toxicity of MI-D on T98G cells. The higher susceptibility of glioma cells cultured in DMEM GAL medium to MI-D indicates that the impairment of mitochondrial functions is involved in mesoionic cytotoxicity. The results of this study indicate the potential use of MI-D for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Resendes Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aurea Echevarria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sílvia Maria Suter Correia Cadena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. Dos Santos, C. Postal 19046, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-990, Brazil.
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Johar D, Elmehrath AO, Khalil RM, Elberry MH, Zaky S, Shalabi SA, Bernstein LH. Protein networks linking Warburg and reverse Warburg effects to cancer cell metabolism. Biofactors 2021; 47:713-728. [PMID: 34453457 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It was 80 years after the Otto Warburg discovery of aerobic glycolysis, a major hallmark in the understanding of cancer. The Warburg effect is the preference of cancer cell for glycolysis that produces lactate even when sufficient oxygen is provided. "reverse Warburg effect" refers to the interstitial tissue communications with adjacent epithelium, that in the process of carcinogenesis, is needed to be explored. Among these cell-cell communications, the contact between epithelial cells; between epithelial cells and matrix; and between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in the underlying matrix. Cancer involves dysregulation of Warburg and reverse Warburg cellular metabolic pathways. How these gene and protein-based regulatory mechanisms have functioned has been the basis for this review. The importance of the Warburg in oxidative phosphorylation suppression, with increased glycolysis in cancer growth and proliferation is emphasized. Studies that are directed at pathways that would be expected to shift cell metabolism to an increased oxidation and to a decrease in glycolysis are emphasized. Key enzymes required for oxidative phosphorylation, and affect the inhibition of fatty acid metabolism and glutamine dependence are conferred. The findings are of special interest to cancer pharmacotherapy. Studies described in this review are concerned with the effects of therapeutic modalities that are intimately related to the Warburg effect. These interactions described may be helpful as adjuvant therapy in controlling the process of proliferation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rania M Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacy College, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mostafa H Elberry
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Zaky
- Hepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy A Shalabi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Consultant Pathologist, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Larry H Bernstein
- Emeritus Prof. Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
- Triplex Consulting Pharmaceuticals, 54 Firethorn Lane Northampton, MA 01060, USA
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The Role of Glucose Transporters in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081070. [PMID: 34439735 PMCID: PMC8392467 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy associated with a poor prognosis. The Warburg effect can be observed in OSCCs, with tumours requiring a robust glucose supply. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) and sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) are overexpressed in multiple malignancies, and are correlated with treatment resistance, clinical factors, and poor overall survival (OS). We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the differences in GLUT/SGLT expression between OSCC and normal oral keratinocytes (NOK), as well as their role in the pathophysiology and prognosis of OSCC. A total of 85 studies were included after screening 781 papers. GLUT-1 is regularly expressed in OSCC and was found to be overexpressed in comparison to NOK, with high expression correlated to tumour stage, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis. No clear association was found between GLUT-1 and tumour grade, metastasis, and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. GLUT-3 was less thoroughly studied but could be detected in most samples and is generally overexpressed compared to NOK. GLUT-3 negatively correlated with overall survival (OS), but there was insufficient data for correlations with other clinical factors. Expression of GLUT-2/GLUT-4/GLUT-8/GLUT-13/SGLT-1/SGLT-2 was only evaluated in a small number of studies with no significant differences detected. GLUTs 7 and 14 have never been evaluated in OSCC. In conclusion, the data demonstrates that GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 have a role in the pathophysiology of OSCC and represent valuable biomarkers to aid OSCC diagnosis and prognostication. Other GLUTs are comparatively understudied and should be further analysed because they may hold promise to improve patient care.
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Gao X, Aguanno D, Board M, Callaghan R. Exploiting the metabolic energy demands of drug efflux pumps provides a strategy to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129915. [PMID: 33965440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a prevalent resistance mediator and it requires considerable cellular energy to ensure ATP dependent efflux of anticancer drugs. The glycolytic pathway generates the majority of catabolic energy in cancer cells; however, the high rates of P-gp activity places added strain on its inherently limited capacity to generate ATP. This is particularly relevant for compounds such as verapamil that are believed to trap P-gp in a futile transport process that requires continuing ATP consumption. Ultimately, this leads to cell death and the hypersensitivity of resistant cells to verapamil is termed collateral sensitivity. RESULTS We show that the addition of verapamil to resistant cells produces a prominent reduction in ATP levels that supports the idea of disrupted energy homeostasis. Even in the absence of verapamil, P-gp expressing cells display near maximal rates of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, which prevents an adequate response to the demand for ATP to sustain transport activity. Moreover, the near perpetually maximal rate of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of verapamil resulted in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species that affect cell survival and underscore collateral sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the strained metabolic profiles of P-gp expressing resistant cancer cells can be overwhelmed by additional ATP demands. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Consequently, collateral sensitising drugs may overcome the resistant phenotype by exploiting, rather than inhibiting, the energy demanding activity of pumps such as P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexin Gao
- Human Disease and Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Science & Biochemistry, Research School of Biology and Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Doriane Aguanno
- Human Disease and Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Science & Biochemistry, Research School of Biology and Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Mary Board
- St. Hilda's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 1DY, UK
| | - Richard Callaghan
- Human Disease and Membrane Transport Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Science & Biochemistry, Research School of Biology and Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
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Smith H, De Souza D, Tull D, McConville M, Pellagatti A, Boultwood J, Board M, Callaghan R. The utilisation of glutamine and glucose by a 3-D tumour model trapped in quiescence. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 133:105935. [PMID: 33529714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumours modify their metabolic strategy to ensure sufficient biomass and energy to maintain a high rate of proliferation. However, solid tumours are characterised by a high proportion of quiescent cells and little is known about their metabolic profile. A tumour spheroid model with DLD1 cells was used to investigate the influence of a quiescent state on the cellular utilisation of glucose and glutamine. Quiescent DLD1 spheroids displayed increased depletion of both nutrients from the bathing medium compared to their proliferative counterparts and displayed highly active overall metabolism. A combination of biochemical and metabolomics approaches demonstrated that glucose utilisation resulted in an increased production of the 3-carbon intermediates lactate and alanine in quiescent spheroids. In addition, glutamine metabolism was directed to anabolic pathways; including the "reverse TCA cycle" to produce citrate for fatty-acid synthesis. These adaptations in DLD1 spheroids may propose a metabolic altruism of quiescent regions in solid tumours to provide biosynthetic intermediates required to sustain tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Boultwood
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, Oxford, UK
| | - Mary Board
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Callaghan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Research School of Biology, and the Medical School, Australian National University Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Harlan CJ, Xu Z, Michel KA, Walker CM, Lokugama SD, Martinez GV, Pagel MD, Bankson JA. Technical Note: A deuterated 13 C-urea reference for clinical multiparametric MRI prostate cancer studies including hyperpolarized pyruvate. Med Phys 2020; 47:2931-2936. [PMID: 32286689 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate offers unprecedented new insight into disease and response to therapy. 13 C-enriched reference standards are required to enable fast and accurate calibration for 13 C studies, but care must be taken to ensure that the reference is compatible with both 13 C and 1 H acquisitions. The goal of this study was to optimize the composition of a 13 C-urea reference for a dual-tuned 13 C/1 H endorectal coil and minimize imaging artifacts in metabolic and multiparametric MRI studies involving hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate. METHODS Due to a high amount of Gd doping for the purpose of reducing the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1 ) of urea, the 1 H signal produced by a reference of 13 C-urea in normal water was rapidly relaxed, resulting in severe artifacts in heavily T1 -weighted images. Hyperintense ringing artifacts in 1 H images were mitigated by reducing the 1 H concentration in a 13 C-urea reference via deuteration and lyophilization. Several references were fabricated and their SNR was compared using 1 H and 13 C imaging sequences on a 3T MRI scanner. Finally, 1 H prostate phantom imaging was conducted to compare image quality and 1 H signal intensity of normal and deuterated urea references. RESULTS The deuterated 13 C-urea reference provides strong 13 C signal for calibration and an attenuated 1 H signal that does not interfere with heavily T1 -weighted scans. Deuteration and lyophilization were fundamental to the reduction in 1 H signal and hyperintense ringing artifacts. There was a 25-fold reduction in signal intensity when comparing the nondeuterated reference to the deuterated reference, while the 13 C signal was unaffected. CONCLUSION A deuterated reference reduced hyperintense ringing artifacts in 1 H images by reducing the 1 H signal produced from the 13 C-urea in the reference. The deuterated reference can be used to improve anatomical image quality in future clinical 1 H and hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate MRI prostate imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Harlan
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Keith A Michel
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sanjaya D Lokugama
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Gary V Martinez
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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12
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Wang Z, Hu J, Zheng W, Yang T, Wang X, Xie C, Yan X. Lactobacillus frumenti mediates energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of early-weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:95. [PMID: 31827788 PMCID: PMC6894312 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early-weaning of piglets is often accompanied by severe disorders, especially diarrhea. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a critical role in the maintenance of the physiologic and metabolic homeostasis of the host. Our previous studies have demonstrated that oral administration of Lactobacillus frumenti improves epithelial barrier functions and confers diarrhea resistance in early-weaned piglets. However, the metabolic response to L. frumenti administration remains unclear. Then, we conducted simultaneous serum and hepatic metabolomic analyses in early-weaned piglets administered by L. frumenti or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Results A total of 100 6-day-old crossbred piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into two groups and piglets received PBS (sterile, 2 mL) or L. frumenti (suspension in PBS, 108 CFU/mL, 2 mL) by oral administration once per day from 6 to 20 days of age. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age. Serum and liver samples for metabolomic analyses were collected at 26 days of age. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that L. frumenti altered metabolism in serum and liver. Numerous correlations (P < 0.05) were identified among the serum and liver metabolites that were affected by L. frumenti. Concentrations of guanosine monophosphate (GMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), and uric acid were higher in serum of L. frumenti administration piglets. Pathway analysis indicated that L. frumenti regulated fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in serum and liver. Concentrations of fatty acid β-oxidation related metabolites in serum (such as 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, C4-OH) and liver (such as acetylcarnitine) were increased after L. frumenti administration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that L. frumenti regulates lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the liver of early-weaned piglets, where it promotes fatty acid β-oxidation and energy production. High serum concentrations of nucleotide intermediates, which may be an alternative strategy to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets, were further detected. These findings broaden our understanding of the relationships between the gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in the early-weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jun Hu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenyong Zheng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Tao Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xinkai Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Chunlin Xie
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
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13
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Gevaert AB, Adams V, Bahls M, Bowen TS, Cornelissen V, Dörr M, Hansen D, Kemps HM, Leeson P, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Kränkel N. Towards a personalised approach in exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation: How can translational research help? A 'call to action' from the Section on Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1369-1385. [PMID: 31581819 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319877716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of regular physical activity and exercise training for the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is undisputed. Many molecular mechanisms mediating exercise effects have been deciphered. Personalised exercise prescription can help patients in achieving their individual greatest benefit from an exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programme. Yet, we still struggle to provide truly personalised exercise prescriptions to our patients. In this position paper, we address novel basic and translational research concepts that can help us understand the principles underlying the inter-individual differences in the response to exercise, and identify early on who would most likely benefit from which exercise intervention. This includes hereditary, non-hereditary and sex-specific concepts. Recent insights have helped us to take on a more holistic view, integrating exercise-mediated molecular mechanisms with those influenced by metabolism and immunity. Unfortunately, while the outline is recognisable, many details are still lacking to turn the understanding of a concept into a roadmap ready to be used in clinical routine. This position paper therefore also investigates perspectives on how the advent of 'big data' and the use of animal models could help unravel inter-individual responses to exercise parameters and thus influence hypothesis-building for translational research in exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Gevaert
- GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Belgium.,Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Belgium
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Scott Bowen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominique Hansen
- Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Belgium.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Hareld Mc Kemps
- Fitheid, Leefstijl, Ontwikkeling en Wetenschap (FLOW), Máxima Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck
- GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Belgium
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
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14
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Wang S, Ye L, Wang L. Protective mechanism of shenmai on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion through the energy metabolism pathway. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4046-4062. [PMID: 31396317 PMCID: PMC6684917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shenmai (SM) injection has been reported to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but its effect on energy metabolism during I/R and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. To explore the protective mechanism of SM on ischemic cardiomyopathy, primary cardiomyocytes from SD rats were treated with SM, total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG), L-carnitine (LC) and trimetazidine (TMZ). Changes in glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), pyruvic acid (PA), lactic acid (LA) and intracellular ATP capacity were observed with the appropriate assays. For each treatment group, the key enzymes and transporters of myocardial energy metabolism were detected and compared via Western blot. Furthermore, impairments after I/R were assessed by examining cardiomyocyte apoptosis and LDH and PK activity in the culture medium. Our results indicated that SM and TSPG markedly alleviated the decrease in key enzymes and transporters and the utilization of metabolic substrates following I/R, while SM prevented aberrant apoptosis and restored the depleted ATP resulting from I/R. Notably, the effects of SM were superior to those of its main components TSPG, LC and TMZ. Thus, the protective effect of SM in ischemic cardiomyopathy may be mediated by the upregulation of key enzymes and restoration of the depleted ATP content in the energy metabolism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Wang
- Bengbu Medical CollegeDonghai Road, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, PR China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
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15
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Shen Y, Li J, He F, Zhu J, Han Q, Zhan X, Xing B. Phenanthrene-triggered tricarboxylic acid cycle response in wheat leaf. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:107-112. [PMID: 30772538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) is the most effective energy metabolism pathway in higher plants and animals. However, there is no information about its response in plants under environmental stress, especially under polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution. Here, this study is the first to discuss the intermediate and related enzyme changes in TCA cycle in plants. We applied high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics to analyze the intermediate concentration and related protein response in wheat leaf cells, respectively. The concentrations of citrate and malate (0.37 and 0.57 mg kg-1) in the treatment with 1.0 mg L-1 phenanthrene were higher than those in the control, and the concentrations of the other five intermediates (i.e., α-ketoglutarate, fumarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate and succinate) in the treatment were lower than those in the control. Three detected proteins (pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase and fumarate hydratase) involved in TCA cycle were up-regulated when phenanthrene was accumulated in wheat leaf cells. Meanwhile, real-time PCR results of seven key TCA cycle enzymes genes further confirmed the aforementioned enzyme results. The gene expressions of ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, fumarase and pyruvate dehydrogenase were promoted when phenanthrene was accumulated, while the other four genes were suppressed. In general, pyruvate decrease is the key reason for TCA cycle inactivation under exposure to phenanthrene. Meanwhile, malate concentration increases significantly (P < 0.05), and all the three conversion enzymes turn active. Our results offer helpful information for understanding TCA cycle energy metabolism response to PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Fang He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Qian Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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16
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Carvalho TM, Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The peculiarities of cancer cell metabolism: A route to metastasization and a target for therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:343-363. [PMID: 30928707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the peculiarities of metabolic reprogramming in tumour onset and progression, and their relevance in cancer therapy. Also, it has been indicated that the metastatic process may depend on the metabolic rewiring and adaptation of cancer cells to the pressure of tumour microenvironment and limiting nutrient availability. The present review gatherers the existent knowledge on the influence of tumour microenvironment and metabolic routes driving metastasis. A focus will be given to glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, glutaminolysis, and amino acid handling. In addition, the role of metabolic waste driving metastasization will be explored. Finally, we discuss the status of cancer treatment approaches targeting metabolism. This knowledge revision will highlight the critical metabolic targets in metastasis and the chemicals already used in preclinical studies and clinical trials, providing clues that would be further exploited in medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ma Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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17
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A critical review of the role of M 2PYK in the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:225-239. [PMID: 30708038 PMCID: PMC6525063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming generally accepted in recent literature that the Warburg effect in cancer depends on inhibition of M2PYK, the pyruvate kinase isozyme most commonly expressed in tumors. We remain skeptical. There continues to be a general lack of solid experimental evidence for the underlying idea that a bottle neck in aerobic glycolysis at the level of M2PYK results in an expanded pool of glycolytic intermediates (which are thought to serve as building blocks necessary for proliferation and growth of cancer cells). If a bottle neck at M2PYK exists, then the remarkable increase in lactate production by cancer cells is a paradox, particularly since a high percentage of the carbons of lactate originate from glucose. The finding that pyruvate kinase activity is invariantly increased rather than decreased in cancer undermines the logic of the M2PYK bottle neck, but is consistent with high lactate production. The "inactive" state of M2PYK in cancer is often described as a dimer (with reduced substrate affinity) that has dissociated from an active tetramer of M2PYK. Although M2PYK clearly dissociates easier than other isozymes of pyruvate kinase, it is not clear that dissociation of the tetramer occurs in vivo when ligands are present that promote tetramer formation. Furthermore, it is also not clear whether the dissociated dimer retains any activity at all. A number of non-canonical functions for M2PYK have been proposed, all of which can be challenged by the finding that not all cancer cell types are dependent on M2PYK expression. Additional in-depth studies of the Warburg effect and specifically of the possible regulatory role of M2PYK in the Warburg effect are needed.
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18
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de Bari L, Atlante A. Including the mitochondrial metabolism of L-lactate in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2763-2776. [PMID: 29728715 PMCID: PMC11105303 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose avidity, high glycolysis and L-lactate production, regardless of oxygen availability, are the main traits of cancer metabolic reprogramming. The idea that mitochondria are dysfunctional in cancer, thus causing a glycolysis increase for ATP production and L-lactate accumulation as a dead-end product of glucose catabolism, has oriented cancer research for many years. However, it was shown that mitochondrial metabolism is essential for cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and that L-lactate is a fundamental energy substrate with tumor growth-promoting and signaling capabilities. Nevertheless, the known ability of mitochondria to take up and oxidize L-lactate has remained ignored by cancer research. Beginning with a brief overview of the metabolic changes occurring in cancer, we review the present knowledge of L-lactate formation, transport, and intracellular oxidation and underline the possible role of L-lactate metabolism as energetic, signaling and anabolic support for cancer cell proliferation. These unexplored aspects of cancer biochemistry might be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia de Bari
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Anna Atlante
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari (IBIOM)-CNR, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
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19
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Meyer J, Salamon A, Mispagel S, Kamp G, Peters K. Energy metabolic capacities of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and their adaptations in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:632-642. [PMID: 30036541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are important in tissue homeostasis and regeneration due to their ability for self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. Differentiation, as well as proliferation, requires adaptations in the cell metabolism. However, only few data exist concerning the energy metabolism of non-differentiating and differentiating MSC. In this study we compared capacities of major energy metabolic pathways of MSC from human adipose tissue (adMSC) in vitro in the non-differentiated state with those of osteogenically or adipogenically differentiating adMSC. To this end we quantified the proliferation and differentiation status of adMSC and analyzed maximum enzyme capacities and several enzyme isoforms of major energy metabolic pathways regarding their activity and gene expression. We could show that non-differentiating and osteogenic cultivation conditions induced proliferation and showed increasing capacities of the glycolytic marker enzyme phosphofructokinase as well as the marker enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Adipogenic stimulation, which was accompanied by the absence of proliferation, reduced the glycolytic capacity (e.g. decreased glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase capacity) and induced an increase in mitochondrial enzyme capacities. These changes in energy metabolism might represent an adaptation of adMSC to the high energy demand during proliferation and to the specific cellular functions during osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Achim Salamon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Günter Kamp
- AMP-Lab GmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Teoh ST, Lunt SY. Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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21
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Colquhoun A. Cell biology-metabolic crosstalk in glioma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:171-181. [PMID: 28549626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The renewed interest in cancer metabolism in recent years has been fuelled by the identification of the involvement of key oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in the control of metabolic pathways. Many of these alterations lead to dramatic changes in bioenergetics, biosynthesis and redox balance within tumour cells. The complex relationship between tumour cell metabolism and the tumour microenvironment has turned this field of biochemistry and cell biology into a challenging and exciting area for study. In the case of gliomas the involvement of altered metabolic pathways including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and glutaminolysis are pointing the way to new possibilities for treatment. The tumour-promoting effects of inflammation are an emerging hallmark of cancer and the role of the eicosanoids in gliomas is an area of active research to elucidate the importance of individual eicosanoids in glioma cell proliferation, migration and immune escape. In this review, the different aspects of metabolic reprogramming which occur in gliomas are highlighted and their relationship to glioma cell biology and the wider tumour microenvironment is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Colquhoun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Kowalik MA, Columbano A, Perra A. Emerging Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:87. [PMID: 28553614 PMCID: PMC5425478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in metabolic changes of cancer cells as it has been noticed that malignant transformation and metabolic reprogramming are closely intertwined. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is one of the fundamental components of cellular metabolism crucial for cancer cells. This review will discuss recent findings regarding the involvement of PPP enzymes in several types of cancer, with a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We will pay considerable attention to the involvement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Subsequently, we discuss the inhibition of the PPP as a potential therapeutic strategy against cancer, in particular, HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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23
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Gollapalli K, Ghantasala S, Kumar S, Srivastava R, Rapole S, Moiyadi A, Epari S, Srivastava S. Subventricular zone involvement in Glioblastoma - A proteomic evaluation and clinicoradiological correlation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1449. [PMID: 28469129 PMCID: PMC5431125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant of all gliomas is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and poor response to treatment. The sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) is the major site of neurogenesis in the brain and is rich in neural stem cells. Based on the proximity of the GBM tumors to the SVZ, the tumors can be further classified into SVZ+ and SVZ−. The tumors located in close contact with the SVZ are classified as SVZ+, while the tumors located distantly from the SVZ are classified as SVZ−. To gain an insight into the increased aggressiveness of SVZ+ over SVZ− tumors, we have used proteomics techniques like 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS to investigate any possible proteomic differences between the two subtypes. Serum proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations of various acute phase proteins and lipid carrying proteins, while tissue proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations in cytoskeletal, lipid binding, chaperone and cell cycle regulating proteins, which are already known to be associated with disease pathobiology. These findings provide cues to molecular basis behind increased aggressiveness of SVZ+ GBM tumors over SVZ− GBM tumors and plausible therapeutic targets to improve treatment modalities for these highly invasive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachendra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Aliasgar Moiyadi
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) and Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) and Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, India
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Hopefully devoted to Q: targeting glutamine addiction in cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1375-1381. [PMID: 28441384 PMCID: PMC5520092 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered cell metabolism enables tumours to sustain their increased energetic and biosynthetic needs. Although tumour metabolism has long been considered a promising discipline in the development of cancer therapeutics, the majority of work has focused on changes in glucose metabolism. However, the complexity of cellular metabolism means that very rarely is an individual metabolite required for a single purpose, and thus understanding the overall metabolic requirements of tumours is vital. Over the past 30 years, increasing evidence has shown that many tumours require glutamine as well as glucose for their proliferation and survival. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of glutamine metabolism in tumour cells, discussing how the overall context of the tumour dictates the requirement for glutamine and how this can affect the design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Zaccaro C, Saracino IM, Fiorini G, Figura N, Holton J, Castelli V, Pesci V, Gatta L, Vaira D. Power of screening tests for colorectal cancer enhanced by high levels of M2-PK in addition to FOBT. Intern Emerg Med 2017; 12:333-339. [PMID: 28155016 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistep process that involves adenoma-carcinoma sequence. CRC can be prevented by routine screening, which can detect precancerous lesions. The aim of this study is to clarify whether faecal occult blood test (i-FOBT), tumor M2 pyruvate kinase (t-M2-PK), and endocannabinoid system molecules (cannabinoid receptors type 1-CB1, type 2-CB2, and fatty acid amide hydrolase-FAAH) might represent better diagnostic tools, alone or in combination, for an early diagnosis of CRC. An immunochemical FOB test (i-FOBT) and quantitative ELISA stool test for t-M2-PK were performed in 127 consecutive patients during a 12 month period. Endocannabinoid system molecules and t-M2-PK expression were detected by immunostaining in healthy tissues and normal mucosa surrounding adenomatous and cancerous colon lesions. i-FOBT and t-M2-PK combination leads to a better diagnostic accuracy for pre-neoplastic and neoplastic colon lesions. T-M2-PK quantification in stool samples and in biopsy samples (immunostaining) correlates with tumourigenesis stages. CB1 and CB2 are well expressed in healthy tissues, and their expression decreases in the presence of advanced stages of carcinogenesis and disappears in CRC. FAAH signal is well expressed in normal mucosa and low-risk adenoma, and increased in high-risk adenoma and carcinoma adjacent tissues. This study shows that high levels of t-M2-PK in addition to FOBT enhance the power of a CRC screening test. Endocannabinoid system molecule expression correlates with colon carcinogenesis stages. Developing future faecal tests for their quantification must be undertaken to obtain a more accurate early non-invasive diagnosis for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zaccaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Maria Saracino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiorini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Natale Figura
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Castelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Pesci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Gatta
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Versilia Hospital, Lido di Camaiore, Italy
| | - Dino Vaira
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Marín-Hernández Á, Del Mazo-Monsalvo I, Saavedra E, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Assessment of the low inhibitory specificity of oxamate, aminooxyacetate and dichloroacetate on cancer energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3221-3236. [PMID: 27538376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exceedingly high therapeutic/experimental doses of metabolic drugs such as oxamate, aminooxyacetate (AOA) and dichloroacetate (DCA) are required to diminish growth, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) of different cancer cells. To identify the mechanisms of action of these drugs on cancer energy metabolism, a systematic analysis of their specificities was undertaken. METHODS Hepatocarcinoma AS-30D cells were treated with the inhibitors and glycolysis and OxPhos enzyme activities, metabolites and fluxes were analyzed. Kinetic modeling of glycolysis was used to identify the regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS Oxamate (i) not only inhibited LDH, but also PYK and ENO activities inducing an increase in the cytosolic NAD(P)H, Fru1,6BP and DHAP levels in AS-30D cells; (ii) it slightly inhibited HPI, ALD and Glc6PDH; and (iii) it inhibited pyruvate-driven OxPhos in isolated heart mitochondria. AOA (i) strongly inhibited both AAT and AlaT, and 2-OGDH and glutamate-driven OxPhos; and (ii) moderately affected GAPDH and TPI. DCA slightly affected pyruvate-driven OxPhos and Glc6PDH. Kinetic modeling of cancer glycolysis revealed that oxamate inhibition of LDH, PYK and ENO was insufficient to achieve glycolysis flux inhibition. To do so, HK, HPI, TPI and GAPDH have to be also inhibited by the accumulated Fru1,6BP and DHAP induced by oxamate. CONCLUSION Oxamate, AOA, and DCA are not specific drugs since they inhibit several enzymes/transporters of the glycolytic and OxPhos pathways through direct interaction or indirect mechanisms. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data explain why oxamate or AOA, through their multisite inhibitory actions on glycolysis or OxPhos, may be able to decrease the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico.
| | - Álvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Isis Del Mazo-Monsalvo
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Tlalpan D.F. 14080, Mexico
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27
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Li S, Wu L, Feng J, Li J, Liu T, Zhang R, Xu S, Cheng K, Zhou Y, Zhou S, Kong R, Chen K, Wang F, Xia Y, Lu J, Zhou Y, Dai W, Guo C. In vitro and in vivo study of epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis in aerobic glycolytic hepatocellular carcinoma cells involving inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28479. [PMID: 27349173 PMCID: PMC4923908 DOI: 10.1038/srep28479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis, as an altered cancer cell-intrinsic metabolism, is an essential hallmark of cancer. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a metabolic sensor in the glycolytic pathway, and restricting the substrate availability for this enzyme has been researched extensively as a target for chemotherapy. In the present study, we investigated that the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active component of green tea, on inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis by promoting a metabolic shift away from glycolysis in aerobic glycolytic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. EGCG modulated the oligomeric structure of PFK, potentially leading to metabolic stress associated apoptosis and suggesting that EGCG acts by directly suppressing PFK activity. A PFK activity inhibitor enhanced the effect, while the allosteric activator reversed EGCG-induced HCC cell death. PFK siRNA knockdown-induced apoptosis was not reversed by the activator. EGCG enhanced the effect of sorafenib on cell growth inhibition in both aerobic glycolytic HCC cells and in a xenograft mouse model. The present study suggests a potential role for EGCG as an adjuvant in cancer therapy, which merits further investigation at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The Shanghai Tenth Hospital School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shizan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The Shanghai Tenth Hospital School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Keran Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The School of Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The School of Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shunfeng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The School of Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,The School of Medicine of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
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28
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Porporato PE, Payen VL, Baselet B, Sonveaux P. Metabolic changes associated with tumor metastasis, part 2: Mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1349-63. [PMID: 26646069 PMCID: PMC11108268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are a hallmark of cancer controlling tumor progression and metastasis. Among the various metabolic phenotypes encountered in tumors, this review focuses on the contributions of mitochondria, lipid and amino acid metabolism to the metastatic process. Tumor cells require functional mitochondria to grow, proliferate and metastasize, but shifts in mitochondrial activities confer pro-metastatic traits encompassing increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), enhanced resistance to apoptosis and the increased or de novo production of metabolic intermediates of the TCA cycle behaving as oncometabolites, including succinate, fumarate, and D-2-hydroxyglutarate that control energy production, biosynthesis and the redox state. Lipid metabolism and the metabolism of amino acids, such as glutamine, glutamate and proline are also currently emerging as focal control points of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52, box B1.53.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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29
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Smith H, Board M, Pellagatti A, Turley H, Boultwood J, Callaghan R. The Effects of Severe Hypoxia on Glycolytic Flux and Enzyme Activity in a Model of Solid Tumors. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1890-901. [PMID: 26755257 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors contend with, and adapt to, a hostile micro-environment that includes limited availability of nutrient fuels and oxygen. The presence of hypoxia (O2 <5%) stabilizes the transcription factor Hif1 and results in numerous cellular adaptations including increased flux of glucose through glycolysis. Increasingly, more sophisticated analysis of tumor oxygenation has revealed large gradients of oxygen tension and significant regions under severe hypoxia (O2 ∼0.1%). The present investigation has demonstrated a significant increase in the glycolytic flux rate when tumor spheroids were exposed to 0.1% O2 . The severe hypoxia was associated with uniform pimonidazole adduct formation and elevated levels of Hif1α and c-Myc. This resulted in elevated expression of GLUT and MCT transporters, in addition to increased activity of PFK1 in comparison to that observed in normoxia. However, the protein expression and enzymatic capacity of HK2, G6PDH, PK, and LDH were all reduced by severe hypoxia. Clearly, the effects of exposure to severe hypoxia lead to a significantly abridged Hif1 response, yet one still able to elevate glycolytic flux and prevent loss of intermediates to anabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1890-1901, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Mary Board
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Turley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Jacqueline Boultwood
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Callaghan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, The University of Oxford, Headington, UK.,Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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30
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Glycolytic enzyme upregulation and numbness of mitochondrial activity characterize the early phase of apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:10-28. [PMID: 25351440 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer proceed via one or more common molecular mechanisms: a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis-corresponding to the activation of the Warburg effect-occurs in both diseases. The findings reported in this paper demonstrate that, in the early phase of apoptosis, glucose metabolism is enhanced, i.e. key proteins which internalize and metabolize glucose-glucose transporter, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase-are up-regulated, in concomitance with a parallel decrease in oxygen consumption by mitochondria and increase of L-lactate accumulation. Reversal of the glycolytic phenotype occurs in the presence of dichloroacetate, inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase enzyme, which speeds up apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells, reawakening mitochondria and then modulating glycolytic enzymes. Loss of the adaptive advantage afforded by aerobic glycolysis, which occurs in the late phase of apoptosis, exacerbates the pathological processes underlying neurodegeneration, leading inevitably the cell to death. In conclusion, the data propose that both aerobic, i.e. Warburg effect, essentially due to the protective numbness of mitochondria, and anaerobic glycolysis, rather due to the mitochondrial impairment, characterize the entire time frame of apoptosis, from the early to the late phase, which mimics the development of AD.
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31
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Israelsen WJ, Vander Heiden MG. Pyruvate kinase: Function, regulation and role in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:43-51. [PMID: 26277545 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis and plays a role in regulating cell metabolism. There are four mammalian pyruvate kinase isoforms with unique tissue expression patterns and regulatory properties. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) supports anabolic metabolism and is expressed both in cancer and normal tissue. The enzymatic activity of PKM2 is allosterically regulated by both intracellular signaling pathways and metabolites; PKM2 thus integrates signaling and metabolic inputs to modulate glucose metabolism according to the needs of the cell. Recent advances have increased our understanding of metabolic regulation by pyruvate kinase, raised new questions, and suggested the possibility of non-canonical PKM2 functions to regulate gene expression and cell cycle progression via protein-protein interactions and protein kinase activity. Here we review the structure, function, and regulation of pyruvate kinase and discuss how these properties enable regulation of PKM2 for cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Israelsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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32
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Nagy C, Haschemi A. Time and Demand are Two Critical Dimensions of Immunometabolism: The Process of Macrophage Activation and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Front Immunol 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 25904920 PMCID: PMC4389563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A process is a function of time; in immunometabolism, this is reflected by the stepwise adaptation of metabolism to sustain the bio-energetic demand of an immune-response in its various states and shades. This perspective article starts by presenting an early attempt to investigate the physiology of inflammation, in order to illustrate one of the basic concepts of immunometabolism, wherein an adapted metabolism of infiltrating immune cells affects tissue function and inflammation. We then focus on the process of macrophage activation and aim to delineate the factor time within the current molecular context of metabolic-rewiring important for adapting primary carbohydrate metabolism. In the last section, we will provide information on how the pentose phosphate pathway may be of importance to provide both nucleotide precursors and redox-equivalents, and speculate how carbon-scrambling events in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway might be regulated within cells by demand. We conclude that the adapted metabolism of inflammation is specific in respect to the effector-function and appears as a well-orchestrated event, dynamic by nature, and based on a functional interplay of signaling- and metabolic-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csörsz Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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33
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Bentaib A, De Tullio P, Chneiweiss H, Hermans E, Junier MP, Leprince P. Metabolic reprogramming in transformed mouse cortical astrocytes: A proteomic study. J Proteomics 2014; 113:292-314. [PMID: 25305589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is thought to play a key role in sustaining the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. These changes facilitate for example the uptake and release of nutrients required for nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis necessary for macromolecule assembly and tumor growth. We applied a 2D-DIGE (two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis) quantitative proteomic analysis to characterize the proteomes of mouse astrocytes that underwent in vitro cancerous transformation, and of their normal counterparts. Metabolic reprogramming effects on enzymatic and structural protein expression as well as associated metabolites abundance were quantified. Using enzymatic activity measurements and zymography, we documented and confirmed several changes in abundance and activity of various isoenzymes likely to participate in metabolic reprogramming. We found that after transformation, the cells increase their expression of glycolytic enzymes, thus augmenting their ability to use aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). An increased capacity to dispose of reducing equivalents through lactate production was also documented. Major effects on carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides metabolic enzymes were also observed. Conversely, the transformed cells reduced their enzymatic capacity for reactions of tricarboxylic acid oxidation, for neurotransmitter (glutamate) metabolism, for oxidative stress defense and their expression of astroglial markers. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of a global approach based on a 2D DIGE analysis allows obtaining a comprehensive view of the metabolic reprogramming undergone by astrocytes upon cancerous transformation. Indeed, except for a few enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and glutaminase that were not detected in our initial analysis, pertinent information on the abundance of most enzymes belonging to pathways relevant to metabolic reprogramming was directly obtained. In this in vitro model, transformation causes major losses of astrocyte-specific proteins and functions and the acquisition of metabolic adaptations that favor intermediate metabolites production for increased macromolecule biosynthesis. Thus our approach appears to be readily applicable for the investigation of changes in protein abundance that determine various transformed cell phenotypes. It could similarly be applied to the evaluation of the effects of treatments aimed at correcting the consequences of cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Pharmaceutical chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Glial Plasticity and Cerebral Tumors, UMR8246 CNRS/U1130 Inserm/ UMCR18, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neurosciences, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Glial Plasticity and Cerebral Tumors, UMR8246 CNRS/U1130 Inserm/ UMCR18, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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34
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Lin G, Hill DK, Andrejeva G, Boult JKR, Troy H, Fong ACLFWT, Orton MR, Panek R, Parkes HG, Jafar M, Koh DM, Robinson SP, Judson IR, Griffiths JR, Leach MO, Eykyn TR, Chung YL. Dichloroacetate induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells and tumours. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:375-85. [PMID: 24892448 PMCID: PMC4102941 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichloroacetate (DCA) has been found to have antitumour properties. METHODS We investigated the cellular and metabolic responses to DCA treatment and recovery in human colorectal (HT29, HCT116 WT and HCT116 Bax-ko), prostate carcinoma cells (PC3) and HT29 xenografts by flow cytometry, western blotting, electron microscopy, (1)H and hyperpolarised (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Increased expression of the autophagy markers LC3B II was observed following DCA treatment both in vitro and in vivo. We observed increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mTOR inhibition (decreased pS6 ribosomal protein and p4E-BP1 expression) as well as increased expression of MCT1 following DCA treatment. Steady-state lactate excretion and the apparent hyperpolarised [1-(13)C] pyruvate-to-lactate exchange rate (k(PL)) were decreased in DCA-treated cells, along with increased NAD(+)/NADH ratios and NAD(+). Steady-state lactate excretion and k(PL) returned to, or exceeded, control levels in cells recovered from DCA treatment, accompanied by increased NAD(+) and NADH. Reduced k(PL) with DCA treatment was found in HT29 tumour xenografts in vivo. CONCLUSIONS DCA induces autophagy in cancer cells accompanied by ROS production and mTOR inhibition, reduced lactate excretion, reduced k(PL) and increased NAD(+)/NADH ratio. The observed cellular and metabolic changes recover on cessation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - D K Hill
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - G Andrejeva
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - J K R Boult
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - H Troy
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - A-C L F W T Fong
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - M R Orton
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - R Panek
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - H G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - M Jafar
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - D-M Koh
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S P Robinson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - I R Judson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - J R Griffiths
- CR-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - T R Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Y-L Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Lin G, Andrejeva G, Wong Te Fong AC, Hill DK, Orton MR, Parkes HG, Koh DM, Robinson SP, Leach MO, Eykyn TR, Chung YL. Reduced Warburg effect in cancer cells undergoing autophagy: steady- state 1H-MRS and real-time hyperpolarized 13C-MRS studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92645. [PMID: 24667972 PMCID: PMC3965444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated, energy dependent cellular process where proteins, organelles and cytoplasm are sequestered in autophagosomes and digested to sustain cellular homeostasis. We hypothesized that during autophagy induced in cancer cells by i) starvation through serum and amino acid deprivation or ii) treatment with PI-103, a class I PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, glycolytic metabolism would be affected, reducing flux to lactate, and that this effect may be reversible. We probed metabolism during autophagy in colorectal HT29 and HCT116 Bax knock-out cells using hyperpolarized (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and steady-state (1)H-MRS. 24 hr PI103-treatment or starvation caused significant reduction in the apparent forward rate constant (k(PL)) for pyruvate to lactate exchange compared with controls in HT29 (100 μM PI-103: 82%, p = 0.05) and HCT116 Bax-ko cells (10 μM PI-103: 53%, p = 0.05; 20 μM PI-103: 42%, p<0.0001; starvation: 52%, p<0.001), associated with reduced lactate excretion and intracellular lactate in all cases, and unchanged lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and increased NAD+/NADH ratio following PI103 treatment or decreased LDH activity and unchanged NAD+/NADH ratio following starvation. After 48 hr recovery from PI103 treatment, k(PL) remained below control levels in HT29 cells (74%, p = 0.02), and increased above treated values, but remained below 24 hr vehicle-treated control levels in HCT116 Bax-ko cells (65%, p = 0.004) both were accompanied by sustained reduction in lactate excretion, recovery of NAD+/NADH ratio and intracellular lactate. Following recovery from starvation, k(PL) was significantly higher than 24 hr vehicle-treated controls (140%, p = 0.05), associated with increased LDH activity and total cellular NAD(H). Changes in k(PL) and cellular and excreted lactate provided measureable indicators of the major metabolic processes accompanying starvation- and drug-induced autophagy. The changes are reversible, returning towards and exceeding control values on cellular recovery, which potentially identifies resistance. k(PL) (hyperpolarized (13)C-MRS) and lactate ((1)H-MRS) provide useful biomarkers for the autophagic process, enabling non-invasive monitoring of the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigin Lin
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gabriela Andrejeva
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Christine Wong Te Fong
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah K. Hill
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Orton
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Harry G. Parkes
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dow-Mu Koh
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Robinson
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Martin O. Leach
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King′s College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Shah AT, Demory Beckler M, Walsh AJ, Jones WP, Pohlmann PR, Skala MC. Optical metabolic imaging of treatment response in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90746. [PMID: 24595244 PMCID: PMC3942493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical metabolic imaging measures fluorescence intensity and lifetimes from metabolic cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These molecular level measurements provide unique biomarkers for early cellular responses to cancer treatments. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an attractive target for optical imaging because of easy access to the site using fiber optic probes. Two HNSCC cell lines, SCC25 and SCC61, were treated with Cetuximab (anti-EGFR antibody), BGT226 (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), or cisplatin (chemotherapy) for 24 hours. Results show increased redox ratio, NADH α1 (contribution from free NADH), and FAD α1 (contribution from protein-bound FAD) for malignant cells compared with the nonmalignant cell line OKF6 (p<0.05). In SCC25 and SCC61 cells, the redox ratio is unaffected by cetuximab treatment and decreases with BGT226 and cisplatin treatment (p<0.05), and these results agree with standard measurements of proliferation rates after treatment. For SCC25, NADH α1 is reduced with BGT226 and cisplatin treatment. For SCC61, NADH α1 is reduced with cetuximab, BGT226, and cisplatin treatment. Trends in NADH α1 are statistically similar to changes in standard measurements of glycolytic rates after treatment. FAD α1 is reduced with cisplatin treatment (p<0.05). These shifts in optical endpoints reflect early metabolic changes induced by drug treatment. Overall, these results indicate that optical metabolic imaging has potential to detect early response to cancer treatment in HNSCC, enabling optimal treatment regimens and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William P. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Pohlmann
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M, Nassiri SM, Rahbarghazi R. Serological proteome analysis of dogs with breast cancer unveils common serum biomarkers with human counterparts. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:901-10. [PMID: 24338489 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumor is being touted as a model for investigating the human breast cancer. Breast cancer of the both species has similar biological behavior, histopathologic characteristics, and metastatic pattern. In this study, we used the serological proteome analysis to detect autoantigens that elicit a humoral response in dogs with mammary tumor in order to identify serum biomarkers with potential usefulness as diagnostic markers and to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying canine breast cancer development. Protein extract from a cell line was subject to 2DE followed by Western blotting using sera from 15 dogs with mammary tumor and sera from 15 healthy control dogs. Immunoreactive autoantigens were subsequently identified by the MALDI-TOF MS. Four autoantigens, including manganese-superoxide dismutase, triose phosphate isomerase, alpha-enolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase1, with significantly higher immunoreactivity in the tumor samples than in the normal samples were identified as biomarker candidates. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed higher expression of these biomarkers in the malignant tumors than in the normal or benign tumors. The autoantigens found in this study have been reported to elicit autoantibody response in the human breast cancer, indicating the similarity of breast cancer proteome profile in dogs with that in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Christensen CE, Karlsson M, Winther JR, Jensen PR, Lerche MH. Non-invasive in-cell determination of free cytosolic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratios using hyperpolarized glucose show large variations in metabolic phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2344-52. [PMID: 24302737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.498626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that the pyridine nucleotide NAD has far wider biological functions than its classical role in energy metabolism. NAD is used by hundreds of enzymes that catalyze substrate oxidation and, as such, it plays a key role in various biological processes such as aging, cell death, and oxidative stress. It has been suggested that changes in the ratio of free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] reflects metabolic alterations leading to, or correlating with, pathological states. We have designed an isotopically labeled metabolic bioprobe of free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] by combining a magnetic enhancement technique (hyperpolarization) with cellular glycolytic activity. The bioprobe reports free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratios based on dynamically measured in-cell [pyruvate]/[lactate] ratios. We demonstrate its utility in breast and prostate cancer cells. The free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio determined in prostate cancer cells was 4 times higher than in breast cancer cells. This higher ratio reflects a distinct metabolic phenotype of prostate cancer cells consistent with previously reported alterations in the energy metabolism of these cells. As a reporter on free cytosolic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio, the bioprobe will enable better understanding of the origin of diverse pathological states of the cell as well as monitor cellular consequences of diseases and/or treatments.
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Rapid effector function of memory CD8+ T cells requires an immediate-early glycolytic switch. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1064-72. [PMID: 23955661 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-experienced memory T cells acquire effector function with innate-like kinetics; however, the metabolic requirements of these cells are unknown. Here we show that rapid interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production of effector memory (EM) CD8(+) T cells, activated through stimulation mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the costimulatory receptor CD28 or through cognate interactions, was linked to increased glycolytic flux. EM CD8(+) T cells exhibited more glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity at early time points, before proliferation commenced, than did naive cells activated under similar conditions. CD28 signaling via the serine-threonine kinase Akt and the metabolic-checkpoint kinase mTORC2 was needed to sustain TCR-mediated immediate-early glycolysis. Unlike glycolysis in proliferating cells, immediate-early glycolysis in memory CD8(+) T cells was rapamycin insensitive. Thus, CD8(+) memory T cells have an Akt-dependent 'imprinted' glycolytic potential that is required for efficient immediate-early IFN-γ recall responses.
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Szablewski L. Expression of glucose transporters in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Macintyre AN, Rathmell JC. Activated lymphocytes as a metabolic model for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 24280044 PMCID: PMC3834493 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key event in tumorigenesis to support cell growth, and cancer cells frequently become both highly glycolytic and glutamine dependent. Similarly, T lymphocytes (T cells) modify their metabolism after activation by foreign antigens to shift from an energetically efficient oxidative metabolism to a highly glycolytic and glutamine-dependent metabolic program. This metabolic transition enables T cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In both activated T cells and cancer cells metabolic reprogramming is achieved by similar mechanisms and offers similar survival and cell growth advantages. Activated T cells thus present a useful model with which to study the development of tumor metabolism. Here, we review the metabolic similarities and distinctions between activated T cells and cancer cells, and discuss both the common signaling pathways and master metabolic regulators that lead to metabolic rewiring. Ultimately, understanding how and why T cells adopt a cancer cell-like metabolic profile may identify new therapeutic strategies to selectively target tumor metabolism or inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Macintyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Sarah W, Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Chen JQ, Russo J. Dysregulation of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:370-84. [PMID: 22750268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A common set of functional characteristics of cancer cells is that cancer cells consume a large amount of glucose, maintain high rate of glycolysis and convert a majority of glucose into lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen compared to that of normal cells (Warburg's Effects). In addition, cancer cells exhibit substantial alterations in several energy metabolism pathways including glucose transport, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis, mitochondrial respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In the present work, we focused on reviewing the current knowledge about the dysregulation of the proteins/enzymes involved in the key regulatory steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by several oncogenes including c-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and tumor suppressor, p53, in cancer cells. The dysregulation of glucose transport and energy metabolism pathways by oncogenes and lost functions of the tumor suppressors have been implicated as important biomarkers for cancer detection and as valuable targets for the development of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qiang Chen
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Viale A, Reineri F, Dastrù W, Aime S. Hyperpolarized (13)C-pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging in cancer diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:335-45. [PMID: 23480742 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.687372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of hyperpolarized molecules allows one to obtain information about metabolism in both cells and animals; such a task represents a tremendous advancement with respect to the results achieved so far with in vivo NMR techniques. Pyruvate appears an excellent tumor biomarker as it allows the attainment of early diagnosis, stadiation and monitoring of response to therapy. AREAS COVERED As pyruvate conversion to lactate in the glycolytic pathway is highly enhanced in tumor cells, the 1-(13)C-lactate levels after administration of hyperpolarized 1-(13)C-pyruvate are markedly higher in tumor tissues and depend on the type and grade of the tumor. This review covers the most recent research results (both in vitro and in vivo) about the use of hyperpolarized 1-(13)C-pyruvate for tumor localization, stadiation and for monitoring the response to therapy. The technique may find application in clinics, especially when other imaging modalities are of difficult applicability. EXPERT OPINION While (13)C-pyruvate has been shown to be the candidate of choice for metabolic imaging, high expectations are present in the scientific community to see if other hyperpolarized substrates could provide more specific and sensitive biomarkers. The use of hyperpolarized molecules will have a tremendous impact in the armory of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Viale
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Centre , V. Nizza 52, 10126 Torino , Italy
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Saito K, Matsumoto S, Devasahayam N, Subramanian S, Munasinghe JP, Morris HD, Lizak MJ, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Transient decrease in tumor oxygenation after intravenous administration of pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2011; 67:801-7. [PMID: 22006570 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
MRI using hyperpolarized (13) C-labeled pyruvate is a promising tool to biochemically profile tumors and monitor their response to therapy. This technique requires injection of pyruvate into tumor-bearing animals. Pyruvate is an endogenous entity but the influence of exogenously injected bolus doses of pyruvate on tumor microenvironment is not well understood. In this study, the effect of injecting a bolus of pyruvate on tumor oxygen status was investigated. EPR oxygen imaging revealed that the partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) in squamous cell carcinoma implanted in mice decreased significantly 30 min after [1-(13) C]pyruvate injection, but recovered to preinjection levels after 5 h. Dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI studies showed that, at the dose of pyruvate used, no changes in tumor perfusion were noticed. Immunohistochemical analysis of hypoxic marker pimonidazole independently verified that the squamous cell carcinoma tumor transiently became more hypoxic by pyruvate injection. Efficacy of radiotherapy was suppressed when X-irradiation was delivered during the period of pyruvate-induced transient hypoxia. These results suggest importance of taking into account the transient decrease in tumor pO(2) after pyruvate injection in hyperpolarized (13) C MRI, because tumor oxygen status is an important factor in determining outcomes of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1002, USA
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Nandakumar N, Jayaprakash R, Rengarajan T, Ramesh V, Balasubramanian MP. Hesperidin, a natural citrus flavonoglycoside, normalizes lipid peroxidation and membrane bound marker enzymes in 7, 12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced experimental breast cancer rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Qu W, Zha Z, Lieberman BP, Mancuso A, Stetz M, Rizzi R, Ploessl K, Wise D, Thompson C, Kung HF. Facile synthesis [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine for hyperpolarized MRS imaging of cancer cell metabolism. Acad Radiol 2011; 18:932-9. [PMID: 21658976 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Recent reports suggest that cancer cells may use glutamine, instead of glucose, as an alternative source of metabolic energy. This suggests that hyperpolarized (13)C glutamine may be useful as a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) imaging agent for detecting changes in glutamine metabolism in cancerous cells or tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synthesis of [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine was accomplished through a seven-step synthetic pathway with a 44% overall yield. The introduction of two stable isotopes was performed by a NaB(2)H(4)-mixed anhydride reduction and K(13)CN-nuclophilic substitution, respectively. The desired [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine was successfully obtained by a one-pot reaction of deprotection and controlled cyanide hydrolysis. Hyperpolarized [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine samples were tested in human glioma cells (myc upregulated glia cells, SF188-Bcl-x(L)). MRS signals were obtained with a 9.4 Tesla 89-mm bore nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and a direct-detection multi-nuclear probe. RESULTS The initial degree of polarization for [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine was ~5% and the initial (13)C signal to noise ratio was ~100:1. Glutamate was detected within seconds after the injection of hyperpolarized glutamine into the cells. The ratio of glutamate to glutamine was very high, indicating rapid conversion to glutamate. Similar cell uptake studies using [(3)H]-L-glutamine also demonstrated cell uptakes higher than that of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose. CONCLUSION We are reporting the first example of using specifically deuterated [5-(13)C-4-(2)H(2)]-L-glutamine in conjunction with hyperpolarized MRS for studying "glutaminolysis" in proliferating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Qu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Golinska M, Troy H, Chung YL, McSheehy PM, Mayr M, Yin X, Ly L, Williams KJ, Airley RE, Harris AL, Latigo J, Perumal M, Aboagye EO, Perrett D, Stubbs M, Griffiths JR. Adaptation to HIF-1 deficiency by upregulation of the AMP/ATP ratio and phosphofructokinase activation in hepatomas. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:198. [PMID: 21612605 PMCID: PMC3123325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIF-1 deficiency has marked effects on tumour glycolysis and growth. We therefore investigated the consequences of HIF-1 deficiency in mice, using the well established Hepa-1 wild-type (WT) and HIF-1β-deficient (c4) model. These mechanisms could be clinically relevant, since HIF-1 is now a therapeutic target. METHODS Hepa-1 WT and c4 tumours grown in vivo were analysed by 18FDG-PET and 19FDG Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for glucose uptake; by HPLC for adenine nucleotides; by immunohistochemistry for GLUTs; by immunoblotting and by DIGE followed by tandem mass spectrometry for protein expression; and by classical enzymatic methods for enzyme activity. RESULTS HIF-1β deficient Hepa-1 c4 tumours grew significantly more slowly than WT tumours, and (as expected) showed significantly lower expression of many glycolytic enzymes. However, HIF-1β deficiency caused no significant change in the rate of glucose uptake in c4 tumours compared to WT when assessed in vivo by measuring fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated less GLUT-1 in c4 tumours, whereas GLUT-2 (liver type) was similar to WT. Factors that might upregulate glucose uptake independently of HIF-1 (phospho-Akt, c-Myc) were shown to have either lower or similar expression in c4 compared to WT tumours. However the AMP/ATP ratio was 4.5 fold higher (p < 0.01) in c4 tumours, and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity, measured at prevailing cellular ATP and AMP concentrations, was up to two-fold higher in homogenates of the deficient c4 cells and tumours compared to WT (p < 0.001), suggesting that allosteric PFK activation could explain their normal level of glycolysis. Phospho AMP-Kinase was also higher in the c4 tumours. CONCLUSIONS Despite their defective HIF-1 and consequent down-regulation of glycolytic enzyme expression, Hepa-1 c4 tumours maintain glucose uptake and glycolysis because the resulting low [ATP] high [AMP] allosterically activate PFK-1. This mechanism of resistance would keep glycolysis functioning and also result in activation of AMP-Kinase and growth inhibition; it may have major implications for the therapeutic activity of HIF inhibitors in vivo. Interestingly, this control mechanism does not involve transcriptional control or proteomics, but rather the classical activation and inhibition mechanisms of glycolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Golinska
- CR UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Helen Troy
- CR UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Abbott Ireland Diagnostics Division, Pregnancy & Fertility Team, Lisnamuck, Longford, Ireland
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- CR UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Paul M McSheehy
- CR UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Research, Building WKL-125.2.05, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Mayr
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Cardiovascular Division, The James Black Centre, King's College, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Cardiovascular Division, The James Black Centre, King's College, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Lucy Ly
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rachel E Airley
- Division of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH,UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John Latigo
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre at Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Meg Perumal
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre at Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre at Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David Perrett
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, London EC1M 6BQ,UK
| | - Marion Stubbs
- CR UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- CR UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - John R Griffiths
- CR UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- CR UK Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Differential proteome analysis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18834. [PMID: 21526124 PMCID: PMC3081308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine. The cause and pathogenesis of scoliosis and the accompanying generalized osteopenia remain unclear despite decades of extensive research. In this study, we utilized two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the differential proteome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from AIS patients. In total, 41 significantly altered protein spots were detected, of which 34 spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis and found to represent 25 distinct gene products. Among these proteins, five related to bone growth and development, including pyruvate kinase M2, annexin A2, heat shock 27 kDa protein, γ-actin, and β-actin, were found to be dysregulated and therefore selected for further validation by Western blot analysis. At the protein level, our results supported the previous hypothesis that decreased osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs is one of the mechanisms leading to osteopenia in AIS. In summary, we analyzed the differential BM-MSCs proteome of AIS patients for the first time, which may help to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone loss in AIS and also increase understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS.
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49
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Ferreira LM. Cancer metabolism: The Warburg effect today. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:372-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kobayashi H, Eguchi A, Takano W, Shibata M, Kadowaki M, Fujimura S. Regulation of muscular glutamate metabolism by high-protein diet in broiler chicks. Anim Sci J 2010; 82:86-92. [PMID: 21269365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The major taste active component, glutamate (Glu), improves the taste of meat. In this study, we investigated the effect of a short-term high-protein (HCP) diet on the intramuscular free Glu content to improve the taste of meat. Furthermore, we elucidated how the muscle free Glu content was controlled by the HCP diet. Chicks (14 days old) were fed the control diet or HCP diet for 10 days. Plasma and muscle free amino acid concentrations, and activity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of muscle enzymes related to Glu metabolism were determined. Muscle free Glu content was increased (P < 0.01) by 51%. Activity and mRNA expression of glutaminase (GA), which is one of the major Glu-related enzymes, were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the HCP group because of feedback inhibition. The mRNA expression of lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR), which is the enzyme involved in lysine (Lys) degradation and Glu production, was significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the HCP group. These results suggest that short-term dietary HCP feeding is an effective treatment for improving the taste of meat. Furthermore, our results suggest that the free Glu content in muscle is regulated by GA and LKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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