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Strawsine M, van Galen LG, Lord JM, Larcombe MJ. Trophic facilitation in forest restoration: Can Nothofagus trees use ectomycorrhizal fungi of the pioneer shrub Leptospermum? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11442. [PMID: 38803610 PMCID: PMC11128459 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of plant-to-plant facilitation in ecological restoration are well recognized, yet the potential for indirect trophic facilitation remains understudied. Nothofagus (southern beech; Nothofagaceae) is an iconic southern hemisphere tree genus that is frequently the focus of ecological restoration efforts. One aspect of Nothofagus ecology that may limit restoration success is the availability of appropriate ectomycorrhizal fungi. It has been suggested that pioneer dual-mycorrhizal hosts such as Leptospermum species (Myrtaceae) could facilitate Nothofagus establishment by providing fungal inoculum, but the capacity for Nothofagus to use Leptospermum ectomycorrhizal fungi is unknown. To investigate potential indirect facilitation, we conducted a common garden pot trial to determine if Nothofagus cliffortioides (mountain beech) can use symbionts from Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) ectomycorrhizal communities. Nothofagus and Leptospermum seedlings were grown in monoculture and mixed pairs with reciprocal "home" and "away" soil fungal inoculum. ITS2 metabarcoding of eDNA from hyphal ingrowth bags revealed that Nothofagus and Leptospermum inoculum contained different ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, but that half of the common ectomycorrhizal taxa identified were found in both soil types, suggesting generalist fungi exist. Nothofagus was able to form associations with some fungal species originating from Leptospermum inoculum, however, probable spore contamination meant that the proportion of root colonization associated with those species was ambiguous. Root ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were positively associated with seedling biomass, and there was some evidence of a home soil inoculum advantage in Nothofagus, but these effects were minor. Additionally, we found evidence that home inoculum provides a protective advantage against drought stress for Leptospermum seedlings. Our results indicate the potential for using Leptospermum to promote Nothofagus establishment in restoration plantings and highlight the possible benefits of considering fungal mutualists in ecological restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merissa Strawsine
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Present address:
Shasta‐Trinity National ForestReddingCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura G. van Galen
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN)DoverDelawareUSA
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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2
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Magnoli SM, Bever JD. Plant productivity response to inter- and intra-symbiont diversity: Mechanisms, manifestations and meta-analyses. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1614-1628. [PMID: 37317651 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Symbiont diversity can have large effects on plant growth but the mechanisms generating this relationship remain opaque. We identify three potential mechanisms underlying symbiont diversity-plant productivity relationships: provisioning with complementary resources, differential impact of symbionts of varying quality and interference between symbionts. We connect these mechanisms to descriptive representations of plant responses to symbiont diversity, develop analytical tests differentiating these patterns and test them using meta-analysis. We find generally positive symbiont diversity-plant productivity relationships, with relationship strength varying with symbiont type. Inoculation with symbionts from different guilds (e.g. mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia) yields strongly positive relationships, consistent with complementary benefits from functionally distinct symbionts. In contrast, inoculation with symbionts from the same guild yields weak relationships, with co-inoculation not consistently generating greater growth than the best individual symbiont, consistent with sampling effects. The statistical approaches we outline, along with our conceptual framework, can be used to further explore plant productivity and community responses to symbiont diversity, and we identify critical needs for additional research to explore context dependency in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Magnoli
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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3
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Khokon AM, Janz D, Polle A. Ectomycorrhizal diversity, taxon-specific traits and root N uptake in temperate beech forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37229659 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Roots of forest trees are colonized by a diverse spectrum of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species differing in their nitrogen (N) acquisition abilities. Here, we hypothesized that root N gain is the result of EM fungal diversity or related to taxon-specific traits for N uptake. To test our hypotheses, we traced 15 N enrichment in fine roots, coarse roots and taxon-specific ectomycorrhizas in temperate beech forests in two regions and three seasons, feeding 1 mM NH4 NO3 labelled with either 15 NH4 + or 15 NO3 - . We morphotyped > 45 000 vital root tips and identified 51 of 53 detected EM species by sequencing. EM root tips exhibited strong, fungal taxon-specific variation in 15 N enrichment with higher NH4 + than NO3 - enrichment. The translocation of N into the upper parts of the root system increased with increasing EM fungal diversity. Across the growth season, influential EM species predicting root N gain were not identified, probably due to high temporal dynamics of the species composition of EM assemblages. Our results support that root N acquisition is related to EM fungal community-level traits and highlight the importance of EM diversity for tree N nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Mahmud Khokon
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Functional Forest Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Barsbüttel, 22885, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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4
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Cortese AM, Horton TR. Islands in the shade: scattered ectomycorrhizal trees influence soil inoculum and heterospecific seedling response in a northeastern secondary forest. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:33-44. [PMID: 36752845 PMCID: PMC9907180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The eastern deciduous forest is a mix of arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees, but land use legacies have increased the abundance of AM trees like Acer spp. (maple). Although these legacies have not changed the abundance of some EM trees like Betula spp. (birch), EM conifers like Tsuga canadensis (hemlock), and Pinus strobus (pine) have declined. We used a soil bioassay to investigate if the microbial community near EM birch (birch soil) contains a greater abundance and diversity of EM fungal propagules compatible with T. canadensis and P. strobus compared to the community associated with the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest matrix (maple soil). We also tested the effectiveness of inoculation with soil from a nearby EM-dominated old-growth forest as a restoration tool to reintroduce EM fungi into secondary forest soils. Finally, we examined how seedling growth responded to EM fungi associated with each treatment. Seedlings grown with birch soil were colonized by EM fungi mostly absent from the surrounding maple forest. Hemlock seedlings grown with birch soil grew larger than hemlock seedlings grown with maple soil, but pine seedling growth did not differ with soil treatment. The addition of old-growth soil inoculum increased hemlock and pine growth in both soils. Our results found that EM trees are associated with beneficial EM fungi that are mostly absent from the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest, but inoculation with old-growth soil is effective in promoting the growth of seedlings by reintroducing native EM fungi to the AM-dominated forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Cortese
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas R Horton
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
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5
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Razgulin SM. Mycorrhizal Complexes and Their Role in the Ecology of Boreal Forests (Review). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Forest tree growth is linked to mycorrhizal fungal composition and function across Europe. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1327-1336. [PMID: 35001085 PMCID: PMC9038731 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most trees form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) which influence access to growth-limiting soil resources. Mesocosm experiments repeatedly show that EMF species differentially affect plant development, yet whether these effects ripple up to influence the growth of entire forests remains unknown. Here we tested the effects of EMF composition and functional genes relative to variation in well-known drivers of tree growth by combining paired molecular EMF surveys with high-resolution forest inventory data across 15 European countries. We show that EMF composition was linked to a three-fold difference in tree growth rate even when controlling for the primary abiotic drivers of tree growth. Fast tree growth was associated with EMF communities harboring high inorganic but low organic nitrogen acquisition gene proportions and EMF which form contact versus medium-distance fringe exploration types. These findings suggest that EMF composition is a strong bio-indicator of underlying drivers of tree growth and/or that variation of forest EMF communities causes differences in tree growth. While it may be too early to assign causality or directionality, our study is one of the first to link fine-scale variation within a key component of the forest microbiome to ecosystem functioning at a continental scale.
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7
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Germain SJ, Lutz JA. Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests. Ecology 2021; 102:e03495. [PMID: 34309021 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal mutualisms are nearly ubiquitous across plant communities. Yet, it is still unknown whether facilitation among plants arises primarily from these mycorrhizal networks or from physical and ecological attributes of plants themselves. Here, we tested the relative contributions of mycorrhizae and plants to both positive and negative biotic interactions to determine whether plant-soil feedbacks with mycorrhizae neutralize competition and enemies within multitrophic forest community networks. We used Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine mycorrhizal-guild-specific and mortality-cause-specific woody plant survival compiled from a spatially and temporally explicit data set comprising 101,096 woody plants from three mixed-conifer forests across western North America. We found positive plant-soil feedbacks for large-diameter trees: species-rich woody plant communities indirectly promoted large tree survival when connected via mycorrhizal networks. Shared mycorrhizae primarily counterbalanced apparent competition mediated by tree enemies (e.g., bark beetles, soil pathogens) rather than diffuse competition between plants. We did not find the same survival benefits for small trees or shrubs. Our findings suggest that lower large-diameter tree mortality susceptibility in species-rich temperate forests resulted from greater access to shared mycorrhizal networks. The interrelated importance of aboveground and belowground biodiversity to large tree survival may be critical for counteracting increasing pathogen, bark beetle, and density threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Germain
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5230, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5230, USA
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8
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Otsing E, Anslan S, Ambrosio E, Koricheva J, Tedersoo L. Tree Species Richness and Neighborhood Effects on Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Richness and Community Structure in Boreal Forest. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:567961. [PMID: 33692762 PMCID: PMC7939122 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.567961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree species identity is one of the key factors driving ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal richness and community composition in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, but little is known about the influence of tree species combinations and their neighborhood effects on EcM communities. To advance our understanding of host plant effects on EcM fungi, the roots of silver birch, Scots pine, and Norway spruce were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing across mature boreal forest exploratory plots of monocultures and two- and three-species mixtures in Finland. Our analyses revealed that tree species identity was an important determinant of EcM fungal community composition, but tree species richness had no significant influence on EcM fungal richness and community composition. We found that EcM fungal community composition associated with spruce depends on neighboring tree species. Our study suggests that at a regional-scale tree species identity is the primary factor determining community composition of root-associated EcM fungi alongside with tree species composition effects on EcM fungal community of spruce in mixed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveli Otsing
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elia Ambrosio
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Gehring C, Sevanto S, Patterson A, Ulrich DEM, Kuske CR. Ectomycorrhizal and Dark Septate Fungal Associations of Pinyon Pine Are Differentially Affected by Experimental Drought and Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582574. [PMID: 33193530 PMCID: PMC7606852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changing climates can cause shifts in temperature and precipitation, resulting in warming and drought in some regions. Although each of these factors has been shown to detrimentally affect forest ecosystems worldwide, information on the impacts of the combined effects of warming and drought is lacking. Forest trees rely on mutualistic root-associated fungi that contribute significantly to plant health and protection against climate stresses. We used a six-year, ecosystem-scale temperature and precipitation manipulation experiment targeted to simulate the climate in 2100 in the Southwestern United States to quantify the effects of drought, warming and combined drought and warming on the root colonization (abundance), species composition and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and dark septate fungal endophytes in a widespread woodland tree, pinyon pine (Pinus edulis E.). Our results show that pinyon shoot growth after 6 years of these treatments was reduced more by drought than warming. The combined drought and warming treatment reduced the abundance and diversity of EMF more than either treatment alone. Individual ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa, including the drought tolerant Cenococcum geophilum, were present in all treatments but the combined drought and warming treatment. The combined drought and warming treatment also reduced the abundance of dark septate endophytes (DSE), but did not affect their diversity or species composition. The current year shoot growth of the trees correlated positively with ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, highlighting the importance of diversity in mutualistic relationships to plant growth. Our results suggest that EMF may be more important than DSE to aboveground growth in P. edulis, but also more susceptible to the negative effects of combined climate stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Adair Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | | | - Cheryl R. Kuske
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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10
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Symbiotic niche mapping reveals functional specialization by two ectomycorrhizal fungi that expands the host plant niche. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Izumi H. The proportions of ectomycorrhizal roots are varied depending on the different host plant compositions in Scottish arctic/alpine coastal relict vegetation. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Koizumi T, Nara K. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in ice-age relict forests of Pinus pumila on nine mountains correspond to summer temperature. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:189-201. [PMID: 31611652 PMCID: PMC6908592 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are critical symbionts of major forest trees, and their communities are affected by various environmental factors including temperature. However, previous knowledge concerning temperature effects does not exclude the effects of host species and coexisting plants, which usually change with temperature, and should be rigorously tested under the same vegetation type. Herein we examined ECM fungal communities in ice-age relict forests dominated by a single host species (Pinus pumila) distributed on nine mountains across >1000 km in Japan. Direct sequencing of rDNA ITS regions identified 154 ECM fungal species from 4134 ECM root-tip samples. Gradient analyses revealed a large contribution of temperature, especially summer temperature, to ECM fungal communities. Additionally, we explored global sequence records of each fungal species to infer its potential temperature niche, and used it to estimate the temperature of the observed communities. The estimated temperature was significantly correlated with the actual temperature of the research sites, especially in summer seasons, indicating inherent temperature niches of the fungal components could determine their distribution among the sites. These results indicate that temperature is still a significant determinant in structuring ECM fungal communities after excluding the effects of host species and coexisting plants. The results also imply that the rising temperature under global warming may have been affecting soil microbes unnoticeably, while such microbial community change may have been contributing to the resilience of the same vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Koizumi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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13
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Van Geel M, Yu K, Peeters G, van Acker K, Ramos M, Serafim C, Kastendeuch P, Najjar G, Ameglio T, Ngao J, Saudreau M, Castro P, Somers B, Honnay O. Soil organic matter rather than ectomycorrhizal diversity is related to urban tree health. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225714. [PMID: 31756209 PMCID: PMC6874331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, air quality improvement, storm water attenuation and energy conservation, to people living in cities. Provisioning of ecosystem services by urban trees, however, may be jeopardized by the typically poor quality of the soils in urban areas. Given their well-known multifunctional role in forest ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcM) may also contribute to urban tree health and thus ecosystem service provisioning. Yet, no studies so far have directly related in situ EcM community composition to urban tree health indicators. Here, two previously collected datasets were combined: i) tree health data of 175 Tilia tomentosa trees from three European cities (Leuven, Strasbourg and Porto) estimated using a range of reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence and physical leaf indicators, and ii) ectomycorrhizal diversity of these trees as characterized by next-generation sequencing. Tree health indicators were related to soil characteristics and EcM diversity using canonical redundancy analysis. Soil organic matter significantly explained variation in tree health indicators whereas no significant relation between mycorrhizal diversity variables and the tree health indicators was found. We conclude that mainly soil organic matter, through promoting soil aggregate formation and porosity, and thus indirectly tree water availability, positively affects the health of trees in urban areas. Our results suggest that urban planners should not overlook the importance of soil quality and its water holding capacity for the health of urban trees and potentially also for the ecosystem services they deliver. Further research should also study other soil microbiota which may independently, or in interaction with ectomycorrhiza, mediate tree performance in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kang Yu
- Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kasper van Acker
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Miguel Ramos
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Catholic University of Portugal, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cindy Serafim
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Catholic University of Portugal, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pierre Kastendeuch
- Laboratoire des Sciences de L'ingénieur, de L'informatique et de L'imagerie, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Georges Najjar
- Laboratoire des Sciences de L'ingénieur, de L'informatique et de L'imagerie, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Thierry Ameglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Jérôme Ngao
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Saudreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Paula Castro
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Catholic University of Portugal, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ben Somers
- Division of Forest, Nature & Landscape, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
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14
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Noreika N, Helm A, Öpik M, Jairus T, Vasar M, Reier Ü, Kook E, Riibak K, Kasari L, Tullus H, Tullus T, Lutter R, Oja E, Saag A, Randlane T, Pärtel M. Forest biomass, soil and biodiversity relationships originate from biogeographic affinity and direct ecological effects. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbertas Noreika
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Aveliina Helm
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ülle Reier
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ene Kook
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Kersti Riibak
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Liis Kasari
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Inst. of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - Tea Tullus
- Inst. of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Inst. of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
| | - Ede Oja
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Andres Saag
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Tiina Randlane
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu Lai 40 EE‐51005 Tartu Estonia
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15
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Köhler J, Yang N, Pena R, Raghavan V, Polle A, Meier IC. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity increases phosphorus uptake efficiency of European beech. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1200-1210. [PMID: 29770963 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increases in summer droughts and nitrogen (N) deposition have raised concerns of widespread biodiversity loss and nutrient imbalances, but our understanding of the ecological role of ectomycorrhizal fungal (ECMF) diversity in mediating root functions remains a major knowledge gap. We used different global change scenarios to experimentally alter the composition of ECMF communities colonizing European beech saplings and examined the consequences for phosphorus (P) uptake (H333 PO4 feeding experiment) and use efficiencies of trees. Specifically, we simulated increases in temperature and N deposition and decreases in soil moisture and P availability in a factorial experiment. Here, we show that ECMF α diversity is a major factor contributing to root functioning under global change. P uptake efficiency of beech significantly increased with increasing ECMF species richness and diversity, as well as with decreasing P availability. As a consequence of decreases in ECMF diversity, P uptake efficiency decreased when soil moisture was limiting. By contrast, P use efficiencies were a direct (negative) function of P availability and not of ECMF diversity. We conclude that increasing summer droughts may reduce ECMF diversity and the complementarity of P uptake by ECMF species, which will add to negative growth effects expected from nutrient imbalances under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Köhler
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nan Yang
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rodica Pena
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Venket Raghavan
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Laboratory for Radio-Isotopes, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
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Hazard C, Johnson D. Does genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi affect ecosystem function? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1122-1128. [PMID: 29393517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1122 I. Introduction 1122 II. Are there consistent patterns in diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species across space? 1125 III. What is the variation in functional traits and genes of mycorrhizal fungi at different taxonomic scales? 1125 IV. How will environmental change impact the relationships between genotypic and species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function? 1126 V. Conclusions: considerations for future MEF research 1127 Acknowledgements 1127 References 1127 SUMMARY: Both genotypes and species of mycorrhizal fungi exhibit considerable variation in traits, and this variation can result in their diversity regulating ecosystem function. Yet, the nature of mycorrhizal fungal diversity-ecosystem function (MEF) relationships for both genotypes and species is currently poorly defined. New experiments should reflect the richness of genotypes and species in nature, but we still lack information about the extent to which fungal populations in particular are structured. Sampling designs should quantify the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal genotypes and species at three key broad spatial scales (root fragment, root system and interacting root systems) in order to inform manipulation experiments and to test how mycorrhizal fungal diversity both responds, and confers resilience to, environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hazard
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Wu BW, Gao C, Chen L, Buscot F, Goldmann K, Purahong W, Ji NN, Wang YL, Lü PP, Li XC, Guo LD. Host Phylogeny Is a Major Determinant of Fagaceae-Associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Assembly at a Regional Scale. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2409. [PMID: 30364168 PMCID: PMC6191505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental filtering (niche process) and dispersal limitation (neutral process) are two of the primary forces driving community assembly in ecosystems, but how these processes affect the Fagaceae-associated ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community at regional scales is so far poorly documented. We examined the EM fungal communities of 61 plant species in six genera belonging to the Fagaceae distributed across Chinese forest ecosystems (geographic distance up to ∼3,757 km) using Illumina Miseq sequencing of ITS2 sequences. The relative effects of environmental filtering (e.g., host plant phylogeny, soil and climate) and dispersal limitation (e.g., spatial distance) on the EM fungal community were distinguished using multiple models. In total, 2,706 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of EM fungi, corresponding to 54 fungal lineages, were recovered at a 97% sequence similarity level. The EM fungal OTU richness was significantly affected by soil pH and nutrients and by host phylogeny. The EM fungal community composition was significantly influenced by combinations of host phylogeny, spatial distance, soil and climate. Furthermore, host phylogeny had the greatest effect on EM fungal community. The study suggests that the assembly of the EM fungal community is governed by both environmental filtering and dispersal limitation, with host effect being the most important determinant at the regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Niu-Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Manzanedo RD, Schanz FR, Fischer M, Allan E. Fagus sylvatica seedlings show provenance differentiation rather than adaptation to soil in a transplant experiment. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:42. [PMID: 30285730 PMCID: PMC6171197 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and predicting the response of tree populations to climate change requires understanding the pattern and scale of their adaptation. Climate is often considered the major driver of local adaptation but, although biotic factors such as soil pathogens or mutualists could be as important, their role has typically been neglected. Biotic drivers might also interact with climate to affect performance and mycorrhizae, in particular, are likely to play a key role in determining drought resistance, which is important in the context of adaptation to future environmental change. To address these questions, we performed a fully reciprocal soil-plant transplant experiment using Fagus sylvatica seedlings and soils from three regions in Germany. To separate the biotic and abiotic effects of inoculation, half of the plants were inoculated with natural soil from the different origins, while the rest were grown on sterilized substrate. We also imposed a drought stress treatment to test for interactions between soil biota and climate. After 1 year of growth, we measured aboveground biomass of all seedlings, and quantified mycorrhizal colonization for a subset of the seedlings, which included all soil-plant combinations, to disentangle the effect of mycorrhiza from other agents. RESULTS We found that plant origin had the strongest effect on plant performance, but this interacted with soil origin. In general, trees showed a slight tendency to produce less aboveground biomass on local soils, suggesting soil antagonists could be causing trees to be maladapted to their local soils. Consistently, we found lower mycorrhizal colonization rate under local soil conditions. Across all soils, seedlings from low elevations produced more annual biomass than middle (+ 290%) and high (+ 97%) elevations. Interestingly, mycorrhizal colonization increased with drought in the two provenances that showed higher drought tolerance, which supports previous results showing that mycorrhizae can increase drought resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that soil communities play a role in affecting early performance of temperate trees, although this role may be smaller than that of seed origin. Also, other effects, such as the positive response to generalists or negative interactions with soil biota may be as important as the highly specialized mycorrhizal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Manzanedo
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F. R. Schanz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E. Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Scott N, Pec GJ, Karst J, Landhäusser SM. Additive or synergistic? Early ectomycorrhizal fungal community response to mixed tree plantings in boreal forest reclamation. Oecologia 2018; 189:9-19. [PMID: 30094634 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are an important component to ecosystem function in the boreal forest. Underlying factors influencing fungal community composition and richness, such as host identity and soil type have been studied, but interactions between these factors have been less explored. Furthermore, mixed-species stands may have additive or synergistic effects on ectomycorrhizal fungi species richness, but this effect is challenging to test on natural sites due to difficulty in finding monospecific and mixed-species stands with similar site conditions and history. Forest reclamation areas can provide an opportunity to explore some of these fundamental questions, as site conditions and history are often known and managed, with the added benefit that knowledge emerging from these studies can be used to evaluate the recovery of degraded forest landscapes. Here, we compared the richness and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in young single- and mixed-species stands established on a reclamation area designed to inform strategies to restore upland boreal forests disturbed by oil sands mining. Seedlings of three host tree species (Populus tremuloides, Pinus banksiana, Picea glauca) were planted in single- and mixed-species stands on three different salvaged soils (forest floor material, peat, subsoil). After four growing seasons, there was no difference in total ectomycorrhizal fungi species richness and composition in mixed- versus combined single-species stands indicating that an additive effect of host tree species prevailed early in development. However, there were compositional shifts in fungal communities across both the host tree species and the salvaged soil type, with soil type being the strongest driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Scott
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Gregory J Pec
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Simon M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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20
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Kanekar SS, Cale JA, Erbilgin N. Ectomycorrhizal fungal species differentially affect the induced defensive chemistry of lodgepole pine. Oecologia 2018; 188:395-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Ferlian O, Cesarz S, Craven D, Hines J, Barry KE, Bruelheide H, Buscot F, Haider S, Heklau H, Herrmann S, Kühn P, Pruschitzki U, Schädler M, Wagg C, Weigelt A, Wubet T, Eisenhauer N. Mycorrhiza in tree diversity-ecosystem function relationships: conceptual framework and experimental implementation. Ecosphere 2018; 9:e02226. [PMID: 30323959 PMCID: PMC6186167 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely observed positive relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning is thought to be substantially driven by complementary resource use of plant species. Recent work suggests that biotic interactions among plants and between plants and soil organisms drive key aspects of resource use complementarity. Here, we provide a conceptual framework for integrating positive biotic interactions across guilds of organisms, more specifically between plants and mycorrhizal types, to explain resource use complementarity in plants and its consequences for plant competition. Our overarching hypothesis is that ecosystem functioning increases when more plant species associate with functionally dissimilar mycorrhizal fungi because differing mycorrhizal types will increase coverage of habitat space for and reduce competition among plants. We introduce a recently established field experiment (MyDiv) that uses different pools of tree species that associate with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi to create orthogonal experimental gradients in tree species richness and mycorrhizal associations and present initial results. Finally, we discuss options for future mechanistic studies on resource use complementarity within MyDiv. We show how mycorrhizal types and biotic interactions in MyDiv can be used in the future to test novel questions regarding the mechanisms underlying biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dylan Craven
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Barry
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Heklau
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul Kühn
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrich Pruschitzki
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Investigating the Effect of a Mixed Mycorrhizal Inoculum on the Productivity of Biomass Plantation Willows Grown on Marginal Farm Land. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hazard C, Kruitbos L, Davidson H, Taylor AFS, Johnson D. Contrasting effects of intra- and interspecific identity and richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi on host plants, nutrient retention and multifunctionality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:852-863. [PMID: 27636558 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A major gap in our understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships concerns the role of intra- and interspecific diversity of mycorrhizal fungi, which are critical for plant fitness, biogeochemical cycling and other processes. Here, we test the hypothesis that the identity and richness of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi at the intra- and interspecific levels affect ecosystem multifunctionality by regulating plant and fungal productivity, soil CO2 efflux and nutrient retention. Microcosms containing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings colonized by different ECM fungal isolates, in monocultures and mixtures, enabled us to test for both intra- and interspecific identity and richness effects, and transgressive overyielding. Intra- and interspecific identity had modest but significant effects on plant and fungal productivity and nutrient retention, but no effect on CO2 efflux. Intraspecific richness increased plant root productivity and ECM root tips but decreased hyphal length, whereas interspecific richness had no effects. Interspecific mixtures outperformed the most productive monocultures in only 10% of the cases, compared with 42% for the intraspecific mixtures. Both intra- and interspecific identity and richness of ECM fungi regulate ecosystem multifunctionality, but their effects on the direction and magnitude of individual variables differ. Transgressive overyielding suggests that positive niche complementarity effects are driving some of the responses to intraspecific richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hazard
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
- Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - Laura Kruitbos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Hazel Davidson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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Nadeau MB, P. Khasa D. Edaphic Selection Pressures as Drivers of Contrasting White Spruce Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure and Diversity in the Canadian Boreal Forest of Abitibi-Témiscamingue Region. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166420. [PMID: 27835688 PMCID: PMC5106017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about edaphic selection pressures as drivers of contrasting white spruce ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in the Canadian boreal forest. We hypothesized that community composition differs among the four sites sampled-nursery, mining site, forest edge, and natural forest. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community structure and diversity was studied at the four locations with soil fertility gradient through morpho-molecular and phylogenetic analyses in relationships with rhizospheric soil chemical properties. 41 different species were identified. Mining site had a significantly different species composition than the surrounding environments. Soil pH and percentage of roots colonized by ECM fungi increased while soil P, N, Fe, C, K, Mg, Al, Ca, and Na contents declined across the soil fertility gradient: nursery → natural forest → forest edge → mining site. Contrary to the preference of acid soils by ECM fungi, a few ecologically adapted to high pH, poor soil chemical fertility, and low organic matter content colonize white spruce roots on the non-acidogenic mining site, allowing natural regeneration of white spruce seedlings. Other ECM fungi are adapted to high fertigation level of commercial nursery. This study clearly shows the contrasting difference in white spruce ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity driven by edaphic selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B. Nadeau
- Centre for Forest Research, Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, and Canadian Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
| | - Damase P. Khasa
- Centre for Forest Research, Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, and Canadian Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
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25
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Mundra S, Bahram M, Eidesen PB. Alpine bistort (Bistorta vivipara) in edge habitat associates with fewer but distinct ectomycorrhizal fungal species: a comparative study of three contrasting soil environments in Svalbard. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:809-818. [PMID: 27325524 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bistorta vivipara is a widespread arctic-alpine ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plant species. Recent findings suggest that fungal communities associated with B. vivipara roots appear random over short distances, but at larger scales, environmental filtering structure fungal communities. Habitats in highly stressful environments where specialist species with narrower niches may have an advantage represent unique opportunity to test the effect of environmental filtering. We utilised high-throughput amplicon sequencing to identify ECM communities associated with B. vivipara in Svalbard. We compared ECM communities in a core habitat where B. vivipara is frequent (Dryas-heath) with edge habitats representing extremes in terms of nutrient availability where B. vivipara is less frequent (bird-manured meadow and a nutrient-depleted mine tilling). Our analysis revealed that soil conditions in edge habitats favour less diverse but more distinct ECM fungal communities with functional traits adapted to local conditions. ECM richness was overall lower in both edge habitats, and the taxonomic compositions of ECM fungi were in line with our functional expectations. Stress-tolerant genera such as Laccaria and Hebeloma were abundant in nutrient-poor mine site whereas functional competitors genera such as Lactarius and Russula were dominant in the nutrient-rich bird-cliff site. Our results suggest that ECM communities in rare edge habitats are most likely not subsets of the larger pool of ECM fungi found in natural tundra, and they may represent a significant contribution to the overall diversity of ECM fungi in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Mundra
- The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen, NO-9171, Norway.
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, NO-0316, Norway.
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE 75236, Sweden
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 14A Ravila, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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Wang L, Otgonsuren B, Godbold DL. Mycorrhizas and soil ecosystem function of co-existing woody vegetation islands at the alpine tree line. PLANT AND SOIL 2016; 411:467-481. [PMID: 28216795 PMCID: PMC5288427 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-016-3047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Picea abies, Pinus mugo and Rhododendron ferrugineum co-exist at the alpine tree line, and can have different mycorrhizal communities. The activity and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi are considered to be important factors in regulation of soil function. METHODS At a tree line site and a lower elevation site in the Austrian Alps, the community structure of ectomycorrhiza on Picea abies and Pinus mugo was determined. The activity of surface enzymes was determined on ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal roots. In soils, the activity of a range of enzymes, nitrogen (N) mineralization and biomass decomposition were determined. RESULTS The community structure of the ectomycorrhizal community of Picea abies and Pinus mugo differed strongly, but the average activity of surface enzymes of the ectomycorrhizal communities was similar. A lower root surface enzyme activity was determined on Rhododendron ferrugineum. Soil N-mineralization under Rhododendron ferrugineum was significantly lower than under Picea abies and Pinus mugo. In soil, the activity of a range of enzymes did not differ at the tree line but differed between the tree line and the lower elevation sites. CONCLUSION The different ectomycorrhizal communities on Picea abies and Pinus mugo and ericoid mycorrhizas on Rhododendron ferrugineum support similar ecosystem functions in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Burenjargal Otgonsuren
- Department of Ecology, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, Mailbox 57, Khan-Uul district, Ulaanbaator 17024 Mongolia
| | - Douglas L. Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Landscape Carbon Deposition, Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Lankau RA, Keymer DP. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species’ range edge. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3224-41. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Lankau
- Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30606 USA
| | - Daniel P. Keymer
- Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30606 USA
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Carrino-Kyker SR, Kluber LA, Petersen SM, Coyle KP, Hewins CR, DeForest JL, Smemo KA, Burke DJ. Mycorrhizal fungal communities respond to experimental elevation of soil pH and P availability in temperate hardwood forests. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw024. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Fransson PMA, Toljander YK, Baum C, Weih M. Host plant—ectomycorrhizal fungus combination drives resource allocation in willow: Evidence for complex species interaction from a simple experiment. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/20-2-3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Smith AJH, Potvin LR, Lilleskov EA. Fertility-dependent effects of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on white spruce seedling nutrition. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:649-662. [PMID: 25904341 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) typically colonize nursery seedlings, but nutritional and growth effects of these communities are only partly understood. To examine these effects, Picea glauca seedlings collected from a tree nursery naturally colonized by three dominant EcMF were divided between fertilized and unfertilized treatments. After one growing season seedlings were harvested, ectomycorrhizas identified using DNA sequencing, and seedlings analyzed for leaf nutrient concentration and content, and biomass parameters. EcMF community structure-nutrient interactions were tested using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) combined with vector analysis of foliar nutrients and biomass. We identified three dominant species: Amphinema sp., Atheliaceae sp., and Thelephora terrestris. NMDS + envfit revealed significant community effects on seedling nutrition that differed with fertilization treatment. PERMANOVA and regression analyses uncovered significant species effects on host nutrient concentration, content, and stoichiometry. Amphinema sp. had a significant positive effect on phosphorus (P), calcium and zinc concentration, and P content; in contrast, T. terrestris had a negative effect on P concentration. In the unfertilized treatment, percent abundance of the Amphinema sp. negatively affected foliar nitrogen (N) concentration but not content, and reduced foliar N/P. In fertilized seedlings, Amphinema sp. was positively related to foliar concentrations of N, magnesium, and boron, and both concentration and content of manganese, and Atheliaceae sp. had a negative relationship with P content. Findings shed light on the community and species effects on seedling condition, revealing clear functional differences among dominants. The approach used should be scalable to explore function in more complex communities composed of unculturable EcMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J H Smith
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Lynette R Potvin
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1199, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, 410 MacInnes Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931-1199, USA.
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31
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Bell TH, Cloutier-Hurteau B, Al-Otaibi F, Turmel MC, Yergeau E, Courchesne F, St-Arnaud M. Early rhizosphere microbiome composition is related to the growth and Zn uptake of willows introduced to a former landfill. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3025-38. [PMID: 25970820 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although plants introduced for site restoration are pre-selected for specific traits (e.g. trace element bioaccumulation, rapid growth in poor soils), the in situ success of these plants likely depends on the recruitment of appropriate rhizosphere microorganisms from their new environment. We introduced three willow (Salix spp.) cultivars to a contaminated landfill, and performed soil chemical analyses, plant measurements, and Ion Torrent sequencing of rhizospheric fungal and bacterial communities at 4 and 16 months post-planting. The abundance of certain dominant fungi was linked to willow accumulation of Zn, the most abundant trace element at the site. Interestingly, total Zn accumulation was better explained by fungal community structure 4 months post-planting than 16 months post-planting, suggesting that initial microbial recruitment may be critical. In addition, when the putative ectomycorrhizal fungi Sphaerosporella brunnea and Inocybe sp. dominated the rhizosphere 4 months post-planting, Zn accumulation efficiency was negatively correlated with fungal diversity. Although field studies such as this rely on correlation, these results suggest that the soil microbiome may have the greatest impact on plant function during the early stages of growth, and that plant-fungus specificity may be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence H Bell
- Biodiversity Centre, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fahad Al-Otaibi
- Biodiversity Centre, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Soil Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Etienne Yergeau
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marc St-Arnaud
- Biodiversity Centre, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Affects Ectomycorrhizal Species Abundance and Increases Sporocarp Production under Field Conditions. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6041256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peay KG, Bruns TD. Spore dispersal of basidiomycete fungi at the landscape scale is driven by stochastic and deterministic processes and generates variability in plant-fungal interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:180-191. [PMID: 24975121 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi play an important role in plant communities and ecosystem function. As a result, variation in fungal community composition can have important consequences for plant fitness. However, there are relatively few empirical data on how dispersal might affect fungal communities and the ecological processes they mediate. We established sampling stations across a large area of coastal landscape varying in their spatial proximity to each other and contrasting vegetation types. We measured dispersal of spores from a key group of fungi, the Basidomycota, across this landscape using qPCR and 454 pyrosequencing. We also measured the colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi at each station using sterile bait seedlings. We found a high degree of spatial and temporal variability in the composition of Basidiomycota spores. This variability was in part stochastic and in part explained by spatial proximity to other vegetation types and time of year. Variation in spore community also affected colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedling growth. Our results demonstrate that fungal host and habitat specificity coupled with dispersal limitation can lead to local variation in fungal community structure and plant-fungal interactions. Understanding fungal communities also requires explicit knowledge of landscape context in addition to local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas D Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Gehring CA, Mueller RC, Haskins KE, Rubow TK, Whitham TG. Convergence in mycorrhizal fungal communities due to drought, plant competition, parasitism, and susceptibility to herbivory: consequences for fungi and host plants. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:306. [PMID: 25009537 PMCID: PMC4070501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and mycorrhizal fungi influence each other's abundance, diversity, and distribution. How other biotic interactions affect the mycorrhizal symbiosis is less well understood. Likewise, we know little about the effects of climate change on the fungal component of the symbiosis or its function. We synthesized our long-term studies on the influence of plant parasites, insect herbivores, competing trees, and drought on the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with a foundation tree species of the southwestern United States, pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), and described how these changes feed back to affect host plant performance. We found that drought and all three of the biotic interactions studied resulted in similar shifts in ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition, demonstrating a convergence of the community towards dominance by a few closely related fungal taxa. Ectomycorrhizal fungi responded similarly to each of these stressors resulting in a predictable trajectory of community disassembly, consistent with ecological theory. Although we predicted that the fungal communities associated with trees stressed by drought, herbivory, competition, and parasitism would be poor mutualists, we found the opposite pattern in field studies. Our results suggest that climate change and the increased importance of herbivores, competitors, and parasites that can be associated with it, may ultimately lead to reductions in ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, but that the remaining fungal community may be beneficial to host trees under the current climate and the warmer, drier climate predicted for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kristin E. Haskins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Tine K. Rubow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, USA
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Lothamer K, Brown SP, Mattox JD, Jumpponen A. Comparison of root-associated communities of native and non-native ectomycorrhizal hosts in an urban landscape. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:267-280. [PMID: 24221903 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-native tree species are often used as ornamentals in urban landscapes. However, their root-associated fungal communities remain yet to be examined in detail. Here, we compared richness, diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizosphere fungi in general and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi in particular between a non-native Pinus nigra and a native Quercus macrocarpa across a growing season in urban parks using 454-pyrosequencing. Our data show that, while the ectomycorrhizosphere community richness and diversity did not differ between the two host, the EcM communities associated with the native host were often more species rich and included more exclusive members than those of the non-native hosts. In contrast, the ectomycorrhizosphere communities of the two hosts were compositionally clearly distinct in nonmetric multidimensional ordination analyses, whereas the EcM communities were only marginally so. Taken together, our data suggest EcM communities with broad host compatibilities and with a limited numbers of taxa with preference to the non-native host. Furthermore, many common fungi in the non-native Pinus were not EcM taxa, suggesting that the fungal communities of the non-native host may be enriched in non-mycorrhizal fungi at the cost of the EcM taxa. Finally, while our colonization estimates did not suggest a shortage in EcM inoculum for either host in urban parks, the differences in the fungi associated with the two hosts emphasize the importance of using native hosts in urban environments as a tool to conserve endemic fungal diversity and richness in man-made systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lothamer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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36
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Velmala SM, Rajala T, Heinonsalo J, Taylor AFS, Pennanen T. Profiling functions of ectomycorrhizal diversity and root structuring in seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) with fast- and slow-growing phenotypes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:610-622. [PMID: 24117652 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of taxonomical and functional ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal diversity in root formation and nutrient uptake by Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings with fast- and slow-growing phenotypes. Seedlings were grown with an increasing ECM fungal diversity gradient from one to four species and sampled before aboveground growth differences between the two phenotypes were apparent. ECM fungal colonization patterns were determined and functional diversity was assayed via measurements of potential enzyme activities of eight exoenzymes probably involved in nutrient mobilization. Phenotypes did not vary in their receptiveness to different ECM fungal species. However, seedlings of slow-growing phenotypes had higher fine-root density and thus more condensed root systems than fast-growing seedlings, but the potential enzyme activities of ectomycorrhizas did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively. ECM species richness increased host nutrient acquisition potential by diversifying the exoenzyme palette. Needle nitrogen content correlated positively with high chitinase activity of ectomycorrhizas. Rather than fast- and slow-growing phenotypes exhibiting differing receptiveness to ECM fungi, our results suggest that distinctions in fine-root structuring and in the belowground growth strategy already apparent at early stages of seedling development may explain later growth differences between fast- and slow-growing families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiina Rajala
- Finnish Forest Research Institute - Metla, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Viikki Biocenter, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Taina Pennanen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute - Metla, PO Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
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37
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Reithmeier L, Kernaghan G. Availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi to black spruce above the present treeline in Eastern Labrador. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77527. [PMID: 24204858 PMCID: PMC3812278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) are an important biotic factor in the survival of conifer seedlings under stressful conditions and therefore have the potential to facilitate conifer establishment into alpine and tundra habitats. In order to assess patterns of ectomycorrhizal availability and community structure above treeline, we conducted soil bioassays in which Picea mariana (black spruce) seedlings were grown in field-collected soils under controlled conditions. Soils were collected from distinct alpine habitats, each dominated by a different ectomycorrhizal host shrub: Betula glandulosa, Arctostaphylos alpina or Salix herbacaea. Within each habitat, half of the soils collected contained roots of ectomycorrhizal shrubs (host (+)) and the other half were free of host plants (host(-)). Forest and glacial moraine soils were also included for comparison. Fungi forming ectomycorrhizae during the bioassays were identified by DNA sequencing. Our results indicate that ECMF capable of colonizing black spruce are widespread above the current tree line in Eastern Labrador and that the level of available inoculum has a significant influence on the growth of seedlings under controlled conditions. Many of the host(-) soils possessed appreciable levels of ectomycorrhizal inoculum, likely in the form of spore banks. Inoculum levels in these soils may be influenced by spore production from neighboring soils where ectomycorrhizal shrubs are present. Under predicted temperature increases, ectomycorrhizal inoculum in soils with host shrubs as well as in nearby soils without host shrubs have the potential to facilitate conifer establishment above the present tree line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reithmeier
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gavin Kernaghan
- Biology Department, Mount St. Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Healy RA, Smith ME, Bonito GM, Pfister DH, Ge ZW, Guevara GG, Williams G, Stafford K, Kumar L, Lee T, Hobart C, Trappe J, Vilgalys R, McLaughlin DJ. High diversity and widespread occurrence of mitotic spore mats in ectomycorrhizalPezizales. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Healy
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - M. E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-0680 USA
| | - G. M. Bonito
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - D. H. Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Z. -W. Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-0680 USA
- Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650204 China
| | - G. G. Guevara
- Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria; Tamaulipas 87010 Mexico
| | - G. Williams
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - K. Stafford
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - L. Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - T. Lee
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - C. Hobart
- University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - J. Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvalis 97331-2106 OR USA
| | - R. Vilgalys
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - D. J. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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Kluber LA, Carrino-Kyker SR, Coyle KP, DeForest JL, Hewins CR, Shaw AN, Smemo KA, Burke DJ. Mycorrhizal response to experimental pH and P manipulation in acidic hardwood forests. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48946. [PMID: 23145035 PMCID: PMC3493595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many temperate forests of the Northeastern United States and Europe have received significant anthropogenic acid and nitrogen (N) deposition over the last century. Although temperate hardwood forests are generally thought to be N-limited, anthropogenic deposition increases the possibility of phosphorus (P) limiting productivity in these forest ecosystems. Moreover, inorganic P availability is largely controlled by soil pH and biogeochemical theory suggests that forests with acidic soils (i.e.,
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Kluber
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wallander H, Mahmood S, Hagerberg D, Johansson L, Pallon J. Elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal mycelia identified by PCR-RFLP analysis and grown in contact with apatite or wood ash in forest soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 44:57-65. [PMID: 19719651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to identify ectomycorrhizal species with a potential to release elements from apatite and wood ash and accumulate them in the mycelia. Fungal rhizomorphs and mycelia were sampled from sand-filled mesh bags with or without amendment of apatite or wood ash. The mesh bags were buried in forest soil in the field for 13 or 24 months. Elemental composition of the samples was analyzed with particle-induced X-ray emission and the fungus was identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS-region of ribosomal DNA. The majority of rhizomorphs and mycelia collected from the mesh bags were of mycorrhizal origin with Paxillus involutus being the most common species (31%). Other identified species were Thelephora terrestris, Suillus granulatus and Tylospora fibillosa. S. granulatus contained 3-15 times more K (3 mg g(-1)) than the other species and had large calcium-rich crystals deposited on the surface of rhizomorphs when grown in contact with apatite. P. involutus contained the largest amount of Ca (2-7 mg g(-1)). Wood ash addition increased the amount of Ti, Mn and Pb in the rhizomorphs while apatite addition increased the amount of Ca in the rhizomorphs. The high concentration of K in S. granulatus rhizomorphs suggests that this fungus is a good accumulator of K while P. involutus appeared to accumulate heavy metals originating from wood ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Wallander
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Wilkinson A, Alexander I, Johnson D. Genotype identity determines productivity and CO2 efflux across a genotype-species gradient of ectomycorrhizal fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Restoring native forest ecosystems after exotic tree plantation in Madagascar: combination of the local ectotrophic species Leptolena bojeriana and Uapaca bojeri mitigates the negative influence of the exotic species Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus patula. Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kipfer T, Wohlgemuth T, van der Heijden MGA, Ghazoul J, Egli S. Growth response of drought-stressed Pinus sylvestris seedlings to single- and multi-species inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35275. [PMID: 22496914 PMCID: PMC3320646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many trees species form symbiotic associations with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, which improve nutrient and water acquisition of their host. Until now it is unclear whether the species richness of ECM fungi is beneficial for tree seedling performance, be it during moist conditions or drought. We performed a pot experiment using Pinus sylvestris seedlings inoculated with four selected ECM fungi (Cenococcum geophilum, Paxillus involutus, Rhizopogon roseolus and Suillus granulatus) to investigate (i) whether these four ECM fungi, in monoculture or in species mixtures, affect growth of P. sylvestris seedlings, and (ii) whether this effect can be attributed to species number per se or to species identity. Two different watering regimes (moist vs. dry) were applied to examine the context-dependency of the results. Additionally, we assessed the activity of eight extracellular enzymes in the root tips. Shoot growth was enhanced in the presence of S. granulatus, but not by any other ECM fungal species. The positive effect of S. granulatus on shoot growth was more pronounced under moist (threefold increase) than under dry conditions (twofold increase), indicating that the investigated ECM fungi did not provide additional support during drought stress. The activity of secreted extracellular enzymes was higher in S. granulatus than in any other species. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ECM fungal species composition may affect seedling performance in terms of aboveground biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Kipfer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Wilkinson A, Solan M, Alexander I, Johnson D. Species richness and nitrogen supply regulate the productivity and respiration of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karpati AS, Handel SN, Dighton J, Horton TR. Quercus rubra-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of disturbed urban sites and mature forests. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:537-547. [PMID: 21287207 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence and quality of the belowground mycorrhizal fungal community could greatly influence plant community structure and host species response. This study tests whether mycorrhizal fungal communities in areas highly impacted by anthropogenic disturbance and urbanization are less species rich or exhibit lower host root colonization rates when compared to those of less disturbed systems. Using a soil bioassay, we sampled the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities associating with Quercus rubra (northern red oak) seedlings in soil collected from seven sites: two mature forest reference sites and five urban sites of varying levels of disturbance. Morphological and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of fungi colonizing root tips revealed that colonization rates and fungal species richness were significantly lower on root systems of seedlings grown in disturbed site soils. Analysis of similarity showed that EMF community composition was not significantly different among several urban site soils but did differ significantly between mature forest sites and all but one urban site. We identified a suite of fungal species that occurred across several urban sites. Lack of a diverse community of belowground mutualists could be a constraint on urban plant community development, especially of late-successional woodlands. Analysis of urban EMF communities can add to our understanding of urban plant community structure and should be addressed during ecological assessment before pragmatic decisions to restore habitats are framed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Karpati
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Steven N Handel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John Dighton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Thomas R Horton
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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Kohout P, Sýkorová Z, Bahram M, Hadincová V, Albrechtová J, Tedersoo L, Vohník M. Ericaceous dwarf shrubs affect ectomycorrhizal fungal community of the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris in a pot experiment. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:403-412. [PMID: 21161550 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between ericaceous understorey shrubs and the diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) associated with the invasive Pinus strobus and native Pinus sylvestris. Seedlings of both pines were grown in mesocosms and subjected to three treatments simulating different forest microhabitats: (a) grown in isolation and grown with (b) Vaccinium myrtillus or (c) Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Ericaceous plants did not act as a species pool of pine mycobionts and inhibited the ability of the potentially shared species Meliniomyces bicolor to form ectomycorrhizae. Similarly, Ericaceae significantly reduced the formation of Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae in P. sylvestris. EcMF species composition in the mesocosms was strongly affected by both the host species and the presence of an ericaceous neighbour. When grown in isolation, P. strobus root tips were predominantly colonised by Wilcoxina mikolae, whereas those of P. sylvestris were more commonly colonised by Suillus and Rhizopogon spp. Interestingly, these differences were less evident (Suillus + Rhizopogon spp.) or absent (W. mikolae) when the pines were grown with Ericaceae. P. strobus exclusively associated with Rhizopogon salebrosus s.l., suggesting the presence of host specificity at the intrageneric level. Ericaceous plants had a positive effect on colonisation of P. strobus root tips by R. salebrosus s.l. This study demonstrates that the interaction of selective factors such as host species and presence of ericaceous plants may affect the realised niche of the ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Sýkorová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany ASCR, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Natural History Museum, Tartu University, 40 Lai, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 12843, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lang C, Seven J, Polle A. Host preferences and differential contributions of deciduous tree species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:297-308. [PMID: 20886243 PMCID: PMC3077745 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal species richness and host ranges were investigated in mixed deciduous stands composed of Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp., and Fraxinus excelsior. Acer and Fraxinus were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizas and contributed 5% to total stand mycorrhizal fungal species richness. Tilia hosted similar and Carpinus half the number of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal taxa compared with Fagus (75 putative taxa). The relative abundance of the host tree the EM fungal richness decreased in the order Fagus > Tilia >> Carpinus. After correction for similar sampling intensities, EM fungal species richness of Carpinus was still about 30-40% lower than that of Fagus and Tilia. About 10% of the mycorrhizal species were shared among the EM forming trees; 29% were associated with two host tree species and 61% with only one of the hosts. The latter group consisted mainly of rare EM fungal species colonizing about 20% of the root tips and included known specialists but also putative non-host associations such as conifer or shrub mycorrhizas. Our data indicate that EM fungal species richness was associated with tree identity and suggest that Fagus secures EM fungal diversity in an ecosystem since it shared more common EM fungi with Tilia and Carpinus than the latter two among each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Lang
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Seven
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Peay KG, Garbelotto M, Bruns TD. Evidence of dispersal limitation in soil microorganisms: Isolation reduces species richness on mycorrhizal tree islands. Ecology 2010; 91:3631-40. [DOI: 10.1890/09-2237.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Matteo Garbelotto
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Thomas D. Bruns
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
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Wilkinson A, Solan M, Taylor AFS, Alexander IJ, Johnson D. Intraspecific diversity regulates fungal productivity and respiration. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12604. [PMID: 20830299 PMCID: PMC2935373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals and not just species are key components of biodiversity, yet the relationship between intraspecific diversity and ecosystem functioning in microbial systems remains largely untested. This limits our ability to understand and predict the effects of altered genetic diversity in regulating key ecosystem processes and functions. Here, we use a model fungal system to test the hypothesis that intraspecific genotypic richness of Paxillus obscurosporus stimulates biomass and CO(2) efflux, but that this is dependent on nitrogen supply. Using controlled experimental microcosms, we show that populations containing several genotypes (maximum 8) of the fungus had greater productivity and produced significantly more CO(2) than those with fewer genotypes. Moreover, intraspecific diversity had a much stronger effect than a four-fold manipulation of the carbon:nitrogen ratio of the growth medium. The effects of intraspecific diversity were underpinned by strong roles of individuals, but overall intraspecific diversity increased the propensity of populations to over-yield, indicating that both complementarity and selection effects can operate within species. Our data demonstrate the importance of intraspecific diversity over a range of nitrogen concentrations, and the need to consider fine scale phylogenetic information of microbial communities in understanding their contribution to ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Solan
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian J. Alexander
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David Johnson
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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