1
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Wang J, Wang Q, Shi Z, Yan X, Lei Z, Zhu W. Serum Lipid Levels, Genetic Risk, and Lung Cancer Incidence: A Large Prospective Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:896-903. [PMID: 38661323 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-24-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies usually focused on the separate association of metabolism or genetic factors with lung cancer risk and have largely ignored their combined effect. We aimed to examine the associations between serum lipid levels, genetic risk, and lung cancer risk. METHODS A total of 426,524 participants of the UK Biobank were included. The Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines were performed to assess the association between serum lipid and lung cancer risk. Polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed to assess its joint effect and interaction with serum lipid on lung cancer risk. RESULTS Higher level of apolipoprotein A was significantly correlated with lower lung cancer risk. An inverse-J-shaped relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and incident lung cancer was found. Individuals with low total cholesterol, HDL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B, combined with high PRS, showed significantly elevated lung cancer risks. Compared to those with low PRS and low triglycerides, participants with high PRS and elevated triglyceride levels had a notably higher risk. The interaction effect of high PRS and low LDL [relative excess risk due to the interaction (RERI): 0.25, 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.46], as well as the interaction effect of high PRS and low apolipoprotein B (RERI: 0.28, 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.48), were both greater than the sum of their individual effects on lung cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Serum lipids were associated with lung cancer risk. LDL or apolipoprotein B interacting with genetic risk may affect lung cancer risk. IMPACT Our findings emphasize the need for individuals with heightened genetic risk should pay more attention to their lipid levels to reduce lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziwei Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqun Lei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenmin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Palmulli R, Couty M, Piontek MC, Ponnaiah M, Dingli F, Verweij FJ, Charrin S, Tantucci M, Sasidharan S, Rubinstein E, Kontush A, Loew D, Lhomme M, Roos WH, Raposo G, van Niel G. CD63 sorts cholesterol into endosomes for storage and distribution via exosomes. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:1093-1109. [PMID: 38886558 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are now recognized as key players in intercellular communication. Their role is influenced by the specific repertoires of proteins and lipids, which are enriched when they are generated as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) in multivesicular endosomes. Here we report that a key component of small extracellular vesicles, the tetraspanin CD63, sorts cholesterol to ILVs, generating a pool that can be mobilized by the NPC1/2 complex, and exported via exosomes to recipient cells. In the absence of CD63, cholesterol is retrieved from the endosomes by actin-dependent vesicular transport, placing CD63 and cholesterol at the centre of a balance between inward and outward budding of endomembranes. These results establish CD63 as a lipid-sorting mechanism within endosomes, and show that ILVs and exosomes are alternative providers of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Palmulli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Couty
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, Inserm UMR1307, CNRS UMR6075, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Melissa C Piontek
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maharajah Ponnaiah
- Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU ICAN, ICAN OMICS and ICAN I/O), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- CurieCoreTech Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Frederik J Verweij
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Charrin
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Tantucci
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sajitha Sasidharan
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- ICAN, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- CurieCoreTech Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lhomme
- Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU ICAN, ICAN OMICS and ICAN I/O), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, Inserm UMR1307, CNRS UMR6075, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France.
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France.
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3
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Xie Y, Jin Y, Wen J, Li G, Huai X, Duan Y, Ni F, Fu J, Li M, Li L, Yan M, Cao L, Xiao W, Yang H, Wang ZZ. A novel Alisma orientale extract alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice via modulation of PPARα signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116908. [PMID: 38850668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), leads to irreversible liver damage. This study investigated the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of a novel extract from traditional Chinese medicine Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep (AE) on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced HepG2 cell model and high-fat diet (HFD) + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of NASH. C57BL/6 J mice were fed a HFD for 10 weeks. Subsequently, the mice were injected with CCl4 to induce NASH and simultaneously treated with AE at daily doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, animals were fasted for 12 h and then sacrificed. Blood samples and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and histopathology were examined. Additionally, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to predict the molecular targets and potential mechanisms involved, which were further validated in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that AE reversed liver damage (plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatocyte ballooning, hepatic steatosis, and NAS score), the accumulation of hepatic lipids (TG and TC), and oxidative stress (MDA and GSH). PCR array analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that AE protects against NASH by regulating the adipocytokine signaling pathway and influencing nuclear receptors such as PPARα. Furthermore, AE increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PPARGC1α) and reversed the decreased expression of PPARα in NASH mice. Moreover, in HepG2 cells, AE reduced FFA-induced lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which was dependent on PPARα up-regulation. Overall, our findings suggest that AE may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for NASH by inhibiting lipid accumulation and reducing oxidative stress specifically through the PPARα pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Yimin Jin
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
| | - Jianhui Wen
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Guiping Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Xue Huai
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Yueyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Fuyong Ni
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Juan Fu
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China; Kanion School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, PR China.
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4
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Goel D, Kumar S. Advancements in unravelling the fundamental function of the ATAD3 protein in multicellular organisms. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 93:101041. [PMID: 38909398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2024.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
ATPase family AAA domain containing protein 3, commonly known as ATAD3 is a versatile mitochondrial protein that is involved in a large number of pathways. ATAD3 is a transmembrane protein that spans both the inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane. It, therefore, functions as a connecting link between the mitochondrial lumen and endoplasmic reticulum facilitating their cross-talk. ATAD3 contains an N-terminal domain which is amphipathic in nature and is inserted into the membranous space of the mitochondria, while the C-terminal domain is present towards the lumen of the mitochondria and contains the ATPase domain. ATAD3 is known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, cholesterol transport, hormone synthesis, apoptosis and several other pathways. It has also been implicated to be involved in cancer and many neurological disorders making it an interesting target for extensive studies. This review aims to provide an updated comprehensive account of the role of ATAD3 in the mitochondria especially in lipid transport, mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum interactions, cancer and inhibition of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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5
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Pabst G, Keller S. Exploring membrane asymmetry and its effects on membrane proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:333-345. [PMID: 38355393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plasma membranes utilize free energy to maintain highly asymmetric, non-equilibrium distributions of lipids and proteins between their two leaflets. In this review we discuss recent progress in quantitative research enabled by using compositionally controlled asymmetric model membranes. Both experimental and computational studies have shed light on the nuanced mechanisms that govern the structural and dynamic coupling between compositionally distinct bilayer leaflets. This coupling can increase the membrane bending rigidity and induce order - or lipid domains - across the membrane. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that integral membrane proteins not only respond to asymmetric lipid distributions but also exhibit intriguing asymmetric properties themselves. We propose strategies to advance experimental research, aiming for a deeper, quantitative understanding of membrane asymmetry, which carries profound implications for cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pabst
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sandro Keller
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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6
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Luo X, Zhao Y, Cai Y, Chen J, Zhao L, Lan T, Chen Y, Ruan XZ. Dual-monomer solvatochromic probe system (DSPS) for effectively differentiating lipid raft cholesterol and active membrane cholesterol in the inner-leaflet plasma membrane. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2547-2558. [PMID: 38358131 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring active membrane cholesterol and lipid raft cholesterol in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane is significant for understanding the membrane function and cellular physiopathological processes. Limited by existing methods, it is difficult to differentiate active membrane cholesterol and lipid raft cholesterol. A novel dual-monomer solvatochromic probe system (DSPS) that targets two types of cholesterol was developed. Acrylodan-BG/SNAP-D4 composed of SNAP-D4 cholesterol-recognizing monomers and solvatochromic acrylodan-BG-sensing monomers exhibits excellent cholesterol detecting properties in terms of selectivity, accuracy, convenience and economic benefits. Cell imaging revealed that lipid raft cholesterol emitted blue fluorescence, whereas active membrane cholesterol (which partially bobbed in aqueous cytosol) displayed green fluorescence; both the fluorescence emissions increased or decreased in a cholesterol-dependent manner. This system provides a new technology for the determination of two types of cholesterol, which is beneficial for the further study of membrane function, intracellular cholesterol trafficking, and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Centre for Lipid Research & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metabolism on Lipid and Glucose, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yunfei Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children' Hospital of Chongging Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, Chongqing Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianlan Lan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metabolism on Lipid and Glucose, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metabolism on Lipid and Glucose, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Metabolism on Lipid and Glucose, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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7
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Koh DHZ, Naito T, Na M, Yeap YJ, Rozario P, Zhong FL, Lim KL, Saheki Y. Visualization of accessible cholesterol using a GRAM domain-based biosensor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6773. [PMID: 37880244 PMCID: PMC10600248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is important for membrane integrity and cell signaling, and dysregulation of the distribution of cellular cholesterol is associated with numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. While regulated transport of a specific pool of cholesterol, known as "accessible cholesterol", contributes to the maintenance of cellular cholesterol distribution and homeostasis, tools to monitor accessible cholesterol in live cells remain limited. Here, we engineer a highly sensitive accessible cholesterol biosensor by taking advantage of the cholesterol-sensing element (the GRAM domain) of an evolutionarily conserved lipid transfer protein, GRAMD1b. Using this cholesterol biosensor, which we call GRAM-W, we successfully visualize in real time the distribution of accessible cholesterol in many different cell types, including human keratinocytes and iPSC-derived neurons, and show differential dependencies on cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake for maintaining levels of accessible cholesterol. Furthermore, we combine GRAM-W with a dimerization-dependent fluorescent protein (ddFP) and establish a strategy for the ultrasensitive detection of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol. These tools will allow us to obtain important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the distribution of cellular cholesterol is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Minyoung Na
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yee Jie Yeap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Pritisha Rozario
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Franklin L Zhong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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8
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Naito T, Yang H, Koh DHZ, Mahajan D, Lu L, Saheki Y. Regulation of cellular cholesterol distribution via non-vesicular lipid transport at ER-Golgi contact sites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5867. [PMID: 37735529 PMCID: PMC10514280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal distribution of cellular cholesterol is associated with numerous diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Regulated transport of cholesterol is critical for maintaining its proper distribution in the cell, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that lipid transfer proteins, namely ORP9, OSBP, and GRAMD1s/Asters (GRAMD1a/GRAMD1b/GRAMD1c), control non-vesicular cholesterol transport at points of contact between the ER and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), thereby maintaining cellular cholesterol distribution. ORP9 localizes to the TGN via interaction between its tandem α-helices and ORP10/ORP11. ORP9 extracts PI4P from the TGN to prevent its overaccumulation and suppresses OSBP-mediated PI4P-driven cholesterol transport to the Golgi. By contrast, GRAMD1s transport excess cholesterol from the Golgi to the ER, thereby preventing its build-up. Cells lacking ORP9 exhibit accumulation of cholesterol at the Golgi, which is further enhanced by additional depletion of GRAMD1s with major accumulation in the plasma membrane. This is accompanied by chronic activation of the SREBP-2 signalling pathway. Our findings reveal the importance of regulated lipid transport at ER-Golgi contacts for maintaining cellular cholesterol distribution and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Haoning Yang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Divyanshu Mahajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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9
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Geng F, Zhong Y, Su H, Lefai E, Magaki S, Cloughesy TF, Yong WH, Chakravarti A, Guo D. SREBP-1 upregulates lipophagy to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in brain tumor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112790. [PMID: 37436895 PMCID: PMC10528745 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. How rapidly growing tumor cells maintain membrane cholesterol homeostasis is poorly understood. Here, we found that glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal brain tumor, maintains normal levels of membrane cholesterol but with an abundant presence of cholesteryl esters (CEs) in its lipid droplets (LDs). Mechanistically, SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1), a master transcription factor that is activated upon cholesterol depletion, upregulates critical autophagic genes, including ATG9B, ATG4A, and LC3B, as well as lysosome cholesterol transporter NPC2. This upregulation promotes LD lipophagy, resulting in the hydrolysis of CEs and the liberation of cholesterol from the lysosomes, thus maintaining plasma membrane cholesterol homeostasis. When this pathway is blocked, GBM cells become quite sensitive to cholesterol deficiency with poor growth in vitro. Our study unravels an SREBP-1-autophagy-LD-CE hydrolysis pathway that plays an important role in maintaining membrane cholesterol homeostasis while providing a potential therapeutic avenue for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huali Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Etienne Lefai
- Human Nutrition Unit, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, University Clermont Auvergne, 63122 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology (Neuro-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine at University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center of Cancer Metabolism, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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10
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Xie H, Weinstein H. Allosterically coupled conformational dynamics in solution prepare the sterol transfer protein StarD4 to release its cargo upon interaction with target membranes. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1197154. [PMID: 37275961 PMCID: PMC10232897 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1197154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex mechanisms regulate the cellular distribution of cholesterol, a critical component of eukaryote membranes involved in regulation of membrane protein functions directly and through the physiochemical properties of membranes. StarD4, a member of the steroidogenic acute regulator-related lipid-transfer (StART) domain (StARD)-containing protein family, is a highly efficient sterol-specific transfer protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Its mechanism of cargo loading and release remains unknown despite recent insights into the key role of phosphatidylinositol phosphates in modulating its interactions with target membranes. We have used large-scale atomistic Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study how the dynamics of cholesterol bound to the StarD4 protein can affect interaction with target membranes, and cargo delivery. We identify the two major cholesterol (CHL) binding modes in the hydrophobic pocket of StarD4, one near S136&S147 (the Ser-mode), and another closer to the putative release gate located near W171, R92&Y117 (the Trp-mode). We show that conformational changes of StarD4 associated directly with the transition between these binding modes facilitate the opening of the gate. To understand the dynamics of this connection we apply a machine-learning algorithm for the detection of rare events in MD trajectories (RED), which reveals the structural motifs involved in the opening of a front gate and a back corridor in the StarD4 structure occurring together with the spontaneous transition of CHL from the Ser-mode of binding to the Trp-mode. Further analysis of MD trajectory data with the information-theory based NbIT method reveals the allosteric network connecting the CHL binding site to the functionally important structural components of the gate and corridor. Mutations of residues in the allosteric network are shown to affect the performance of the allosteric connection. These findings outline an allosteric mechanism which prepares the CHL-bound StarD4 to release and deliver the cargo when it is bound to the target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Xie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Harel Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Winter SL, Chlanda P. The Art of Viral Membrane Fusion and Penetration. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:113-152. [PMID: 38159225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As obligate pathogens, viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to deliver their genome across host cell membranes to sites of virus replication. While enveloped viruses utilize viral fusion proteins to accomplish fusion of their envelope with the cellular membrane, non-enveloped viruses rely on machinery that causes local membrane ruptures and creates an opening through which the capsid or viral genome is released. Both membrane fusion and membrane penetration take place at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments, often involving the engagement of the cellular machinery and antagonism of host restriction factors. Enveloped and non-enveloped viruses have evolved intricate mechanisms to enable virus uncoating and modulation of membrane fusion in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. This chapter summarizes and discusses the current state of understanding of the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and penetration. The focus is on the role of lipids, viral scaffold uncoating, viral membrane fusion inhibitors, and host restriction factors as physicochemical modulators. In addition, recent advances in visualizing and detecting viral membrane fusion and penetration using cryo-electron microscopy methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Winter
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Schaller Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Cologna SM, Pathmasiri KC, Pergande MR, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Alterations in Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides Levels in the Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking Disorder NPC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:143-165. [PMID: 36988880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mistrafficking is a biochemical hallmark of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease and is classically characterized with endo/lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol due to genetic mutations in the cholesterol transporter proteins NPC1 and NPC2. Storage of this essential signaling lipid leads to a sequence of downstream events, including oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, neuroinflammation, and progressive neurodegeneration, another hallmark of NPC disease. These observations have been validated in a growing number of studies ranging from NPC cell cultures and animal models to patient specimens. In recent reports, alterations in the levels of another class of critical signaling lipids, namely phosphoinositides, have been described in NPC disease. Focusing on cholesterol and phosphoinositides, the chapter begins by reviewing the interactions of NPC proteins with cholesterol and their role in cholesterol transport. It then continues to describe the modulation of cholesterol efflux in NPC disease. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings related to the functional consequences of perturbations in phosphoinositides in this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Ca 2+ and Annexins - Emerging Players for Sensing and Transferring Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides via Membrane Contact Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:393-438. [PMID: 36988890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid composition diversity in membranes from different organelles is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, many lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and require delivery to other organelles. In this scenario, formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) between neighbouring organelles has emerged as a novel non-vesicular lipid transport mechanism. Dissecting the molecular composition of MCS identified phosphoinositides (PIs), cholesterol, scaffolding/tethering proteins as well as Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins contributing to MCS functioning. Compelling evidence now exists for the shuttling of PIs and cholesterol across MCS, affecting their concentrations in distinct membrane domains and diverse roles in membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) not only controls endo-/exocytic membrane dynamics but is also critical in autophagy. Cholesterol is highly concentrated at the PM and enriched in recycling endosomes and Golgi membranes. MCS-mediated cholesterol transfer is intensely researched, identifying MCS dysfunction or altered MCS partnerships to correlate with de-regulated cellular cholesterol homeostasis and pathologies. Annexins, a conserved family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, contribute to tethering and untethering events at MCS. In this chapter, we will discuss how Ca2+ homeostasis and annexins in the endocytic compartment affect the sensing and transfer of cholesterol and PIs across MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Hwang HJ, Lee KH, Cho JY. ABCA9, an ER cholesterol transporter, inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation via SREBP-2 signaling. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:1451-1463. [PMID: 36576228 PMCID: PMC10067411 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cholesterol metabolism and cancer development and progression has been recently highlighted. However, the role and function of many cholesterol transporters remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 9 (ABCA9) transporter given that its expression is significantly downregulated in both canine mammary tumors and human breast cancers, which in breast cancer patients correlates with poor prognosis. We found that ABCA9 is mainly present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is responsible for promoting cholesterol accumulation in this structure. Accordingly, ABCA9 inhibited sterol-regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) translocation from the ER to the nucleus, a crucial step for cholesterol synthesis, resulting in the downregulation of cholesterol synthesis gene expression. ABCA9 expression in breast cancer cells attenuated cell proliferation and reduced their colony-forming abilities. We identified ABCA9 expression to be regulated by Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Inhibition of PI3K induced enhanced ABCA9 expression through the activation of the PI3K-Akt-FOXO1 pathway in breast cancer cells. Altogether, our study suggests that ABCA9 functions as an ER cholesterol transporter that suppresses cholesterol synthesis via the inhibition of SREBP-2 signaling and that its restoration halts breast cancer cell proliferation. Our findings provide novel insight into the vital role of ABCA9 in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ji Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Shatnawi A, Kamran Z, Al-Share Q. Pharmacogenomics of lipid-lowering agents: the impact on efficacy and safety. Per Med 2022; 20:65-86. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. The lipid-lowering drugs are considered the cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the lack of efficacy and associated adverse effects, ranging from mild-to-moderate to potentially life-threatening, lead to therapy discontinuation. Numerous reports support the role of gene polymorphisms in drugs' pharmacokinetic parameters and their associated adverse reactions. Therefore, this study aims to understand the pharmacogenomics of lipid-lowering drugs and the impact of genetic variants of key genes on the drugs' efficacy and toxicity. Indeed, genetically guided lipid-lowering therapy enhances overall safety, improves drug adherence and achieves long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Shatnawi
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Room 402, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zourayz Kamran
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Administrative Sciences, University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
| | - Qusai Al-Share
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Assistant Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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17
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Wei X, Yin F, Wu M, Xie Q, Zhao X, Zhu C, Xie R, Chen C, Liu M, Wang X, Ren R, Kang G, Zhu C, Cong J, Wang H, Wang X. G protein-coupled receptor 35 attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by reprogramming cholesterol homeostasis in hepatocytes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1128-1144. [PMID: 36970193 PMCID: PMC10031266 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Fat accumulation "sensitizes" the liver to insult and leads to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is involved in metabolic stresses, but its role in NAFLD is unknown. We report that hepatocyte GPR35 mitigates NASH by regulating hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. Specifically, we found that GPR35 overexpression in hepatocytes protected against high-fat/cholesterol/fructose (HFCF) diet-induced steatohepatitis, whereas loss of GPR35 had the opposite effect. Administration of the GPR35 agonist kynurenic acid (Kyna) suppressed HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis in mice. Kyna/GPR35 induced expression of StAR-related lipid transfer protein 4 (STARD4) through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, ultimately resulting in hepatic cholesterol esterification and bile acid synthesis (BAS). The overexpression of STARD4 increased the expression of the BAS rate-limiting enzymes cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1, promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid. The protective effect induced by GPR35 overexpression in hepatocytes disappeared in hepatocyte STARD4-knockdown mice. STARD4 overexpression in hepatocytes reversed the aggravation of HFCF diet-induced steatohepatitis caused by the loss of GPR35 expression in hepatocytes in mice. Our findings indicate that the GPR35-STARD4 axis is a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wei
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Huainan First People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruiqian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chongqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruixue Ren
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guijie Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chenwen Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jingjing Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230036, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Xuefu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors.
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18
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Kou Y, Geng F, Guo D. Lipid Metabolism in Glioblastoma: From De Novo Synthesis to Storage. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1943. [PMID: 36009491 PMCID: PMC9405736 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor. With limited therapeutic options, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent studies have shown that GBM acquires large amounts of lipids for rapid growth through activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), a master transcription factor that regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and cholesterol uptake. Interestingly, GBM cells divert substantial quantities of lipids into lipid droplets (LDs), a specific storage organelle for neutral lipids, to prevent lipotoxicity by increasing the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1), which convert excess fatty acids and cholesterol to triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters, respectively. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on our understanding of lipid metabolism regulation in GBM to promote tumor growth and discuss novel strategies to specifically induce lipotoxicity to tumor cells through disrupting lipid storage, a promising new avenue for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Kou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43012, USA
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43012, USA
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43012, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Phosphatidylinositol phosphates modulate interactions between the StarD4 sterol trafficking protein and lipid membranes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102058. [PMID: 35605664 PMCID: PMC9207681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence for extensive nonvesicular sterol transport in cells. For example, lipid transfer by the steroidogenic acute regulator-related proteins (StarD) containing a StarT domain has been shown to involve several pathways of nonvesicular trafficking. Among the soluble StarT domain–containing proteins, StarD4 is expressed in most tissues and has been shown to be an effective sterol transfer protein. However, it was unclear whether the lipid composition of donor or acceptor membranes played a role in modulating StarD4-mediated transport. Here, we used fluorescence-based assays to demonstrate a phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP)-selective mechanism by which StarD4 can preferentially extract sterol from liposome membranes containing certain PIPs (especially, PI(4,5)P2 and to a lesser degree PI(3,5)P2). Monophosphorylated PIPs and other anionic lipids had a smaller effect on sterol transport. This enhancement of transport was less effective when the same PIPs were present in the acceptor membranes. Furthermore, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we mapped the key interaction sites of StarD4 with PIP-containing membranes and identified residues that are important for this interaction and for accelerated sterol transport activity. We show that StarD4 recognizes membrane-specific PIPs through specific interaction with the geometry of the PIP headgroup as well as the surrounding membrane environment. Finally, we also observed that StarD4 can deform membranes upon longer incubations. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which PIPs modulate cholesterol transfer activity via StarD4.
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20
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Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Varghese FS, Meutiawati F, Teppor M, Jacobs S, de Keyzer C, Taşköprü E, van Woudenbergh E, Overheul GJ, Bouma E, Smit JM, Delang L, Merits A, van Rij RP. Posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105223. [PMID: 34856248 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing drugs is a promising strategy to identify therapeutic interventions against novel and re-emerging viruses. Posaconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis. Recently, posaconazole and its structural analog, itraconazole were shown to inhibit replication of multiple viruses by modifying intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we show that posaconazole inhibits replication of the alphaviruses Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus and chikungunya virus with EC50 values ranging from 1.4 μM to 9.5 μM. Posaconazole treatment led to a significant reduction of virus entry in an assay using a temperature-sensitive SFV mutant, but time-of-addition and RNA transfection assays indicated that posaconazole also inhibits post-entry stages of the viral replication cycle. Virus replication in the presence of posaconazole was partially rescued by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. A transferrin uptake assay revealed that posaconazole considerably slowed down cellular endocytosis. A single point mutation in the SFV E2 glycoprotein, H255R, provided partial resistance to posaconazole as well as to methyl-β-cyclodextrin, corroborating the effect of posaconazole on cholesterol and viral entry. Our results indicate that posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle and broaden the spectrum of viruses that can be targeted in vitro by posaconazole, which could be further explored as a therapeutic agent against emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Febrina Meutiawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolien de Keyzer
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezgi Taşköprü
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther van Woudenbergh
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Bouma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Jurášek M, Valečka J, Novotný I, Kejík Z, Fähnrich J, Marešová A, Tauchen J, Bartůněk P, Dolenský B, Jakubek M, Drašar PB, Králová J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of cationic TopFluor cholesterol analogues. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105410. [PMID: 34700109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is not only a major component of the cell membrane, but also plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes and pathologies. It is therefore crucial to develop appropriate tools for visualizing intracellular cholesterol transport. Here, we describe new cationic analogues of BODIPY-Cholesterol (TopFluor-Cholesterol, TF-Chol), which combine a positive charge on the sterol side chain and a BODIPY group connected via a C-4 linker. In contrast to TF-Chol, the new analogues TF-1 and TF-3 possessing acetyl groups on the A ring (C-3 position on steroid) internalized much faster and displayed slightly different levels of intracellular localization. Their applicability for cholesterol monitoring was indicated by the fact that they strongly label compartments with accumulated cholesterol in cells carrying a mutation of the Niemann-Pick disease-associated cholesterol transporter, NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jurášek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Valečka
- Light microscopy core facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Novotný
- Light microscopy core facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fähnrich
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Marešová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bartůněk
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Dolenský
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel B Drašar
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Králová
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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23
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Gu J, Geng M, Qi M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao J. The role of lysosomal membrane proteins in glucose and lipid metabolism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21848. [PMID: 34582051 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have long been regarded as the "garbage dump" of the cell. More recently, however, researchers have revealed novel roles for lysosomal membranes in autophagy, ion transport, nutrition sensing, and membrane fusion and repair. With active research into lysosomal membrane proteins (LMP), increasing evidence has become available showing that LMPs are inextricably linked to glucose and lipid metabolism, and this relationship represents mutual influence and regulation. In this review, we summarize the roles of LMPs in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism, and describe their roles in glucose transport, glycolysis, cholesterol transport, and lipophagy. The role of transport proteins can be traced back to the original discoveries of GLUT8, NPC1, and NPC2, which were all found to have significant roles in the pathways involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. CLC-5 and SIDT2-knockout animals show serious phenotypic disorders of metabolism, and V-ATPase and LAMP-2 have been found to interact with proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings all emphasize the critical role of LMPs in glycolipid metabolism and help to strengthen our understanding of the independent and close relationship between LMPs and glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengya Geng
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Mengxiang Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-Molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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24
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Asif K, Memeo L, Palazzolo S, Frión-Herrera Y, Parisi S, Caligiuri I, Canzonieri V, Granchi C, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. STARD3: A Prospective Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4693. [PMID: 34572920 PMCID: PMC8472075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and current therapies are based on surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiation. To overcome side effects induced by chemo- and radiotherapy, in recent decades, targeted therapies have been proposed in second and even first lines. Targeted drugs act on the essential pathways involved in tumor induction, progression, and metastasis, basically all the hallmark of cancers. Among emerging pathways, the cholesterol metabolic pathway is a strong candidate for this purpose. Cancer cells have an accelerated metabolic rate and require a continuous supply of cholesterol for cell division and membrane renewal. Steroidogenic acute regulatory related lipid transfer (START) proteins are a family of proteins involved in the transfer of lipids and some of them are important in non-vesicular cholesterol transportation within the cell. The alteration of their expression levels is implicated in several diseases, including cancers. In this review, we report the latest discoveries on StAR-related lipid transfer protein domain 3 (STARD3), a member of the START family, which has a potential role in cancer, focusing on the structural and biochemical characteristics and mechanisms that regulate its activity. The role of the STARD3 protein as a molecular target for the development of cancer therapies is also discussed. As STARD3 is a key protein in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells, it is of interest to identify inhibitors able to block its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy;
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
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25
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Selective Aster inhibitors distinguish vesicular and nonvesicular sterol transport mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024149118. [PMID: 33376205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024149118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aster proteins (encoded by the Gramd1a-c genes) contain a ligand-binding fold structurally similar to a START domain and mediate nonvesicular plasma membrane (PM) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol transport. In an effort to develop small molecule modulators of Asters, we identified 20α-hydroxycholesterol (HC) and U18666A as lead compounds. Unfortunately, both 20α-HC and U18666A target other sterol homeostatic proteins, limiting their utility. 20α-HC inhibits sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) processing, and U18666A is an inhibitor of the vesicular trafficking protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). To develop potent and selective Aster inhibitors, we synthesized a series of compounds by modifying 20α-HC and U18666A. Among these, AI (Aster inhibitor)-1l, which has a longer side chain than 20α-HC, selectively bound to Aster-C. The crystal structure of Aster-C in complex with AI-1l suggests that sequence and flexibility differences in the loop that gates the binding cavity may account for the ligand specificity for Aster C. We further identified the U18666A analog AI-3d as a potent inhibitor of all three Aster proteins. AI-3d blocks the ability of Asters to bind and transfer cholesterol in vitro and in cells. Importantly, AI-3d also inhibits the movement of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to the ER, although AI-3d does not block NPC1. This finding positions the nonvesicular Aster pathway downstream of NPC1-dependent vesicular transport in the movement of LDL cholesterol to the ER. Selective Aster inhibitors represent useful chemical tools to distinguish vesicular and nonvesicular sterol transport mechanisms in mammalian cells.
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26
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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Security on Exportation of Fast Reactors with a Closed Fuel Cycle. ATOM ENERGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10512-021-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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García‐Sanz P, M.F.G. Aerts J, Moratalla R. The Role of Cholesterol in α-Synuclein and Lewy Body Pathology in GBA1 Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1070-1085. [PMID: 33219714 PMCID: PMC8247417 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease where dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are lost, resulting in a decrease in striatal dopamine and, consequently, motor control. Dopaminergic degeneration is associated with the appearance of Lewy bodies, which contain membrane structures and proteins, including α-synuclein (α-Syn), in surviving neurons. PD displays a multifactorial pathology and develops from interactions between multiple elements, such as age, environmental conditions, and genetics. Mutations in the GBA1 gene represent one of the major genetic risk factors for PD. This gene encodes an essential lysosomal enzyme called β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is responsible for degrading the glycolipid glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. GCase can generate glucosylated cholesterol via transglucosylation and can also degrade the sterol glucoside. Although the molecular mechanisms that predispose an individual to neurodegeneration remain unknown, the role of cholesterol in PD pathology deserves consideration. Disturbed cellular cholesterol metabolism, as reflected by accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in GBA1-associated PD cellular models, could contribute to changes in lipid rafts, which are necessary for synaptic localization and vesicle cycling and modulation of synaptic integrity. α-Syn has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal cholesterol, and cholesterol facilitates interactions between α-Syn oligomers. In this review, we integrate the results of previous studies and describe the cholesterol landscape in cellular homeostasis and neuronal function. We discuss its implication in α-Syn and Lewy body pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, focusing on the role of GCase and cholesterol. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García‐Sanz
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Johannes M.F.G. Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden UniversityFaculty of ScienceLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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28
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Szakacs G, Abele R. An inventory of lysosomal ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3965-3985. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szakacs
- Institute of Enzymology Research Centre of Natural Sciences Eötvös Loránd Research Network Budapest Hungary
- Institute of Cancer Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Rupert Abele
- Institute of Biochemistry Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main Germany
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29
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Charles KN, Shackelford JE, Faust PL, Fliesler SJ, Stangl H, Kovacs WJ. Functional Peroxisomes Are Essential for Efficient Cholesterol Sensing and Synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:560266. [PMID: 33240873 PMCID: PMC7677142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.560266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a multi-step process involving several subcellular compartments, including peroxisomes. Cells adjust their sterol content by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional feedback regulation, for which sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are essential; such homeostasis is dysregulated in peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout mice. Here, we compared the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and in three isogenic peroxisome-deficient CHO cell lines harboring Pex2 gene mutations. Peroxisome deficiency activated expression of cholesterogenic genes, however, cholesterol levels were unchanged. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) protein levels were increased in mutant cells, whereas HMGCR activity was significantly decreased, resulting in reduced cholesterol synthesis. U18666A, an inhibitor of lysosomal cholesterol export, induced cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes; yet, cholesterol synthesis was still reduced. Interestingly, peroxisome deficiency promoted ER-to-Golgi SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) trafficking even when cells were cholesterol-loaded. Restoration of functional peroxisomes normalized regulation of cholesterol synthesis and SCAP trafficking. These results highlight the importance of functional peroxisomes for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and efficient cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanichi N. Charles
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven J. Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Gradate Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner J. Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Luquain-Costaz C, Rabia M, Hullin-Matsuda F, Delton I. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, an important actor in the host endocytic machinery hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. Biochimie 2020; 179:247-256. [PMID: 33159981 PMCID: PMC7642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, redirect infected cell metabolism to their own purposes. After binding to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface, the SARS-CoV-2 is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis ending in the acidic endolysosomal compartment. The virus hijacks the endosomal machinery leading to fusion of viral and endosomal membranes and release of the viral RNA into the cytosol. This mini-review specifically highlights the membrane lipid organization of the endosomal system focusing on the unconventional and late endosome/lysosome-specific phospholipid, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). BMP is enriched in alveolar macrophages of lung, one of the target tissue of SARS-CoV-2. This review details the BMP structure, its unsaturated fatty acid composition and fusogenic properties that are essential for the highly dynamic formation of the intraluminal vesicles inside the endosomes. Interestingly, BMP is necessary for infection and replication of enveloped RNA virus such as SARS-CoV-1 and Dengue virus. We also emphasize the role of BMP in lipid sorting and degradation, especially cholesterol transport in cooperation with Niemann Pick type C proteins (NPC 1 and 2) and with some oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) as well as in sphingolipid degradation. Interestingly, numerous virus infection required NPC1 as well as ORPs along the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, BMP content is increased during pathological endosomal lipid accumulation in various lysosomal storage disorders. This is particularly important knowing the high percentage of patients with metabolic disorders among the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients presenting severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Luquain-Costaz
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxence Rabia
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle Delton
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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31
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Adenovirus Reveals New Pathway for Cholesterol Egress from the Endolysosomal System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165808. [PMID: 32823559 PMCID: PMC7460884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing invaluable insights to the host response to viral infection, adenovirus continues to be an important model system for discovering basic aspects of cell biology. This is especially true for products of early region three (E3), which have provided the foundation for understanding many new mechanisms regulating intracellular trafficking of host cell proteins involved in the host immune response. Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for proper cellular physiology, and disturbances in cholesterol balance are increasingly recognized as important factors in human disease. Despite its central role in numerous aspects of cellular functions, the mechanisms responsible for delivery of dietary cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the lipid metabolic and regulatory machinery reside, remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe a novel intracellular pathway for cholesterol trafficking that has been co-opted by an adenovirus E3 gene product. We describe what is known about the molecular regulation of this pathway, how it might benefit viral replication, and its potential involvement in normal cell physiology. Finally, we make a case that adenovirus has co-opted a cellular pathway that may be dysregulated in various human diseases.
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32
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Zhou Y, Borchelt D, Bauson JC, Fazio S, Miles JR, Tavori H, Notterpek L. Subcellular diversion of cholesterol by gain- and loss-of-function mutations in PMP22. Glia 2020; 68:2300-2315. [PMID: 32511821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene, including duplication, deletion and point mutations are a major culprit in Type 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) diseases. The complete absence of PMP22 alters cholesterol metabolism in Schwann cells, which likely contributes to myelination deficits. Here, we examined the subcellular trafficking of cholesterol in distinct models of PMP22-linked neuropathies. In Schwann cells from homozygous Trembler J (TrJ) mice carrying a Leu16Pro mutation, cholesterol was retained with TrJ-PMP22 in the Golgi, alongside a corresponding reduction in its plasma membrane level. PMP22 overexpression, which models CMT1A caused by gene duplication, triggered cholesterol sequestration to lysosomes, and reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent cholesterol efflux. Conversely, lysosomal targeting of cholesterol by U18666A treatment increased wild type (WT)-PMP22 levels in lysosomes. Mutagenesis of a cholesterol recognition motif, or CRAC domain, in human PMP22 lead to increased levels of PMP22 in the ER and Golgi compartments, along with higher cytosolic, and lower membrane-associated cholesterol. Importantly, cholesterol trafficking defects observed in PMP22-deficient Schwann cells were rescued by WT but not CRAC-mutant-PMP22. We also observed that myelination deficits in dorsal root ganglia explants from heterozygous PMP22-deficient mice were improved by cholesterol supplementation. Collectively, these findings indicate that PMP22 is critical in cholesterol metabolism, and this mechanism is likely a contributing factor in PMP22-linked hereditary neuropathies. Our results provide a basis for understanding how altered expression of PMP22 impacts cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jodi C Bauson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Joshua R Miles
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, Portland, USA
| | - Lucia Notterpek
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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33
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Multiple lines of evidence support that enhancing foam cell cholesterol efflux by HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is a promising antiatherogenic strategy. Yet, excitement towards the therapeutic potential of manipulating RCT for the treatment of cardiovascular disease has faded because of the lack of the association between cardiovascular disease risk and what was typically measured in intervention trials, namely HDL cholesterol, which has an inconsistent relationship to HDL function and RCT. In this review, we will summarize some of the potential reasons for this inconsistency, update the mechanisms of RCT, and highlight conditions in which impaired HDL function or RCT contributes to vascular disease. On balance, the evidence still argues for further research to better understand how HDL functionality contributes to RCT to develop prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada (M.O.)
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
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Bokelmann M, Edenborough K, Hetzelt N, Kreher P, Lander A, Nitsche A, Vogel U, Feldmann H, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Utility of primary cells to examine NPC1 receptor expression in Mops condylurus, a potential Ebola virus reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007952. [PMID: 31961874 PMCID: PMC6994141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of the integral membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) in the ebolavirus entry process has been determined using various cell lines derived from humans, non-human primates and fruit bats. Fruit bats have long been purported as the potential reservoir host for ebolaviruses, however several studies provide evidence that Mops condylurus, an insectivorous microbat, is also an ebolavirus reservoir. NPC1 receptor expression in the context of ebolavirus replication in microbat cells remains unstudied. In order to study Ebola virus (EBOV) cellular entry and replication in M. condylurus, we derived primary and immortalized cell cultures from 12 different organs. The NPC1 receptor expression was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry comparing the expression levels of M. condylurus primary and immortalized cells, HeLa cells, human embryonic kidney cells and cells from a European microbat species. EBOV replication kinetics was studied for four representative cell cultures using qRT-PCR. The aim was to elucidate the suitability of primary and immortalized cells from different tissues for studying NPC1 receptor expression levels and their potential influence on EBOV replication. The NPC1 receptor expression level in M. condylurus primary cells differed depending on the organ they were derived from and was for most cell types significantly lower than in human cell lines. Immortalized cells showed for most cell types higher expression levels than their corresponding primary cells. Concluding from our infection experiments with EBOV we suggest a potential correlation between NPC1 receptor expression level and virus replication rate in vitro. Although there have been Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks for more than 40 years, the animal natural reservoir that maintains this virus in nature has not been identified. Viruses and their respective reservoirs coevolve over millions of years, often without causing diseases in the reservoir itself. Upon entering a new host, infection can have devastating consequences, as in the case of EBOV. To gain entry into cells prior to replication, all ebolaviruses utilize the cellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). In this study the authors focus their work on the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) as a potential reservoir for EBOV. Cells from various organs of this bat were isolated in culture and tested for the presence of NPC1. Most bat cell types had a lower amount of NPC1 compared to the tested human cells. These bat cells were also less efficiently infected by EBOV, indicating adaptation to EBOV. These results suggest low levels of virus replication in the respective tissues of M. condylurus and might be indicative of a virus-natural reservoir relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn Edenborough
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hetzelt
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kreher
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Iaea DB, Spahr ZR, Singh RK, Chan RB, Zhou B, Bareja R, Elemento O, Di Paolo G, Zhang X, Maxfield FR. Stable reduction of STARD4 alters cholesterol regulation and lipid homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158609. [PMID: 31917335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
STARD4, a member of the evolutionarily conserved START gene family, is a soluble sterol transport protein implicated in cholesterol sensing and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. STARD4 is widely expressed and has been shown to transfer sterol between liposomes as well as organelles in cells. However, STARD4 knockout mice lack an obvious phenotype, so the overall role of STARD4 is unclear. To model long term depletion of STARD4 in cells, we use short hairpin RNA technology to stably decrease STARD4 expression in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells (STARD4-KD). We show that STARD4-KD cells display increased total cholesterol, slower cholesterol trafficking between the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment, and increased plasma membrane fluidity. These effects can all be rescued by transient expression of a short hairpin RNA-resistant STARD4 construct. Some of the cholesterol increase was due to excess storage in late endosomes or lysosomes. To understand the effects of reduced STARD4, we carried out transcriptional and lipidomic profiling of control and STARD4-KD cells. Reduction of STARD4 activates compensatory mechanisms that alter membrane composition and lipid homeostasis. Based on these observations, we propose that STARD4 functions as a critical sterol transport protein involved in sterol sensing and maintaining lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zachary R Spahr
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robin B Chan
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is of central importance for life. Therefore, cells have developed a divergent set of pathways to meet their cholesterol needs. In this review, we focus on the direct transfer of cholesterol from lipoprotein particles to the cell membrane. More molecular details on the transfer of lipoprotein-derived lipids were gained by recent studies using phospholipid bilayers. While amphiphilic lipids are transferred right after contact of the lipoprotein particle with the membrane, the transfer of core lipids is restricted. Amphiphilic lipid transfer gains special importance in genetic diseases impairing lipoprotein metabolism like familial hypercholesterolemia. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a constant exchange of amphiphilic lipids between lipoprotein particles and the cell membrane.
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37
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Sun H, Liu Q, Hu H, Jiang Y, Shao W, Wang Q, Jiang Z, Gu A. Berberine ameliorates blockade of autophagic flux in the liver by regulating cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting COX2-prostaglandin synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 30068904 PMCID: PMC6070517 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive cholesterol contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Berberine (BBR) has been reported to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we found that BBR could ameliorate the hepatic autophagic flux blockade caused by cholesterol overloading. The underlying mechanism included lowering hepatic cholesterol level, modulating the cholesterol distribution targeting the plasma membrane by decreasing sterol carrier protein 2 expression and inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2-mediated production of prostaglandin metabolites, which decreased the phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR. Our study provides evidences that BBR could be a therapeutic agent for protecting liver under cholesterol overloading via the regulation of autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Sun
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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38
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Peralta S, Goffart S, Williams SL, Diaz F, Garcia S, Nissanka N, Area-Gomez E, Pohjoismäki J, Moraes CT. ATAD3 controls mitochondrial cristae structure in mouse muscle, influencing mtDNA replication and cholesterol levels. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs217075. [PMID: 29898916 PMCID: PMC6051345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial inner membrane ATPase ATAD3A result in neurological syndromes in humans. In mice, the ubiquitous disruption of Atad3 (also known as Atad3a) was embryonic lethal, but a skeletal muscle-specific conditional knockout (KO) was viable. At birth, ATAD3 muscle KO mice had normal weight, but from 2 months onwards they showed progressive motor-impaired coordination and weakness. Loss of ATAD3 caused early and severe mitochondrial structural abnormalities, mitochondrial proliferation and muscle atrophy. There was dramatic reduction in mitochondrial cristae junctions and overall cristae morphology. The lack of mitochondrial cristae was accompanied by a reduction in high molecular weight mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complexes, and to a lesser extent in OPA1. Moreover, muscles lacking ATAD3 showed altered cholesterol metabolism, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication intermediates, progressive mtDNA depletion and deletions. Unexpectedly, decreases in the levels of some OXPHOS components occurred after cristae destabilization, indicating that ATAD3 is not crucial for mitochondrial translation, as previously suggested. Our results show a critical early role of ATAD3 in regulating mitochondrial inner membrane structure, leading to secondary defects in mtDNA replication and complex V and cholesterol levels in postmitotic tissue.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Sion L Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sofia Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nadee Nissanka
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jaakko Pohjoismäki
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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39
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Meutiawati F, Bezemer B, Strating JRPM, Overheul GJ, Žusinaite E, van Kuppeveld FJM, van Cleef KWR, van Rij RP. Posaconazole inhibits dengue virus replication by targeting oxysterol-binding protein. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:68-79. [PMID: 29981375 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is associated with an estimated 390 million infections per year, occurring across approximately 100 countries in tropical and sub-tropical regions. To date, there are no antiviral drugs or specific therapies to treat DENV infection. Posaconazole and itraconazole are potent antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis in fungal cells, but also target a number of human proteins. Here, we show that itraconazole and posaconazole have antiviral activity against DENV. Posaconazole inhibited replication of multiple serotypes of DENV and the related flavivirus Zika virus, and reduced viral RNA replication, but not translation of the viral genome. We used a combination of knockdown and drug sensitization assays to define the molecular target of posaconazole that mediates its antiviral activity. We found that knockdown of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibited DENV replication. Moreover, knockdown of OSBP, but not other known targets of posaconazole, enhanced the inhibitory effect of posaconazole. Our findings imply OSBP as a potential target for the development of antiviral compounds against DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febrina Meutiawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bodine Bezemer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen R P M Strating
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen W R van Cleef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Galles C, Prez GM, Penkov S, Boland S, Porta EOJ, Altabe SG, Labadie GR, Schmidt U, Knölker HJ, Kurzchalia TV, de Mendoza D. Endocannabinoids in Caenorhabditis elegans are essential for the mobilization of cholesterol from internal reserves. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6398. [PMID: 29686301 PMCID: PMC5913221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cholesterol transport is crucial for the functionality of cells. In C. elegans, certain cholesterol derivatives called dafachronic acids (DAs) govern the entry into diapause. In their absence, worms form a developmentally arrested dauer larva. Thus, cholesterol transport to appropriate places for DA biosynthesis warrants the reproductive growth. Recently, we discovered a novel class of glycosphingolipids, PEGCs, required for cholesterol mobilization/transport from internal storage pools. Here, we identify other components involved in this process. We found that strains lacking polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) undergo increased dauer arrest when grown without cholesterol. This correlates with the depletion of the PUFA-derived endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and anandamide. Feeding of these endocannabinoids inhibits dauer formation caused by PUFAs deficiency or impaired cholesterol trafficking (e.g. in Niemann-Pick C1 or DAF-7/TGF-β mutants). Moreover, in parallel to PEGCs, endocannabinoids abolish the arrest induced by cholesterol depletion. These findings reveal an unsuspected function of endocannabinoids in cholesterol trafficking regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Galles
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Microbiana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gastón M Prez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Microbiana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sider Penkov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Exequiel O J Porta
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia G Altabe
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Microbiana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Teymuras V Kurzchalia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Diego de Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Microbiana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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41
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Jentsch JA, Kiburu I, Pandey K, Timme M, Ramlall T, Levkau B, Wu J, Eliezer D, Boudker O, Menon AK. Structural basis of sterol binding and transport by a yeast StARkin domain. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5522-5531. [PMID: 29463678 PMCID: PMC5900764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The StARkin superfamily comprises proteins with steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (StART) domains that are implicated in intracellular, non-vesicular lipid transport. A new family of membrane-anchored StARkins was recently identified, including six members, Lam1-Lam6, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lam1-Lam4 are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane at sites where the ER is tethered to the plasma membrane and proposed to be involved in sterol homeostasis in yeast. To better understand the biological roles of these proteins, we carried out a structure-function analysis of the second StARkin domain of Lam4, here termed Lam4S2. NMR experiments indicated that Lam4S2 undergoes specific conformational changes upon binding sterol, and fluorescence-based assays revealed that it catalyzes sterol transport between vesicle populations in vitro, exhibiting a preference for vesicles containing anionic lipids. Using such vesicles, we found that sterols are transported at a rate of ∼50 molecules per Lam4S2 per minute. Crystal structures of Lam4S2, with and without bound sterol, revealed a largely hydrophobic but surprisingly accessible sterol-binding pocket with the 3-OH group of the sterol oriented toward its base. Single or multiple alanine or aspartic acid replacements of conserved lysine residues in a basic patch on the surface of Lam4S2 near the likely sterol entry/egress site strongly attenuated sterol transport. Our results suggest that Lam4S2 engages anionic membranes via a basic surface patch, enabling "head-first" entry of sterol into the binding pocket followed by partial closure of the entryway. Reversal of these steps enables sterol egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian-Alexander Jentsch
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and ,Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jin Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - David Eliezer
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and , To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065. Tel.:
212-746-6557; E-mail:
| | - Olga Boudker
- Physiology and Biophysics and ,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065 and , To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065. Tel.:
212-746-6634; E-mail:
| | - Anant K. Menon
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and , To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065. Tel.:
646-962-2476; E-mail:
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42
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Sedgwick A, Olivia Balmert M, D'Souza-Schorey C. The formation of giant plasma membrane vesicles enable new insights into the regulation of cholesterol efflux. Exp Cell Res 2018. [PMID: 29522754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cellular cholesterol accumulation contributes to the pathophysiology of many diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) and Alzheimer's Disease1-4. Many aspects of cholesterol efflux from cells remain elusive. Here we describe the utility of cholesterol-rich giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) as a means to monitor cholesterol that is translocated to the plasma membrane for secretion. We demonstrate that small molecules known to enhance lipid efflux, including those in clinical trials for lipid storage disorders, enhance this GPMV formation. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol efflux blocks GPMV formation. We show that microtubule stabilization via paclitaxel treatment and increased tubulin acetylation via HDAC6 inhibition promotes the formation of GPMVs with concomitant reduction in cellular cholesterol in a cell model of NPC disease. The pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, which has been shown to reduce the severity of cholesterol storage in NPC, elicited a similar response. Further, the disruption of actin polymerization inhibits the formation of GPMVs, whereas the small GTP-binding protein Arl4c promotes actin remodeling at sites overlapping with GPMV formation. Thus, monitoring the formation of GPMVs provides a new avenue to better understand diseases whose pathology may be sensitive to alterations in cellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Sedgwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
| | - M Olivia Balmert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
| | - Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA.
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43
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Zodda D, Giammona R, Schifilliti S. Treatment Strategy for Dyslipidemia in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Focus on Old and New Drugs. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6010010. [PMID: 29361723 PMCID: PMC5874549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia should be considered as an integral part of individual cardiovascular prevention interventions, which should be addressed primarily to those at higher risk who benefit most. To date, statins remain the first-choice therapy, as they have been shown to reduce the risk of major vascular events by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, due to adherence to statin therapy or statin resistance, many patients do not reach LDL-C target levels. Ezetimibe, fibrates, and nicotinic acid represent the second-choice drugs to be used in combination with statins if lipid targets cannot be reached. In addition, anti-PCSK9 drugs (evolocumab and alirocumab) provide an effective solution for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and statin intolerance at very high cardiovascular risk. Recently, studies demonstrated the effects of two novel lipid-lowering agents (lomitapide and mipomersen) for the management of homozygous FH by decreasing LDL-C values and reducing cardiovascular events. However, the costs for these new therapies made the cost–effectiveness debate more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Zodda
- Drug Department of Local Health Unit (ASP), Viale Giostra, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosario Giammona
- Clinical Pharmacy Fellowship, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Silvia Schifilliti
- Clinical Pharmacy Fellowship, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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44
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Davis W, Tew KD. ATP-binding cassette transporter-2 (ABCA2) as a therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 151:188-200. [PMID: 29223352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette transporter ABCA2 is primarily an endolysosomal membrane protein that demonstrates pleiotropic functionalities, coalescing around the maintenance of homeostasis of sterols, sphingolipids and cholesterol. It is most highly expressed in brain tissue and ABCA2 knockout mice express neurological defects consistent with aberrant myelination. Increased expression of the transporter has been linked with resistance to cancer drugs, particularly those possessing a steroid backbone and gene expression (in concert with other genes involved in cholesterol metabolism) was found to be regulated by sterols. Moreover, in macrophages ABCA2 is influenced by sterols and has a role in regulating cholesterol sequestration, potentially important in cardiovascular disease. Accumulating data indicate the critical importance of ABCA2 in mediating movement of sphingolipids within cellular compartments and these have been implicated in various aspects of cholesterol trafficking. Perhaps because the functions of ABCA2 are linked with membrane building blocks, there are reports linking it with human pathologies, including, cholesterolemias and cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's and cancer. The present review addresses whether there is now sufficient information to consider ABCA2 as a plausible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Davis
- Dept. of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB, MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Dept. of Cell & Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB, MSC 509, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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45
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Membrane order in the plasma membrane and endocytic recycling compartment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188041. [PMID: 29125865 PMCID: PMC5681288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol content of membranes plays an important role in organizing membranes for signal transduction and protein trafficking as well as in modulating the biophysical properties of membranes. While the properties of model or isolated membranes have been extensively studied, there has been little evaluation of internal membranes in living cells. Here, we use a Nile Red based probe, NR12S, and ratiometric live cell imaging, to analyze the membrane order of the plasma membrane and endocytic recycling compartment. We find that after a brief incubation to allow endocytosis, NR12S is distributed between the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment. The NR12S reports that the endocytic recycling compartment is more highly ordered than the plasma membrane. We also find that the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment are differentially affected by altering cellular cholesterol levels. The membrane order of the plasma membrane, but not the endocytic recycling compartment, is altered significantly when cellular cholesterol content is increased or decreased by 20%. These results demonstrate that changes in cellular cholesterol differentially alter membrane order within different organelles.
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46
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Stefan CJ, Trimble WS, Grinstein S, Drin G, Reinisch K, De Camilli P, Cohen S, Valm AM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Levine TP, Iaea DB, Maxfield FR, Futter CE, Eden ER, Judith D, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P, Tooze SA, Sugiura A, McBride HM. Membrane dynamics and organelle biogenesis-lipid pipelines and vesicular carriers. BMC Biol 2017; 15:102. [PMID: 29089042 PMCID: PMC5663033 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries spanning several decades have pointed to vital membrane lipid trafficking pathways involving both vesicular and non-vesicular carriers. But the relative contributions for distinct membrane delivery pathways in cell growth and organelle biogenesis continue to be a puzzle. This is because lipids flow from many sources and across many paths via transport vesicles, non-vesicular transfer proteins, and dynamic interactions between organelles at membrane contact sites. This forum presents our latest understanding, appreciation, and queries regarding the lipid transport mechanisms necessary to drive membrane expansion during organelle biogenesis and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - William S. Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Karin Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | | | | | | | - Tim P. Levine
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - David B. Iaea
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Frederick R. Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Clare E. Futter
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Delphine Judith
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexander R. van Vliet
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Heidi M. McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
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47
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Simakova MN, Bisen S, Dopico AM, Bukiya AN. Statin therapy exacerbates alcohol-induced constriction of cerebral arteries via modulation of ethanol-induced BK channel inhibition in vascular smooth muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 145:81-93. [PMID: 28865873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Statins constitute the most commonly prescribed drugs to decrease cholesterol (CLR). CLR is an important modulator of alcohol-induced cerebral artery constriction (AICAC). Using rats on a high CLR diet (2% CLR) we set to determine whether atorvastatin administration (10mg/kg daily for 18-23weeks) modified AICAC. Middle cerebral arteries were pressurized in vitro at 60mmHg and AICAC was evoked by 50mM ethanol, that is within the range of blood alcohol detected in humans following moderate-to-heavy drinking. AICAC was evident in high CLR+atorvastatin group but not in high CLR diet+placebo. Statin exacerbation of AICAC persisted in de-endothelialized arteries, and was blunted by CLR enrichment in vitro. Fluorescence imaging of filipin-stained arteries showed that atorvastatin decreased vascular smooth muscle (VSM) CLR when compared to placebo, this difference being reduced by CLR enrichment in vitro. Voltage- and calcium-gated potassium channels of large conductance (BK) are known VSM targets of ethanol, with their beta1 subunit being necessary for ethanol-induced channel inhibition and resulting AICAC. Ethanol-induced BK inhibition in excised membrane patches from freshly isolated myocytes was exacerbated in the high CLR diet+atorvastatin group when compared to high CLR diet+placebo. Unexpectedly, atorvastatin decreased the amount and function of BK beta1 subunit as documented by immunofluorescence imaging and functional patch-clamp studies. Atorvastatin exacerbation of ethanol-induced BK inhibition disappeared upon artery CLR enrichment in vitro. Our study demonstrates for the first time statin's ability to exacerbate the vascular effect of a widely consumed drug of abuse, this exacerbation being driven by statin modulation of ethanol-induced BK channel inhibition in the VSM via CLR-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Simakova
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38103, United States
| | - Shivantika Bisen
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38103, United States
| | - Alex M Dopico
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38103, United States
| | - Anna N Bukiya
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38103, United States.
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48
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Desai R, Frazier AE, Durigon R, Patel H, Jones AW, Dalla Rosa I, Lake NJ, Compton AG, Mountford HS, Tucker EJ, Mitchell ALR, Jackson D, Sesay A, Di Re M, van den Heuvel LP, Burke D, Francis D, Lunke S, McGillivray G, Mandelstam S, Mochel F, Keren B, Jardel C, Turner AM, Ian Andrews P, Smeitink J, Spelbrink JN, Heales SJ, Kohda M, Ohtake A, Murayama K, Okazaki Y, Lombès A, Holt IJ, Thorburn DR, Spinazzola A. ATAD3 gene cluster deletions cause cerebellar dysfunction associated with altered mitochondrial DNA and cholesterol metabolism. Brain 2017; 140:1595-1610. [PMID: 28549128 PMCID: PMC5445257 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial disorders are clinically heterogeneous, they frequently involve the central nervous system and are among the most common neurogenetic disorders. Identifying the causal genes has benefited enormously from advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies; however, once the defect is known, researchers face the challenge of deciphering the underlying disease mechanism. Here we characterize large biallelic deletions in the region encoding the ATAD3C, ATAD3B and ATAD3A genes. Although high homology complicates genomic analysis of the ATAD3 defects, they can be identified by targeted analysis of standard single nucleotide polymorphism array and whole exome sequencing data. We report deletions that generate chimeric ATAD3B/ATAD3A fusion genes in individuals from four unrelated families with fatal congenital pontocerebellar hypoplasia, whereas a case with genomic rearrangements affecting the ATAD3C/ATAD3B genes on one allele and ATAD3B/ATAD3A genes on the other displays later-onset encephalopathy with cerebellar atrophy, ataxia and dystonia. Fibroblasts from affected individuals display mitochondrial DNA abnormalities, associated with multiple indicators of altered cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, drug-induced perturbations of cholesterol homeostasis cause mitochondrial DNA disorganization in control cells, while mitochondrial DNA aggregation in the genetic cholesterol trafficking disorder Niemann-Pick type C disease further corroborates the interdependence of mitochondrial DNA organization and cholesterol. These data demonstrate the integration of mitochondria in cellular cholesterol homeostasis, in which ATAD3 plays a critical role. The dual problem of perturbed cholesterol metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction could be widespread in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Desai
- MRC Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK
| | - Ann E Frazier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Romina Durigon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aleck W Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Ilaria Dalla Rosa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Nicole J Lake
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Alison G Compton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hayley S Mountford
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elena J Tucker
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Alice L R Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Deborah Jackson
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abdul Sesay
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miriam Di Re
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Derek Burke
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK and Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Francis
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - George McGillivray
- MRC Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simone Mandelstam
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Radiology and Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fanny Mochel
- AP-HP, Department of Genetics, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75651 France.,Inserm U975; CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Inserm U975; CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; F-75013, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Service de Biochimie Métabolique et Centre de Génétique moléculaire et chromosomique, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75651 France
| | - Claude Jardel
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie Métabolique et Centre de Génétique moléculaire et chromosomique, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75651 France.,Inserm U1016; CNRS UMR 8104; Université Paris-Descartes-Paris 5; Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne M Turner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - P Ian Andrews
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes N Spelbrink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J Heales
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK and Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Masakazu Kohda
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anne Lombès
- MRC Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.,Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Holt
- MRC Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK.,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antonella Spinazzola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, NW3 2PF, UK.,MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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49
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Iaea DB, Mao S, Lund FW, Maxfield FR. Role of STARD4 in sterol transport between the endocytic recycling compartment and the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1111-1122. [PMID: 28209730 PMCID: PMC5391187 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment is measured using fluorescence microscopy. STARD4, a small, soluble sterol transport protein, is responsible for 25% of the total transport and 33% of nonvesicular transport. Elevated cholesterol dramatically increases sterol transport rate constants. Cholesterol is an essential constituent of membranes in mammalian cells. The plasma membrane and the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) are both highly enriched in cholesterol. The abundance and distribution of cholesterol among organelles are tightly controlled by a combination of mechanisms involving vesicular and nonvesicular sterol transport processes. Using the fluorescent cholesterol analogue dehydroergosterol, we examined sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the ERC using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and a novel sterol efflux assay. We found that sterol transport between these organelles in a U2OS cell line has a t1/2 =12–15 min. Approximately 70% of sterol transport is ATP independent and therefore is nonvesicular. Increasing cellular cholesterol levels dramatically increases bidirectional transport rate constants, but decreases in cholesterol levels have only a modest effect. A soluble sterol transport protein, STARD4, accounts for ∼25% of total sterol transport and ∼33% of nonvesicular sterol transport between the plasma membrane and ERC. This study shows that nonvesicular sterol transport mechanisms and STARD4 in particular account for a large fraction of sterol transport between the plasma membrane and the ERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Iaea
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shu Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Frederik W Lund
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 .,Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional Chemical Biology Program, New York, NY 10065
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50
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Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), a membrane protein of lysosomes, is required for the export of cholesterol derived from receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL. Lysosomal cholesterol export is reportedly inhibited by itraconazole, a triazole that is used as an antifungal drug [Xu et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:4764-4769]. Here we show that posaconazole, another triazole, also blocks cholesterol export from lysosomes. We prepared P-X, a photoactivatable cross-linking derivative of posaconazole. P-X cross-linked to NPC1 when added to intact cells. Cross-linking was inhibited by itraconazole but not by ketoconazole, an imidazole that does not block cholesterol export. Cross-linking of P-X was also blocked by U18666A, a compound that has been shown to bind to NPC1 and inhibit cholesterol export. P-X also cross-linked to purified NPC1 that was incorporated into lipid bilayer nanodiscs. In this in vitro system, cross-linking of P-X was inhibited by itraconazole, but not by U18666A. P-X cross-linking was not prevented by deletion of the N-terminal domain of NPC1, which contains the initial binding site for cholesterol. In contrast, P-X cross-linking was reduced when NPC1 contained a point mutation (P691S) in its putative sterol-sensing domain. We hypothesize that the sterol-sensing domain has a binding site that can accommodate structurally different ligands.
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