1
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Karimian Ensaf P, Goodarzi MT, Homayouni Tabrizi M, Neamati A, Hosseinyzadeh SS. A novel nanoformulation of parthenolide coated with polydopamine shows selective cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4435-4445. [PMID: 38108837 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
An anticancer agent derived from a natural product, parthenolide (PN), was studied to formulate PN into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Polydopamine (PDA) was employed to modify the surface of PN-PLGA. Following characterization, the PN-PLGA-PDA was evaluated for its in vitro release, cytotoxicity, and ability to induce apoptosis using flow cytometry and real-time quantitative PCR. According to the present study, PN-PLGA-PDA had a size of 195.5 nm which is acceptable for efficient enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) performance. The SEM results confirmed the size and spherical shape of the nanoparticles. The percentage of encapsulation efficiency was 96.9%. The zeta potential of PN-PLGA-PDA was - 31.8 mV which was suitable for its stability. FTIR spectra of the PN-PLGA-PDA indicated the chemical stability of the PN due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds between polymer and drug. The release of PN from PN-PLGA-PDA in PBS (pH 7.4) was only 20% during the first 48 h and less than 40% during 144 h. PN-PLGA-PDA exhibited anticancer properties in a dose-dependent manner that was more cytotoxic against cancer cells than normal cells. Moreover, real-time qPCR results indicated that the formulation activated apoptosis genes to exert its cytotoxic effect and activate the NF-kB pathway. Based on our findings, PN-PLGA-PDA could serve as a potential treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Neamati
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Hosseinyzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Herbal Medicines Raw Materials Research Center, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
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2
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Ahator SD, Hegstad K, Lentz CS, Johannessen M. Deciphering Staphylococcus aureus-host dynamics using dual activity-based protein profiling of ATP-interacting proteins. mSystems 2024; 9:e0017924. [PMID: 38656122 PMCID: PMC11097646 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00179-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of ATP within cells plays a fundamental role in cellular processes that are essential for the regulation of host-pathogen dynamics and the subsequent immune response. This study focuses on ATP-binding proteins to dissect the complex interplay between Staphylococcus aureus and human cells, particularly macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), during an intracellular infection. A snapshot of the various protein activity and function is provided using a desthiobiotin-ATP probe, which targets ATP-interacting proteins. In S. aureus, we observe enrichment in pathways required for nutrient acquisition, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, and energy metabolism when located inside human cells. Additionally, the direct profiling of the protein activity revealed specific adaptations of S. aureus to the keratinocytes and macrophages. Mapping the differentially activated proteins to biochemical pathways in the human cells with intracellular bacteria revealed cell-type-specific adaptations to bacterial challenges where THP-1 cells prioritized immune defenses, autophagic cell death, and inflammation. In contrast, HaCaT cells emphasized barrier integrity and immune activation. We also observe bacterial modulation of host processes and metabolic shifts. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of S. aureus-host cell interactions, shedding light on modulating host immune responses to S. aureus, which could involve developing immunomodulatory therapies. IMPORTANCE This study uses a chemoproteomic approach to target active ATP-interacting proteins and examines the dynamic proteomic interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and human cell lines THP-1 and HaCaT. It uncovers the distinct responses of macrophages and keratinocytes during bacterial infection. S. aureus demonstrated a tailored response to the intracellular environment of each cell type and adaptation during exposure to professional and non-professional phagocytes. It also highlights strategies employed by S. aureus to persist within host cells. This study offers significant insights into the human cell response to S. aureus infection, illuminating the complex proteomic shifts that underlie the defense mechanisms of macrophages and keratinocytes. Notably, the study underscores the nuanced interplay between the host's metabolic reprogramming and immune strategy, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for enhancing host defense and inhibiting bacterial survival. The findings enhance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and can inform the development of targeted therapies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dela Ahator
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS) & Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Takashima S, Sun W, Otten ABC, Cai P, Peng SI, Tong E, Bui J, Mai M, Amarbayar O, Cheng B, Odango RJ, Li Z, Qu K, Sun BK. Alternative mRNA splicing events and regulators in epidermal differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113814. [PMID: 38402585 PMCID: PMC11293371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of messenger RNAs occurs in ∼95% of multi-exon human genes and generates diverse RNA and protein isoforms. We investigated AS events associated with human epidermal differentiation, a process crucial for skin function. We identified 6,413 AS events, primarily involving cassette exons. We also predicted 34 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulating epidermal AS, including 19 previously undescribed candidate regulators. From these results, we identified FUS as an RBP that regulates the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, we characterized the function of a cassette exon AS event in MAP3K7, which encodes a kinase involved in cell signaling. We found that a switch from the short to long isoform of MAP3K7, triggered during differentiation, enforces the demarcation between proliferating basal progenitors and overlying differentiated strata. Our findings indicate that AS occurs extensively in the human epidermis and has critical roles in skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Wujianan Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Auke B C Otten
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shaohong Isaac Peng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Elton Tong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Jolina Bui
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - McKenzie Mai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Oyumergen Amarbayar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Rowen Jane Odango
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA
| | - Zongkai Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Bryan K Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92109, USA.
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4
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Atayik MC, Çakatay U. Redox signaling in impaired cascades of wound healing: promising approach. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6927-6936. [PMID: 37341917 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
In the aging communities, wound healing management is a quite remarkable problem especially in elderly individuals. The optimal level of healing of wounds developed spontaneously or due to surgery is of critical importance in order to prevent the negative effects that may occur due to delayed healing (for example, organ or system damage caused by infections that may develop in the wound area). The deteriorated subcellular redox signaling is considered to be as the main factor in the chronicity of wounds. The pivotal role of mitochondria in redox regulation reveals the importance of modulation of redox signaling pathways in senescent cells. Secretory factors released upon the acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) function in a paracrine manner to disseminate impaired tissue redox status by affecting the redox metabolome of nearby cells, which could promote age-related pro-inflammatory pathologies. Evaluating the wound-site redox regulation in impaired redox signaling pathways may help prevent the formation of chronic wounds and the development of long-term complications of the wounds, especially in the elderly. Using the redox modulatory pharmacologically active substances targeting the senescent cells in chronic wound areas hopefully opens a new avenue in wound management. As the signaling mechanisms of wound healing and its relationship with advanced age become more clearly understood, many promising therapeutic approaches and redox modulator substances are coming into clinical view for the management of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Atayik
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Medical Program, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Çakatay
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Tsuji G, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Yumine A, Takemura M, Kido-Nakahara M, Ito T, Yamamura K, Nakahara T. PDE4 inhibition by difamilast regulates filaggrin and loricrin expression via keratinocyte proline-rich protein in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2023:S0923-1811(23)00114-7. [PMID: 37156706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difamilast, a topical phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to be effective for treating atopic dermatitis (AD), but the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Since skin barrier dysfunction including reduced expression of filaggrin (FLG) and loricrin (LOR) contributes to AD development, difamilast treatment may be able to improve this dysfunction. PDE4 inhibition increases transcriptional activity of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Therefore, we hypothesized that difamilast may affect FLG and LOR expression via CREB in human keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism by which difamilast regulates FLG and LOR expression via CREB in human keratinocytes. METHODS We analyzed normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) treated with difamilast. RESULTS We observed increases of intracellular cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation in difamilast (5 μM)-treated NHEKs. Next, we found that difamilast treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of FLG and LOR in NHEKs. Since reduced expression of keratinocyte proline-rich protein (KPRP) is reported to be involved in skin barrier dysfunction in AD, we examined KPRP expression in difamilast-treated NHEKs. We found that difamilast treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of KPRP in NHEKs. Furthermore, KPRP knockdown using siRNA transfection abolished the upregulation of FLG and LOR in difamilast-treated NHEKs. Finally, CREB knockdown canceled the upregulation of FLG, LOR, and KPRP in difamilast-treated NHEKs, indicating that PDE4 inhibition by difamilast treatment positively regulates FLG and LOR expression via the CREB-KPRP axis in NHEKs. CONCLUSION These findings may provide further guidance for therapeutic strategies in the treatment of AD using difamilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayako Yumine
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Takemura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kido-Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Li Y, Wang J, Wang Y, He W, Zhang Y, Liu Y. IL-1β/NF-κB signaling inhibits IGF-1 production via let-7f-5p in dendritic epidermal T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1677-1690. [PMID: 36120949 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0322-171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are the main source of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in epidermal tissue, which promote re-epithelialization and wound healing. In refractory wounds, IL-1β has been shown to activate NF-κB and suppress IGF-1 expression in DETCs. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that IL-1β did not inhibit NF-κB binding to IGF-1 promoter, indicating that IL-1β/NF-κB may suppress IGF-1 expression by alternative mechanisms. MiRNAs negatively regulate gene expression predominantly by base pairing to the 3' untranslation region (UTR) of target mRNAs. Let-7f-5p, miR-1a-3p, and miR-98-5p have been identified as IGF-1-specific miRNAs that can bind directly to the 3'UTR of IGF-1 mRNA and dysregulate IGF-1 mRNA and protein levels. In IL-1β-treated epidermis around wounds or DETCs in vitro, NF-κB promoted the expression of let-7f-5p, and IGF-1 expression was impeded via NF-κB/let-7f-5p pathway. As pre-let-7f-5p, let-7f-1 is located in the 3'UTR of LOC118568094, and let-7f-2 is located in the intron of HUWE1. We discovered that NF-κB p65 bound to the promoters of LOC118568094 and HUWE1 to accelerate let-7f-5p expression, but NF-κB p65 did not affect the methylation levels of LOC118568094 and HUWE1 CpG islands. Injections of Let-7f-5p antagomir into IL-1β-treated and ischemic wound margins restored IGF-1 secretion in DETCs and promoted wound healing. In conclusion, we demonstrated that NF-κB signaling pathway activated by IL-1β could increase let-7f-5p expression to inhibit IGF-1 production in DETCs and delay wound healing. And let-7f-5p antagomir utilized in wound margin could effectively promote refractory wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Clinical Skills Training Center and Department of General Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yangping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Burn, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Song G, Banov D, Song H, Liu Y, Ip K, Bassani AS, Valdez BC. Evaluation of an Anhydrous Permeation-Enhancing Vehicle for Percutaneous Absorption of Hormones. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:198. [PMID: 35854200 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency and safety of hormone delivery through the skin partly depend on the appropriate choice of vehicle and the type of formulation. The present study reports the skin cytotoxicity, irritancy, and safety of a newly developed anhydrous permeation-enhancing base (APEB) and the percutaneous absorption of progesterone, testosterone, estriol, and estradiol in APEB formulations. Using the human skin EpiDerm model, cell death was not observed after 4 h of exposure to APEB and was 48% after 24 h, indicating its mild to non-irritating property. APEB did not change the expression level of skin cell proliferation markers including PCNA, MCL-1, iNOS, and NFκB proteins, and apoptosis was minimal after 8-h exposure. The in vivo skin irritation and sensitization evaluation of APEB using a Human Repeat Insult Patch Test showed no adverse reaction of any kind during the course of the study. These results indicate the safety of APEB on skin tissues. The hormone percutaneous absorption was performed using human cadaver abdomen skin tissues and the Franz diffusion system, and hormone concentrations were determined by ELISA. Absorption was observed as early as 2 h of application and accumulated after 24 h to 2851 ± 66 ng/cm2, 2338 ± 594 ng/cm2, 55 ± 25 ng/cm2, and 341 ± 122 ng/cm2 for progesterone, testosterone, estriol, and estradiol, respectively. A steady flux rate of absorption of the hormones was observed within 24 h of application. These results suggest that APEB can be used as a vehicle to deliver these hormones through the skin and into the bloodstream for hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Song
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America.
| | - Daniel Banov
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America
| | - Hui Song
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America
| | - Yi Liu
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America
| | - Kendice Ip
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America
| | - August S Bassani
- Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA), 9901 South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, Texas, 77099, United States of America
| | - Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States of America
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8
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Todorović V, McDonald HM, Hoover P, Wetter JB, Marinopoulos AE, Woody CL, Miller L, Finkielsztein A, Dunstan RW, Paller AS, Honore P, Getsios S, Scott VE. Cytokine Induced 3-D Organotypic Psoriasis Skin Model Demonstrates Distinct Roles for NF-κB and JAK Pathways in Disease Pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1036-1047. [PMID: 35213752 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is an inflammatory skin disease that affects 2-3% of the population worldwide. One of the major challenges in discovering novel therapies is the poor translatability of animal models to human disease. Therefore, it is imperative to develop human preclinical models of psoriasis that are amenable to pharmacological intervention. Here we report a 3-D reconstituted human epidermis (RHE) culture system treated with cytokines commonly associated with psoriasis (TNFα, IL-17A and IL-22) that reproduced some key features of the human disease. The effects on epidermal morphology, gene transcription and cytokine production, which are dysregulated in psoriasis were assessed. Certain morphological features of psoriatic epidermis were evident in cytokine-stimulated RHEs, including hypogranulosis and parakeratosis. In addition, RHEs responded to a cytokine mix in a dose-dependent manner by expressing genes and proteins associated with impaired keratinocyte differentiation (keratin 10/K10, loricrin), innate immune responses (S100A7, DEFB4, elafin), and inflammation (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-36γ, GM-CSF, and IFNγ) typical of psoriasis. These disease-relevant changes in morphology, gene transcription, and cytokine production were robustly attenuated by pharmacologically blocking TNFα/IL-17A-induced NF-κB activation with IKK-2 inhibitor IV. Conversely, inhibition of IL-22-induced JAK1 signaling with ABT-317 strongly attenuated morphological features of the disease but had no effect on NFκB-dependent cytokine production, suggesting distinct mechanisms of action by the cytokines driving psoriasis. These data support the use of cytokine-induced RHE models for identifying and targeting keratinocyte signaling pathways important for disease progression and may provide translational insights into novel keratinocyte mechanisms for novel psoriasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Hoover
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zajdel K, Kucharska E, Kowalczyk T, Zajdel R. The Modulatory Influence of Plant-Derived Compounds on Human Keratinocyte Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12488. [PMID: 34830374 PMCID: PMC8618348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom is a rich source of secondary metabolites with numerous properties, including the potential to modify keratinocyte biology. Keratinocytes are important epithelial cells that play a protective role against various chemical, physical and biological stimuli, and participate in reactive oxygen scavenging and inflammation and wound healing processes. The epidermal cell response may be modulated by phytochemicals via changes in signal transduction pathways. Plant extracts and single secondary compounds can possess a high antioxidant capacity and may suppress reactive oxygen species release, inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins and apoptosis and activate antioxidant enzymes in keratinocytes. Moreover, selected plant extracts and single compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and exposure may result in limited production of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes. In addition, plant extracts and single compounds may promote keratinocyte motility and proliferation via the regulation of growth factor production and enhance wound healing. While such plant compounds may modulate keratinocyte functions, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed on their mechanisms of action, and more specific toxicity and clinical studies are needed to ensure their effectiveness and safety for use on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kucharska
- Chair of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Social Work at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Ignatianum Academy in Cracow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
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10
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Ge S, Khachemoune A. The Importance of Cutaneous Innervation in Wound Healing: From Animal Studies to Clinical Applications. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2021:15347346211045022. [PMID: 34533075 DOI: 10.1177/15347346211045022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a neuroimmunoendocrine organ that regularly undergoes injury and repair. The complex process of wound healing relies heavily on the cutaneous nervous system. Despite the observation that wound healing deficiencies cause significant morbidity and mortality for patients with nervous dysfunction across many disciplinaries, the role of cutaneous innervation in wound repair has not been well elucidated. In a previous article, we learned the basics of cutaneous neuroanatomy and the important neuropeptides involved in the wound healing process. Currently, we aim to synthesize the basics with observations from animal models and human studies for a more comprehensive understanding of nervous system involvement in cutaneous wound healing. We have demonstrated in this review, the importance of the cutaneous nervous system in each phase of wound healing through basic science research, animal experiments, and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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11
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Yan D, Gudjonsson JE, Le S, Maverakis E, Plazyo O, Ritchlin C, Scher JU, Singh R, Ward NL, Bell S, Liao W. New Frontiers in Psoriatic Disease Research, Part I: Genetics, Environmental Triggers, Immunology, Pathophysiology, and Precision Medicine. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2112-2122.e3. [PMID: 34303522 PMCID: PMC8384663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by systemic immune dysregulation. Over the past several years, advances in genetics, microbiology, immunology, and mouse models have revealed the complex interplay between the heritable and microenvironmental factors that drive the development of psoriatic inflammation. In the first of this two-part review series, the authors will discuss the newest insights into the pathogenesis of psoriatic disease and highlight how the evolution of these scientific fields has paved the way for a more personalized approach to psoriatic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yan
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Olesya Plazyo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jose U Scher
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roopesh Singh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole L Ward
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacie Bell
- National Psoriasis Foundation, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- UCSF Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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12
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Banerjee K, Madhyastha R, Nakajima Y, Maruyama M, Madhyastha H. Nanoceutical Adjuvants as Wound Healing Material: Precepts and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4748. [PMID: 33947121 PMCID: PMC8124138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal wound healing describes the progressive repair and recalcitrant mechanism of 12 damaged skin, and eventually, reformatting and reshaping the skin. Many probiotics, nutritional supplements, metal nanoparticles, composites, skin constructs, polymers, and so forth have been associated with the improved healing process of wounds. The exact mechanism of material-cellular interaction is a point of immense importance, particularly in pathological conditions such as diabetes. Bioengineered alternative agents will likely continue to dominate the outpatient and perioperative management of chronic, recalcitrant wounds as new products continue to cut costs and improve the wound healing process. This review article provides an update on the various remedies with confirmed wound healing activities of metal-based nanoceutical adjuvanted agents and also other nano-based counterparts from previous experiments conducted by various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushita Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Radha Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan; (R.M.); (Y.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan; (R.M.); (Y.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Masugi Maruyama
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan; (R.M.); (Y.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Applied Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan; (R.M.); (Y.N.); (M.M.)
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13
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King KE, George AL, Sakakibara N, Mahmood K, Moses MA, Weinberg WC. Intersection of the p63 and NF-κB pathways in epithelial homeostasis and disease. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1571-1580. [PMID: 31286584 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of ΔNp63α, a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors, is a molecular attribute of human squamous cancers of the head and neck, lung and skin. The TP63 gene plays important roles in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis, regulating diverse biological processes including epidermal fate decisions and keratinocyte proliferation and survival. When overexpressed experimentally in primary mouse keratinocytes, ΔNp63α maintains a basal cell phenotype including the loss of normal calcium-mediated growth arrest, at least in part through the activation and enhanced nuclear accumulation of the c-rel subunit of NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa B). Initially identified for its role in the immune system and hematopoietic cancers, c-Rel has increasingly been associated with solid tumors and other pathologies. ΔNp63α and c-Rel have been shown to be associated in the nuclei of ΔNp63α overexpressing human squamous carcinoma cells. Together, these transcription factors cooperate in the transcription of genes regulating intrinsic keratinocyte functions, as well as the elaboration of factors that influence the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review provides an overview of the roles of ΔNp63α and c-Rel in normal epidermal homeostasis and elaborates on how these pathways may intersect in pathological conditions such as cancer and the associated TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E King
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrea L George
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nozomi Sakakibara
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kanwal Mahmood
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael A Moses
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Wendy C Weinberg
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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14
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Darwish NHE, Sudha T, Godugu K, Bharali DJ, Elbaz O, El-Ghaffar HAA, Azmy E, Anber N, Mousa SA. Novel Targeted Nano-Parthenolide Molecule against NF-kB in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112103. [PMID: 31163672 PMCID: PMC6600366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted nano-encapsulation of anticancer drugs can improve drug delivery and the selective targeting of cancer cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is a regulator for different biological responses, including cell proliferation and differentiation. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitutive NF-κB has been detected in more than 50% of cases, enabling leukemic cells to resist apoptosis and stimulate uncontrolled proliferation. We evaluated NF-kB expression in bone marrow samples from 103 patients with AML using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and found that expression was increased in 80.5% (83 out 103) of these patients with AML in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, overexpressed transmembrane glycoprotein (CD44) on leukemic cells in comparison to normal cells is known to play an important role in leukemic cell engraftment and survival. We designed poly lactide co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles conjugated with antiCD44 and encapsulating parthenolide (PTL), a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitor, in order to improve the selectivity and targeting of leukemic cells and to spare normal cells. In vitro, in leukemic cell lines Kasumi-1, KG-1a, and THP-1, proliferation was decreased by 40% (** p < 0.01) with 5 µM PLGA-antiCD44-PTL nanoparticles in comparison to the same concentration of free PTL (~10%). The higher uptake of the nanoparticles by leukemic cells was confirmed with confocal microscopy. In conclusion, PLGA-antiCD44-PTL nanoparticles improved the bioavailability and selective targeting of leukemic cells, thus holding promise as a drug delivery system to improve the cure rate of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureldien H E Darwish
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Osama Elbaz
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Hasan A Abd El-Ghaffar
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Emad Azmy
- Clinical Hematology Unit, Mansoura University Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nahla Anber
- Fellow of Biochemistry Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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15
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Rousselle P, Braye F, Dayan G. Re-epithelialization of adult skin wounds: Cellular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:344-365. [PMID: 29981800 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing in adult mammals is a complex multi-step process involving overlapping stages of blood clot formation, inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, neovascularization, and remodelling. Re-epithelialization describes the resurfacing of a wound with new epithelium. The cellular and molecular processes involved in the initiation, maintenance, and completion of epithelialization are essential for successful wound closure. A variety of modulators are involved, including growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, cellular receptors, and extracellular matrix components. Here, we focus on cellular mechanisms underlying keratinocyte migration and proliferation during epidermal closure. Inability to re-epithelialize is a clear indicator of chronic non-healing wounds, which fail to proceed through the normal phases of wound healing in an orderly and timely manner. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the management and treatment of acute and chronic wounds, with a focus on re-epithelialization, offering some insights into novel future therapies.
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16
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Eda-activated RelB recruits an SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex and initiates gene transcription in skin appendage formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8173-8178. [PMID: 30037996 PMCID: PMC6094125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800930115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific gene regulation in organ development remains poorly understood. Here, we report that skin-specific ectodysplasin A (Eda) signaling triggers the formation of a protein complex that includes a BAF complex, an NF-kB dimer of p50/RelB, and a specific “linker” protein, Tfg. We further find that Eda-activated RelB recruits BAF complex to specific gene loci for local chromatin remodeling of target genes. These findings may exemplify a more general model for specific gene regulation involving unique ligand–receptor complexes leading to selective activation of transcription factors, specific linkers, and tissue-specific chromatin-remodeling complex. Ectodysplasin A (Eda) signaling activates NF-κB during skin appendage formation, but how Eda controls specific gene transcription remains unclear. Here, we find that Eda triggers the formation of an NF-κB–associated SWI/SNF (BAF) complex in which p50/RelB recruits a linker protein, Tfg, that interacts with BAF45d in the BAF complex. We further reveal that Tfg is initially induced by Eda-mediated RelB activation and then bridges RelB and BAF for subsequent gene regulation. The BAF component BAF250a is particularly up-regulated in skin appendages, and epidermal knockout of BAF250a impairs skin appendage development, resulting in phenotypes similar to those of Eda-deficient mouse models. Transcription profiling identifies several target genes regulated by Eda, RelB, and BAF. Notably, RelB and the BAF complex are indispensable for transcription of Eda target genes, and both BAF complex and Eda signaling are required to open chromatin of Eda targets. Our studies thus suggest that Eda initiates a signaling cascade and recruits a BAF complex to specific gene loci to facilitate transcription during organogenesis.
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17
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Ondet T, Muscatelli-Groux B, Coulouarn C, Robert S, Gicquel T, Bodin A, Lagente V, Grimaud JA. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mediated via mitogen-activated protein kinases rather than by the inflammasome signalling pathway in keratinocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:827-838. [PMID: 28425217 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in the skin and airway epithelial tissues, which are the most important sites of host-pathogen interactions. TLRs recognize the 3-D structures of pathogen-associated molecules and are therefore useful markers of the innate immune response. Here, we investigated the role of lipopolysaccharides and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the activation of the TLR and NOD-like receptor (NLR) pathways in human keratinocytes. Analysis of the inflammasome compounds revealed that NOD-like receptor P3 and TLR4, both of which are components of inflammasome complexes involved in the activation of interleukin (IL)-1β, were not expressed in keratinocytes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the combination of MSU and lipopolysaccharide priming did not elicit significant results compared to MSU treatment, which induced the expression of TLR2, IL-6 and IL-8/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 CXCL8 in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Furthermore, MSU promoted the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and MAPK14/p38α mitogen-activated protein kinases. We concluded that MSU stimulates a pro-inflammatory response in keratinocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to induce production of IL-8/CXCL8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 and TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ondet
- MATRISCIENCE SAS, Paris Santé Cochin, Paris, France.,NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Cédric Coulouarn
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sacha Robert
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Bodin
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Lagente
- NUMECAN Institute, INSERM U1241, INRA U1341, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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18
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Distinctively Expressed Cytokines by Three Different Inflammation Cells and Their Interaction with Keratinocytes in Wound Healing. Inflammation 2017; 40:2151-2162. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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The molecular biology in wound healing & non-healing wound. Chin J Traumatol 2017; 20:189-193. [PMID: 28712679 PMCID: PMC5555286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular biology and other new biotechnologies helps us to recognize the wound healing and non-healing wound of skin in the past 30 years. This review mainly focuses on the molecular biology of many cytokines (including growth factors) and other molecular factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) on wound healing. The molecular biology in cell movement such as epidermal cells in wound healing was also discussed. Moreover many common chronic wounds such as pressure ulcers, leg ulcers, diabetic foot wounds, venous stasis ulcers, etc. usually deteriorate into non-healing wounds. Therefore the molecular biology such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other molecular factors in diabetes non-healing wounds were also reviewed.
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20
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Tonello S, Rizzi M, Migliario M, Rocchetti V, Renò F. Low concentrations of neutrophil extracellular traps induce proliferation in human keratinocytes via NF-kB activation. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:110-116. [PMID: 28576417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Granulocytes play a pivotal role in innate immune response, as pathogen invasion activates neutrophils, a subclass of granulocytes, inducing the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this study, it has been evaluated how NETs could affect human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) behaviour. MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells were treated with increasing NETs concentrations (0.01-200ng/ml) and the effect on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Inhibition studies were performed by pre-treating cells with dexamethasone, chloropromazine or amiloride. NF-kB pathway activation was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS HaCaT cells stimulation with increasing concentrations of NETs (0.01-50ng/ml) for 48h resulted in a modulation of cell proliferation with a maximum increase corresponding to 0.5-1ng/ml stimulation. NETs low concentrations not only increased cell proliferation, but were also able to induce a faster wound closure in an in vitro scratch assay. NETs scaffold, composed by histone proteins and DNA, is recognized by Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR 9) that, in turn, activates the NF-kB pathway. In fact, NETs induced proliferation was inhibited by chloropromazine (1nM), that blocks chlatrin vesicles formation, and by amiloride (50nM) that inhibits macropinocytosis. Moreover, dexamethasone, an inhibitor of NF-kB, was able to abolish the NETs effect. DISCUSSION This study thus demonstrates that low NETs concentrations undergo internalization finally resulting in a quick NF-kB pathway activation and HaCaT cells proliferation increase, suggesting a close relationship between first immune response and wound healing onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelvio Tonello
- Innovative Research Laboratory for Wound Healing, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Manuela Rizzi
- Innovative Research Laboratory for Wound Healing, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Mario Migliario
- Dental Clinic, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Rocchetti
- Dental Clinic, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Filippo Renò
- Innovative Research Laboratory for Wound Healing, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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21
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Kuri P, Ellwanger K, Kufer TA, Leptin M, Bajoghli B. A high-sensitivity bi-directional reporter to monitor NF-κB activity in cell culture and zebrafish in real time. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:648-657. [PMID: 27980067 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB transcription factors play major roles in numerous biological processes including development and immunity. Here, we engineered a novel bi-directional NF-κB-responsive reporter, pSGNluc, in which a high-affinity NF-κB promoter fragment simultaneously drives expression of luciferase and GFP. Treatment with TNFα (also known as TNF) induced a strong, dose-dependent luciferase signal in cell culture. The degree of induction over background was comparable to that of other NF-κB-driven luciferase reporters, but the absolute level of expression was at least 20-fold higher. This extends the sensitivity range of otherwise difficult assays mediated exclusively by endogenously expressed receptors, as we show for Nod1 signaling in HEK293 cells. To measure NF-κB activity in the living organism, we established a transgenic zebrafish line carrying the pSGNluc construct. Live in toto imaging of transgenic embryos revealed the activation patterns of NF-κB signaling during embryonic development and as responses to inflammatory stimuli. Taken together, by integrating qualitative and quantitative NF-κB reporter activity, pSGNluc is a valuable tool for studying NF-κB signaling at high spatiotemporal resolution in cultured cells and living animals that goes beyond the possibilities provided by currently available reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Kuri
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany .,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstrasse 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,EMBO, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baubak Bajoghli
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Angelini F, Di Matteo G, Balestrero S, Brunetti E, Mancino G, Rossi P, Galli E. Nuclear Factor κB Activity is Increased in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Children Affected by Atopic and Non-Atopic Eczema. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:59-67. [PMID: 17346428 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic and non-atopic eczema is an inflammatory cutaneous disease which is common in childhood and is associated with a dysregulation of the immune system. Many genes encoding immune receptors, cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules involved in the development of the disease are under the control of transcription factors belonging to the nuclear factor (NF)-κB family. To investigate the role of NF-κB in the development of eczema, 20 children, affected by relapsing chronic eczema, were enrolled in this study. Eleven of the 20 children showed IgE immunoreactivity and had a positive prick test. The DNA binding activity of NF-κB in nuclear extracts of the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We found that basal NF-κB-DNA binding activity in PBMC was significantly higher in the eczema patient group in comparison with the same parameter in the healthy age-matched control group. Moreover, we observed a significant correlation between NF-κB-DNA binding activity and patients' clinical score (SCORAD). Based on these observations we speculate that NF-κB can play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of eczema and therefore could be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Angelini
- Department of Pediatrics, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Lorenz VN, Schön MP, Seitz CS. c-Rel in Epidermal Homeostasis: A Spotlight on c-Rel in Cell Cycle Regulation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1090-1096. [PMID: 27032306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To maintain proper skin barrier function, epidermal homeostasis requires a subtly governed balance of proliferating and differentiating keratinocytes. While differentiation takes place in the suprabasal layers, proliferation, including mitosis, is usually restricted to the basal layer. Only recently identified as an important regulator of epidermal homeostasis, c-Rel, an NF-κB transcription factor subunit, affects the viability and proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. In human keratinocytes, decreased expression of c-Rel causes a plethora of dysregulated cellular functions including impaired cell viability, increased apoptosis, and abnormalities during mitosis and cell cycle regulation. On the other hand, c-Rel shows aberrant expression in many epidermal tumors. Here, in the context of its role in different cell types and compared with other NF-κB subunits, we discuss the putative function of c-Rel as a regulator of epidermal homeostasis and mitotic progression. In addition, implications for disease pathophysiology with perturbed c-Rel function and abnormal homeostasis, such as epidermal carcinogenesis, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Lorenz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia S Seitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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24
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NF-κB-regulated transcriptional control of CLCA in a differentiated mouse keratinocyte line. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:189-96. [PMID: 25828855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CLCA was postulated to be a calcium-activated chloride channel accessory protein. Recent reports indicate that CLCA isoforms are likely to be expressed in different layers of the stratified epithelium of the skin. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the transcriptional mechanism by which murine CLCA2 (mCLCA2) is expressed in the transformed keratinocyte line Pam212 that can differentiate. METHODS A luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunocytochemistry were performed using Pam212 cells. RESULTS Promoter activity of mCLCA2 was inhibited profoundly by site-directed mutagenesis of a putative nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) binding site and by treatment with siRNA against p65. ChIP and transcription factor assays showed the specific association of endogenously activated p65 protein with the NF-κB binding domain. As confirmed by the nuclear translocation of p65, tumor necrosis factor α and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) increased and decreased mCLCA2 promoter activity, respectively, but exhibited modest effects on endogenous mCLCA2 expression in cells in culture medium containing 0.05 mM Ca(2+). When the Ca(2+) concentration was raised to 1.0mM, the mRNA and protein levels of mCLCA2 increased as well as those of the differentiation markers keratin 1 (K1) and K10. CAPE profoundly suppressed only the Ca(2+)-triggered expression of mCLCA2, not K1 or K10. Immunohistochemistry of native skin and organotypic 3D cultures confirmed the distribution of the CLCA2 homolog in differentiated cells. CONCLUSION The present study revealed for the first time that basal NF-κB activity is involved in the Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of mCLCA2 expression in a mouse keratinocyte line.
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25
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Poligone B, Gilmore ES, Alexander CV, Oleksyn D, Gillespie K, Zhao J, Ibrahim SF, Pentland AP, Brown MD, Chen L. PKK suppresses tumor growth and is decreased in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:869-876. [PMID: 25285922 PMCID: PMC4324088 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents the most common cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a sub-type of NMSC that shows a greater potential for invasion and metastasis. The current study identifies the Protein Kinase C-associated Kinase (PKK), which is also known as the Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 4 (RIPK4), as a suppressor of tumor growth in SCC of the skin. We show that expression of PKK is decreased in human SCC of the skin compared to normal skin. Further, suppression of PKK in human keratinocytes leads to increased cell proliferation. Use of RNA interference to reduce PKK expression in keratinocytes leads to an increase in S phase and in proteins that promote cell cycle progression. Consistent with the results obtained from cell culture, there is a dramatic increased tumorigenesis after PKK knockdown in a xenotransplant model and in soft agar assays. The loss of tumor suppression involves the NF-κB and p63 pathways. NF-κB is inhibited through inhibition of IKK function and there is increased nuclear TP63 activity after PKK knockdown. This study opens new avenues both in the discovery of disease pathogenesis and for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Poligone
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Elaine S Gilmore
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Carolina V Alexander
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Gillespie
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sherrif F Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alice P Pentland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marc D Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luojing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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Protective effect of Disporum sessile D.Don extract against UVB-induced photoaging via suppressing MMP-1 expression and collagen degradation in human skin cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 133:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dallaglio K, Marconi A, Truzzi F, Lotti R, Palazzo E, Petrachi T, Saltari A, Coppini M, Pincelli C. E-FABP induces differentiation in normal human keratinocytes and modulates the differentiation process in psoriatic keratinocytes in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:255-61. [PMID: 23528210 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal fatty acid-binding protein (E-FABP) is a lipid carrier, originally discovered in human epidermis. We show that E-FABP is almost exclusively expressed in postmitotic (PM) keratinocytes, corresponding to its localization in the highest suprabasal layers, while it is barely expressed in keratinocyte stem cells (KSC) and transit amplifying (TA) keratinocytes. Transfection of normal human keratinocytes with recombinant (r) E-FABP induces overexpression of K10 and involucrin. On the other hand, E-FABP inhibition by siRNA downregulates K10 and involucrin expression in normal keratinocytes through NF-κB and JNK signalling pathways. E-FABP is highly expressed in psoriatic epidermis, and it is mainly localized in stratum spinosum. Psoriatic PM keratinocytes overexpress E-FABP as compared to the same population in normal epidermis. E-FABP inhibition in psoriatic keratinocytes markedly reduces differentiation, while it upregulates psoriatic markers such as survivin and K16. However, under high-calcium conditions, E-FABP silencing downregulates K10 and involucrin, while survivin and K16 expression is completely abolished. These data strongly indicate that E-FABP plays an important role in keratinocyte differentiation. Moreover, E-FABP modulates differentiation in psoriatic keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Dallaglio
- Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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28
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c-Rel downregulation affects cell cycle progression of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:415-422. [PMID: 23892589 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The c-Rel protein, a member of the NF-κB transcription factor family, exerts unique and distinctive functions in various cell types. Although c-Rel is expressed in human epidermis, its functions in keratinocytes are poorly understood. Our small interfering RNA-based approach of c-Rel silencing in HaCaT keratinocytes induced altered cell morphology toward a spindle-shaped appearance. In addition, c-Rel downregulation resulted in increased apoptosis and significantly reduced proliferation towing to G2/M cell cycle delay, concomitant aberrant mitotic spindle formation, and induction of phospho-aurora A(Thr288). The relevance of c-Rel in epithelial carcinogenesis was further supported by detection of c-Rel expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Our studies indicate that c-Rel is a key regulator of cell fate decisions in keratinocytes such as cell growth and death and may have a role in epidermal carcinogenesis.
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Kondo M, Yamato M, Takagi R, Namiki H, Okano T. The regulation of epithelial cell proliferation and growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist. Biomaterials 2012; 34:121-9. [PMID: 23059003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have performed clinical translation of epithelial cell sheets fabricated on temperature-responsive culture surfaces to treat cornea and esophagus. In the preclinical study using animal models, we found epithelial cell growth potential varied among species. Canine epithelial cell growth was prominent, while rat one was poor under 3T3 feeder layer-free condition. The aim of the present study was to identify growth-promoting factors for epithelial cells. Conditioned medium of canine cell culture harvested at different time points showed different growth promotive activity for rat epithelial cells. Time-dependent gene expression was quantitatively evaluated for forty growth factors, and compared with conditioned medium results. Statistically significant promotive activity was observed with IL-1RA, and significant inhibitory activity was observed with IL-1α. Furthermore, neutralizing anti-IL-1α antibody also showed significant promotive activity. Human epidermal keratinocytes were promoted to proliferate by IL-1RA and neutralizing anti-IL-1α antibody, and showed well differentiation to form transplantable, squamous stratified epithelial cell sheets. These findings would be useful to fabricate reproducible, transplantable epithelial cell sheets for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Kim JK, Mun S, Kim MS, Kim MB, Sa BK, Hwang JK. 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone, an activator of PPARα/γ, inhibits UVB-induced MMP expression in human skin fibroblast cells. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:211-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Effects of Thai medicinal herb extracts with anti-psoriatic activity on the expression on NF-κB signaling biomarkers in HaCaT keratinocytes. Molecules 2011; 16:3908-32. [PMID: 21555979 PMCID: PMC6263342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by rapid proliferation of keratinocytes and incomplete keratinization. Discovery of safer and more effective anti-psoriatic drugs remains an area of active research at the present time. Using a HaCaT keratinocyte cell line as an in vitro model, we had previously found that ethanolic extracts from three Thai medicinal herbs, namely Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa and Annona squamosa, possessed anti-psoriatic activity. In the current study, we aimed at investigating if these Thai medicinal herb extracts played a molecular role in suppressing psoriasis via regulation of NF-κB signaling biomarkers. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and report gene assays, we analyzed the effects of these potential herbal extracts on 10 different genes of the NF-κB signaling network in HaCaT cells. In accordance with our hypothesis, we found that the extract derived from Alpinia galanga significantly increased the expression of TNFAIP3 and significantly reduced the expression of CSF-1 and NF-κB2. Curcuma longa extract significantly decreased the expression of CSF-1, IL-8, NF-κB2, NF-κB1 and RelA, while Annona squamosa extract significantly lowered the expression of CD40 and NF-κB1. Therefore, this in vitro study suggested that these herbal extracts capable of functioning against psoriasis, might exert their activity by controlling the expression of NF-κB signaling biomarkers.
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The unique expression profile of human TIPE2 suggests new functions beyond its role in immune regulation. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ying S, Kojima T, Kawada A, Nachat R, Serre G, Simon M, Takahara H. An intronic enhancer driven by NF-κB contributes to transcriptional regulation of peptidylarginine deiminase type I gene in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2543-52. [PMID: 20596086 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the conversion of protein-bound arginine to citrulline residues. In human epidermis, where filaggrin is the main deiminated protein, three PADs are detected with specific patterns of expression depending on the keratinocyte (KC) differentiation state. Previous characterizations of the PAD-encoding gene promoters have shown that proximal regulation alone is not sufficient to explain this specificity of expression. In this work, we describe an evolutionarily highly conserved nucleotide segment located in the first intron of the PAD1 gene (PADI1). Luciferase reporter assays showed that it enhances the activity of the PADI1 promoter, in a calcium- and orientation-independent manner. Mutation of a putative NF-κB cis-element markedly reduced its enhancer activity, which also confirmed its potential regulatory function. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays evidenced the binding of both p65 and p50 NF-κB subunits to the cis-element, and RNA interference inhibition assays confirmed that NF-κB contributes to the PADI1 transcriptional control. Furthermore, the intronic enhancer and promoter of PADI1 potentially interact through chromatin looping, as indicated by chromosome conformation capture assays. Our findings provide evidence that an NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway is involved in PADI1 regulation in human epidermal KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Ying
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee YR, Noh EM, Jeong EY, Yun SK, Jeong YJ, Kim JH, Kwon KB, Kim BS, Lee SH, Park CS, Kim JS. Cordycepin inhibits UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression by suppressing the NF-kappaB pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:548-54. [PMID: 19381070 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.8.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin (3-deoxyadenosine) has been shown to exhibit many pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infection activities. However, the anti-skin photoaging effects of cordycepin have not yet been reported. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of cordycepin on matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and -3 expressions of the human dermal fibroblast cells. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR revealed cordycepin inhibited UVB-induced MMP-1 and -3 expressions in a dose-dependent manner. UVB strongly activated NF-kappaB activity, which was determined by IkappaBalpha degradation, nuclear localization of p50 and p65 subunit, and NF-kappaB binding activity. However, UVB-induced NF-kappaB activation and MMP expression were completely blocked by cordycepin pretreatment. These findings suggest that cordycepin could prevent UVB-induced MMPs expressions through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion, cordycepin might be used as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Rae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Medical Sciences Korea, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 560-182, Korea
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Patruno A, Amerio P, Pesce M, Vianale G, Di Luzio S, Tulli A, Franceschelli S, Grilli A, Muraro R, Reale M. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields modulate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCat: potential therapeutic effects in wound healing. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:258-66. [PMID: 19799606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) are known to produce a variety of biological effects. Clinical studies are ongoing using EMF in healing of bone fractures and skin wounds. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of ELF-EMF. Several studies have demonstrated that expression and regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are vital for wound healing; however, no reports have demonstrated a direct action of ELF-EMF in the modulation of these inflammatory molecules in human keratinocytes. OBJECTIVES The present study analysed the effect of ELF-EMF on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT in order to assess the mechanisms of action of ELF-EMF and to provide further support for their therapeutic use in wound healing. METHODS Exposed HaCaT cells were compared with unexposed control cells. At different exposure times, expression of inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and COX-2 was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Modulation of iNOS and eNOS was monitored by evaluation of NOS activities, production of nitric oxide (NO) and O(2)(-) and expression of activator protein 1 (AP-1). In addition, catalase activity and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production were determined. Effects of ELF-EMF on cell growth and viability were monitored. RESULTS The exposure of HaCaT cells to ELF-EMF increased iNOS and eNOS expression levels. These ELF-EMF-dependent increased expression levels were paralled by increased NOS activities, and increased NO production. In addition, higher levels of AP-1 expression as well as a higher cell proliferation rate were associated with ELF-EMF exposure. In contrast, ELF-EMF decreased COX-2 expression, PGE(2) production, catalase activity and O(2)(-) production. CONCLUSIONS Mediators of inflammation, such as reactive nitrogen and PGE(2), and keratinocyte proliferation are critical for the tissue regenerative processes. The ability of ELF-EMF to upmodulate NOS activities, thus nitrogen intermediates, as well as cell proliferation, and to downregulate COX-2 expression and the downstream intermediate PGE(2), highlights the potential therapeutic role of ELF-EMF in wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patruno
- Department of Drug Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Pacheco-Palencia LA, Noratto G, Hingorani L, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU. Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8434-8441. [PMID: 18717570 DOI: 10.1021/jf8005307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been associated with several acute and chronic conditions, including sunburn, edema, hyperplasia, immunosuppression, photoaging, and skin cancer. The role of naturally occurring phytochemicals in the prevention of such UV-related conditions has captured increased interest. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenolics, which have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic activity in numerous in vivo and in vitro studies. This work investigated potential protective effects of a pomegranate fruit extract standardized to punicalagins against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in SKU-1064 human skin fibroblast cells. Pomegranate extract (PE), in a range from 5 to 60 mg/L, was effective at protecting human skin fibroblasts from cell death following UV exposure, likely related to a reduced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB, a downregulation of proapoptotic caspase-3, and an increased G0/G1 phase, associated with DNA repair. Higher polyphenolic concentrations (500-10000 mg/L) were needed to achieve a significant reduction in UV-induced reactive oxygen species levels and increased intracellular antioxidant capacity (from 1.9 to 8.6 muM Trolox equivalents/mL). Results from this study demonstrate the protective effects of PE against UVA- and UVB-induced cell damage and the potential use of pomegranate polyphenolics in topical applications.
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Vianale G, Reale M, Amerio P, Stefanachi M, Di Luzio S, Muraro R. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field enhances human keratinocyte cell growth and decreases proinflammatory chemokine production. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:1189-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Young CN, Koepke JI, Terlecky LJ, Borkin MS, Boyd SL, Terlecky SR. Reactive oxygen species in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated primary human keratinocytes: implications for psoriasis and inflammatory skin disease. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2606-2614. [PMID: 18463678 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to play an important role in inflammatory and immunological responses in human skin. Although it has been documented that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in TNF-alpha-induced signaling pathways associated with certain inflammatory diseases, their role in TNF-alpha signaling cascades has not been examined in primary human keratinocytes used as a model of inflammatory skin disease and psoriasis. Employing a series of in vitro and in cellulo approaches, we have demonstrated that in primary human keratinocytes (i) TNF-alpha rapidly induces ROS generation, IkappaB degradation, NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, and ultimately production of inflammatory cytokines; (ii) TNF-alpha-induced cytokine production is mediated both by the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway via NF-kappaB activation and by ROS; (iii) TNF-alpha-dependent NF-kappaB activation (that is, IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation) is not mediated by ROS; and (iv) a cell-penetrating derivative of the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, as well as taurine and N-acetyl-cysteine attenuate the TNF-alpha-induced production of cytokines. These latter results suggest that catalase and perhaps other antioxidants should be considered as part of a more specific and effective therapy for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen N Young
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay I Koepke
- EXT Life Sciences Inc., TechOne Building, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura J Terlecky
- EXT Life Sciences Inc., TechOne Building, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael S Borkin
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Savoy L Boyd
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Zhang C, Feng J, Yan X, Li W, Hu G. Effects of Oxymatrine on the NF-kappa B expression of HaCaT cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1007-4376(08)60060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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HDAC Activity Is Required for p65/RelA-Dependent Repression of PPARδ-Mediated Transactivation in Human Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1095-106. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Tanaka K, Hasegawa J, Asamitsu K, Okamoto T. Magnolia ovovata extract and its active component magnolol prevent skin photoaging via inhibition of nuclear factor κB. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 565:212-9. [PMID: 17346696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is induced by environmental signals including inflammation, UV irradiation and oxidative stress. It was shown that the NF-kappaB activity greatly contributes to the skin photoaging process. Thus, it is plausible that NF-kappaB inhibitors could directly prevent skin photoaging. In this study, we found that Magnolia ovovata extract inhibited NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression and demonstrated that external swabbing with Magnolia extract preventing skin photoaging processes through keratinocyte hyperproliferation and degradation of collagen fibers in mice skin. We have identified magnolol as the solely responsible active compound in Magnolia extract. Magnolol effectively inhibited the NF-kappaB-dependent transcription, but no effect was observed with other inducible transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1) and cyclic-AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). In addition, magnolol was effective in inhibiting the production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) from the cells overexpressing p65, a major subunit of NF-kappaB. Although magnolol did not affect the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, it inhibited the nuclear translocation of the activated NF-kappaB. These findings suggest that Magnolia extract and its active component magnolol can be used to prevent the skin photoaging via inhibiting NF-kappaB by external topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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Doger FK, Dikicioglu E, Ergin F, Unal E, Sendur N, Uslu M. Nature of cell kinetics in psoriatic epidermis. J Cutan Pathol 2007; 34:257-63. [PMID: 17302610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis. Disorders in keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and immune dysregulation are the major factors implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS The study was performed in skin specimens of 25 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and a control group of 10 individuals without a skin disease. Biopsy specimens from lesional and normal skin were analyzed by immunohistochemical method for expressions of Ki-67, Bcl-2, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). In addition, densities of mast cell infiltration were also investigated. RESULTS Ki-67 and TUNEL indexes and TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB expressions were significantly higher in psoriatic epidermis than in normal epidermis (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference at Bcl-2 reactivity between the normal and the psoriatic epidermis (p > 0.05); however, Bcl-2 staining intensity of lymphocytes was higher in psoriatic lesions than in normal dermis (p < 0.05). Additionally, the number of mast cells was significantly higher in psoriatic dermis than in normal skin (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There were several complex factors involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We conclude that cellular damage and apoptosis temporarily coincide with epidermal proliferation during the course of psoriatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furuzan K Doger
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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Lewis DA, Spandau DF. UVB activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes occurs via a unique mechanism. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:93-101. [PMID: 17256146 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is comprised of a family of proteins that are implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions, including the control of cell proliferation, cell survival, and cellular differentiation. Although NF-kappaB is activated in response to inflammatory signals or cellular stress, in the skin NF-kappaB is also implicated to play a role in normal epidermal homeostasis. Often the cellular consequences of NF-kappaB activation are dependent on the specific triggering stimuli. Thus, we have compared the activation mechanism and the function of NF-kappaB following two common stimuli of normal human keratinocytes, inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)), and cellular stress (ultraviolet light B (UVB) irradiation). These experiments indicate that although both TNFalpha and UVB stimulate NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in normal human keratinocytes, the mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by each stimulus is different. In contrast to the NF-kappaB response following TNFalpha, activation of NF-kappaB by UVB is independent of Ikappa Balpha degradation. Analyses of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression following TNFalpha or UVB treatment demonstrate that each of these stimulatory signals results in a specific subset of genes that are activated or repressed. These studies provide further evidence of the stimuli and cell-type specific nature of NF-kappaB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina A Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Choi EY, Park ZY, Choi EJ, Oh HM, Lee S, Choi SC, Lee KM, Im SH, Chun JS, Jun CD. Transcriptional regulation of IL-8 by iron chelator in human epithelial cells is independent from NF-κB but involves ERK1/2- and p38 kinase-dependent activation of AP-1. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:1442-57. [PMID: 17471497 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the bacterial iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), triggers inflammatory signals including the production of CXC chemokine IL-8, in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by activating the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. In this study we investigated the mechanisms involved in IL-8 generation by DFO, focusing on the transcription factors involved and the roles of both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the transcription factor activation. Treatment of human epithelial HT-29 cells with DFO markedly up-regulated the expression of the essential components of the transcription factor AP-1 at a transcriptional level, while it minimally affected the expression of the NF-kappaB subunits. DFO also induced AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity in HT-29 cells, and this activity was further augmented by the wild-type c-Jun transfection. In contrast, the AP-1 activity by DFO was markedly decreased by the dominant-negative c-Jun transfection. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that DFO increases the specific binding of AP-1 but not of NF-kappaB. Such AP-1 binding and transcriptional activities were blocked by the inhibitors of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways, suggesting that both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) lie upstream of AP-1. Besides its action on AP-1, DFO also induced the specific binding of other transcription factors such as CREB and Egr-1. In summary, our results indicate that iron chelator-induced IL-8 generation in IECs involves activation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase and downstream activation of AP-1. A possible link between iron status and two additional transcription factors, that is, CREB and Egr-1, rather than NF-kappaB, was also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
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Lewis DA, Hengeltraub SF, Gao FC, Leivant MA, Spandau DF. Aberrant NF-κB Activity in HaCaT Cells Alters their Response to UVB Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1885-92. [PMID: 16741515 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immortalized keratinocyte cell line called HaCaT has been used in experiments as a convenient substitute for cultured normal human keratinocytes. However, some molecular differences have been identified that distinguish HaCaT cells from normal human keratinocytes, including differences in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and in their response to UVB irradiation. NF-kappaB is a widely expressed transcription factor that is activated by a cacophony of stimuli, including inflammatory mediators such as TNFalpha and oxidative stressors such as UVB exposure. This report delineates and further elucidates the aberrant NF-kappaB signaling pathway and its effect in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB radiation or inflammatory mediators. We demonstrate that NF-kappaB DNA binding is activated by both UVB and TNFalpha, but discrepancies in the activation of key upstream signaling pathway components such as AKT phosphorylation and IkappaBalpha degradation exist. Disruption of the constitutive NF-kappaB activity in HaCaT cells resulted in alterations in NF-kappaB signaling that were more consistent with the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in normal human keratinocytes. These studies suggest that caution should be used in extrapolating the biological responses of HaCaT cells to those of normal human keratinocytes in the absence of confirmatory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina A Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wilhelmsen K, Litjens SHM, Sonnenberg A. Multiple functions of the integrin alpha6beta4 in epidermal homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:2877-86. [PMID: 16581764 PMCID: PMC1446957 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.2877-2886.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shekar SN, Duffy DL, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. A Genome Scan for Epidermal Skin Pattern in Adolescent Twins Reveals Suggestive Linkage on 12p13.31. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:277-82. [PMID: 16374462 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration in stratum corneum reticular patterning (skin pattern or skin wrinkling) has been associated with increased rates of solar keratoses and skin cancer. A previous analysis of data from the twin sample used in this investigation has shown that 86% of the variation in skin pattern is genetic at age 12 and 62% in an adult sample (mean age = 47.5). Variation due to genetic influences is likely to be influenced by more than one locus. Here, we present results of a genome-wide linkage scan of skin pattern in adolescent twins and siblings from 428 nuclear twin families. Sib-pair linkage analysis was performed on skin pattern data collected from twins at age 12 (378 informative families) and 14 (316 families). Suggestive linkage was found at marker D12S397 (12p13.31, logarithm of the odds (lod) 1.94), when the effect of the trait locus was modelled to influence the skin pattern equally at both ages 12 and 14. In the same analysis, a peak was seen at 4q23 with a lod score of 1.55. A possible candidate for the peak at 12p13.31 is the protease inhibitor, alpha-2-macroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Niranjan Shekar
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Pleguezuelos O, Kapas S. Differentiation of the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line: modulation by adrenomedullin. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:602-8. [PMID: 16536800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide produced by a wide variety of cells, including keratinocytes. We, and others, have demonstrated that AM has a role as a growth regulatory factor of the skin and contributes as an antimicrobial agent in the integument's protective barrier. It is not known whether AM has a role in differentiating keratinocytes. OBJECTIVES To study the role of AM in keratinocyte differentiation, modulating the effects of calcium and in addition, to assess whether differentiated keratinocytes are still capable of initiating an inflammatory response. METHODS HaCaT cells were differentiated using CaCl2. Expression of transglutaminase type 1 (TG1) and E2F1 genes was used to monitor differentiation. AM secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NF-kappaB activity and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in the cells were assessed after exposure to calcium and AM by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Secretion of AM by the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was found to be increased during 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2-induced cell differentiation but not 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2. All treatments showed low levels of the cell proliferation marker, E2F1. Over time, cells incubated in the presence of 0.1 mmol L(-1) or 1 mmol L(-1) of CaCl2 showed an increase in TG1 expression, a marker of early differentiation. The addition of AM showed a decrease in TG1 expression when combined with 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2, but not with 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2. In addition, cells kept in 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 showed translocation of NF-kappaB after 48 h and 72 h of incubation, which was abolished when AM was added to the cells. Treatment with 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 led to earlier translocation of NF-kappaB at 24 h after treatment and addition of AM did not abolish the effect of 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 on NF-kappaB activation. Cells incubated in 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 showed increased secretion of IL-6 over time, consistent with NF-kappaB activation. The addition of AM to cells incubated with 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 showed a rapid decrease in IL-6 secretion after only 6 h. However, 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 did not induce secretion of IL-6 and the addition of AM did not affect the result. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that AM can reverse calcium-induced differentiation when 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 is used but not 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2. Cells differentiated with 0.1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 are still capable of generating an inflammatory response, showing signs of late NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 secretion that can be inhibited by AM. However, cells differentiated with 1 mmol L(-1) CaCl2 lose their ability to secrete IL-6 but not AM, which could be acting as an antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pleguezuelos
- Molecular Signalling Group, Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Barts & The London, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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Jang SI, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Lee JC, Kim HY, Kim YC, Yun YG, Yu HH, You YO. Scoparone inhibits PMA-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production through suppression of NF-kappaB activation in U937 cells. Life Sci 2005; 78:2937-43. [PMID: 16376386 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Scoparone is a major component of the shoot of Artemisia capillaris (Compositae), which has been used for the treatment of hepatitis and biliary tract infection in oriental countries. In this study, the effects of scoparone on the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were examined in U937 human monocytes activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Scoparone (5-100 microM) had no cytotoxic effect in unstimulated cells and concentration-dependently reversed PMA-induced toxicity in the cells stimulated with PMA. Scoparone concentration-dependently reduced the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 protein and expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA levels induced by PMA. Moreover, scoparone inhibited the levels of NF-kappaB-DNA complex and NF-kappaB activity in the cells stimulated with PMA in a concentration-dependent manner. Scoparone dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB1 p50, RelA p65, and c-Rel p75. These data suggest that scoparone may inhibit the expression of chemokines (IL-8 and MCP-1) in PMA-stimulated U937 cells and a potential mechanism of scoparone may be inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which is linked to inhibition of NF-kappaB subunits (NF-kappaB1 p50, RelA p65, and c-Rel p75) translocation via suppression of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Il Jang
- Department of Skin and Beauty, Seojeong College, Yangju 482-860, South Korea
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