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Agarwal P, Chittora A, Baraiya BM, Fatnani D, Patel K, Akhyani DD, Parida AK, Agarwal PK. Rab7 GTPase-Mediated stress signaling enhances salinity tolerance in AlRabring7 tobacco transgenics by modulating physio-biochemical parameters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108928. [PMID: 39033652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The RING-type E3 ligases play a significant role in stress signaling, primarily through post-translational regulation. Ubiquitination is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates the turnover and activity of proteins. The overexpression of AlRabring7, RING-HC E3 Ub ligase in tobacco provides insights into the regulation of salinity and ABA signaling in transgenic tobacco. The seed germination potential of AlRabring7 transgenics was higher than WT, with NaCl and ABA treatments. The transgenics showed improved morpho-physio-biochemical parameters in response to salinity and ABA treatments. The photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, reducing sugars and proline increased in transgenics in response to NaCl and ABA treatments. The decreased ROS accumulation in transgenics on NaCl and ABA treatments can be co-related to improved activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The potential of transgenics to maintain ABA levels with ABA treatment, highlights the active participation of ABA feedback loop mechanism. Interestingly, the ability of AlRabring7 transgenics to upregulate Rab7 protein, suggests its role in facilitating vacuolar transport. Furthermore, the improved potassium accumulation and reduced sodium content indicate an efficient ion regulation mechanism in transgenic plants facilitating higher stomatal opening. The expression of downstream ion transporter (NbNHX1 and NbVHA1), ABA signaling (NbABI2 and NbABI5) and vesicle trafficking (NbMON1) responsive genes were upregulated with stress. The present study, reports that AlRabring7 participates in maintaining vacuolar transport, ion balance, ROS homeostasis, stomatal regulation through activation of Rab7 protein and regulation of downstream stress-responsive during stress. This emphasizes the potential of AlRabring7 gene for improved performance and resilience in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Anjali Chittora
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bhagirath M Baraiya
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhara Fatnani
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Khantika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhanvi D Akhyani
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Asish K Parida
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Ma L, Yuan J, Qin H, Zhang M, Zhang F, Yu F, Tian Z, Wang G. GmMATE100 Is Involved in the Import of Soyasaponins A and B into Vacuoles in Soybean Plants ( Glycine max L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9994-10004. [PMID: 38648468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins, synthesized via the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm, provide protection against pathogens and pests in plants and health benefits for humans. However, the mechanisms by which triterpenoid saponins are transported between cellular compartments remain uncharacterized. Here, we characterize a tonoplast localized multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter, GmMATE100 (encoded by Glyma.18G143700), from soybean (Glycine max L.). GmMATE100 is co-expressed with soyasaponin biosynthetic genes, and its expression was induced by MeJA treatment, which also led to soyasaponin accumulation in soybean roots. GmMATE100 efficiently transports multiple type-B soyasaponins as well as type-A soyasaponins with low affinity from the cytosol to the vacuole in a yeast system. The GmMATE100 loss-of-function mutant showed a significant decrease in type-A and type-B soyasaponin contents in soybean roots. This study not only characterized the first soybean triterpenoid saponin transporter but also provided new knowledge for the rational engineering of soyasaponin content and composition in soybean plants to modulate their levels within crop environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
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3
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Lu HH, Meents AK, Fliegmann J, Hwang MJ, Suen CS, Masch D, Felix G, Mithöfer A, Yeh KW. Identification of a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptor and its cognate peptide ligand in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023. [PMID: 37267124 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important tuber crop, but also target of numerous insect pests. Intriguingly, the abundant storage protein in tubers, sporamin, has intrinsic trypsin protease inhibitory activity. In leaves, sporamin is induced by wounding or a volatile homoterpene and enhances insect resistance. While the signalling pathway leading to sporamin synthesis is partially established, the initial event, perception of a stress-related signal is still unknown. Here, we identified an IbLRR-RK1 that is induced upon wounding and herbivory, and related to peptide-elicitor receptors (PEPRs) from tomato and Arabidopsis. We also identified a gene encoding a precursor protein comprising a peptide ligand (IbPep1) for IbLRR-RK1. IbPep1 represents a distinct signal in sweet potato, which might work in a complementary and/or parallel pathway to the previously described hydroxyproline-rich systemin (HypSys) peptides to strengthen insect resistance. Notably, an interfamily compatibility in the Pep/PEPR system from Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anja K Meents
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diana Masch
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Weather Climate and Disaster Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liang Y, Bai J, Xie Z, Lian Z, Guo J, Zhao F, Liang Y, Huo H, Gong H. Tomato sucrose transporter SlSUT4 participates in flowering regulation by modulating gibberellin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1080-1098. [PMID: 36943245 PMCID: PMC10231472 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The functions of sucrose transporters (SUTs) differ among family members. The physiological function of SUT1 has been studied intensively, while that of SUT4 in various plant species including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is less well-understood. In this study, we characterized the function of tomato SlSUT4 in the regulation of flowering using a combination of molecular and physiological analyses. SlSUT4 displayed transport activity for sucrose when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and it localized at both the plasma membrane and tonoplast. SlSUT4 interacted with SlSUT1, causing partial internalization of the latter, the main phloem loader of sucrose in tomato. Silencing of SlSUT4 promoted SlSUT1 localization to the plasma membrane, contributing to increased sucrose export and thus increased sucrose level in the shoot apex, which promoted flowering. Both silencing of SlSUT4 and spraying with sucrose suppressed gibberellin biosynthesis through repression of ent-kaurene oxidase and gibberellin 20-oxidase-1 (2 genes encoding key enzymes in gibberellin biosynthesis) expression by SlMYB76, which directly bound to their promoters. Silencing of SlMYB76 promoted gibberellin biosynthesis. Our results suggest that SlSUT4 is a functional SUT in tomato; downregulation of SlSUT4 expression enhances sucrose transport to the shoot apex, which promotes flowering by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiayu Bai
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhilong Xie
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Lian
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2725 South Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feiyang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2725 South Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Haijun Gong
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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5
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Ito E, Uemura T. RAB GTPases and SNAREs at the trans-Golgi network in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:389-403. [PMID: 35488138 PMCID: PMC9188535 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane traffic is a fundamental cellular system to exchange proteins and membrane lipids among single membrane-bound organelles or between an organelle and the plasma membrane in order to keep integrity of the endomembrane system. RAB GTPases and SNARE proteins, the key regulators of membrane traffic, are conserved broadly among eukaryotic species. However, genome-wide analyses showed that organization of RABs and SNAREs that regulate the post-Golgi transport pathways is greatly diversified in plants compared to other model eukaryotes. Furthermore, some organelles acquired unique properties in plant lineages. Like in other eukaryotic systems, the trans-Golgi network of plants coordinates secretion and vacuolar transport; however, uniquely in plants, it also acts as a platform for endocytic transport and recycling. In this review, we focus on RAB GTPases and SNAREs that function at the TGN, and summarize how these regulators perform to control different transport pathways at the plant TGN. We also highlight the current knowledge of RABs and SNAREs' role in regulation of plant development and plant responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan.
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6
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Cao W, Li Z, Huang S, Shi Y, Zhu Y, Lai MN, Lok PL, Wang X, Cui Y, Jiang L. Correlation of vacuole morphology with stomatal lineage development by whole-cell electron tomography. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2085-2100. [PMID: 35134219 PMCID: PMC8968265 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement is essential for plants to optimize transpiration and therefore photosynthesis. Rapid changes in the stomatal aperture are accompanied by adjustment of vacuole volume and morphology in guard cells (GCs). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf epidermis, stomatal development undergoes a cell-fate transition including four stomatal lineage cells: meristemoid, guard mother cell, young GC, and GC. Little is known about the mechanism underlying vacuole dynamics and vacuole formation during stomatal development. Here, we utilized whole-cell electron tomography (ET) analysis to elucidate vacuole morphology, formation, and development in different stages of stomatal lineage cells at nanometer resolution. The whole-cell ET models demonstrated that large vacuoles were generated from small vacuole stepwise fusion/maturation along stomatal development stages. Further ET analyses verified the existence of swollen intraluminal vesicles inside distinct vacuoles at certain developmental stages of stomatal lineage cells, implying a role of multivesicular body fusion in stomatal vacuole formation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a mechanism mediating vacuole formation in Arabidopsis stomatal development and may shed light on the role of vacuoles in stomatal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuxian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuwei Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Nga Lai
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Lok Lok
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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7
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Ding X, Zhang X, Paez-Valencia J, McLoughlin F, Reyes FC, Morohashi K, Grotewold E, Vierstra RD, Otegui MS. Microautophagy Mediates Vacuolar Delivery of Storage Proteins in Maize Aleurone Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833612. [PMID: 35251104 PMCID: PMC8894768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular machinery orchestrating microautophagy, whereby eukaryotic cells sequester autophagic cargo by direct invagination of the vacuolar/lysosomal membrane, is still largely unknown, especially in plants. Here, we demonstrate microautophagy of storage proteins in the maize aleurone cells of the endosperm and analyzed proteins with potential regulatory roles in this process. Within the cereal endosperm, starchy endosperm cells accumulate storage proteins (mostly prolamins) and starch whereas the peripheral aleurone cells store oils, storage proteins, and specialized metabolites. Although both cell types synthesize prolamins, they employ different pathways for their subcellular trafficking. Starchy endosperm cells accumulate prolamins in protein bodies within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas aleurone cells deliver prolamins to vacuoles via an autophagic mechanism, which we show is by direct association of ER prolamin bodies with the tonoplast followed by engulfment via microautophagy. To identify candidate proteins regulating this process, we performed RNA-seq transcriptomic comparisons of aleurone and starchy endosperm tissues during seed development and proteomic analysis on tonoplast-enriched fractions of aleurone cells. From these datasets, we identified 10 candidate proteins with potential roles in membrane modification and/or microautophagy, including phospholipase-Dα5 and a possible EUL-like lectin. We found that both proteins increased the frequency of tonoplast invaginations when overexpressed in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts and are highly enriched at the tonoplast surface surrounding ER protein bodies in maize aleurone cells, thus supporting their potential connections to microautophagy. Collectively, this candidate list now provides useful tools to study microautophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Fionn McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Francisca C. Reyes
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kengo Morohashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Richard D. Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Denne NL, Hiles RR, Kyrysyuk O, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Mitra RM. Ralstonia solanacearum Effectors Localize to Diverse Organelles in Solanum Hosts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2213-2226. [PMID: 33720750 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0483-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effector (T3E) proteins directly into host plant cells. T3Es can interact with plant proteins and frequently manipulate plant host physiological or developmental processes. The proper subcellular localization of T3Es is critical for their ability to interact with plant targets, and knowledge of T3E localization can be informative for studies of effector function. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of 19 T3Es from the phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum. Approximately 45% of effectors in our library localize to both the plant cell periphery and the nucleus, 15% exclusively to the cell periphery, 15% exclusively to the nucleus, and 25% to other organelles, including tonoplasts and peroxisomes. Using tomato hairy roots, we show that T3E localization is similar in both leaves and roots and is not impacted by Solanum species. We find that in silico prediction programs are frequently inaccurate, highlighting the value of in planta localization experiments. Our data suggest that Ralstonia targets a wide diversity of cellular organelles and provides a foundation for developing testable hypotheses about Ralstonia effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Denne
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
| | - Rachel R Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raka M Mitra
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
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9
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Arabidopsis P4 ATPase-mediated cell detoxification confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Verticillium dahliae. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6426. [PMID: 34741039 PMCID: PMC8571369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many toxic secondary metabolites produced by phytopathogens can subvert host immunity, and some of them are recognized as pathogenicity factors. Fusarium head blight and Verticillium wilt are destructive plant diseases worldwide. Using toxins produced by the causal fungi Fusarium graminearum and Verticillium dahliae as screening agents, here we show that the Arabidopsis P4 ATPases AtALA1 and AtALA7 are responsible for cellular detoxification of mycotoxins. Through AtALA1-/AtALA7-mediated vesicle transport, toxins are sequestered in vacuoles for degradation. Overexpression of AtALA1 and AtALA7 significantly increases the resistance of transgenic plants to F. graminearum and V. dahliae, respectively. Notably, the concentration of deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin harmful to the health of humans and animals, was decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis siliques and maize seeds. This vesicle-mediated cell detoxification process provides a strategy to increase plant resistance against different toxin-associated diseases and to reduce the mycotoxin contamination in food and feed.
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10
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Tripathy MK, Deswal R, Sopory SK. Plant RABs: Role in Development and in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:26-40. [PMID: 34045922 PMCID: PMC8142350 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210114102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking plays an integral role in various eukaryotic cellular activities and is vital for higher-order functions in multicellular organisms. RAB GTPases are important proteins that influence various aspects of membrane traffic, which consequently influence many cellular functions and responses. Compared to yeast and mammals, plants have evolved a unique set of plant-specific RABs that play a significant role in their development. RABs form the largest family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, and are divided into eight sub-families named RAB1, RAB2, RAB5, RAB6, RAB7, RAB8, RAB11 and RAB18. Recent studies on different species suggest that RAB proteins play crucial roles in intracellular trafficking and cytokinesis, in autophagy, plant microbe interactions and in biotic and abiotic stress responses. This review recaptures and summarizes the roles of RABs in plant cell functions and in enhancing plant survival under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Tripathy
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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11
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Kazachkova Y, Zemach I, Panda S, Bocobza S, Vainer A, Rogachev I, Dong Y, Ben-Dor S, Veres D, Kanstrup C, Lambertz SK, Crocoll C, Hu Y, Shani E, Michaeli S, Nour-Eldin HH, Zamir D, Aharoni A. The GORKY glycoalkaloid transporter is indispensable for preventing tomato bitterness. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:468-480. [PMID: 33707737 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit taste is determined by sugars, acids and in some species, bitter chemicals. Attraction of seed-dispersing organisms in nature and breeding for consumer preferences requires reduced fruit bitterness. A key metabolic shift during ripening prevents tomato fruit bitterness by eliminating α-tomatine, a renowned defence-associated Solanum alkaloid. Here, we combined fine mapping with information from 150 resequenced genomes and genotyping a 650-tomato core collection to identify nine bitter-tasting accessions including the 'high tomatine' Peruvian landraces reported in the literature. These 'bitter' accessions contain a deletion in GORKY, a nitrate/peptide family transporter mediating α-tomatine subcellular localization during fruit ripening. GORKY exports α-tomatine and its derivatives from the vacuole to the cytosol and this facilitates the conversion of the entire α-tomatine pool to non-bitter forms, rendering the fruit palatable. Hence, GORKY activity was a notable innovation in the process of tomato fruit domestication and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itay Zemach
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Samuel Bocobza
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrii Vainer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dorottya Veres
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christa Kanstrup
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Konstanze Lambertz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yangjie Hu
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Simon Michaeli
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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12
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Robert G, Yagyu M, Koizumi T, Naya L, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Yoshimoto K. Ammonium stress increases microautophagic activity while impairing macroautophagic flux in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1083-1097. [PMID: 33222335 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to NH4+ stress are complex, and multiple mechanisms underlying NH4+ sensitivity and tolerance in plants may be involved. Here, we demonstrate that macro- and microautophagic activities are oppositely affected in plants grown under NH4+ toxicity conditions. When grown under NH4+ stress conditions, macroautophagic activity was impaired in roots. Root cells accumulated autophagosomes in the cytoplasm, but showed less autophagic flux, indicating that late steps of the macroautophagy process are affected under NH4+ stress conditions. Under this scenario, we also found that the CCZ1-MON1 complex, a critical factor for vacuole delivery pathways, functions in the late step of the macroautophagic pathway in Arabidopsis. In contrast, an accumulation of tonoplast-derived vesicles was observed in vacuolar lumens of root cells of NH4+ -stressed plants, suggesting the induction of a microautophagy-like process. In this sense, some SYP22-, but mainly VAMP711-positive vesicles were observed inside vacuole in roots of NH4+ -stressed plants. Consistent with the increased tonoplast degradation and the reduced membrane flow to the vacuole due to the impaired macroautophagic flux, the vacuoles of root cells of NH4+ -stressed plants showed a simplified structure and lower tonoplast content. Taken together, this study presents evidence that postulates late steps of the macroautophagic process as a relevant physiological mechanism underlying the NH4+ sensitivity response in Arabidopsis, and additionally provides insights into the molecular tools for studying microautophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Robert
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Av. 11 de Septiembre, Córdoba, 4755-X5020ICA, Argentina
- Unidad de doble dependencia INTA-CONICET (UDEA), Av. 11 de Septiembre, Córdoba, 4755-X5020ICA, Argentina
| | - Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takaya Koizumi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Loreto Naya
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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13
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Hoang L, Sporsheim B, Halle KK, Wolff SA, Ahmad SJN, Ahmad JN, Bones AM. The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase ( tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers. Cells 2021; 10:227. [PMID: 33503919 PMCID: PMC7911204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants' physical defence barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Linh Hoang
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
- Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari K. Halle
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Silje Aase Wolff
- National Centre for STEM Recruitment, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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14
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Regulation of ABA-Non-Activated SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 Signaling Pathways by Phosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144984. [PMID: 32679718 PMCID: PMC7404309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as responses to various environmental stimuli. Several PA targets in plant cells were identified, including two SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s), SnRK2.10 and SnRK2.4, which are not activated by abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we investigated the effects of PA on various elements of ABA-non-activated SnRK2 signaling. PA 16:0/18:1 was found to modulate the SnRK2 structure and the phosphorylation of some SnRK2 targets. Conversely, phosphorylation by the ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, of one of such targets, dehydrin Early Responsive to Dehydration 14 (ERD14), affects its interaction with PA and subcellular localization. Moreover, PA 16:0/18:1 modulates the activity and/or localization of negative regulators of the ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, not only of the ABA insensitive 1 (ABI1) phosphatase, which was identified earlier, but also of another protein phosphatase 2C, PP2CA. The activity of both phosphatases was inhibited by about 50% in the presence of 50 μM PA. PA 16:0/18:1 also impacts the phosphorylation and subcellular localization of SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor, known to inhibit SnRK2 activity in a calcium-dependent manner. Thus, PA was found to regulate ABA-non-activated SnRK2 signaling at several levels: the activity, phosphorylation status and/or localization of SnRK2 cellular partners.
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15
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Agarwal P, Patel K, More P, Sapara KK, Singh VK, Agarwal PK. The AlRabring7 E3-Ub-ligase mediates AlRab7 ubiquitination and improves ionic and oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:689-704. [PMID: 32353675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of ROS homeostasis, membrane biogenesis and recycling of molecules are common stress responses involving specific and complex regulatory network. Ubiquitination is an important and common mechanism which facilitates environmental adaptation in eukaryotes. In the present study we have cloned the AlRabring7, an E3-Ub-ligase, previously identified as AlRab7 interacting partner. The role of AlRabring7 for ubiquitinating AlRab7 and facilitating stress tolerance is analysed. The AlRabring7, with an open-reading frame of 702 bp encodes a protein of 233 amino acids, with RING-HC domain of 40 amino acids. In silico analysis shows that AlRabring7 is a C3HC4-type RING E3 Ub ligase. The protein - protein docking show interaction dynamics between AlRab7-AlRabring7-Ubiquitin proteins. The AlRab7 and AlRabring7 transcript showed up-regulation in response to different salts i.e: NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, NaCl + KCl, NaCl + CaCl2, imposing ionic as well as hyperosmotic stress, and also with oxidative stress by H2O2 treatment. Interestingly, the AlRabring7 showed early transcript expression with maximum expression in shoots on combinatorial stresses. The AlRab7 showed delayed and maximum expression with NaCl + CaCl2 stress treatment. The AlRab7 complements yeast ypt7Δ mutants and restored the fragmented vacuole. The in vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that AlRabring7 function as E3 ubiquitin ligase and mediates AlRab7 ubiquitination. Overexpression of AlRab7 and AlRabring7 independently and when co-transformed enhanced the growth of yeast cells during stress conditions. Further, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay shows the in planta interaction of the two proteins. Our results suggest that AlRab7 and AlRabring7 confers enhanced stress tolerance in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Khantika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Prashant More
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Komal K Sapara
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vinay K Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep K Agarwal
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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16
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Madina MH, Rahman MS, Zheng H, Germain H. Vacuolar membrane structures and their roles in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:343-354. [PMID: 31621005 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short review focussing on the role and targeting of vacuolar substructure in plant immunity and pathogenesis. Plants lack specialized immune cells, therefore each plant cell must defend itself against invading pathogens. A typical plant defense strategy is the hypersensitive response that results in host cell death at the site of infection, a process largely regulated by the vacuole. In plant cells, the vacuole is a vital organelle that plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. It shows divergent membranous structures that are continuously transforming. Recent technical advances in visualization and live-cell imaging have significantly altered our view of the vacuolar structures and their dynamics. Understanding the active nature of the vacuolar structures and the mechanisms of vacuole-mediated defense responses is of great importance in understanding plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge about the vacuole and its internal structures, as well as their role in plant-microbe interactions. There is so far limited information on the modulation of the vacuolar structures by pathogens, but recent research has identified the vacuole as a possible target of microbial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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17
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Fugate KK, Eide JD, Martins DN, Grusak MA, Deckard EL, Finger FL. Colocalization of sucrose synthase expression and sucrose storage in the sugarbeet taproot indicates a potential role for sucrose catabolism in sucrose accumulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:153016. [PMID: 31400718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose metabolism is believed to have a central role in promoting sink strength and sucrose storage in the sugarbeet taproot. How sucrose accumulation is increased by sucrose-degrading enzymes, however, is a paradox. To elucidate roles for sucrose-degrading activities in sucrose accumulation, relationships between the intercellular location of sucrose-catabolizing enzymes and sites of sucrose accumulation were determined in the sugarbeet taproot. Sucrose storage was evident in parenchyma cells of the outer cortex, rays, and rings of parenchyma tissue, but was absent in phloem, the vascular cambium, cells surrounding these tissues, or cells surrounding xylem. Sucrose synthase, which was primarily responsible for sucrose catabolism throughout the taproot, was expressed in similar cell and tissue types to those accumulating sucrose. Colocalization of sucrose synthase with sucrose accumulation, as well as sucrose synthase localization near the tonoplast, suggests a role for the enzyme in generating metabolic energy to fuel sucrose sequestration in the vacuole. Localization near the plasma membrane also suggests a role for sucrose synthase in supplying substrates for cell wall biosynthesis. By utilizing sucrose for ATP or cell wall biosynthesis, sucrose synthase likely maintains the source-to-sink sucrose gradient that drives sucrose transport into the root, thereby promoting sugarbeet root sink strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Fugate
- USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd. N., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA.
| | - John D Eide
- USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd. N., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA.
| | - Daniel N Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Blvd. N., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA.
| | - Edward L Deckard
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | - Fernando L Finger
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Bapaume L, Laukamm S, Darbon G, Monney C, Meyenhofer F, Feddermann N, Chen M, Reinhardt D. VAPYRIN Marks an Endosomal Trafficking Compartment Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 31231402 PMCID: PMC6558636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and AM fungi that requires the intracellular accommodation of the fungal partner in the host. For reciprocal nutrient exchange, AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules that are surrounded by the peri-arbuscular membrane. This membrane, together with the fungal plasma membrane, and the space in between, constitute the symbiotic interface, over which nutrients are exchanged. Intracellular establishment of AM fungi requires the VAPYRIN protein which is induced in colonized cells, and which localizes to numerous small mobile structures of unknown identity (Vapyrin-bodies). In order to characterize the identity and function of the Vapyrin-bodies we pursued a dual strategy. First, we co-expressed fluorescently tagged VAPYRIN with a range of subcellular marker proteins, and secondly, we employed biochemical tools to identify interacting partner proteins of VAPYRIN. As an important tool for the quantitative analysis of confocal microscopic data sets from co-expression of fluorescent proteins, we developed a semi-automated image analysis pipeline that allows for precise spatio-temporal quantification of protein co-localization and of the dynamics of organelle association from movies. Taken together, these experiments revealed that Vapyrin-bodies have an endosomal identity with trans-Golgi features, and that VAPYRIN interacts with a symbiotic R-SNARE of the VAMP721 family, that localizes to the same compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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19
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Kuang L, Chen S, Guo Y, Ma H. Quantitative Proteome Analysis Reveals Changes in the Protein Landscape During Grape Berry Development With a Focus on Vacuolar Transport Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:641. [PMID: 31156689 PMCID: PMC6530609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole plays a central role in fruit growth and quality formation, yet its proteomic landscape is largely unknown. In the present study, a protocol for isolating intact vacuoles from grape flesh tissue was successfully established. Quantitative proteome analysis identified 2533 proteins from five sampling dates along Cabernet Sauvignon berry development from stage I to III; among them, 1443 proteins were identified on all five sampling dates in at least two biological replicates per sample and were designated core proteome, and 1820 were recruited as differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) by sequential pairwise comparisons using arbitrary fold change of >1.5 and P < 0.05. Metabolism consistently constituted the largest category of identified proteins for both core proteome and DAPs, together with a consistently high proportion of protein-fate category proteins, indicating that the classic lytic functions of vegetative cell vacuoles are maintained throughout berry development; accumulation of metabolites involved in high sugar and other berry qualities in the late developmental stage added to the conventional lytic role of the flesh cell vacuoles. Overall increases in abundance of the DAPs were seen in the transporter proteins, membrane fusion/vesicle trafficking, and protein-fate categories, and decreased abundance was seen for DAPs in the stress, energy and cytoskeleton categories as berry development progressed. A very pronounced proteomic change was revealed between late stage I and mid stage II, with 915 increased and 114 decreased DAPs, demonstrating a significant surge of the vacuolar proteome underlying the rather static phenotypical and physiological phase. We identified 161 transport proteins with differential abundance, including proton pumps, aquaporins, sugar transporters, ATP-binding cassette transporters and ion transport proteins, together with organic compound transport proteins, the highest number and variety of berry tonoplast transporters found in grape proteome efforts to date. We further found a pre-positive increment of 96 transport proteins from the middle of stage II, before the berry undergoes its dramatic physiological changes at and following véraison. Our results are the first to describe the proteome of a vacuole-enriched preparation, toward understanding the functions of the largest compartment in berry cells during grape growth and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Kuang
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Baranowski Ł, Różańska E, Sańko-Sawczenko I, Matuszkiewicz M, Znojek E, Filipecki M, Grundler FMW, Sobczak M. Arabidopsis tonoplast intrinsic protein and vacuolar H +-adenosinetriphosphatase reflect vacuole dynamics during development of syncytia induced by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:419-429. [PMID: 30187342 PMCID: PMC6510842 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic cyst nematodes induce specific hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cell structures in host roots. A characteristic feature of syncytia is the lack of the central vacuole and the formation of numerous small and larger vesicles. We show that these structures are formed de novo via widening of ER cisternae during the entire development of syncytium, whereas in advanced stages of syncytium development, larger vacuoles are also formed via fusion of vesicles/tubules surrounding organelle-free pre-vacuole regions. Immunogold transmission electron microscopy of syncytia localised the vacuolar markers E subunit of vacuolar H+-adenosinetriphosphatase (V-ATPase) complex and tonoplast intrinsic protein (γ-TIP1;1) mostly in membranes surrounding syncytial vesicles, thus indicating that these structures are vacuoles and that some of them have a lytic character. To study the function of syncytial vacuoles, changes in expression of AtVHA-B1, AtVHA-B2 and AtVHA-B3 (coding for isoforms of subunit B of V-ATPase), and TIP1;1 and TIP1;2 (coding for γ-TIP proteins) genes were analysed. RT-qPCR revealed significant downregulation of AtVHA-B2, TIP1;1 and TIP1;2 at the examined stages of syncytium development compared to uninfected roots. Expression of VHA-B1 and VHA-B3 decreased at 3 dpi but reached the level of control at 7 dpi. These results were confirmed for TIP1;1 by monitoring At-γ-TIP-YFP reporter construct expression. Infection test conducted on tip1;1 mutant plants showed formation of larger syncytia and higher numbers of females in comparison to wild-type plants indicating that reduced levels or lack of TIP1;1 protein promote nematode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Baranowski
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sańko-Sawczenko
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Znojek
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-766, Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Maszkowska J, Dębski J, Kulik A, Kistowski M, Bucholc M, Lichocka M, Klimecka M, Sztatelman O, Szymańska KP, Dadlez M, Dobrowolska G. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals that dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14 are phosphorylated by SNF1-related protein kinase 2.10 in response to osmotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:931-946. [PMID: 30338858 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) regulate the plant responses to abiotic stresses, especially water deficits. They are activated in plants subjected to osmotic stress, and some of them are additionally activated in response to enhanced concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant cells. The SnRK2s that are activated in response to ABA are key elements of ABA signalling that regulate plant acclimation to environmental stresses and ABA-dependent development. Much less is known about the SnRK2s that are not activated by ABA, albeit several studies have shown that these kinases are also involved in response to osmotic stress. Here, we show that one of the Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, SnRK2.10, regulates not only the response to salinity but also the plant sensitivity to dehydration. Several potential SnRK2.10 targets phosphorylated in response to stress were identified by a phosphoproteomic approach, including the dehydrins ERD10 and ERD14. Their phosphorylation by SnRK2.10 was confirmed in vitro. Our data suggest that the phosphorylation of ERD14 within the S-segment is involved in the regulation of dehydrin subcellular localization in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kistowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bucholc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Klimecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Pecrix Y, Buendia L, Penouilh‐Suzette C, Maréchaux M, Legrand L, Bouchez O, Rengel D, Gouzy J, Cottret L, Vear F, Godiard L. Sunflower resistance to multiple downy mildew pathotypes revealed by recognition of conserved effectors of the oomycete Plasmopara halstedii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:730-748. [PMID: 30422341 PMCID: PMC6849628 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, new sunflower downy mildew isolates (Plasmopara halstedii) have overcome major gene resistances in sunflower, requiring the identification of additional and possibly more durable broad-spectrum resistances. Here, 354 RXLR effectors defined in silico from our new genomic data were classified in a network of 40 connected components sharing conserved protein domains. Among 205 RXLR effector genes encoding conserved proteins in 17 P. halstedii pathotypes of varying virulence, we selected 30 effectors that were expressed during plant infection as potentially essential genes to target broad-spectrum resistance in sunflower. The transient expression of the 30 core effectors in sunflower and in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed a wide diversity of targeted subcellular compartments, including organelles not so far shown to be targeted by oomycete effectors such as chloroplasts and processing bodies. More than half of the 30 core effectors were able to suppress pattern-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana, and five of these induced hypersensitive responses (HR) in sunflower broad-spectrum resistant lines. HR triggered by PhRXLRC01 co-segregated with Pl22 resistance in F3 populations and both traits localized in 1.7 Mb on chromosome 13 of the sunflower genome. Pl22 resistance was physically mapped on the sunflower genome recently sequenced, unlike all the other downy mildew resistances published so far. PhRXLRC01 and Pl22 are proposed as an avirulence/resistance gene couple not previously described in sunflower. Core effector recognition is a successful strategy to accelerate broad-spectrum resistance gene identification in complex crop genomes such as sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pecrix
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Luis Buendia
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Charlotte Penouilh‐Suzette
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Maude Maréchaux
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- GeT‐PlaGeUS INRA 1426INRA AuzevilleF‐31326Castanet‐Tolosan CedexFrance
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Laurence Godiard
- LIPM Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes‐MicroorganismesUniversité de ToulouseINRACNRSF‐31326Castanet‐TolosanFrance
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23
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Overexpression of Rice Rab7 Gene Improves Drought and Heat Tolerance and Increases Grain Yield in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010056. [PMID: 30658457 PMCID: PMC6357162 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab family proteins play a crucial role in plant developmental processes and tolerance to environmental stresses. The current study investigated whether rice Rab7 (OsRab7) overexpression could improve rice tolerance to drought and heat stress conditions. The OsRab7 gene was cloned and transformed into rice plants. The survival rate, relative water content, chlorophyll content, gas-exchange characteristics, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, proline content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX, POD) of the transgenic rice lines were significantly higher than that of the wild-type. In contrast, the levels of hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde of the transgenic lines were significantly reduced when compared to wild-type. Furthermore, the expression of four genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes (OsCATA, OsCATB, OsAPX2, OsSOD-Cu/Zn) and eight genes conferring abiotic stress tolerance (OsLEA3, OsRD29A, OsSNAC1, OsSNAC2, OsDREB2A, OsDREB2B, OsRAB16A, OsRAB16C) was significantly up-regulated in the transformed rice lines as compared to their expression in wild-type. OsRab7 overexpression also increased grain yield in rice. Taken together, the current study indicates that the OsRab7 gene improves grain yield and enhances drought and heat tolerance in transgenic rice by modulating osmolytes, antioxidants and abiotic stress-responsive genes expression. Therefore, OsRab7 gene could be exploited as a promising candidate for improving rice grain yield and stress tolerance.
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24
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CLASP promotes stable tethering of endoplasmic microtubules to the cell cortex to maintain cytoplasmic stability in Arabidopsis meristematic cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198521. [PMID: 29894477 PMCID: PMC5997327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following cytokinesis in plants, Endoplasmic MTs (EMTs) assemble on the nuclear surface, forming a radial network that extends out to the cell cortex, where they attach and incorporate into the cortical microtubule (CMT) array. We found that in these post-cytokinetic cells, the MT-associated protein CLASP is enriched at sites of EMT-cortex attachment, and is required for stable EMT tethering and growth into the cell cortex. Loss of EMT-cortex anchoring in clasp-1 mutants results in destabilized EMT arrays, and is accompanied by enhanced mobility of the cytoplasm, premature vacuolation, and precocious entry into cell elongation phase. Thus, EMTs appear to maintain cells in a meristematic state by providing a structural scaffold that stabilizes the cytoplasm to counteract actomyosin-based cytoplasmic streaming forces, thereby preventing premature establishment of a central vacuole and rapid cell elongation.
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25
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Barozzi F, Papadia P, Stefano G, Renna L, Brandizzi F, Migoni D, Fanizzi FP, Piro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. Variation in Membrane Trafficking Linked to SNARE AtSYP51 Interaction With Aquaporin NIP1;1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1949. [PMID: 30687352 PMCID: PMC6334215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SYP51 and 52 are the two members of the SYP5 Qc-SNARE gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. These two proteins, besides their high level of sequence identity (85%), have shown to have differential functional specificity and possess a different interactome. Here we describe a unique and specific interaction of SYP51 with an ER aquaporin, AtNIP1;1 (also known as NLM1) indicated to be able to transport arsenite [As(III)] and previously localized on PM. In the present work we investigate in detail such localization in vivo and characterize the interaction with SYP51. We suggest that this interaction may reveal a new mechanism regulating tonoplast invagination and recycling. We propose this interaction to be part of a regulatory mechanism associated with direct membrane transport from ER to tonoplast and Golgi mediated vesicle trafficking. We also demonstrate that NIP1;1 is important for plant tolerance to arsenite but does not alter its uptake or translocation. To explain such phenomenon the hypothesis that SYP51/NIP1;1 interaction modifies ER and vacuole ability to accumulate arsenite is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Barozzi
- Laboratory of Botany, DISTEBA (Diartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Paride Papadia
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemistry, DISTEBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paride Papadia
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- MSU DOE-Plant Biology Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Luciana Renna
- MSU DOE-Plant Biology Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU DOE-Plant Biology Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemistry, DISTEBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemistry, DISTEBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Laboratory of Botany, DISTEBA (Diartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Laboratory of Botany, DISTEBA (Diartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
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26
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Dangol S, Singh R, Chen Y, Jwa NS. Visualization of Multicolored in vivo Organelle Markers for Co-Localization Studies in Oryza sativa. Mol Cells 2017; 40:828-836. [PMID: 29113428 PMCID: PMC5712512 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells consist of a complex network of thousands of proteins present in different organelles where organelle-specific cellular processes occur. Identification of the subcellular localization of a protein is important for understanding its potential biochemical functions. In the post-genomic era, localization of unknown proteins is achieved using multiple tools including a fluorescent-tagged protein approach. Several fluorescent-tagged protein organelle markers have been introduced into dicot plants, but its use is still limited in monocot plants. Here, we generated a set of multicolored organelle markers (fluorescent-tagged proteins) based on well-established targeting sequences. We used a series of pGWBs binary vectors to ameliorate localization and co-localization experiments using monocot plants. We constructed different fluorescent-tagged markers to visualize rice cell organelles, i.e., nucleus, plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and tonoplast, with four different fluorescent proteins (FPs) (G3GFP, mRFP, YFP, and CFP). Visualization of FP-tagged markers in their respective compartments has been reported for dicot and monocot plants. The comparative localization of the nucleus marker with a nucleus localizing sequence, and the similar, characteristic morphology of mCherry-tagged Arabidopsis organelle markers and our generated organelle markers in onion cells, provide further evidence for the correct subcellular localization of the Oryza sativa (rice) organelle marker. The set of eight different rice organelle markers with four different FPs provides a valuable resource for determining the sub-cellular localization of newly identified proteins, conducting co-localization assays, and generating stable transgenic localization in monocot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006,
Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006,
Korea
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006,
Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006,
Korea
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27
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Khafif M, Balagué C, Huard-Chauveau C, Roby D. An essential role for the VASt domain of the Arabidopsis VAD1 protein in the regulation of defense and cell death in response to pathogens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179782. [PMID: 28683084 PMCID: PMC5500287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) have been identified in plants which encode proteins with putative lipid-binding domains. Among them, VAD1 (Vascular Associated Death) contains a novel protein domain called VASt (VAD1 analog StAR-related lipid transfer) still uncharacterized. The Arabidopsis mutant vad1-1 has been shown to exhibit a lesion mimic phenotype with light-conditional appearance of propagative hypersensitive response-like lesions along the vascular system, associated with defense gene expression and increased resistance to Pseudomonas strains. To test the potential of ectopic expression of VAD1 to influence HR cell death and to elucidate the role of the VASt domain in this function, we performed a structure-function analysis of VAD1 by transient over-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and by complementation of the mutant vad1-1. We found that (i) overexpression of VAD1 controls negatively the HR cell death and defense expression either transiently in Nicotiana benthamania or in Arabidopsis plants in response to avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae, (ii) VAD1 is expressed in multiple subcellular compartments, including the nucleus, and (iii) while the GRAM domain does not modify neither the subcellular localization of VAD1 nor its immunorepressor activity, the domain VASt plays an essential role in both processes. In conclusion, VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of cell death associated with the plant immune response and the VASt domain of this unknown protein plays an essential role in this function, opening the way for the functional analysis of VASt-containing proteins and the characterization of novel mechanisms regulating PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khafif
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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28
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Pérez Koldenkova V, Hatsugai N. Vacuolar convolution: possible mechanisms and role of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:751-760. [PMID: 32480604 DOI: 10.1071/fp16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The central or lytic vacuole is the largest intracellular organelle in plant cells, but we know unacceptably little about the mechanisms regulating its function in vivo. The underlying reasons are related to difficulties in accessing this organelle without disrupting the cellular integrity and to the dynamic morphology of the vacuole, which lacks a defined structure. Among such morphological changes, vacuolar convolution is probably the most commonly observed event, reflected in the (reversible) transformation of a large central vacuole into a structure consisting of interconnected bubbles of a smaller size. Such behaviour is observed in plant cells subjected to hyperosmotic stress but also takes place in physiological conditions (e.g. during stomatal closure). Although vacuolar convolution is a relatively common phenomenon in plants, studies aimed at elucidating its execution mechanisms are rather scarce. In the present review, we analyse the available evidence on the participation of the cellular cytoskeleton and ion transporters in vacuolar morphology dynamics, putting special emphasis on the available evidence of the role played by phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pérez Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc. 06720, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Noriyuki Hatsugai
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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29
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Hu R, Qiu D, Chen Y, Miller AJ, Fan X, Pan X, Zhang M. Knock-Down of a Tonoplast Localized Low-Affinity Nitrate Transporter OsNPF7.2 Affects Rice Growth under High Nitrate Supply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1529. [PMID: 27826301 PMCID: PMC5078692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The large nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) has been shown to transport diverse substrates, including nitrate, amino acids, peptides, phytohormones, and glucosinolates. However, the rice (Oryza sativa) root-specific family member OsNPF7.2 has not been functionally characterized. Here, our data show that OsNPF7.2 is a tonoplast localized low-affinity nitrate transporter, that affects rice growth under high nitrate supply. Expression analysis showed that OsNPF7.2 was mainly expressed in the elongation and maturation zones of roots, especially in the root sclerenchyma, cortex and stele. It was also induced by high concentrations of nitrate. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsNPF7.2 was localized on the tonoplast of large and small vacuoles. Heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggested that OsNPF7.2 was a low-affinity nitrate transporter. Knock-down of OsNPF7.2 retarded rice growth under high concentrations of nitrate. Therefore, we deduce that OsNPF7.2 plays a role in intracellular allocation of nitrate in roots, and thus influences rice growth under high nitrate supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Diyang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Metabolic Biology Department, John Innes CentreNorwich, UK
| | | | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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30
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Inada N, Betsuyaku S, Shimada TL, Ebine K, Ito E, Kutsuna N, Hasezawa S, Takano Y, Fukuda H, Nakano A, Ueda T. Modulation of Plant RAB GTPase-Mediated Membrane Trafficking Pathway at the Interface Between Plants and Obligate Biotrophic Pathogens. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1854-64. [PMID: 27318282 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RAB5 is a small GTPase that acts in endosomal trafficking. In addition to canonical RAB5 members that are homologous to animal RAB5, land plants harbor a plant-specific RAB5, the ARA6 group, which regulates trafficking events distinct from canonical RAB5 GTPases. Here, we report that plant RAB5, both canonical and plant-specific members, accumulate at the interface between host plants and biotrophic fungal and oomycete pathogens. Biotrophic fungi and oomycetes colonize living plant tissues by establishing specialized infection hyphae, the haustorium, within host plant cells. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana ARA6/RABF1, a plant-specific RAB5, is localized to the specialized membrane that surrounds the haustorium, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), formed by the A. thaliana-adapted powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii Whereas the conventional RAB5 ARA7/RABF2b was also localized to the EHM, endosomal SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) and RAB5-activating proteins were not, which suggests that the EHM has modified endosomal characteristic. The recruitment of host RAB5 to the EHM was a property shared by the barley-adapted powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, but the extrahyphal membrane surrounding the hypha of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum at the biotrophic stage was devoid of RAB5. The localization of RAB5 to the EHM appears to correlate with the functionality of the haustorium. Our discovery sheds light on a novel relationship between plant RAB5 and obligate biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192 Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takashi L Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Emi Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Life Science, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585 Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
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Kanazawa T, Era A, Minamino N, Shikano Y, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Nishihama R, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Nishiyama T, Kohchi T, Nakano A, Ueda T. SNARE Molecules in Marchantia polymorpha: Unique and Conserved Features of the Membrane Fusion Machinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:307-24. [PMID: 26019268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane trafficking pathway has been diversified in a specific way for each eukaryotic lineage, probably to fulfill specific functions in the organisms. In green plants, comparative genomics has supported the possibility that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization could be associated with the elaboration and diversification of membrane trafficking pathways, which have been accomplished by an expansion of the numbers of genes required for machinery components of membrane trafficking, including soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. However, information regarding membrane trafficking pathways in basal land plant lineages remains limited. In the present study, we conducted extensive analyses of SNARE molecules, which mediate membrane fusion between target membranes and transport vesicles or donor organelles, in the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. The M. polymorpha genome contained at least 34 genes for 36 SNARE proteins, comprising fundamental sets of SNARE proteins that are shared among land plant lineages with low degrees of redundancy. We examined the subcellular distribution of a major portion of these SNARE proteins by expressing Citrine-tagged SNARE proteins in M. polymorpha, and the results showed that some of the SNARE proteins were targeted to different compartments from their orthologous products in Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, MpSYP12B was localized to the surface of the oil body, which is a unique organelle in liverworts. Furthermore, we identified three VAMP72 members with distinctive structural characteristics, whose N-terminal extensions contain consensus sequences for N-myristoylation. These results suggest that M. polymorpha has acquired unique membrane trafficking pathways associated with newly acquired machinery components during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kanazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yu Shikano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Allyl Isothiocyanate Inhibits Actin-Dependent Intracellular Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29134-47. [PMID: 26690132 PMCID: PMC4691101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) derives from the biodegradation of the glucosinolate sinigrin and has been associated with growth inhibition in several plants, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms of this feature remain scarcely investigated in plants. In this study, we present evidence of an AITC-induced inhibition of actin-dependent intracellular transport in A. thaliana. A transgenic line of A. thaliana expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged actin filaments was used to show attenuation of actin filament movement by AITC. This appeared gradually in a time- and dose-dependent manner and resulted in actin filaments appearing close to static. Further, we employed four transgenic lines with YFP-fusion proteins labeling the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles and peroxisomes to demonstrate an AITC-induced inhibition of actin-dependent intracellular transport of or, in these structures, consistent with the decline in actin filament movement. Furthermore, the morphologies of actin filaments, ER and vacuoles appeared aberrant following AITC-exposure. However, AITC-treated seedlings of all transgenic lines tested displayed morphologies and intracellular movements similar to that of the corresponding untreated and control-treated plants, following overnight incubation in an AITC-absent environment, indicating that AITC-induced decline in actin-related movements is a reversible process. These findings provide novel insights into the cellular events in plant cells following exposure to AITC, which may further expose clues to the physiological significance of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system.
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Maurel C, Boursiac Y, Luu DT, Santoni V, Shahzad Z, Verdoucq L. Aquaporins in Plants. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1321-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes of most living organisms. In plants, aquaporins occur as multiple isoforms reflecting a high diversity of cellular localizations, transport selectivity, and regulation properties. Plant aquaporins are localized in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plastids and, in some species, in membrane compartments interacting with symbiotic organisms. Plant aquaporins can transport various physiological substrates in addition to water. Of particular relevance for plants is the transport of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia or metalloids such as boron and silicon. Structure-function studies are developed to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of plant aquaporin gating and subcellular trafficking. Phosphorylation plays a central role in these two processes. These mechanisms allow aquaporin regulation in response to signaling intermediates such as cytosolic pH and calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Combined genetic and physiological approaches are now integrating this knowledge, showing that aquaporins play key roles in hydraulic regulation in roots and leaves, during drought but also in response to stimuli as diverse as flooding, nutrient availability, temperature, or light. A general hydraulic control of plant tissue expansion by aquaporins is emerging, and their role in key developmental processes (seed germination, emergence of lateral roots) has been established. Plants with genetically altered aquaporin functions are now tested for their ability to improve plant tolerance to stresses. In conclusion, research on aquaporins delineates ever expanding fields in plant integrative biology thereby establishing their crucial role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Doan-Trung Luu
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zaigham Shahzad
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Verdoucq
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Chaudhari P, Ahmed B, Joly DL, Germain H. Effector biology during biotrophic invasion of plant cells. Virulence 2015; 5:703-9. [PMID: 25513771 PMCID: PMC4189876 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several obligate biotrophic phytopathogens, namely oomycetes and fungi, invade and feed on living plant cells through specialized structures known as haustoria. Deploying an arsenal of secreted proteins called effectors, these pathogens balance their parasitic propagation by subverting plant immunity without sacrificing host cells. Such secreted proteins, which are thought to be delivered by haustoria, conceivably reprogram host cells and instigate structural modifications, in addition to the modulation of various cellular processes. As effectors represent tools to assist disease resistance breeding, this short review provides a bird’s eye view on the relationship between the virulence function of effectors and their subcellular localization in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Chaudhari
- a Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Trois-Rivières, QC Canada
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Han SW, Alonso JM, Rojas-Pierce M. REGULATOR OF BULB BIOGENESIS1 (RBB1) Is Involved in Vacuole Bulb Formation in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125621. [PMID: 25915922 PMCID: PMC4411111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuoles are dynamic compartments with constant fluctuations and transient structures such as trans-vacuolar strands and bulbs. Bulbs are highly dynamic spherical structures inside vacuoles that are formed by multiple layers of membranes and are continuous with the main tonoplast. We recently carried out a screen for mutants with abnormal trafficking to the vacuole or aberrant vacuole morphology. We characterized regulator of bulb biogenesis1-1 (rbb1-1), a mutant in Arabidopsis that contains increased numbers of bulbs when compared to the parental control. rbb1-1 mutants also contain fewer transvacuolar strands than the parental control, and we propose the hypothesis that the formation of transvacuolar strands and bulbs is functionally related. We propose that the bulbs may function transiently to accommodate membranes and proteins when transvacuolar strands fail to elongate. We show that RBB1 corresponds to a very large protein of unknown function that is specific to plants, is present in the cytosol, and may associate with cellular membranes. RBB1 is involved in the regulation of vacuole morphology and may be involved in the establishment or stability of trans-vacuolar strands and bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Han
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Rea AC, Nasrallah JB. In vivo imaging of the S-locus receptor kinase, the female specificity determinant of self-incompatibility, in transgenic self-incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:789-805. [PMID: 25714818 PMCID: PMC4373290 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), which is expressed in stigma epidermal cells, is responsible for the recognition and inhibition of 'self' pollen in the self-incompatibility (SI) response of the Brassicaceae. The allele-specific interaction of SRK with its cognate pollen coat-localized ligand, the S-locus cysteine-rich (SCR) protein, is thought to trigger a signalling cascade within the stigma epidermal cell that leads to the arrest of 'self' pollen at the stigma surface. In addition to the full-length signalling SRK receptor, stigma epidermal cells express two other SRK protein species that lack the kinase domain and whose role in the SI response is not understood: a soluble version of the SRK ectodomain designated eSRK and a membrane-tethered form designated tSRK. The goal of this study was to describe the sub-cellular distribution of the various SRK protein species in stigma epidermal cells as a prelude to visualizing receptor dynamics in response to SCR binding. METHODS The Arabidopsis lyrata SRKb variant was tagged with the Citrine variant of yellow fluorescent protein (cYFP) and expressed in A. thaliana plants of the C24 accession, which had been shown to exhibit a robust SI response upon transformation with the SRKb-SCRb gene pair. The transgenes used in this study were designed for differential production and visualization of the three SRK protein species in stigma epidermal cells. Transgenic stigmas were analysed by pollination assays and confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Pollination assays demonstrated that the cYFP-tagged SRK proteins are functional and that the eSRK is not required for SI. Confocal microscopic analysis of cYFP-tagged SRK proteins in live stigma epidermal cells revealed the differential sub-cellular localization of the three SRK protein species but showed no evidence for redistribution of these proteins subsequent to incompatible pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Rea
- Section of Plant Biology, 412 Mann Library Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - June B Nasrallah
- Section of Plant Biology, 412 Mann Library Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Hirakawa Y, Nomura T, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Simplification of vacuole structure during plant cell death triggered by culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:127-35. [PMID: 25359592 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are suggested to play crucial roles in plant defense-related cell death. During programmed cell death, previous live cell imaging studies have observed vacuoles to become simpler in structure and have implicated this simplification as a prelude to the vacuole's rupture and consequent lysis of the plasma membrane. Here, we examined dynamics of the vacuole in cell cycle-synchronized tobacco BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2) cells during cell death induced by application of culture filtrates of Erwinia carotovora. The filtrate induced death in about 90% of the cells by 24 h. Prior to cell death, vacuole shape simplified and endoplasmic actin filaments disassembled; however, the vacuoles did not rupture until after plasma membrane integrity was lost. Instead of facilitating rupture, the simplification of vacuole structure might play a role in the retrieval of membrane components needed for defense-related cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. A set of fluorescent protein-based markers expressed from constitutive and arbuscular mycorrhiza-inducible promoters to label organelles, membranes and cytoskeletal elements in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1151-63. [PMID: 25329881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is widely used for analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and nodulation. To complement the genetic and genomic resources that exist for this species, we generated fluorescent protein fusions that label the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, plasma membrane, apoplast, late endosome/multivesicular bodies (MVB), transitory late endosome/ tonoplast, tonoplast, plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, autophagosomes, plasmodesmata, actin, microtubules, periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and periarbuscular apoplastic space (PAS) and expressed them from the constitutive AtUBQ10 promoter and the AM symbiosis-specific MtBCP1 promoter. All marker constructs showed the expected expression patterns and sub-cellular locations in M. truncatula root cells. As a demonstration of their utility, we used several markers to investigate AM symbiosis where root cells undergo major cellular alterations to accommodate their fungal endosymbiont. We demonstrate that changes in the position and size of the nuclei occur prior to hyphal entry into the cortical cells and do not require DELLA signaling. Changes in the cytoskeleton, tonoplast and plastids also occur in the colonized cells and in contrast to previous studies, we show that stromulated plastids are abundant in cells with developing and mature arbuscules, while lens-shaped plastids occur in cells with degenerating arbuscules. Arbuscule development and secretion of the PAM creates a periarbuscular apoplastic compartment which has been assumed to be continuous with apoplast of the cell. However, fluorescent markers secreted to the periarbuscular apoplast challenge this assumption. This marker resource will facilitate cell biology studies of AM symbiosis, as well as other aspects of legume biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Rajan N, Agarwal P, Patel K, Sanadhya P, Khedia J, Agarwal PK. Molecular characterization and identification of target protein of an important vesicle trafficking gene AlRab7 from a salt excreting halophyte Aeluropus lagopoides. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 34:83-91. [PMID: 25408252 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system plays an important role during cellular adaptation of the plants with the extracellular environment. The small GTP-binding protein Rab7 located at the vacuolar membrane regulates the vesicle fusion with the vacuole and thereby helps in recycling of the molecules. This is the first report on isolation and characterization of AlRab7 gene from the halophyte plant, Aeluropus that extrudes NaCl through salt glands and grows luxuriantly throughout the year at the Gujarat coast, India. The AlRab7 encodes a protein with 206 amino acids, and a highly conserved effector-binding domain and four nucleotide-binding domains. The in silico analysis predicts the presence of the prenylation site for Rab geranylgeranyltransferase 2 and the Rab escort protein site. The C-terminal two cysteine residues in -XCC sequence are present for membrane attachment. Transcript expression of the AlRab7 gene was differentially regulated by different environmental stimuli such as dehydration, salinity, and hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The recombinant Escherichia coli cells showed improved growth in Luria Bertani medium supplemented with NaCl, KCl, mannitol, ABA, and indole-3-acetic acid. A novel Rab7 interacting partner AlRabring7 was identified by yeast two-hybrid screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Rajan
- 1 Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India
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Larson ER, Domozych DS, Tierney ML. SNARE VTI13 plays a unique role in endosomal trafficking pathways associated with the vacuole and is essential for cell wall organization and root hair growth in arabidopsis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1147-59. [PMID: 24737717 PMCID: PMC4195547 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Root hairs are responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil and their growth is responsive to biotic and abiotic changes in their environment. Root hair expansion is a polarized process requiring secretory and endosomal pathways that deliver and recycle plasma membrane and cell wall material to the growing root hair tip. In this paper, the role of VTI13 (AT3G29100), a member of the VTI vesicular soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, in root hair growth is described. METHODS Genetic analysis and complementation of the vti13 root hair phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were first used to assess the role of VTI13 in root hair growth. Transgenic lines expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-VTI13 construct were used to characterize the intracellular localization of VTI13 in root hairs using confocal microscopy and immunotransmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS VTI13 was characterized and genetic analysis used to show that its function is required for root hair growth. Expression of a GFP-VTI13 fusion in the vti13 mutant background was shown to complement the vti13 root hair phenotype. GFP-VTI13 localized to both the vacuole membrane and a mobile endosomal compartment. The function of VTI13 was also required for the localization of SYP41 to the trans-Golgi network. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that cell wall organization is altered in vti13 root hairs and root epidermal cells. CONCLUSIONS These results show that VTI13 plays a unique role in endosomal trafficking pathways associated with the vacuole within root hairs and is essential for the maintenance of cell wall organization and root hair growth in arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Science Program Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Mary L Tierney
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Science Program Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Zhang C, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Plant vacuole morphology and vacuolar trafficking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:476. [PMID: 25309565 PMCID: PMC4173805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles are essential organelles for plant growth and development, and have multiple functions. Vacuoles are highly dynamic and pleiomorphic, and their size varies depending on the cell type and growth conditions. Vacuoles compartmentalize different cellular components such as proteins, sugars, ions and other secondary metabolites and play critical roles in plants response to different biotic/abiotic signaling pathways. In this review, we will summarize the patterns of changes in vacuole morphology in certain cell types, our understanding of the mechanisms of plant vacuole biogenesis, and the role of SNAREs and Rab GTPases in vacuolar trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- *Correspondence: Chunhua Zhang, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail:
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McCubbin T, Bassil E, Zhang S, Blumwald E. Vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ NHX-Type Antiporters Are Required for Cellular K⁺ Homeostasis, Microtubule Organization and Directional Root Growth. PLANTS 2014; 3:409-26. [PMID: 27135511 PMCID: PMC4844347 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters (NHXs) are integral membrane transporters that catalyze the electroneutral exchange of K⁺ or Na⁺ for H⁺ and are implicated in cell expansion, development, pH and ion homeostasis and salt tolerance. Arabidopsis contains four vacuolar NHX isoforms (NHX1-NHX4), but only the functional roles for NHX1 and NHX2 have been assessed thus far. Colocalization studies indicated that NHX3 and NHX4 colocalize to the tonoplast. To investigate the role of all vacuolar NHX isoforms, a quadruple knockout nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4, lacking all vacuolar NHXs, was generated. Seedlings of nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4 displayed significantly reduced growth, with markedly shorter hypocotyls. Under high K⁺, but not Na⁺, pronounced root skewing occurred in nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4, suggesting that the organization of the cytoskeleton might be perturbed. Whole mount immunolabeling of cortical microtubules indicated that high K⁺ caused significant microtubule reorganization in nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4 root cells of the elongation zone. Using microtubule stabilizing (Taxol) and destabilizing (propyzamide) drugs, we found that the effect of K⁺ on nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4 root growth was antagonistic to that of Taxol, whereas elevated K⁺ exacerbated the endogenous effect of propyzamide on root skewing. Collectively, our results suggest that altered K⁺ homeostasis leads to an increase in the dynamics of cortical microtubule reorganization in nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4 root epidermal cells of the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler McCubbin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Segami S, Makino S, Miyake A, Asaoka M, Maeshima M. Dynamics of vacuoles and H+-pyrophosphatase visualized by monomeric green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis: artifactual bulbs and native intravacuolar spherical structures. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3416-34. [PMID: 25118245 PMCID: PMC4371836 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We prepared Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing a functional green fluorescent protein (GFP)-linked vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase) under the control of its own promoter to investigate morphological dynamics of vacuoles and tissue-specific expression of H(+)-PPase. The lines obtained had spherical structures in vacuoles with strong fluorescence, which are referred to as bulbs. Quantitative analyses revealed that the occurrence of the bulbs correlated with the amount of GFP. Next, we prepared a construct of H(+)-PPase linked with a nondimerizing GFP (mGFP); we detected no bulbs. These results indicate that the membranes adhere face-to-face by antiparallel dimerization of GFP, resulting in the formation of bulbs. In plants expressing H(+)-PPase-mGFP, intravacuolar spherical structures with double membranes, which differed from bulbs in fluorescence intensity and intermembrane spacing, were still observed in peripheral endosperm, pistil epidermis and hypocotyls. Four-dimensional imaging revealed the dynamics of formation, transformation, and disappearance of intravacuolar spherical structures and transvacuolar strands in living cells. Visualization of H(+)-PPase-mGFP revealed intensive accumulation of the enzyme, not only in dividing and elongating cells but also in mesophyll, phloem, and nectary cells, which may have high sugar content. Dynamic morphological changes including transformation of vacuolar structures between transvacuolar strands, intravacuolar sheet-like structures, and intravacuolar spherical structures were also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Segami
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sachi Makino
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ai Miyake
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Pahari S, Cormark RD, Blackshaw MT, Liu C, Erickson JL, Schultz EA. Arabidopsis UNHINGED encodes a VPS51 homolog and reveals a role for the GARP complex in leaf shape and vein patterning. Development 2014; 141:1894-905. [PMID: 24757006 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric localization of PIN proteins controls directionality of auxin transport and many aspects of plant development. Directionality of PIN1 within the marginal epidermis and the presumptive veins of developing leaf primordia is crucial for establishing leaf vein pattern. One mechanism that controls PIN protein distribution within the cell membranes is endocytosis and subsequent transport to the vacuole for degradation. The Arabidopsis mutant unhinged-1 (unh-1) has simpler leaf venation with distal non-meeting of the secondary veins and fewer higher order veins, a narrower leaf with prominent serrations, and reduced root and shoot growth. We identify UNH as the Arabidopsis vacuolar protein sorting 51 (VPS51) homolog, a member of the Arabidopsis Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, and show that UNH interacts with VPS52, another member of the complex and colocalizes with trans Golgi network and pre-vacuolar complex markers. The GARP complex in yeast and metazoans retrieves vacuolar sorting receptors to the trans-Golgi network and is important in sorting proteins for lysosomal degradation. We show that vacuolar targeting is reduced in unh-1. In the epidermal cells of unh-1 leaf margins, PIN1 expression is expanded. The unh-1 leaf phenotype is partially suppressed by pin1 and cuc2-3 mutations, supporting the idea that the phenotype results from expanded PIN1 expression in the marginal epidermis. Our results suggest that UNH is important for reducing expression of PIN1 within margin cells, possibly by targeting PIN1 to the lytic vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Pahari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB TIK 3M4, Canada
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Autophagy-related direct membrane import from ER/cytoplasm into the vacuole or apoplast: a hidden gateway also for secondary metabolites and phytohormones? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7462-74. [PMID: 24786101 PMCID: PMC4057683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation of low molecular weight cargoes into the plant vacuole represents an essential plant cell function. Several lines of evidence indicate that autophagy-related direct endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to vacuole (and also, apoplast) transport plays here a more general role than expected. This route is regulated by autophagy proteins, including recently discovered involvement of the exocyst subcomplex. Traffic from ER into the vacuole bypassing Golgi apparatus (GA) acts not only in stress-related cytoplasm recycling or detoxification, but also in developmentally-regulated biopolymer and secondary metabolite import into the vacuole (or apoplast), exemplified by storage proteins and anthocyanins. We propose that this pathway is relevant also for some phytohormones’ (e.g., auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)) degradation. We hypothesize that SA is not only an autophagy inducer, but also a cargo for autophagy-related ER to vacuole membrane container delivery and catabolism. ER membrane localized enzymes will potentially enhance the area of biosynthetic reactive surfaces, and also, abundant ER localized membrane importers (e.g., ABC transporters) will internalize specific molecular species into the autophagosome biogenesis domain of ER. Such active ER domains may create tubular invaginations of tonoplast into the vacuoles as import intermediates. Packaging of cargos into the ER-derived autophagosome-like containers might be an important mechanism of vacuole and exosome biogenesis and cytoplasm protection against toxic metabolites. A new perspective on metabolic transformations intimately linked to membrane trafficking in plants is emerging.
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Morita MT, Shimada T. The Plant Endomembrane System—A Complex Network Supporting Plant Development and Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:667-71. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hashiguchi Y, Yano D, Nagafusa K, Kato T, Saito C, Uemura T, Ueda T, Nakano A, Tasaka M, Terao Morita M. A unique HEAT repeat-containing protein SHOOT GRAVITROPISM6 is involved in vacuolar membrane dynamics in gravity-sensing cells of Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:811-22. [PMID: 24486761 PMCID: PMC3982123 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles play critical roles in development, growth and stress responses. In mature cells, vacuolar membranes (VMs) display several types of structures, which are formed by invagination and folding of VMs into the lumenal side and can gradually move and change shape. Although such VM structures are observed in a broad range of tissue types and plant species, the molecular mechanism underlying their formation and maintenance remains unclear. Here, we report that a novel HEAT-repeat protein, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM6 (SGR6), of Arabidopsis is involved in the control of morphological changes and dynamics of VM structures in endodermal cells, which are the gravity-sensing cells in shoots. SGR6 is a membrane-associated protein that is mainly localized to the VM in stem endodermal cells. The sgr6 mutant stem exhibits a reduced gravitropic response. Higher plants utilize amyloplast sedimentation as a means to sense gravity direction. Amyloplasts are surrounded by VMs in Arabidopsis endodermal cells, and the flexible and dynamic structure of VMs is important for amyloplast sedimentation. We demonstrated that such dynamic features of VMs are gradually lost in sgr6 endodermal cells during a 30 min observation period. Histological analysis revealed that amyloplast sedimentation was impaired in sgr6. Detailed live-cell imaging analyses revealed that the VM structures in sgr6 had severe defects in morphological changes and dynamics. Our results suggest that SGR6 is a novel protein involved in the formation and/or maintenance of invaginated VM structures in gravity-sensing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daisuke Yano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kiyoshi Nagafusa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takehide Kato
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail,
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Inada N, Ueda T. Membrane trafficking pathways and their roles in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:672-86. [PMID: 24616268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking functions in the delivery of proteins that are newly synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to their final destinations, such as the plasma membrane (PM) and the vacuole, and in the internalization of extracellular components or PM-associated proteins for recycling or degradative regulation. These trafficking pathways play pivotal roles in the rapid responses to environmental stimuli such as challenges by microorganisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of plant membrane trafficking and its roles in plant-microbe interactions. Although there is little information regarding the mechanism of pathogenic modulation of plant membrane trafficking thus far, recent research has identified many membrane trafficking factors as possible targets of microbial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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Wudick MM, Luu DT, Tournaire-Roux C, Sakamoto W, Maurel C. Vegetative and sperm cell-specific aquaporins of Arabidopsis highlight the vacuolar equipment of pollen and contribute to plant reproduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1697-706. [PMID: 24492334 PMCID: PMC3982734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The water and nutrient status of pollen is crucial to plant reproduction. Pollen grains of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contain a large vegetative cell and two smaller sperm cells. Pollen grains express AtTIP1;3 and AtTIP5;1, two members of the Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein subfamily of aquaporins. To address the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the two homologs, C-terminal fusions of AtTIP1;3 and AtTIP5;1 with green fluorescent protein and mCherry, respectively, were expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis under the control of their native promoter. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that AtTIP1;3 and AtTIP5;1 are specific for the vacuoles of the vegetative and sperm cells, respectively. The tonoplast localization of AtTIP5;1 was established by reference to fluorescent protein markers for the mitochondria and vacuoles of sperm and vegetative cells and is at variance with the claim that AtTIP5;1 is localized in vegetative cell mitochondria. AtTIP1;3-green fluorescent protein and AtTIP5;1-mCherry showed concomitant expression, from first pollen mitosis up to pollen tube penetration in the ovule, thereby revealing the dynamics of vacuole morphology in maturating and germinating pollen. Transfer DNA insertion mutants for either AtTIP1;3 or AtTIP5;1 showed no apparent growth phenotype and had no significant defect in male transmission of the mutated alleles. By contrast, a double knockout displayed an abnormal rate of barren siliques, this phenotype being more pronounced under limited water or nutrient supply. The overall data indicate that vacuoles of vegetative and sperm cells functionally interact and contribute to male fertility in adverse environmental conditions.
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