1
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Mougkogiannis P, Adamatzky A. Thermosensory Spiking Activity of Proteinoid Microspheres Cross-Linked by Actin Filaments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12649-12670. [PMID: 38837748 PMCID: PMC11191697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Actin, found in all eukaryotic cells as globular (G) or filamentous (F) actin, undergoes polymerization, with G-actin units changing shape to become F-actin. Thermal proteins, or proteinoids, are created by heating amino acids (160-200 °C), forming polymeric chains. These proteinoids can swell in an aqueous solution at around 50 °C, producing hollow microspheres filled with a solution, exhibiting voltage spikes. Our research explores the signaling properties of proteinoids, actin filaments, and hybrid networks combining actin and proteinoids. Proteinoids replicate brain excitation dynamics despite lacking specific membranes or ion channels. We investigate enhancing conductivity and spiking by using pure actin, yielding improved coordination in networks compared with individual filaments or proteinoids. Temperature changes (20 short-peptide supramolecular C to 80 °C) regulate conduction states, demonstrating external control over emergent excitability in protobrain systems. Adding actin to proteinoids reduces spike timing variability, providing a more uniform feature distribution. These findings support theoretical models proposing cytoskeletal matrices for functional specification in synthetic protocell brains, promoting stable interaction complexity. The study concludes that life-like signal encoding can emerge spontaneously within biological polymer scaffolds, incorporating abiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing
Laboratory, UWE Bristol, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K.
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2
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Bonilla-Quintana M, Ghisleni A, Gauthier N, Rangamani P. Dynamic mechanisms for membrane skeleton transitions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591779. [PMID: 38746295 PMCID: PMC11092671 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and the underlying skeleton form a protective barrier for eukaryotic cells. The molecules forming this complex composite material constantly rearrange under mechanical stress to confer this protective capacity. One of those molecules, spectrin, is ubiquitous in the membrane skeleton and primarily located proximal to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and engages in protein-lipid interactions via a set of membrane-anchoring domains. Spectrin is linked by short actin filaments and its conformation varies in different types of cells. In this work, we developed a generalized network model for the membrane skeleton integrated with myosin contractility and membrane mechanics to investigate the response of the spectrin meshwork to mechanical loading. We observed that the force generated by membrane bending is important to maintain a smooth skeletal structure. This suggests that the membrane is not just supported by the skeleton, but has an active contribution to the stability of the cell structure. We found that spectrin and myosin turnover are necessary for the transition between stress and rest states in the skeleton. Our model reveals that the actin-spectrin meshwork dynamics are balanced by the membrane forces with area constraint and volume restriction promoting the stability of the membrane skeleton. Furthermore, we showed that cell attachment to the substrate promotes shape stabilization. Thus, our proposed model gives insight into the shared mechanisms of the membrane skeleton associated with myosin and membrane that can be tested in different types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bonilla-Quintana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - A. Ghisleni
- Institute FIRC of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - N. Gauthier
- Institute FIRC of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
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3
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Gou J, Zhang T, Othmer HG. The Interaction of Mechanics and the Hippo Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4840. [PMID: 37835534 PMCID: PMC10571775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an ideal system for studying the networks that control tissue development and homeostasis and, given the similarity of the pathways involved, controlled and uncontrolled growth in mammalian systems. The signaling pathways used in patterning the Drosophila wing disc are well known and result in the emergence of interaction of these pathways with the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a central role in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanical effects are another major factor in the control of growth, but far less is known about how they exert their control. Herein, we develop a mathematical model that integrates the mechanical interactions between cells, which occur via adherens and tight junctions, with the intracellular actin network and the Hippo pathway so as to better understand cell-autonomous and non-autonomous control of growth in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA;
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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4
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Progressive Ataxia, Memory Impairments, and Seizure Episodes in Spna2 R1098Q Mouse Variant Affecting Alpha II Spectrin's Scaffold Stability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020261. [PMID: 36831804 PMCID: PMC9953789 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SPTAN1 spectrinopathies refer to a group of rare, inherited diseases associated with damage to non-erythrocytic α-II spectrin (α-II). They are linked to a range of mild to severe neuropathologies of the central and peripheral nervous systems, such as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 5, cerebellar ataxia, inherited peripheral neuropathy, and spastic paraplegia. Modeling human SPTAN1 encephalopathies in laboratory animals has been challenging partially because no haploinsufficiency-related phenotypes unfold in heterozygous Spna2 deficient mice nor stable transgenic lines of mice mimicking missense human SPTAN1 mutations have been created to date. Here, we assess the motor and memory performance of a dominant-negative murine Spna2 (SPTAN1) variant carrying a spontaneous point mutation replacing an arginine 1098 in the repeat 10th of α-II with the glutamine (R1098Q). By comparing groups of heterozygous R1098Q mice at different ages, we find evidence for progressive ataxia, and age-related deterioration of motor performance and muscle strength. We also document stress-induced, long-lasting seizure episodes of R1098Q mice and their poor performance in novel object recognition memory tests. Overall, we propose that the complexity of neuropathology-related phenotypes presented by the R1098Q mice recapitulates a number of symptoms observed in human patients carrying SPTAN1 mutations affecting α-II scaffold stability. This makes the R1098Q mice a valuable animal model for preclinical research.
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5
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Lipid nanoparticles with erythrocyte cell-membrane proteins. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Leterrier C, Pullarkat PA. Mechanical role of the submembrane spectrin scaffold in red blood cells and neurons. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276327. [PMID: 35972759 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are large, evolutionarily well-conserved proteins that form highly organized scaffolds on the inner surface of eukaryotic cells. Their organization in different cell types or cellular compartments helps cells withstand mechanical challenges with unique strategies depending on the cell type. This Review discusses our understanding of the mechanical properties of spectrins, their very distinct organization in red blood cells and neurons as two examples, and the contribution of the scaffolds they form to the mechanical properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR 7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille 13005, France
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7
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Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105594. [PMID: 35628404 PMCID: PMC9145010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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8
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Ning S, Hua L, Ji Z, Fan D, Meng X, Li Z, Wang Q, Guo Z. Protein 4.1 family and ion channel proteins interact to regulate the process of heart failure in rats. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151748. [PMID: 34271280 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of death in cardiovascular diseases worldwide, and its molecular mechanisms and effective prevention strategies remain to be further studied. The myocardial cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in many heart diseases. However, little is known about the function of the membrane cytoskeleton 4.1 protein family and related regulatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HF. In this study, we detected the localization and expression of the protein 4.1 family and ion channel proteins in a rat HF model induced by doxorubicin (DOX), and studied the interactions between them. Our results showed that compared with the control group, the HF group displayed an increased expression level of protein 4.1R and decreased levels of protein 4.1 G and 4.1 N. The Nav1.5 protein levels were significantly increased, while the SERCA2a and Cav1.2 protein levels were significantly decreased in the HF group. Furthermore, there is co-localization and interaction between protein 4.1R and Nav1.5, protein 4.1 G and SERCA2a, protein 4.1 N and Cav1.2, respectively. Taken together, the results indicated that the protein 4.1 family might be involved in the occurrence and development of HF through its interaction with ion channel proteins, suggesting that 4.1 proteins may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Ning
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiangguang Meng
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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9
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Pojer JM, Saiful Hilmi AJ, Kondo S, Harvey KF. Crumbs and the apical spectrin cytoskeleton regulate R8 cell fate in the Drosophila eye. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009146. [PMID: 34097697 PMCID: PMC8211197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an important regulator of organ growth and cell fate. In the R8 photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila melanogaster eye, the Hippo pathway controls the fate choice between one of two subtypes that express either the blue light-sensitive Rhodopsin 5 (Hippo inactive R8 subtype) or the green light-sensitive Rhodopsin 6 (Hippo active R8 subtype). The degree to which the mechanism of Hippo signal transduction and the proteins that mediate it are conserved in organ growth and R8 cell fate choice is currently unclear. Here, we identify Crumbs and the apical spectrin cytoskeleton as regulators of R8 cell fate. By contrast, other proteins that influence Hippo-dependent organ growth, such as the basolateral spectrin cytoskeleton and Ajuba, are dispensable for the R8 cell fate choice. Surprisingly, Crumbs promotes the Rhodopsin 5 cell fate, which is driven by Yorkie, rather than the Rhodopsin 6 cell fate, which is driven by Warts and the Hippo pathway, which contrasts with its impact on Hippo activity in organ growth. Furthermore, neither the apical spectrin cytoskeleton nor Crumbs appear to regulate the Hippo pathway through mechanisms that have been observed in growing organs. Together, these results show that only a subset of Hippo pathway proteins regulate the R8 binary cell fate decision and that aspects of Hippo signalling differ between growing organs and post-mitotic R8 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Pojer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar Saiful Hilmi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Kondo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kieran F. Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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10
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Yang P, Yang Y, Sun P, Tian Y, Gao F, Wang C, Zong T, Li M, Zhang Y, Yu T, Jiang Z. βII spectrin (SPTBN1): biological function and clinical potential in cancer and other diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:32-49. [PMID: 33390831 PMCID: PMC7757025 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
βII spectrin, the most common isoform of non-erythrocyte spectrin, is a cytoskeleton protein present in all nucleated cells. Interestingly, βII spectrin is essential for the development of various organs such as nerve, epithelium, inner ear, liver and heart. The functions of βII spectrin include not only establishing and maintaining the cell structure but also regulating a variety of cellular functions, such as cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell spreading and cell cycle regulation. Notably, βII spectrin dysfunction is associated with embryonic lethality and the DNA damage response. More recently, the detection of altered βII spectrin expression in tumors indicated that βII spectrin might be involved in the development and progression of cancer. Its mutations and disorders could result in developmental disabilities and various diseases. The versatile roles of βII spectrin in disease have been examined in an increasing number of studies; nonetheless, the exact mechanisms of βII spectrin are still poorly understood. Thus, we summarize the structural features and biological roles of βII spectrin and discuss its molecular mechanisms and functions in development, homeostasis, regeneration and differentiation. This review highlight the potential effects of βII spectrin dysfunction in cancer and other diseases, outstanding questions for the future investigation of therapeutic targets. The investigation of the regulatory mechanism of βII spectrin signal inactivation and recovery may bring hope for future therapy of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Yang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingyu Zong
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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11
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Complementary mesoscale dynamics of spectrin and acto-myosin shape membrane territories during mechanoresponse. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5108. [PMID: 33037189 PMCID: PMC7547731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is a major component of the cell cortex. While expressed by all metazoans, its dynamic interactions with the other cortex components, including the plasma membrane or the acto-myosin cytoskeleton, are poorly understood. Here, we investigate how spectrin re-organizes spatially and dynamically under the membrane during changes in cell mechanics. We find spectrin and acto-myosin to be spatially distinct but cooperating during mechanical challenges, such as cell adhesion and contraction, or compression, stretch and osmolarity fluctuations, creating a cohesive cortex supporting the plasma membrane. Actin territories control protrusions and contractile structures while spectrin territories concentrate in retractile zones and low-actin density/inter-contractile regions, acting as a fence that organize membrane trafficking events. We unveil here the existence of a dynamic interplay between acto-myosin and spectrin necessary to support a mesoscale organization of the lipid bilayer into spatially-confined cortical territories during cell mechanoresponse.
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12
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Abstract
Fodrin and its erythroid cell-specific isoform spectrin are actin-associated fibrous proteins that play crucial roles in the maintenance of structural integrity in mammalian cells, which is necessary for proper cell function. Normal cell morphology is altered in diseases such as various cancers and certain neuronal disorders. Fodrin and spectrin are two-chain (αβ) molecules that are encoded by paralogous genes and share many features but also demonstrate certain differences. Fodrin (in humans, typically a heterodimer of the products of the SPTAN1 and SPTBN1 genes) is expressed in nearly all cell types and is especially abundant in neuronal tissues, whereas spectrin (in humans, a heterodimer of the products of the SPTA1 and SPTB1 genes) is expressed almost exclusively in erythrocytes. To fulfill a role in such a variety of different cell types, it was anticipated that fodrin would need to be a more versatile scaffold than spectrin. Indeed, as summarized here, domains unique to fodrin and its regulation by Ca2+, calmodulin, and a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) endow fodrin with additional specific functions. However, how fodrin structural variations and misregulated PTMs may contribute to the etiology of various cancers and neurodegenerative diseases needs to be further investigated.
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13
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Qi W, Zhang Q. Gene's co-expression network and experimental validation of molecular markers associated with the drug resistance of gastric cancer. Biomark Med 2020; 14:761-773. [PMID: 32715733 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chemotherapy can significantly improve the overall survival rate of patients with gastric cancer; however, so far little is known about the molecular mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, this study was proposed to elucidate molecular markers of resistance to chemotherapeutic agent in gastric cancer. Materials & methods: Weighted gene co-expression network analyses were performed in gastric cancer cohort. The most relevant genes modules for gastric cancer resistance were selected. Gene oncology function enrichment of genes was conducted. The biological function of resistant genes were identified in vitro. Results & conclusion: Two resistant hub genes, SPTBN1 and LAMP1, were selected. Experiments showed that downregulation of SPTBN1and LAMP1 proteins significantly enhanced the sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells SGC7901 to 5-FU and cisplatin. Thus, our results provide a baseline about the potential factors of drug resistance in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology China, Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology China, Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
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14
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Coakley S, Ritchie FK, Galbraith KM, Hilliard MA. Epidermal control of axonal attachment via β-spectrin and the GTPase-activating protein TBC-10 prevents axonal degeneration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:133. [PMID: 31919407 PMCID: PMC6952388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are subjected to strain due to body movement and their location within organs and tissues. However, how they withstand these forces over the lifetime of an organism is still poorly understood. Here, focusing on touch receptor neuron-epidermis interactions using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we show that UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10, a conserved GTPase-activating protein, function non-cell-autonomously within the epidermis to dynamically maintain attachment of the axon. We reveal that, in response to strain, UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10 stabilize trans-epidermal hemidesmosome attachment structures which otherwise become lost, causing axonal breakage and degeneration. Furthermore, we show that TBC-10 regulates axonal attachment and maintenance by inactivating RAB-35, and reveal functional conservation of these molecules with their vertebrate orthologs. Finally, we demonstrate that β-spectrin functions in this context non-cell-autonomously. We propose a model in which mechanically resistant epidermal attachment structures are maintained by UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10 during movement, preventing axonal detachment and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Coakley
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fiona K Ritchie
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kate M Galbraith
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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15
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Huang SC, Liang JY, Vu LV, Yu FH, Ou AC, Ou JP, Zhang HS, Burnett KM, Benz EJ. Epithelial-specific isoforms of protein 4.1R promote adherens junction assembly in maturing epithelia. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:191-211. [PMID: 31776189 PMCID: PMC6952607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs) undergo disassembly and reassembly during morphogenesis and pathological states. The membrane-cytoskeleton interface plays a crucial role in junctional reorganization. Protein 4.1R (4.1R), expressed as a diverse array of spliceoforms, has been implicated in linking the AJ and TJ complex to the cytoskeleton. However, which specific 4.1 isoform(s) participate and the mechanisms involved in junctional stability or remodeling remain unclear. We now describe a role for epithelial-specific isoforms containing exon 17b and excluding exon 16 4.1R (4.1R+17b) in AJs. 4.1R+17b is exclusively co-localized with the AJs. 4.1R+17b binds to the armadillo repeats 1-2 of β-catenin via its membrane-binding domain. This complex is linked to the actin cytoskeleton via a bispecific interaction with an exon 17b-encoded peptide. Exon 17b peptides also promote fodrin-actin complex formation. Expression of 4.1R+17b forms does not disrupt the junctional cytoskeleton and AJs during the steady-state or calcium-dependent AJ reassembly. Overexpression of 4.1R-17b forms, which displace the endogenous 4.1R+17b forms at the AJs, as well as depletion of the 4.1R+17b forms both decrease junctional actin and attenuate the recruitment of spectrin to the AJs and also reduce E-cadherin during the initial junctional formation of the AJ reassembly process. Expressing 4.1R+17b forms in depleted cells rescues junctional localization of actin, spectrin, and E-cadherin assembly at the AJs. Together, our results identify a critical role for 4.1R+17b forms in AJ assembly and offer additional insights into the spectrin-actin-4.1R-based membrane skeleton as an emerging regulator of epithelial integrity and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ching Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Jia Y Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Long V Vu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Faye H Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Alexander C Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jennie Park Ou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Henry S Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kimberly M Burnett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Edward J Benz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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16
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Nanoerythrosomes tailoring: Lipid induced protein scaffolding in ghost membrane derived vesicles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110428. [PMID: 32228942 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A peculiar polygonal protein scaffolding that resembles to spectrin-based skeleton of red blood cells can be reconstructed on the outer surface of vesicle-like nanoerythrosomes. The approximately 130 nm sized nanoerythrosomes are produced from red blood cell ghosts by addition of phospholipids (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC). The scaffolding, constructed from the structural proteins of the cell membrane skeleton, covers the whole object resulting an enhanced stiffness. The protein pattern of the scaffolding is thermosensitive, reversible transformable in the biologically relevant temperature range. When the lipid additive is changed from DPPC to lysophospholipid (LPC), the protein network/scaffolding ceases to exist. By the variation of lipid type and ratio, a tailoring of the nanoerythrosomes can be achieved. During the tailoring process nanoerythrosomes or micelles, in a wide size range from 200 to 30 nm, are produced.
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17
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Lubbers ER, Murphy NP, Musa H, Huang CYM, Gupta R, Price MV, Han M, Daoud G, Gratz D, El Refaey M, Xu X, Hoeflinger NK, Friel EL, Lancione P, Wallace MJ, Cavus O, Simmons SL, Williams JL, Skaf M, Koenig SN, Janssen PML, Rasband MN, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. Defining new mechanistic roles for αII spectrin in cardiac function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9576-9591. [PMID: 31064843 PMCID: PMC6579463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are cytoskeletal proteins essential for membrane biogenesis and regulation and serve critical roles in protein targeting and cellular signaling. αII spectrin (SPTAN1) is one of two α spectrin genes and αII spectrin dysfunction is linked to alterations in axon initial segment formation, cortical lamination, and neuronal excitability. Furthermore, human αII spectrin loss-of-function variants cause neurological disease. As global αII spectrin knockout mice are embryonic lethal, the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in adult heart are unknown and untested. Here, based on pronounced alterations in αII spectrin regulation in human heart failure we tested the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in the vertebrate heart. We created a mouse model of cardiomyocyte-selective αII spectrin-deficiency (cKO) and used this model to define the roles of αII spectrin in cardiac function. αII spectrin cKO mice displayed significant structural, cellular, and electrical phenotypes that resulted in accelerated structural remodeling, fibrosis, arrhythmia, and mortality in response to stress. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that αII spectrin plays a nodal role for global cardiac spectrin regulation, as αII spectrin cKO hearts exhibited remodeling of αI spectrin and altered β-spectrin expression and localization. At the cellular level, αII spectrin deficiency resulted in altered expression, targeting, and regulation of cardiac ion channels NaV1.5 and KV4.3. In summary, our findings define critical and unexpected roles for the multifunctional αII spectrin protein in the heart. Furthermore, our work provides a new in vivo animal model to study the roles of αII spectrin in the cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Lubbers
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Nathaniel P Murphy
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Claire Yu-Mei Huang
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Rohan Gupta
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Morgan V Price
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Mei Han
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Georges Daoud
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Daniel Gratz
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Mona El Refaey
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Xianyao Xu
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Nicole K Hoeflinger
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Emma L Friel
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Peter Lancione
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michael J Wallace
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Omer Cavus
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Samantha L Simmons
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Jordan L Williams
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michel Skaf
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Sara N Koenig
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia,
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
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18
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Fan D, Li J, Li Y, Guo Y, Zhang X, Wang W, Liu X, Liu J, Dai L, Zhang L, Kang Q, Ji Z. Protein 4.1R negatively regulates CD8 + T-cell activation by modulating phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells. Immunology 2019; 157:312-321. [PMID: 31135971 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1R, an 80 000 MW membrane skeleton protein, is a vital component of the red blood cell membrane cytoskeleton that stabilizes the spectrin-actin network and regulates membrane properties of deformability and mechanical stability. It has been shown that 4.1R is expressed in T cells, including CD8+ T cells, but its role in CD8+ T cells remains unclear. Here, we have explored the role of 4.1R in CD8+ T cells using 4.1R-/- mice. Our results showed that cell activation, proliferation and secretion levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ were significantly increased in 4.1R-/- CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and its downstream signaling molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase were enhanced in the absence of 4.1R. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed a direct interaction between 4.1R and LAT. Moreover, 4.1R-/- CD8+ T cells and mice exhibited an enhanced T-cell-dependent immune response. These data enabled the identification of a negative regulation function for 4.1R in CD8+ T cells by a direct association between 4.1R and LAT, possibly through inhibiting phosphorylation of LAT and then modulating intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fan
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Pathology, Xuchang Central Hospital Affiliated To Henan University of Science and Technology, Xuchang, China
| | - Yi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Pathogen Biology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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19
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Fierro J, Haynes DR, Washbourne P. 4.1Ba is necessary for glutamatergic synapse formation in the sensorimotor circuit of developing zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205255. [PMID: 30286167 PMCID: PMC6171929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During the process of synapse formation, thousands of proteins assemble at prospective sites of cell-cell communication. Although many of these proteins have been identified, the roles they play in generating functional connections during development remain unknown. 4.1 scaffolding proteins have been implicated in synapse formation and maturation in vitro, but in vivo studies for some family members have suggested these proteins are not important for this role. We examined the role of family member 4.1B because it has been implicated in glutamatergic synaptogenesis, but has not been described in vivo. We identified two 4.1B genes in zebrafish, 4.1Ba and 4.1Bb, by sequence comparisons and synteny analysis. In situ hybridization shows these genes are differentially expressed, with 4.1Ba expressed primarily in the nervous system and 4.1Bb expressed in the nervous system and muscle, but not the spinal cord. We focused our studies on 4.1Ba in the spinal cord. 4.1Ba knockdown reduced the number of glutamatergic synapses at caudal primary motor neurons and caused an increase in the duration of touch-evoked coiling. These results suggest 4.1Ba is important for the formation of functional glutamatergic synapses in the developing zebrafish spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fierro
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dylan R. Haynes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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20
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Unsain N, Stefani FD, Cáceres A. The Actin/Spectrin Membrane-Associated Periodic Skeleton in Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:10. [PMID: 29875650 PMCID: PMC5974029 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are the most asymmetric cell types, with their axons commonly extending over lengths that are thousand times longer than the diameter of the cell soma. Fluorescence nanoscopy has recently unveiled that actin, spectrin and accompanying proteins form a membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) that is ubiquitously present in mature axons from all neuronal types evaluated so far. The MPS is a regular supramolecular protein structure consisting of actin “rings” separated by spectrin tetramer “spacers”. Although the MPS is best organized in axons, it is also present in dendrites, dendritic spine necks and thin cellular extensions of non-neuronal cells such as oligodendrocytes and microglia. The unique organization of the actin/spectrin skeleton has raised the hypothesis that it might serve to support the extreme physical and structural conditions that axons must resist during the lifespan of an organism. Another plausible function of the MPS consists of membrane compartmentalization and subsequent organization of protein domains. This review focuses on what we know so far about the structure of the MPS in different neuronal subdomains, its dynamics and the emerging evidence of its impact in axonal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Unsain
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Cáceres
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
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21
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Cetin I, Demirel OF. Increased serum levels of spectrin degradation products in patients with schizophrenia. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Under various patho-physiological and physiological conditions, spectrin breakdown reactions generate several spectrin breakdown products of 120 kDa (SBDP120) and 145 kDa (SBDP145). Previous studies indicating that there is the existence of a raised breakdown of α-spectrin in schizophrenic left superior temporal cortices. In this study, we aimed to investigate serum levels of SBDP120 and SBDP145, which has not been previously examined, and investigate their relationships with clinical parameters in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Forty-four patients with schizophrenia, followed by psychotic disorders unit, and 44 healthy controls, age and gender-matched volunteers with no psychiatric history, were included in this study. Sociodemographic form was applied to both groups. Turkish version of positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were implemented to the patients. Serum SBDP120 and SBDP145 levels were determined by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay.Results:Serum SBDP120 ng/mL and SBDP145 ng/mL levels of the patients with schizophrenia were significantly higher than healthy controls. Even more important, serum SBDP120 levels were positively correlated with PANSS scores in patients with schizophrenia.Conclusions:These findings may provide evidence for disturbance of neuroplasticity, membrane/cytoskeleton stability, dynamics, and remodelling in schizophrenia patients and support the neurogenerative theories for explaining the etiology of schizophrenia.
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22
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Forest E, Logeay R, Géminard C, Kantar D, Frayssinoux F, Heron-Milhavet L, Djiane A. The apical scaffold big bang binds to spectrins and regulates the growth of Drosophila melanogaster wing discs. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1047-1062. [PMID: 29326287 PMCID: PMC5839784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cell proliferation is regulated, ensuring that tissues reach their correct size and shape. Forest et al. show that the Drosophila melanogaster scaffold protein big bang (Bbg) controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. Bbg interacts with spectrins at the apical cortex and promotes Yki signaling and actomyosin contractility. During development, cell numbers are tightly regulated, ensuring that tissues and organs reach their correct size and shape. Recent evidence has highlighted the intricate connections between the cytoskeleton and the regulation of the key growth control Hippo pathway. Looking for apical scaffolds regulating tissue growth, we describe that Drosophila melanogaster big bang (Bbg), a poorly characterized multi-PDZ scaffold, controls epithelial tissue growth without affecting epithelial polarity and architecture. bbg-mutant tissues are smaller, with fewer cells that are less apically constricted than normal. We show that Bbg binds to and colocalizes tightly with the β-heavy–Spectrin/Kst subunit at the apical cortex and promotes Yki activity, F-actin enrichment, and the phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain Spaghetti squash. We propose a model in which the spectrin cytoskeleton recruits Bbg to the cortex, where Bbg promotes actomyosin contractility to regulate epithelial tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Forest
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Logeay
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Géminard
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
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23
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Derbala MH, Guo AS, Mohler PJ, Smith SA. The role of βII spectrin in cardiac health and disease. Life Sci 2017; 192:278-285. [PMID: 29128512 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectrins are large, flexible proteins comprised of α-β dimers that are connected head-to-head to form the canonical heterotetrameric spectrin structure. Spectrins were initially believed to be exclusively found in human erythrocytic membrane and are highly conserved among different species. βII spectrin, the most common isoform of non-erythrocytic spectrin, is found in all nucleated cells and forms larger macromolecular complexes with ankyrins and actins. Not only is βII spectrin a central cytoskeletal scaffolding protein involved in preserving cell structure but it has also emerged as a critical protein required for distinct physiologic functions such as posttranslational localization of crucial membrane proteins and signal transduction. In the heart, βII spectrin plays a vital role in maintaining normal cardiac membrane excitability and proper cardiac development during embryogenesis. Mutations in βII spectrin genes have been strongly linked with the development of serious cardiac disorders such as congenital arrhythmias, heart failure, and possibly sudden cardiac death. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the role βII spectrin plays in the cardiovascular system in health and disease and the potential future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Derbala
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Aaron S Guo
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sakima A Smith
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Sorokin DY, Makarova KS, Abbas B, Ferrer M, Golyshin PN, Galinski EA, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Merkel AY, Wolf YI, van Loosdrecht MCM, Koonin EV. Discovery of extremely halophilic, methyl-reducing euryarchaea provides insights into the evolutionary origin of methanogenesis. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17081. [PMID: 28555626 PMCID: PMC5494993 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methanogenic archaea are major players in the global carbon cycle and in the biotechnology of anaerobic digestion. The phylum Euryarchaeota includes diverse groups of methanogens that are interspersed with non-methanogenic lineages. So far, methanogens inhabiting hypersaline environments have been identified only within the order Methanosarcinales. We report the discovery of a deep phylogenetic lineage of extremophilic methanogens in hypersaline lakes and present analysis of two nearly complete genomes from this group. Within the phylum Euryarchaeota, these isolates form a separate, class-level lineage 'Methanonatronarchaeia' that is most closely related to the class Halobacteria. Similar to the Halobacteria, 'Methanonatronarchaeia' are extremely halophilic and do not accumulate organic osmoprotectants. The high intracellular concentration of potassium implies that 'Methanonatronarchaeia' employ the 'salt-in' osmoprotection strategy. These methanogens are heterotrophic methyl-reducers that use C1-methylated compounds as electron acceptors and formate or hydrogen as electron donors. The genomes contain an incomplete and apparently inactivated set of genes encoding the upper branch of methyl group oxidation to CO2 as well as membrane-bound heterodisulfide reductase and cytochromes. These features differentiate 'Methanonatronarchaeia' from all known methyl-reducing methanogens. The discovery of extremely halophilic, methyl-reducing methanogens related to haloarchaea provides insights into the origin of methanogenesis and shows that the strategies employed by methanogens to thrive in salt-saturating conditions are not limited to the classical methylotrophic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry Y Sorokin
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Centre for Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Ben Abbas
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter N Golyshin
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Erwin A Galinski
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Mena
- Proteomics Facility, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Y Merkel
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Centre for Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | | | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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25
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Tao J, Li Y, Vig DK, Sun SX. Cell mechanics: a dialogue. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:036601. [PMID: 28129208 PMCID: PMC5518794 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under the microscope, eukaryotic animal cells can adopt a variety of different shapes and sizes. These cells also move and deform, and the physical mechanisms driving these movements and shape changes are important in fundamental cell biology, tissue mechanics, as well as disease biology. This article reviews some of the basic mechanical concepts in cells, emphasizing continuum mechanics description of cytoskeletal networks and hydrodynamic flows across the cell membrane. We discuss how cells can generate movement and shape changes by controlling mass fluxes at the cell boundary. These mass fluxes can come from polymerization/depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton, as well as osmotic and hydraulic pressure-driven flow of water across the cell membrane. By combining hydraulic pressure control with force balance conditions at the cell surface, we discuss a quantitative mechanism of cell shape and volume control. The broad consequences of this model on cell mechanosensation and tissue mechanics are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Tao
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Yizeng Li
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Dhruv K Vig
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Sean X Sun
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
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26
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Krieg M, Stühmer J, Cueva JG, Fetter R, Spilker K, Cremers D, Shen K, Dunn AR, Goodman MB. Genetic defects in β-spectrin and tau sensitize C. elegans axons to movement-induced damage via torque-tension coupling. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28098556 PMCID: PMC5298879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our bodies are in constant motion and so are the neurons that invade each tissue. Motion-induced neuron deformation and damage are associated with several neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we investigated the question of how the neuronal cytoskeleton protects axons and dendrites from mechanical stress, exploiting mutations in UNC-70 β-spectrin, PTL-1 tau/MAP2-like and MEC-7 β-tubulin proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that mechanical stress induces supercoils and plectonemes in the sensory axons of spectrin and tau double mutants. Biophysical measurements, super-resolution, and electron microscopy, as well as numerical simulations of neurons as discrete, elastic rods provide evidence that a balance of torque, tension, and elasticity stabilizes neurons against mechanical deformation. We conclude that the spectrin and microtubule cytoskeletons work in combination to protect axons and dendrites from mechanical stress and propose that defects in β-spectrin and tau may sensitize neurons to damage. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20172.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jan Stühmer
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, , Germany
| | - Juan G Cueva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Richard Fetter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Kerri Spilker
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel Cremers
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, , Germany
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Lung Adenocarcinoma Risk in Never-Smoking Women. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 10:1413-20. [PMID: 26301798 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between estrogen receptor (ER) gene polymorphism and lung cancer risk is rarely studied. This study aimed to explore the ER gene polymorphisms associated with the lung adenocarcinoma risk in never-smoking women. METHODS This study evaluated 532 never-smoking female patients with lung adenocarcinoma and 532 healthy controls. The ESR1 and ESR2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were retrieved from a genome-wide association study. Using a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression assay, the associations of ESR1 and ESR2 SNPs with the lung adenocarcinoma risk were estimated. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis was performed to investigate the possible functional roles of ER gene SNPs. RESULTS For ESR1, seven tagged SNPs were identified. Among them, rs7753153 and rs985192 were associated with lung adenocarcinoma risk (rs7753153: odds ratios [OR], 1.509; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.168-1.950; rs985192: OR, 1.309; 95% CI, 1.001-1.712). For ESR2, only rs3020450 was associated with lung adenocarcinoma risk (OR, 2.110; 95% CI, 1.007-4.422). Subjects without hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use carrying at-risk genotypes had a significantly higher lung adenocarcinoma risk than subjects with HRT carrying no at-risk genotypes (rs7753153 GG: OR, 2.133; 95% CI, 1.415-3.216; rs985192 AA/AC, OR: 1.752, 95% CI: 1.109-2.768; rs3020450 AG/GG, OR: 7.162, 95% CI: 1.608-31.90). Risk genotypes of rs7753153 (p = 0.0248) and rs9479122 (p = 0.0251) were associated with decreased ESR1 expression. CONCLUSIONS ER gene SNPs are associated with lung adenocarcinoma risk in never-smoking women. The joint effects of ER gene SNPs and HRT use on lung adenocarcinoma risk highlight the importance of the gene-environment interaction in lung carcinogenesis.
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Liu Q, Liu F, Yu KL, Tas R, Grigoriev I, Remmelzwaal S, Serra-Marques A, Kapitein LC, Heck AJR, Akhmanova A. MICAL3 Flavoprotein Monooxygenase Forms a Complex with Centralspindlin and Regulates Cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20617-29. [PMID: 27528609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the antiparallel array of microtubules forming the central spindle organizes the midbody, a structure that anchors the ingressed cleavage furrow and guides the assembly of abscission machinery. Here, we identified a role for the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL3, an actin disassembly factor, in organizing midbody-associated protein complexes. By combining cell biological assays with cross-linking mass spectrometry, we show that MICAL3 is recruited to the central spindle and the midbody through a direct interaction with the centralspindlin component MKLP1. Knock-out of MICAL3 leads to an increased frequency of cytokinetic failure and a delayed abscission. In a mechanism independent of its enzymatic activity, MICAL3 targets the adaptor protein ELKS and Rab8A-positive vesicles to the midbody, and the depletion of ELKS and Rab8A also leads to cytokinesis defects. We propose that MICAL3 acts as a midbody-associated scaffold for vesicle targeting, which promotes maturation of the intercellular bridge and abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Fan Liu
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Lou Yu
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Roderick Tas
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Sanne Remmelzwaal
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Andrea Serra-Marques
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Albert J R Heck
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
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Leite SC, Sousa MM. The neuronal and actin commitment: Why do neurons need rings? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:424-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Carvalho Leite
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto De Biologia Molecular E Celular; Porto Portugal
- Instituto De Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto; Porto Portugal
- ICBAS, Universidade Do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto De Biologia Molecular E Celular; Porto Portugal
- Instituto De Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto; Porto Portugal
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Ng BF, Selvaraj GK, Santa-Cruz Mateos C, Grosheva I, Alvarez-Garcia I, Martín-Bermudo MD, Palacios IM. α-Spectrin and integrins act together to regulate actomyosin and columnarization, and to maintain a monolayered follicular epithelium. Development 2016; 143:1388-99. [PMID: 26952981 PMCID: PMC4852512 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The spectrin cytoskeleton crosslinks actin to the membrane, and although it has been greatly studied in erythrocytes, much is unknown about its function in epithelia. We have studied the role of spectrins during epithelia morphogenesis using the Drosophila follicular epithelium (FE). As previously described, we show that α-Spectrin and β-Spectrin are essential to maintain a monolayered FE, but, contrary to previous work, spectrins are not required to control proliferation. Furthermore, spectrin mutant cells show differentiation and polarity defects only in the ectopic layers of stratified epithelia, similar to integrin mutants. Our results identify α-Spectrin and integrins as novel regulators of apical constriction-independent cell elongation, as α-Spectrin and integrin mutant cells fail to columnarize. Finally, we show that increasing and reducing the activity of the Rho1-Myosin II pathway enhances and decreases multilayering of α-Spectrin cells, respectively. Similarly, higher Myosin II activity enhances the integrin multilayering phenotype. This work identifies a primary role for α-Spectrin in controlling cell shape, perhaps by modulating actomyosin. In summary, we suggest that a functional spectrin-integrin complex is essential to balance adequate forces, in order to maintain a monolayered epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fu Ng
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Gokul Kannan Selvaraj
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Inna Grosheva
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Ines Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Isabel M Palacios
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Triplett JC, Swomley AM, Kirk J, Grimes KM, Lewis KN, Orr ME, Rodriguez KA, Cai J, Klein JB, Buffenstein R, Butterfield DA. Reaching Out to Send a Message: Proteins Associated with Neurite Outgrowth and Neurotransmission are Altered with Age in the Long-Lived Naked Mole-Rat. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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SNTF immunostaining reveals previously undetected axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:115-35. [PMID: 26589592 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common feature of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may also be a predominant pathology in mild TBI or "concussion". The rapid deformation of white matter at the instant of trauma can lead to mechanical failure and calcium-dependent proteolysis of the axonal cytoskeleton in association with axonal transport interruption. Recently, a proteolytic fragment of alpha-II spectrin, "SNTF", was detected in serum acutely following mild TBI in patients and was prognostic for poor clinical outcome. However, direct evidence that this fragment is a marker of DAI has yet to be demonstrated in either humans following TBI or in models of mild TBI. Here, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine for SNTF in brain tissue following both severe and mild TBI. Human severe TBI cases (survival <7d; n = 18) were compared to age-matched controls (n = 16) from the Glasgow TBI archive. We also examined brains from an established model of mild TBI at 6, 48 and 72 h post-injury versus shams. IHC specific for SNTF was compared to that of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the current standard for DAI diagnosis, and other known markers of axonal pathology including non-phosphorylated neurofilament-H (SMI-32), neurofilament-68 (NF-68) and compacted neurofilament-medium (RMO-14) using double and triple immunofluorescent labeling. Supporting its use as a biomarker of DAI, SNTF immunoreactive axons were observed at all time points following both human severe TBI and in the model of mild TBI. Interestingly, SNTF revealed a subpopulation of degenerating axons, undetected by the gold-standard marker of transport interruption, APP. While there was greater axonal co-localization between SNTF and APP after severe TBI in humans, a subset of SNTF positive axons displayed no APP accumulation. Notably, some co-localization was observed between SNTF and the less abundant neurofilament subtype markers. Other SNTF positive axons, however, did not co-localize with any other markers. Similarly, RMO-14 and NF-68 positive axonal pathology existed independent of SNTF and APP. These data demonstrate that multiple pathological axonal phenotypes exist post-TBI and provide insight into a more comprehensive approach to the neuropathological assessment of DAI.
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Rivera-Santiago RF, Sriswasdi S, Harper SL, Speicher DW. Probing structures of large protein complexes using zero-length cross-linking. Methods 2015; 89:99-111. [PMID: 25937394 PMCID: PMC4628899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural mass spectrometry (MS) is a field with growing applicability for addressing complex biophysical questions regarding proteins and protein complexes. One of the major structural MS approaches involves the use of chemical cross-linking coupled with MS analysis (CX-MS) to identify proximal sites within macromolecules. Identified cross-linked sites can be used to probe novel protein-protein interactions or the derived distance constraints can be used to verify and refine molecular models. This review focuses on recent advances of "zero-length" cross-linking. Zero-length cross-linking reagents do not add any atoms to the cross-linked species due to the lack of a spacer arm. This provides a major advantage in the form of providing more precise distance constraints as the cross-linkable groups must be within salt bridge distances in order to react. However, identification of cross-linked peptides using these reagents presents unique challenges. We discuss recent efforts by our group to minimize these challenges by using multiple cycles of LC-MS/MS analysis and software specifically developed and optimized for identification of zero-length cross-linked peptides. Representative data utilizing our current protocol are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F Rivera-Santiago
- The Center for Systems and Computational Biology and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- The Center for Systems and Computational Biology and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sandra L Harper
- The Center for Systems and Computational Biology and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David W Speicher
- The Center for Systems and Computational Biology and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Murphy ACH, Young PW. The actinin family of actin cross-linking proteins - a genetic perspective. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:49. [PMID: 26312134 PMCID: PMC4550062 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinins are one of the major actin cross-linking proteins found in virtually all cell types and are the ancestral proteins of a larger family that includes spectrin, dystrophin and utrophin. Invertebrates have a single actinin-encoding ACTN gene, while mammals have four. Mutations in all four human genes have now been linked to heritable diseases or traits. ACTN1 mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia, a platelet disorder characterized by excessive bleeding. ACTN2 mutations have been linked to a range of cardiomyopathies, and ACTN4 mutations cause a kidney condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Intriguingly, approximately 16 % of people worldwide are homozygous for a nonsense mutation in ACTN3 that abolishes actinin-3 protein expression. This ACTN3 null allele has undergone recent positive selection in specific human populations, which may be linked to improved endurance and adaptation to colder climates. In this review we discuss the human genetics of the ACTN gene family, as well as ACTN gene knockout studies in several model organisms. Observations from both of these areas provide insights into the evolution and cellular functions of actinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C H Murphy
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W Young
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Deng H, Wang W, Yu J, Zheng Y, Qing Y, Pan D. Spectrin regulates Hippo signaling by modulating cortical actomyosin activity. eLife 2015; 4:e06567. [PMID: 25826608 PMCID: PMC4412106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway controls tissue growth through a core kinase cascade that impinges on the transcription of growth-regulatory genes. Understanding how this pathway is regulated in development remains a major challenge. Recent studies suggested that Hippo signaling can be modulated by cytoskeletal tension through a Rok-myosin II pathway. How cytoskeletal tension is regulated or its relationship to the other known upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway remains poorly defined. In this study, we identify spectrin, a contractile protein at the cytoskeleton-membrane interface, as an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that, in contrast to canonical upstream regulators such as Crumbs, Kibra, Expanded, and Merlin, spectrin regulates Hippo signaling in a distinct way by modulating cortical actomyosin activity through non-muscle myosin II. These results uncover an essential mediator of Hippo signaling by cytoskeleton tension, providing a new entry point to dissecting how mechanical signals regulate Hippo signaling in living tissues. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06567.001 Organs including the liver, eyes, and lungs are made up of millions of cells, and how these organs stop growing once they reach their final size has fascinated scientists for decades. The cells in developing organs must communicate with each other and respond appropriately to the signals that they receive from other cells. This requires so-called “signaling pathways”. One such pathway that involves a protein called Hippo is known to control when cells should grow and divide and when they should stop. If this pathway does not work correctly, it can cause too many cells to be formed, which may result in cancer. The Hippo signaling pathway can also be regulated by an extensive network of protein filaments found within cells, called the cytoskeleton. This network can exert forces on the cells, which can have a major impact on cell growth. However, the mechanism behind the interaction between the cytoskeleton and the Hippo signaling pathway is poorly understood. Now, Deng et al. have engineered fruit flies in which the expression of individual genes had been artificially reduced, and looked for flies that had enlarged wings. Three genes identified in these experiments encode different subunits of a large spring-like protein, called spectrin, which is part of the cytoskeleton. This suggests that normally spectrin limits wing size. Furthermore, spectrin was also found to control the size of other organs in the fruit flies, such as the eyes and ovaries. In all of these organs, the Hippo signaling pathway failed to work properly in the absence of spectrin. Deng et al. then further explored the relationship between spectrin and Hippo signaling and found that cells without spectrin show abnormally high levels of tension in their cytoskeleton. When flies that lacked spectrin were engineered to reduce this tension, these flies developed normal sized organs. These findings reveal the importance of cytoskeleton tension in controlling tissue growth, and provide a new entry point to understand how normal tissues grow to their characteristic size and how such process goes awry in cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06567.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yonggang Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yun Qing
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Saito M, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Machida S, Osada T, Afrin R, Ikai A. Spectrin-ankyrin interaction mechanics: A key force balance factor in the red blood cell membrane skeleton. Biophys Chem 2015; 200-201:1-8. [PMID: 25866912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As major components of red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton, spectrin and F-actin form a network that covers the entire cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. The cross-linked two layered structure, called the membrane skeleton, keeps the structural integrity of RBC under drastically changing mechanical environment during circulation. We performed force spectroscopy experiments on the atomic force microscope (AFM) as a means to clarify the mechanical characteristics of spectrin-ankyrin interaction, a key factor in the force balance of the RBC cytoskeletal structure. An AFM tip was functionalized with ANK1-62k and used to probe spectrin crosslinked to mica surface. A force spectroscopy study gave a mean unbinding force of ~30 pN under our experimental conditions. Two energy barriers were identified in the unbinding process. The result was related to the well-known flexibility of spectrin tetramer and participation of ankyrin 1-spectrin interaction in the overall balance of membrane skeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Watanabe-Nakayama
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Osada
- Depertment of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-2 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Rehana Afrin
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; Biofrontier Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikai
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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Rohn JL, Patel JV, Neumann B, Bulkescher J, Mchedlishvili N, McMullan RC, Quintero OA, Ellenberg J, Baum B. Myo19 ensures symmetric partitioning of mitochondria and coupling of mitochondrial segregation to cell division. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2598-605. [PMID: 25447992 PMCID: PMC4228054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During animal cell division, an actin-based ring cleaves the cell into two. Problems with this process can cause chromosome missegregation and defects in cytoplasmic inheritance and the partitioning of organelles, which in turn are associated with human diseases [1, 2, 3]. Although much is known about how chromosome segregation is coupled to cell division, the way organelles coordinate their inheritance during partitioning to daughter cells is less well understood. Here, using a high-content live-imaging small interfering RNA screen, we identify Myosin-XIX (Myo19) as a novel regulator of cell division. Previously, this actin-based motor was shown to control the interphase movement of mitochondria [4]. Our analysis shows that Myo19 is indeed localized to mitochondria and that its silencing leads to defects in the distribution of mitochondria within cells and in mitochondrial partitioning at division. Furthermore, many Myo19 RNAi cells undergo stochastic division failure—a phenotype that can be mimicked using a treatment that blocks mitochondrial fission and rescued by decreasing mitochondrial fusion, implying that mitochondria can physically interfere with cytokinesis. Strikingly, using live imaging we also observe the inappropriate movement of mitochondria to the poles of spindles in cells depleted for Myo19 as they enter anaphase. Since this phenocopies the results of an acute loss of actin filaments in anaphase, these data support a model whereby the Myo19 actin-based motor helps to control mitochondrial movement to ensure their faithful segregation during division. The presence of DNA within mitochondria makes their inheritance an especially important aspect of symmetrical cell division. RNAi screen identifies Myo19 as novel regulator of cell division Myo19 ensures fair mitochondrial inheritance at division Division requires coupled mitochondrial segregation and cytokinesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rohn
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Division of Medicine, University College London, Wolfson House, London NW1 2HE, UK.
| | - Jigna V Patel
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Beate Neumann
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Bulkescher
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nunu Mchedlishvili
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel C McMullan
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Omar A Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Li G, Flodby P, Luo J, Kage H, Sipos A, Gao D, Ji Y, Beard LL, Marconett CN, DeMaio L, Kim YH, Kim KJ, Laird-Offringa IA, Minoo P, Liebler JM, Zhou B, Crandall ED, Borok Z. Knockout mice reveal key roles for claudin 18 in alveolar barrier properties and fluid homeostasis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:210-22. [PMID: 24588076 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0353oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin proteins are major constituents of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions (TJs) that regulate paracellular permeability to ions and solutes. Claudin 18, a member of the large claudin family, is highly expressed in lung alveolar epithelium. To elucidate the role of claudin 18 in alveolar epithelial barrier function, we generated claudin 18 knockout (C18 KO) mice. C18 KO mice exhibited increased solute permeability and alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) compared with wild-type control mice. Increased AFC in C18 KO mice was associated with increased β-adrenergic receptor signaling together with activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, higher epithelial sodium channel, and Na-K-ATPase (Na pump) activity and increased Na-K-ATPase β1 subunit expression. Consistent with in vivo findings, C18 KO alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) monolayers exhibited lower transepithelial electrical resistance and increased solute and ion permeability with unchanged ion selectivity. Claudin 3 and claudin 4 expression was markedly increased in C18 KO mice, whereas claudin 5 expression was unchanged and occludin significantly decreased. Microarray analysis revealed changes in cytoskeleton-associated gene expression in C18 KO mice, consistent with observed F-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement in AEC monolayers. These findings demonstrate a crucial nonredundant role for claudin 18 in the regulation of alveolar epithelial TJ composition and permeability properties. Increased AFC in C18 KO mice identifies a role for claudin 18 in alveolar fluid homeostasis beyond its direct contributions to barrier properties that may, at least in part, compensate for increased permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Li
- 1 Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
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Zhirnov VV, Iakovenko IN. The osmotic resistance, and zeta potential responses of human erythrocytes to transmembrane modification of Ca2+ fluxes in the presence of the imposed low rate radiation field of 90Sr. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:117-26. [PMID: 25084838 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.950716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the imposed low dose rate ionizing field on membrane stability of human erythrocytes under modulation of transmembrane exchange of Ca(2+). MATERIALS AND METHODS Osmotic resistance of human erythrocytes was determined by a measure of haemoglobin released from erythrocytes when placed in a medium containing serial dilutions of Krebs isotonic buffer. The zeta potential as indicator of surface membrane potential was calculated from value of the cellular electrophoretic mobility. The irradiation of erythrocyte suspensions carried out by applying suitable aliquots of (90)Sr in incubation media. RESULTS Irradiation of human erythrocytes by (90)Sr (1.5-15.0 μGy·h(-1)) induced a reversible increase of hyposmotic hemolysis and negative charge value on the outer membrane surface as well as changed responses these parameters to modification of Ca(2+) fluxes with calcimycin and nitrendipine. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that the low dose rate radionuclides ((90)Sr) field modifies both Ca(2+)-mediated, and Ca(2+)-independent cellular signalling regulating mechanical stability of erythrocyte membrane. A direction of that modification presumably depends on the initial structure of membranes, and it is determined by the quality and quantitative parameters of changes in membrane structure caused by concrete operable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Zhirnov
- Department of Cell Signal Systems, Institute of Bioorganic and Petroleum Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
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AlphaII-spectrin participates in the surface expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 and neurite outgrowth. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:365-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Krieg M, Dunn AR, Goodman MB. Mechanical control of the sense of touch by β-spectrin. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:224-33. [PMID: 24561618 PMCID: PMC4046587 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli emanates from sensory neurons and is shared by most, if not all, animals. Exactly how such neurons receive and distribute mechanical signals during touch sensation remains mysterious. Here, we show that sensation of mechanical forces depends on a continuous, pre-stressed spectrin cytoskeleton inside neurons. Mutations in the tetramerization domain of Caenorhabditis elegans β-spectrin (UNC-70), an actin-membrane crosslinker, cause defects in sensory neuron morphology under compressive stress in moving animals. Through atomic force spectroscopy experiments on isolated neurons, in vivo laser axotomy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging to measure force across single cells and molecules, we show that spectrin is held under constitutive tension in living animals, which contributes to elevated pre-stress in touch receptor neurons. Genetic manipulations that decrease such spectrin-dependent tension also selectively impair touch sensation, suggesting that such pre-tension is essential for efficient responses to external mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Miriam B. Goodman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, USA
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Guo J, Sachs F, Meng F. Fluorescence-based force/tension sensors: a novel tool to visualize mechanical forces in structural proteins in live cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:986-99. [PMID: 24205787 PMCID: PMC3924807 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Three signaling systems, chemical, electrical, and mechanical, ubiquitously contribute to cellular activities. There is limited information on the mechanical signaling system because of a lack of tools to measure stress in specific proteins. Although significant advances in methodologies such as atomic force microscopy and laser tweezers have achieved great success in single molecules and measuring the mean properties of cells and tissues, they cannot deal with specific proteins in live cells. RECENT ADVANCES To remedy the situation, we developed a family of genetically encoded optical force sensors to measure the stress in structural proteins in living cells. The sensors can be incorporated into specific proteins and are not harmful in transgenic animals. The chimeric proteins distribute and function as their wild-type counterparts, and local stress can be read out from changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). CRITICAL ISSUES Our original sensor used two mutant green fluorescence proteins linked by an alpha helix that served as a linking spring. Ever since, we have improved the probe design in a number of ways. For example, we replaced the helical linker with more common elastic protein domains to better match the compliance of the wild-type hosts. We greatly improved sensitivity by using the angular dependence of FRET rather than the distance dependence as the transduction mechanism, because that has nearly 100% efficiency at rest and nearly zero when stretched. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These probes enable researchers to investigate the roles of mechanical force in cellular activities at the level of single molecules, cells, tissues, and whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Baines AJ, Lu HC, Bennett PM. The Protein 4.1 family: hub proteins in animals for organizing membrane proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:605-19. [PMID: 23747363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the 4.1 family are characteristic of eumetazoan organisms. Invertebrates contain single 4.1 genes and the Drosophila model suggests that 4.1 is essential for animal life. Vertebrates have four paralogues, known as 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G and 4.1B, which are additionally duplicated in the ray-finned fish. Protein 4.1R was the first to be discovered: it is a major mammalian erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein, essential to the mechanochemical properties of red cell membranes because it promotes the interaction between spectrin and actin in the membrane cytoskeleton. 4.1R also binds certain phospholipids and is required for the stable cell surface accumulation of a number of erythrocyte transmembrane proteins that span multiple functional classes; these include cell adhesion molecules, transporters and a chemokine receptor. The vertebrate 4.1 proteins are expressed in most tissues, and they are required for the correct cell surface accumulation of a very wide variety of membrane proteins including G-Protein coupled receptors, voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, as well as the classes identified in erythrocytes. Indeed, such large numbers of protein interactions have been mapped for mammalian 4.1 proteins, most especially 4.1R, that it appears that they can act as hubs for membrane protein organization. The range of critical interactions of 4.1 proteins is reflected in disease relationships that include hereditary anaemias, tumour suppression, control of heartbeat and nervous system function. The 4.1 proteins are defined by their domain structure: apart from the spectrin/actin-binding domain they have FERM and FERM-adjacent domains and a unique C-terminal domain. Both the FERM and C-terminal domains can bind transmembrane proteins, thus they have the potential to be cross-linkers for membrane proteins. The activity of the FERM domain is subject to multiple modes of regulation via binding of regulatory ligands, phosphorylation of the FERM associated domain and differential mRNA splicing. Finally, the spectrum of interactions of the 4.1 proteins overlaps with that of another membrane-cytoskeleton linker, ankyrin. Both ankyrin and 4.1 link to the actin cytoskeleton via spectrin, and we hypothesize that differential regulation of 4.1 proteins and ankyrins allows highly selective control of cell surface protein accumulation and, hence, function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chun Lu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Pauline M Bennett
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK.
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Hill SA, Kwa LG, Shammas SL, Lee JC, Clarke J. Mechanism of Assembly of the Non-Covalent Spectrin Tetramerization Domain from Intrinsically Disordered Partners. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:21-35. [PMID: 24055379 PMCID: PMC9082959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interdomain interactions of spectrin are critical for maintenance of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. In particular, “head-to-head” dimerization occurs when the intrinsically disordered C-terminal tail of β-spectrin binds the N-terminal tail of α-spectrin, folding to form the “spectrin tetramer domain”. This non-covalent three-helix bundle domain is homologous in structure and sequence to previously studied spectrin domains. We find that this tetramer domain is surprisingly kinetically stable. Using a protein engineering Φ-value analysis to probe the mechanism of formation of this tetramer domain, we infer that the domain folds by the docking of the intrinsically disordered β-spectrin tail onto the more structured α-spectrin tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hill
- University of Cambridge Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee Gyan Kwa
- University of Cambridge Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah L Shammas
- University of Cambridge Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jane Clarke
- University of Cambridge Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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Bester J, Buys AV, Lipinski B, Kell DB, Pretorius E. High ferritin levels have major effects on the morphology of erythrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:88. [PMID: 24367334 PMCID: PMC3853801 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Unliganded iron both contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also changes the morphology of erythrocytes (RBCs). We tested the hypothesis that these two facts might be linked, i.e., that the RBCs of AD individuals have a variant morphology, that might have diagnostic or prognostic value. Methods: We included a literature survey of AD and its relationships to the vascular system, followed by a laboratory study. Four different microscopy techniques were used and results statistically compared to analyze trends between high and normal serum ferritin (SF) AD individuals. Results: Light and scanning electron microscopies showed little difference between the morphologies of RBCs taken from healthy individuals and from normal SF AD individuals. By contrast, there were substantial changes in the morphology of RBCs taken from high SF AD individuals. These differences were also observed using confocal microscopy and as a significantly greater membrane stiffness (measured using force-distance curves). Conclusion: We argue that high ferritin levels may contribute to an accelerated pathology in AD. Our findings reinforce the importance of (unliganded) iron in AD, and suggest the possibility both of an early diagnosis and some means of treating or slowing down the progress of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Buys
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
| | | | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Arcadia, South Africa
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Papal S, Cortese M, Legendre K, Sorusch N, Dragavon J, Sahly I, Shorte S, Wolfrum U, Petit C, El-Amraoui A. The giant spectrin βV couples the molecular motors to phototransduction and Usher syndrome type I proteins along their trafficking route. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3773-88. [PMID: 23704327 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the myosin VIIa gene cause Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B), characterized by deaf-blindness. A delay of opsin trafficking has been observed in the retinal photoreceptor cells of myosin VIIa-deficient mice. We identified spectrin βV, the mammalian β-heavy spectrin, as a myosin VIIa- and rhodopsin-interacting partner in photoreceptor cells. Spectrin βV displays a polarized distribution from the Golgi apparatus to the base of the outer segment, which, unlike that of other β spectrins, matches the trafficking route of opsin and other phototransduction proteins. Formation of spectrin βV-rhodopsin complex could be detected in the differentiating photoreceptors as soon as their outer segment emerges. A failure of the spectrin βV-mediated coupling between myosin VIIa and opsin molecules thus probably accounts for the opsin transport delay in myosin VIIa-deficient mice. We showed that spectrin βV also associates with two USH1 proteins, sans (USH1G) and harmonin (USH1C). Spectrins are supposed to function as heteromers of α and β subunits, but fluorescence resonance energy transfer and in vitro binding experiments indicated that spectrin βV can also form homodimers, which likely supports its αII-independent βV functions. Finally, consistent with its distribution along the connecting cilia axonemes, spectrin βV binds to several subunits of the microtubule-based motor proteins, kinesin II and the dynein complex. We therefore suggest that spectrin βV homomers couple some USH1 proteins, opsin and other phototransduction proteins to both actin- and microtubule-based motors, thereby contributing to their transport towards the photoreceptor outer disks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Papal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de génétique et physiologie de l'audition, Paris, France
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Machnicka B, Czogalla A, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Bogusławska DM, Grochowalska R, Heger E, Sikorski AF. Spectrins: a structural platform for stabilization and activation of membrane channels, receptors and transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:620-34. [PMID: 23673272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on structure and functions of spectrin as a major component of the membrane skeleton. Recent advances on spectrin function as an interface for signal transduction mediation and a number of data concerning interaction of spectrin with membrane channels, adhesion molecules, receptors and transporters draw a picture of multifaceted protein. Here, we attempted to show the current depiction of multitask role of spectrin in cell physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Elżbieta Heger
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
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Actin cytoskeleton manipulation by effector proteins secreted by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:374395. [PMID: 23509714 PMCID: PMC3591105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure necessary for cell and tissue organization, including the maintenance of epithelial barriers. Disruption of the epithelial barrier coincides with alterations of the actin cytoskeleton in several disease states. These disruptions primarily affect the paracellular space, which is normally regulated by tight junctions. Thereby, the actin cytoskeleton is a common and recurring target of bacterial virulence factors. In order to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton, bacteria secrete and inject toxins and effectors to hijack the host cell machinery, which interferes with host-cell pathways and with a number of actin binding proteins. An interesting model to study actin manipulation by bacterial effectors is Escherichia coli since due to its genome plasticity it has acquired diverse genetic mobile elements, which allow having different E. coli varieties in one bacterial species. These E. coli pathotypes, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, interact with epithelial cells, and their interactions depend on a specific combination of virulence factors. In this paper we focus on E. coli effectors that mimic host cell proteins to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton. The study of bacterial effector-cytoskeleton interaction will contribute not only to the comprehension of the molecular causes of infectious diseases but also to increase our knowledge of cell biology.
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49
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Meng F, Sachs F. Orientation-based FRET sensor for real-time imaging of cellular forces. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:743-50. [PMID: 22389408 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress is an unmapped source of free energy in cells. Mapping the stress fields in a heterogeneous time-dependent environment like that found in cells requires probes that are specific for different proteins and respond to biologically relevant forces with minimal disturbance to the host system. To meet these goals, we have designed a genetically encoded stress sensor with minimal volume and high sensitivity and dynamic range. The new FRET-based sensor, called cpstFRET, is designed to be modulated by the angles between the donor and acceptor rather than the distance between them. Relative to other probes, it is physically smaller and exhibits a greater dynamic range and sensitivity and expresses well. For in vivo testing, we measured stress gradients in time and space in non-erythroid spectrin in several different cell types and found that spectrin is under constitutive stress in some cells but not in others. Stresses appear to be generated by both F-actin and tubulin. The probe revealed, for the first time, that spectrin undergoes time-dependent force modulation during cell migration. cpstFRET can be employed in vitro, in vivo and in situ, and when incorporated into biologically expressed extracellular polymers such as collagen, it can report multidimensional stress fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjie Meng
- Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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50
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Sukati S, Svasti S, Stifanese R, Averna M, Panutdaporn N, Penglong T, Melloni E, Fucharoen S, Katzenmeier G. Clinical severity of β-thalassaemia/Hb E disease is associated with differential activities of the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37133. [PMID: 22615919 PMCID: PMC3353910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier observations in the literature suggest that proteolytic degradation of excess unmatched α-globin chains reduces their accumulation and precipitation in β-thalassaemia erythroid precursor cells and have linked this proteolytic degradation to the activity of calpain protease. The aim of this study was to correlate the activity of calpain and its inhibitor, calpastatin, with different degrees of disease severity in β-thalassaemia. CD34(+) cells were enriched from peripheral blood of healthy individuals (control group) and patients with mild and severe clinical presentations of β(0)-thalassaemia/Hb E disease. By ex vivo cultivation promoting erythroid cell differentiation for 7 days, proerythroblasts, were employed for the functional characterization of the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system. In comparison to the control group, enzymatic activity and protein amounts of μ-calpain were found to be more than 3-fold increased in proerythroblasts from patients with mild clinical symptoms, whereas no significant difference was observed in patients with severe clinical symptoms. Furthermore, a 1.6-fold decrease of calpastatin activity and 3.2-fold accumulation of a 34 kDa calpain-mediated degradation product of calpastatin were observed in patients with mild clinical symptoms. The increased activity of calpain may be involved in the removal of excess α-globin chains contributing to a lower degree of disease severity in patients with mild clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Sukati
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roberto Stifanese
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Experimental Medicine (DI.ME.S.), and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (C.E.B.R), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Averna
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Experimental Medicine (DI.ME.S.), and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (C.E.B.R), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nantika Panutdaporn
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Penglong
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Edon Melloni
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Experimental Medicine (DI.ME.S.), and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (C.E.B.R), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Gerd Katzenmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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