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Diaz N, Perez C, Escribano AM, Sanz G, Priego J, Lafuente C, Barberis M, Calle L, Espinosa JF, Priest BT, Zhang HY, Nosie AK, Haas JV, Cannady E, Borel A, Schultze AE, Sauder JM, Hendle J, Weichert K, Nicholls SJ, Michael LF. Discovery of potent small-molecule inhibitors of lipoprotein(a) formation. Nature 2024; 629:945-950. [PMID: 38720069 PMCID: PMC11111404 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), an independent, causal cardiovascular risk factor, is a lipoprotein particle that is formed by the interaction of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle and apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a))1,2. Apo(a) first binds to lysine residues of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) on LDL through the Kringle IV (KIV) 7 and 8 domains, before a disulfide bond forms between apo(a) and apoB-100 to create Lp(a) (refs. 3-7). Here we show that the first step of Lp(a) formation can be inhibited through small-molecule interactions with apo(a) KIV7-8. We identify compounds that bind to apo(a) KIV7-8, and, through chemical optimization and further application of multivalency, we create compounds with subnanomolar potency that inhibit the formation of Lp(a). Oral doses of prototype compounds and a potent, multivalent disruptor, LY3473329 (muvalaplin), reduced the levels of Lp(a) in transgenic mice and in cynomolgus monkeys. Although multivalent molecules bind to the Kringle domains of rat plasminogen and reduce plasmin activity, species-selective differences in plasminogen sequences suggest that inhibitor molecules will reduce the levels of Lp(a), but not those of plasminogen, in humans. These data support the clinical development of LY3473329-which is already in phase 2 studies-as a potent and specific orally administered agent for reducing the levels of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Diaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Alcobendas, Spain
| | | | | | - Gema Sanz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Alcobendas, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Luis Calle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Alcobendas, Spain
| | | | | | - Hong Y Zhang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jörg Hendle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Xu F, Huang X, Wu H, Wang X. Screening compounds for treating the diabetes and COVID-19 from Miao medicine by molecular docking and bioinformatics. ARAB J CHEM 2023; 16:105001. [PMID: 37228247 PMCID: PMC10191702 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are seriously harmful to human health, and they are closely related. It is of great significance to find drugs that can simultaneously treat diabetes and COVID-19. Based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine for treating COVID-19, this study first sorted out the compounds of Guizhou Miao medicine with "return to the lung channel" and "clear heat and detoxify" effects in China. The active components against COVID-19 were screened by molecular docking with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and angiotensin-converting enzyme II as targets. Furthermore, the common target dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) of diabetes and COVID-19 was used as a screening protein, and molecular docking was used to obtain potential components for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19. Finally, the mechanism of potential ingredients in the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19 was explored with bioinformatics. More than 80 kinds of Miao medicine were obtained, and 584 compounds were obtained. Further, 110 compounds against COVID-19 were screened, and top 6 potential ingredients for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19 were screened, including 3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, Glycyrrhizic acid, Sequoiaflavone, 2-O-Caffeoyl maslinic acid, Pholidotin, and Ambewelamide A. Bioinformatics analysis found that their mechanism of action in treating diabetes and COVID-19 may be related to regulating the expression of DPP4, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, vitamin D receptor, plasminogen, chemokine C-C-motif receptor 6, and interleukin 2. We believe that Guizhou Miao medicine is rich in potential ingredients for the treatment of diabetes and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Xulong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Xiangpei Wang
- School of Chinese Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, PR China
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3
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Shahvali S, Rahiman N, Jaafari MR, Arabi L. Targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP): advances in CAR-T cell, antibody, and vaccine in cancer immunotherapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2041-2056. [PMID: 36840906 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease with dual enzymatic activities overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in several tumor types, while its expression in healthy adult tissues is scarce. FAP overexpression on CAFs is associated with poor prognosis and plays an important role in tumor development, progression, and invasion. Therefore, FAP is considered a robust therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Here, we try to review and highlight the recent advances in immunotherapies for FAP targeting including the anti-FAP antibodies and immunoconjugates, FAP chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell, and various FAP vaccines in a preclinical and clinical setting. Subsequently, a discussion on the challenges and prospects associated with the development and translation of effective and safe therapies for targeting and depletion of FAP is provided. We proposed that new CAR-T cell engineering strategies and nanotechnology-based systems as well as advanced functional biomaterials can be used to improve the efficiency and safety of CAR-T cells and vaccines against FAP for more personalized immunotherapy. This review emphasizes the immune targeting of FAP as an emerging stromal candidate and one of the crucial elements in immunotherapy and shows the potential for improvement of current cancer therapy. A summary of different immunotherapy approaches to target fibroblast activation protein (FAP) for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Shahvali
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wiedemeyer SJA, Wu G, Pham TLP, Lang-Henkel H, Perez Urzua B, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Steinmetzer T. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Macrocyclic Plasmin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200632. [PMID: 36710259 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two series of macrocyclic plasmin inhibitors with a C-terminal benzylamine group were synthesized. The substitution of the N-terminal phenylsulfonyl group of a previously described inhibitor provided two analogues with sub-nanomolar inhibition constants. Both compounds possess a high selectivity against all other tested trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, a new approach was used to selectively introduce asymmetric linker segments. Two of these compounds inhibit plasmin with Ki values close to 2 nM. For the first time, four crystal structures of these macrocyclic inhibitors could be determined in complex with a Ser195Ala microplasmin mutant. The macrocyclic core segment of the inhibitors binds to the open active site of plasmin without any steric hindrance. This binding mode is incompatible with other trypsin-like serine proteases containing a sterically demanding 99-hairpin loop. The crystal structures obtained experimentally explain the excellent selectivity of this inhibitor type as previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guojie Wu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - T L Phuong Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heike Lang-Henkel
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Perez Urzua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Rivera RG, Regidor PJS, Ruamero Jr EC, Allanigue EJV, Salinas MV. A network pharmacology and molecular docking approach in the exploratory investigation of the biological mechanisms of lagundi (Vitex negundo L.) compounds against COVID-19. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e4. [PMID: 37037462 PMCID: PMC10085743 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an inflammatory and infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus with a complex pathophysiology. While COVID-19 vaccines and boosters are available, treatment of the disease is primarily supportive and symptomatic. Several research have suggested the potential of herbal medicines as an adjunctive treatment for the disease. A popular herbal medicine approved in the Philippines for the treatment of acute respiratory disease is Vitex negundo L. In fact, the Department of Science and Technology of the Philippines has funded a clinical trial to establish its potential as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19. Here, we utilized network pharmacology and molecular docking in determining pivotal targets of Vitex negundo compounds against COVID-19. The results showed that significant targets of Vitex negundo compounds in COVID-19 are CSB, SERPINE1, and PLG which code for cathepsin B, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and plasminogen, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that α-terpinyl acetate and geranyl acetate have good binding affinity in cathepsin B; 6,7,4-trimethoxyflavanone, 5,6,7,8,3',4',5'-heptamethoxyflavone, artemetin, demethylnobiletin, gardenin A, geranyl acetate in plasminogen; and 7,8,4-trimethoxyflavanone in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. While the results are promising, these are bound to the limitations of computational methods and further experimentation are needed to completely establish the molecular mechanisms of Vitex negundo against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertson G. Rivera
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patrick Junard S. Regidor
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Edwin C. Ruamero Jr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eric John V. Allanigue
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Melanie V. Salinas
- Safety and Medical Affairs Department, Clinchoice Inc., Fort Washington, PA 19034, USA
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6
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Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Czepas J. Plant-Derived Compounds and Extracts as Modulators of Plasmin Activity-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041677. [PMID: 36838662 PMCID: PMC9965408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionality of the fibrinolytic system is based on activity of its central enzyme, plasmin, responsible for the removal of fibrin clots. Besides the hemostasis, fibrinolytic proteins are also involved in many other physiological and pathological processes, including immune response, extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration, and tissue remodeling. Both the impaired and enhanced activity of fibrinolytic proteins may result in serious physiological consequences: prothrombotic state or excessive bleeding, respectively. However, current medicine offers very few options for treating fibrinolytic disorders, particularly in the case of plasmin inhibition. Although numerous attempts have been undertaken to identify natural or to develop engineered fibrinolytic system modulators, structural similarities within serine proteases of the hemostatic system and pleiotropic activity of fibrinolytic proteins constitute a serious problem in discovering anti- or profibrinolytic agents that could precisely affect the target molecules and reduce the risk of side effects. Therefore, this review aims to present a current knowledge of various classes of natural inhibitors and stimulators of the fibrinolytic system being well-defined low-molecular plant secondary metabolites or constituents of plant extracts as well as plant peptides. This work also discusses obstacles caused by low specificity of most of natural compounds and, hence, outlines recent trends in studies aimed at finding more efficient modulators of plasmin activity, including investigation of modifications of natural pharmacophore templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Czepas
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Risman RA, Kirby NC, Bannish BE, Hudson NE, Tutwiler V. Fibrinolysis: an illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100081. [PMID: 36942151 PMCID: PMC10024051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to vessel injury (or other pathological conditions), the hemostatic process is activated, resulting in a fibrous, cellular-rich structure commonly referred to as a blood clot. Succeeding the clot's function in wound healing, it must be resolved. This illustrated review focuses on fibrinolysis-the degradation of blood clots or thrombi. Fibrin is the main mechanical and structural component of a blood clot, which encases the cellular components of the clot, including platelets and red blood cells. Fibrinolysis is the proteolytic degradation of the fibrin network that results in the release of the cellular components into the bloodstream. In the case of thrombosis, fibrinolysis is required for restoration of blood flow, which is accomplished clinically through exogenously delivered lytic factors in a process called external lysis. Fibrinolysis is regulated by plasminogen activators (tissue-type and urokinase-type) that convert plasminogen into plasmin to initiate fiber lysis and lytic inhibitors that impede this lysis (plasminogen activator inhibitors, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor). Furthermore, the network structure has been shown to regulate lysis: thinner fibers and coarser clots lyse faster than thicker fibers and finer clots. Clot contraction, a result of platelets pulling on fibers, results in densely packed red blood cells (polyhedrocytes), reduced permeability to fibrinolytic factors, and increased fiber tension. Extensive research in the field has allowed for critical advancements leading to improved thrombolytic agents. In this review, we summarize the state of the field, highlight gaps in knowledge, and propose future research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas C Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Nathan E Hudson
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Nallan Chakravarthula T, Zeng Z, Alves NJ. Multivalent Benzamidine Molecules for Plasmin Inhibition: Effect of Valency and Linker Length. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200364. [PMID: 36111842 PMCID: PMC9828467 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging interest in utilizing synthetic multivalent inhibitors that comprise of multiple inhibitor moieties linked on a common scaffold to achieve strong and selective enzyme inhibition. As multivalent inhibition is impacted by valency and linker length, in this study, we explore the effect of multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valency and linker length on plasmin inhibition. Plasmin is an endogenous enzyme responsible for digesting fibrin present in blood clots. Monovalent plasmin(ogen) inhibitors are utilized clinically to treat hyperfibrinolysis-associated bleeding events. Benzamidine is a reversible inhibitor that binds to plasmin's active site. Herein, multivalent benzamidine inhibitors of varying valencies (mono-, bi- and tri-valent) and linker lengths (∼1-12 nm) were synthesized to systematically study their effect on plasmin inhibition. Inhibition assays were performed using a plasmin substrate (S-2251) to determine inhibition constants (Ki). Pentamidine (shortest bivalent) and Tri-AMB (shortest trivalent) were the strongest inhibitors with Ki values of 2.1±0.8 and 3.9±1.7 μM, respectively. Overall, increasing valency and decreasing linker length, increases effective local concentration of the inhibitor and therefore, resulted in stronger inhibition of plasmin via statistical rebinding. This study aids in the design of multivalent inhibitors that can achieve desired enzyme inhibition by means of modulating valency and linker length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Nathan J. Alves
- Department of Emergency MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA,Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
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9
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Antifibrinolytics in Cardiac Surgery: What Is the Best Practice in 2022? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-022-00538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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The effect of hypochlorite- and peroxide-induced oxidation of plasminogen on damage to the structure and biological activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Engineered Molecular Therapeutics Targeting Fibrin and the Coagulation System: a Biophysical Perspective. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:427-461. [PMID: 35399372 PMCID: PMC8984085 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade represents a sophisticated and highly choreographed series of molecular events taking place in the blood with important clinical implications. One key player in coagulation is fibrinogen, a highly abundant soluble blood protein that is processed by thrombin proteases at wound sites, triggering self-assembly of an insoluble protein hydrogel known as a fibrin clot. By forming the key protein component of blood clots, fibrin acts as a structural biomaterial with biophysical properties well suited to its role inhibiting fluid flow and maintaining hemostasis. Based on its clinical importance, fibrin is being investigated as a potentially valuable molecular target in the development of coagulation therapies. In this topical review, we summarize our current understanding of the coagulation cascade from a molecular, structural and biophysical perspective. We highlight single-molecule studies on proteins involved in blood coagulation and report on the current state of the art in directed evolution and molecular engineering of fibrin-targeted proteins and polymers for modulating coagulation. This biophysical overview will help acclimatize newcomers to the field and catalyze interdisciplinary work in biomolecular engineering toward the development of new therapies targeting fibrin and the coagulation system.
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12
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The C-Terminal Domain of Staphylococcus aureus Zinc Transport Protein AdcA Binds Plasminogen and Factor H In Vitro. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020240. [PMID: 35215183 PMCID: PMC8878332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial acquisition of metals from a host is an essential attribute to facilitate survival and colonization within an infected organism. Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen of medical importance, has evolved its strategies to acquire multiple metals, including iron, manganese, and zinc. Other important strategies for the colonization and infection of the host have been reported for staphylococci and include the expression of adhesins on the bacterial surface, as well as the acquisition of host plasminogen and complement regulatory proteins. Here we assess the ability of the zinc transport protein AdcA from Staphylococcus aureus, first characterized elsewhere as a zinc-binding protein of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, to bind to host molecules. Like other staphylococcus ion-scavenging proteins, such as MntC, a manganese-binding protein, AdcA interacts with human plasminogen. Once activated, plasmin bound to AdcA cleaves fibrinogen and vitronectin. In addition, AdcA interacts with the human negative complement regulator factor H (FH). Plasminogen and FH have been shown to bind to distinct sites on the AdcA C-terminal portion. In conclusion, our in vitro data pave the way for future studies addressing the relevance of AdcA interactions with host molecules in vivo.
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13
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Walvekar VA, Ramesh K, Jobichen C, Kannan M, Sivaraman J, Kini RM, Mok YK. Crystal structure of Aedes aegypti trypsin inhibitor in complex with μ-plasmin reveals role for scaffold stability in Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor. Protein Sci 2022; 31:470-484. [PMID: 34800067 PMCID: PMC8820117 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Kazal-type protease inhibitor specificity is believed to be determined by sequence of the reactive-site loop that make most, if not all, contacts with the serine protease. Here, we determined the complex crystal structure of Aedes aegypti trypsin inhibitor (AaTI) with μ-plasmin, and compared its reactivities with other Kazal-type inhibitors, infestin-1 and infestin-4. We show that the shortened 99-loop of plasmin creates an S2 pocket, which is filled by phenylalanine at the P2 position of the reactive-site loop of infestin-4. In contrast, AaTI and infestin-1 retain a proline at P2, rendering the S2 pocket unfilled, which leads to lower plasmin inhibitions. Furthermore, the protein scaffold of AaTI is unstable, due to an elongated Cys-V to Cys-VI region leading to a less compact hydrophobic core. Chimeric study shows that the stability of the scaffold can be modified by swapping of this Cys-V to Cys-VI region between AaTI and infestin-4. The scaffold instability causes steric clashing of the bulky P2 residue, leading to significantly reduced inhibition of plasmin by AaTI or infestin-4 chimera. Our findings suggest that surface loops of protease and scaffold stability of Kazal-type inhibitor are both necessary for specific protease inhibition, in addition to reactive site loop sequence. PDB ID code: 7E50.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore,Present address:
Department of Biophysics and BiochemistryUT Southwestern Medical CentreDallasTXUSA
| | - Chacko Jobichen
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Muthu Kannan
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - J. Sivaraman
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore,Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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14
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Song P, Pan Q, Sun Z, Zou L, Yang L. Fibroblast activation protein alpha: Comprehensive detection methods for drug target and tumor marker. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109830. [PMID: 35104486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-α, EC3.4.2. B28), a type II transmembrane proteolytic enzyme for the serine protease peptidase family. It is underexpressed in normal tissues but increased significantly in disease states, especially in neoplasm, which is a potential biomarker to turmor diagnosis. The inhibition of FAP-α activity will retard tumor formation, which is expected to be a promising tumor therapeutic target. At present, although the FAP-α expression detection methods has diversification, a superlative detection means is necessary for the clinical diagnosis. This review covers the discovery and the latest advances in FAP-α, as well as the future research prospects. The tissue distribution, structural characteristics, small-molecule ligands and structure-activity relationship of major inhibitors of FAP-α were summarized in this review. Furthermore, a variety of detection methods including traditional detection methods and emerging probes detection were classified and compared, and the design strategy and kinetic parameters of these FAP-α probe substrates were summarized. In addition, these comprehensive information provides a series of practical and reliable assays for the optimal design principles of FAP-α probes, promoting the application of FAP-α as a disease marker in diagnosis, and a drug target in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quisha Pan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Liwei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Andone S, Bajko Z, Motataianu A, Mosora O, Balasa R. The Role of Biomarkers in Atherothrombotic Stroke-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169032. [PMID: 34445740 PMCID: PMC8396595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents the primary debilitating disease in adults and is the second-highest cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the most prevalent etiology for vascular conditions, is a continuous process that gradually creates and develops endothelial lesions known as atherosclerotic plaques. These lesions lead to the appearance of atherothrombotic stroke. In the last decades, the role of biological biomarkers has emerged as either diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. This article aims to create a list of potential biomarkers related to atherothrombotic stroke by reviewing the currently available literature. We identified 23 biomarkers and assessed their roles as risk factors, detection markers, prognostic predictors, and therapeutic targets. The central aspect of these biomarkers is related to risk stratification, especially for patients who have not yet suffered a stroke. Other valuable data are focused on the predictive capabilities for stroke patients regarding short-term and long-term prognosis, including their influence over the acute phase treatment, such as rt-PA thrombolysis. Although the role of biomarkers is anticipated to be of extreme value in the future, they cannot yet compete with traditional stroke neuroimaging markers but could be used as additional tools for etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Andone
- Doctoral School, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.A.); (R.B.)
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Zoltan Bajko
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Anca Motataianu
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Oana Mosora
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
| | - Rodica Balasa
- Doctoral School, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.A.); (R.B.)
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (O.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
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16
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Messner CB, Demichev V, Bloomfield N, Yu JSL, White M, Kreidl M, Egger AS, Freiwald A, Ivosev G, Wasim F, Zelezniak A, Jürgens L, Suttorp N, Sander LE, Kurth F, Lilley KS, Mülleder M, Tate S, Ralser M. Ultra-fast proteomics with Scanning SWATH. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:846-854. [PMID: 33767396 PMCID: PMC7611254 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of the proteome remains challenging for large sample series and longitudinal experiments. We report a data-independent acquisition method, Scanning SWATH, that accelerates mass spectrometric (MS) duty cycles, yielding quantitative proteomes in combination with short gradients and high-flow (800 µl min-1) chromatography. Exploiting a continuous movement of the precursor isolation window to assign precursor masses to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragment traces, Scanning SWATH increases precursor identifications by ~70% compared to conventional data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods on 0.5-5-min chromatographic gradients. We demonstrate the application of ultra-fast proteomics in drug mode-of-action screening and plasma proteomics. Scanning SWATH proteomes capture the mode of action of fungistatic azoles and statins. Moreover, we confirm 43 and identify 11 new plasma proteome biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, advancing patient classification and biomarker discovery. Thus, our results demonstrate a substantial acceleration and increased depth in fast proteomic experiments that facilitate proteomic drug screens and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph B Messner
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vadim Demichev
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jason S L Yu
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Matthew White
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Marco Kreidl
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna-Sophia Egger
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Jürgens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Mülleder
- Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus Ralser
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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State of the structure address on MET receptor activation by HGF. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:645-661. [PMID: 33860789 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its cognate ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) comprise a signaling axis essential for development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HGF/MET signaling is a driver of many cancers and contributes to drug resistance to several approved therapeutics targeting other RTKs, making MET itself an important drug target. In RTKs, homeostatic receptor signaling is dependent on autoinhibition in the absence of ligand binding and orchestrated set of conformational changes induced by ligand-mediated receptor dimerization that result in activation of the intracellular kinase domains. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms in the MET receptor remains incomplete, despite decades of research. This is due in part to the complex structure of the HGF ligand, which remains unknown in its full-length form, and a lack of high-resolution structures of the complete MET extracellular portion in an apo or ligand-bound state. A current view of HGF-dependent MET activation has evolved from biochemical and structural studies of HGF and MET fragments and here we review what these findings have thus far revealed.
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18
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Bootpetch TC, Hafrén L, Elling CL, Baschal EE, Manichaikul AW, Pine HS, Szeremeta W, Scholes MA, Cass SP, Larson ED, Chan KH, Ishaq R, Prager JD, Shaikh RS, Gubbels SP, Yousaf A, Wine TM, Bamshad MJ, Yoon PJ, Jenkins HA, Nickerson DA, Streubel SO, Friedman NR, Frank DN, Einarsdottir E, Kere J, Riazuddin S, Daly KA, Leal SM, Ryan AF, Mattila PS, Ahmed ZM, Sale MM, Chonmaitree T, Santos-Cortez RLP. Multi-omic studies on missense PLG variants in families with otitis media. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15035. [PMID: 32929111 PMCID: PMC7490366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM), a very common disease in young children, can result in hearing loss. In order to potentially replicate previously reported associations between OM and PLG, exome and Sanger sequencing, RNA-sequencing of saliva and middle ear samples, 16S rRNA sequencing, molecular modeling, and statistical analyses including transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) were performed in a multi-ethnic cohort of 718 families and simplex cases with OM. We identified four rare PLG variants c.112A > G (p.Lys38Glu), c.782G > A (p.Arg261His), c.1481C > T (p.Ala494Val) and c.2045 T > A (p.Ile682Asn), and one common variant c.1414G > A (p.Asp472Asn). However TDT analyses for these PLG variants did not demonstrate association with OM in 314 families. Additionally PLG expression is very low or absent in normal or diseased middle ear in mouse and human, and salivary expression and microbial α-diversity were non-significant in c.1414G > A (p.Asp472Asn) carriers. Based on molecular modeling, the novel rare variants particularly c.782G > A (p.Arg261His) and c.2045 T > A (p.Ile682Asn) were predicted to affect protein structure. Exploration of other potential disease mechanisms will help elucidate how PLG contributes to OM susceptibility in humans. Our results underline the importance of following up findings from genome-wide association through replication studies, preferably using multi-omic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori C Bootpetch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lena Hafrén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina L Elling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin E Baschal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Harold S Pine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wasyl Szeremeta
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen P Cass
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenny H Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rafaqat Ishaq
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy D Prager
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel P Gubbels
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ayesha Yousaf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Todd M Wine
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patricia J Yoon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Herman A Jenkins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Sven-Olrik Streubel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Norman R Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen A Daly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Department of Neurology, Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Petri S Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Center for Children's Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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19
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Strauss ER, Dahmane E, Judd M, Guo D, Williams B, Meyer M, Gammie JS, Taylor B, Mazzeffi MA, Gobburu JVS, Tanaka KA. A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigation of an ε-Aminocaproic Acid Regimen Designed for Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35:406-417. [PMID: 32811752 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) regimen designed for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN Prospective observational study requiring blood sampling to measure EACA concentrations and fibrinolysis markers (fibrinogen, D-dimer, α2-antiplasmin, and tissue plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor [tPA-PAI-1] complex). SETTING Single-center, tertiary medical center. PARTICIPANTS Patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB between 2018 and 2019 for aortic or mitral valve replacement/repair or coronary artery bypass grafting. Previous sternotomy patients were included. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of EACA, during CPB, were described by a 3-compartment disposition model. EACA concentrations were greater than 130 mg/L in all patients after CPB and in most patients during CPB. The D-dimer level trended up and reached a peak median level of 1.35 mg/L of fibrinogen equivalence units (FEU) at 15 minutes after protamine administration. The median change in D-dimer (ΔD-dimer) from baseline to 15 minutes after protamine was 0.34 (-0.48 to 3.81) mg/L FEU. ΔD-dimer did not correlate with EACA concentration intraoperatively, urine output, body weight, glomerular filtration rate, cell salvage volume, and ultrafiltration volume. The median 24-hour chest tube output was 445 (180-1,011) mL. CONCLUSION This regimen provided maximum EACA concentrations near the time of protamine administration, with a total perioperative dose of 15 g. Most patients had EACA concentrations greater than the target during CPB. ΔD-dimer did not correlate with EACA concentration. The median 24-hour chest tube output compared well to similar studies that used higher doses of EACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Strauss
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Elyes Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Miranda Judd
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Brittney Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - James S Gammie
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bradley Taylor
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A Mazzeffi
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jogarao V S Gobburu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenichi A Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Fuchs PÖ, Calitz C, Pavlović N, Binet F, Solbak SMØ, Danielson UH, Kreuger J, Heindryckx F, Gerwins P. Fibrin fragment E potentiates TGF-β-induced myofibroblast activation and recruitment. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109661. [PMID: 32334027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin is an essential constituent of the coagulation cascade, and the formation of hemostatic fibrin clots is central to wound healing. Fibrin clots are over time degraded into fibrin degradation products as the injured tissue is replaced by granulation tissue. Our goal was to study the role of the fibrin degradation product fragment E (FnE) in fibroblast activation and migration. We present evidence that FnE is a chemoattractant for fibroblasts and that FnE can potentiate TGF-β-induced myofibroblast formation. FnE forms a stable complex with αVβ3 integrin, and the integrin β3 subunit is required both for FnE-induced fibroblast migration and for potentiation of TGF-β-induced myofibroblast formation. Finally, subcutaneous infusion of FnE in mice results in a fibrotic response in the hypodermis. These results support a model where FnE released from clots in wounded tissue promote wound healing and fibrosis by both recruitment and activation of fibroblasts. Fibrin fragment E could thus represent a therapeutic target for treatment of pathological fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Öhman Fuchs
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nataša Pavlović
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - François Binet
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - U Helena Danielson
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pär Gerwins
- Dept. of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Dept. of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Nieman DC, Groen AJ, Pugachev A, Simonson AJ, Polley K, James K, El-Khodor BF, Varadharaj S, Hernández-Armenta C. Proteomics-Based Detection of Immune Dysfunction in an Elite Adventure Athlete Trekking Across the Antarctica. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8010004. [PMID: 32138228 PMCID: PMC7151708 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics monitoring of an elite adventure athlete (age 33 years) was conducted over a 28-week period that culminated in the successful, solo, unassisted, and unsupported two month trek across the Antarctica (1500 km). Training distress was monitored weekly using a 19-item, validated training distress scale (TDS). Weekly dried blood spot (DBS) specimens were collected via fingerprick blood drops onto standard blood spot cards. DBS proteins were measured with nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode, and 712 proteins were identified and quantified. The 28-week period was divided into time segments based on TDS scores, and a contrast analysis between weeks five and eight (low TDS) and between weeks 20 and 23 (high TDS, last month of Antarctica trek) showed that 31 proteins (n = 20 immune related) were upregulated and 35 (n = 17 immune related) were downregulated. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks supported a dichotomous immune response. Gene ontology (GO) biological process terms for the upregulated immune proteins showed an increase in regulation of the immune system process, especially inflammation, complement activation, and leukocyte mediated immunity. At the same time, GO terms for the downregulated immune-related proteins indicated a decrease in several aspects of the overall immune system process including neutrophil degranulation and the antimicrobial humoral response. These proteomics data support a dysfunctional immune response in an elite adventure athlete during a sustained period of mental and physical distress while trekking solo across the Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-828-773-0056
| | - Arnoud J. Groen
- ProteiQ Biosciences GmbH, 10967 Berlin, Germany; (A.J.G.); (A.P.); (C.H.-A.)
| | - Artyom Pugachev
- ProteiQ Biosciences GmbH, 10967 Berlin, Germany; (A.J.G.); (A.P.); (C.H.-A.)
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- North Carolina Research Campus, Appalachian State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Kristine Polley
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Karma James
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Bassem F. El-Khodor
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
| | - Saradhadevi Varadharaj
- Standard Process Nutrition Innovation, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (K.P.); (K.J.); (B.F.E.-K.); (S.V.)
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22
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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Mican J, Toul M, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Structural Biology and Protein Engineering of Thrombolytics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:917-938. [PMID: 31360331 PMCID: PMC6637190 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are the most frequent causes of death or disability worldwide. Due to their ability to dissolve blood clots, the thrombolytics are frequently used for their treatment. Improving the effectiveness of thrombolytics for clinical uses is of great interest. The knowledge of the multiple roles of the endogenous thrombolytics and the fibrinolytic system grows continuously. The effects of thrombolytics on the alteration of the nervous system and the regulation of the cell migration offer promising novel uses for treating neurodegenerative disorders or targeting cancer metastasis. However, secondary activities of thrombolytics may lead to life-threatening side-effects such as intracranial bleeding and neurotoxicity. Here we provide a structural biology perspective on various thrombolytic enzymes and their key properties: (i) effectiveness of clot lysis, (ii) affinity and specificity towards fibrin, (iii) biological half-life, (iv) mechanisms of activation/inhibition, and (v) risks of side effects. This information needs to be carefully considered while establishing protein engineering strategies aiming at the development of novel thrombolytics. Current trends and perspectives are discussed, including the screening for novel enzymes and small molecules, the enhancement of fibrin specificity by protein engineering, the suppression of interactions with native receptors, liposomal encapsulation and targeted release, the application of adjuvants, and the development of improved production systems.
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Key Words
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor domain
- F, Fibrin binding finger domain
- Fibrinolysis
- K, Kringle domain
- LRP1, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MR, Mannose receptor
- NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- P, Proteolytic domain
- PAI-1, Inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator
- Plg, Plasminogen
- Plm, Plasmin
- RAP, Receptor antagonist protein
- SAK, Staphylokinase
- SK, Streptokinase
- Staphylokinase
- Streptokinase
- Thrombolysis
- Tissue plasminogen activator
- Urokinase
- t-PA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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