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Komisarska P, Pinyosinwat A, Saleem M, Szczuko M. Carrageenan as a Potential Factor of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2024; 16:1367. [PMID: 38732613 PMCID: PMC11085445 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan is a widely used food additive and is seen as a potential candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are two faces to carrageenan that allows it to be used positively for therapeutic purposes. Carrageenan can be used to create edible films and for encapsulating drugs, and there is also interest in the use of carrageenan for food printing. Carrageenan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide gum. Depending on the type of carrageenan, it is used in regulating the composition of intestinal microflora, including the increase in the population of Bifidobacterium bacteria. On the other hand, the studies have demonstrated the harmfulness of carrageenan in animal and human models, indicating a direct link between diet and intestinal inflammatory states. Carrageenan changes the intestinal microflora, especially Akkermansia muciniphilia, degrades the mucous barrier and breaks down the mucous barrier, causing an inflammatory reaction. It directly affects epithelial cells by activating the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway. The mechanism is based on activation of the TLR4 receptor, alterations in macrophage activity, production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of innate immune pathways. Carrageenan increases the content of Bacteroidetes bacteria, also causing a reduction in the number of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. The result is damage to the integrity of the intestinal membrane and reduction of the mucin layer. The group most exposed to the harmful effects of carrageenan are people suffering from intestinal inflammation, including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland (M.S.)
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Guo J, Shang X, Chen P, Huang X. How does carrageenan cause colitis? A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120374. [PMID: 36604052 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenan is a common additive, but mounting studies have reported that it may cause or aggravate inflammation in the intestines. The safety of carrageenan remains controversial and its inflammatory mechanisms are unclear. In this review, the pathogenesis of colitis by carrageenans was discussed. We analyzed the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, followed that line of thought, the existing evidence of carrageenans causing colitis in cellular and animal models was summarized to draw its colitis pathogenesis. Two pathways were described including: 1) carrageenan changed the composition of intestinal microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, which destroyed the mucosal barrier and triggered the inflammatory immune response; and 2) carrageenan directly contacted with receptors on epithelial cells and activated the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. This review aim to provide guidance for exploring the treatment of colitis caused by carrageenan, and safe processing and utilization of carrageenan in food industry, which is worthy of study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Guo
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Xuke Shang
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China; College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Xiaozhou Huang
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
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3
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Generalov EA, Simonenko EY, Kulchenko NG, Yakovenko LV. [Molecular basis of biological activity of polysaccharides in COVID-19 associated conditions]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:403-418. [PMID: 36573407 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226806403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The review considers the main molecular biological features of the COVID-19 causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus: life cycle, viral cell penetration strategies, interactions of viral proteins with human proteins, cytopathic effects. We also analyze pathological conditions that occur both during the course of the COVID-19 disease and after virus elimination. A brief review of the biological activities of polysaccharides isolated from various sources is given, and possible molecular biological mechanisms of these activities are considered. Data analysis shows that polysaccharides are a class of biological molecules with wide potential for use in the treatment of both acute conditions in COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Generalov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Moscow University for Industry and Finance "Synergy", Moscow, Russia
| | - E Yu Simonenko
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N G Kulchenko
- Medical Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Yakovenko
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Essential Oils from the Leaves, Stem, and Roots of Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce in Vietnam: Determination of Chemical Composition, and In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies on Anti-Inflammatory Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227839. [PMID: 36431950 PMCID: PMC9697122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce, a flowering plant, is used for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we determined the chemical composition of the EOs extracted from the leaves (LBEO), stem (SBEO), and roots (RBEO) of B. lanceolaria and analyzed their anti-inflammation potential. Overall, 30 compounds representing 99.12%, 98.44%, and 96.89% of total EO constituents of the leaves, stem, and roots, respectively, were identified using GC-MS. ELISA, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR studies showed that LBEO, SBEO, and RBEO inhibited multiple steps in the inflammatory responses in the RAW 264.7 cell model, including NO production; TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 transcription and translation; and phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 of the NF-κB pathway. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, all three EOs inhibited paw edema at both early and delayed phases. Molecular docking studies indicated that the main components of B. lanceolaria EOs (BEOs) targeted and inhibited major components of inflammation-related pathways, including the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, NF-κB pathway, and MAPK pathway. We present the first study to characterize the chemical composition of BEOs and confirm their potent anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro, in vivo, and in silico analysis. These results can facilitate the development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs with limited side effects in the future.
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Sapio MR, Kim JJ, Loydpierson AJ, Maric D, Goto T, Vazquez FA, Dougherty MK, Narasimhan R, Muhly WT, Iadarola MJ, Mannes AJ. The Persistent Pain Transcriptome: Identification of Cells and Molecules Activated by Hyperalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1146-1179. [PMID: 33892151 PMCID: PMC9441406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During persistent pain, the dorsal spinal cord responds to painful inputs from the site of injury, but the molecular modulatory processes have not been comprehensively examined. Using transcriptomics and multiplex in situ hybridization, we identified the most highly regulated receptors and signaling molecules in rat dorsal spinal cord in peripheral inflammatory and post-surgical incisional pain models. We examined a time course of the response including acute (2 hours) and longer term (2 day) time points after peripheral injury representing the early onset and instantiation of hyperalgesic processes. From this analysis, we identify a key population of superficial dorsal spinal cord neurons marked by somatotopic upregulation of the opioid neuropeptide precursor prodynorphin, and 2 receptors: the neurokinin 1 receptor, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. These alterations occur specifically in the glutamatergic subpopulation of superficial dynorphinergic neurons. In addition to specific neuronal gene regulation, both models showed induction of broad transcriptional signatures for tissue remodeling, synaptic rearrangement, and immune signaling defined by complement and interferon induction. These signatures were predominantly induced ipsilateral to tissue injury, implying linkage to primary afferent drive. We present a comprehensive set of gene regulatory events across 2 models that can be targeted for the development of non-opioid analgesics. PERSPECTIVE: The deadly impact of the opioid crisis and the need to replace morphine and other opioids in clinical practice is well recognized. Embedded within this research is an overarching goal of obtaining foundational knowledge from transcriptomics to search for non-opioid analgesic targets. Developing such analgesics would address unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jenny J Kim
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amelia J Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taichi Goto
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellowship, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando A Vazquez
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary K Dougherty
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Radhika Narasimhan
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wallis T Muhly
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bancil AS, Sandall AM, Rossi M, Chassaing B, Lindsay JO, Whelan K. Food Additive Emulsifiers and Their Impact on Gut Microbiome, Permeability, and Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1068-1079. [PMID: 33336247 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has increased over the 21st century. Despite multiple studies investigating the pathogenesis of IBD, the causative mechanisms pertaining to its increased prevalence remain unclear. There is growing evidence that aspects of a 'Western diet' increase the risk of developing IBD. More recently, evidence implicating dietary emulsifiers has accumulated, with ecological studies showing a positive correlation between inflammatory bowel disease and emulsifier consumption. Further to these, cell and animal studies have demonstrated plausible mechanisms by which dietary emulsifiers may contribute to IBD pathogenesis through mechanisms including: promotion of pro-inflammatory intestinal microbiota; disruption of mucus architecture; increased intestinal permeability; activation of inflammatory pathways; and disruption of the cell cycle. This review critically analyses the current evidence for these mechanisms that may be of pathological relevance to IBD, evaluates recent dietary trials, acknowledges the challenges of dietary intervention studies, and gives an overview of ongoing and future clinical trials in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Bancil
- King's College London, Department of Nutritional Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alicia M Sandall
- King's College London, Department of Nutritional Sciences, London, UK
| | - Megan Rossi
- King's College London, Department of Nutritional Sciences, London, UK
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James O Lindsay
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- King's College London, Department of Nutritional Sciences, London, UK
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Abstract
Several in vivo immunotropic effects of κ/β-carrageenan isolated from the red algae Tichocarpus crinitus were studied, by orally administering it at 100 mg/kg/day to mice for 7 days. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-1β, and IL-4 were measured. Carrageenan's ability to influence development of LPS-induced inflammation was also assessed. Oral administration of κ/β-carrageenan increased serum levels of all the studied cytokines at least twice in comparison to the intact mice, while intraperitoneal LPS injection at 1 mg/kg increased concentration of only the pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-1β. Furthermore, κ/β-carrageenan demonstrated a higher efficacy at inducing IFN-γ production than LPS. Previous 7-day-long oral carrageenan administration impaired development of LPS-induced inflammation: level of IL-1β dropped below that found in intact mice, while IFN-γ and IL-12 concentrations were at least 40% lower than in mice with LPS-induced inflammation. Murine peritoneal macrophages were also affected by the oral administration of the κ/β-carrageenan: their motility was increased, and morphology altered. In sum, we have demonstrated that κ/β-carrageenan, when administered orally, is not only not immunologically inert, but at the dose of 100 mg/kg possesses pharmacologically exploitable effects.
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Nivedita PS, Shettar AK, Joy HH. Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Takayama S, Kawanishi M, Yamauchi K, Tokumitsu D, Kojima H, Masutani T, Iddamalgoda A, Mitsunaga T, Tanaka H. Ellagitannins from Rosa roxburghii suppress poly(I:C)-induced IL-8 production in human keratinocytes. J Nat Med 2021; 75:623-632. [PMID: 33830449 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of a 50% aqueous extract of Rosa roxburghii fruit (RRFE) and two ellagitannins (strictinin and casuarictin) isolated from the RRFE were evaluated in a cell model of skin inflammation induced by self-RNA released from epidermal cells damaged by UV ray (UVR) irradiation. The RRFE inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) stimulated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a ligand of toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3). The plant-derived anti-inflammatory agents, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (GK2) and allantoin, had no influence on the IL-8 expression. The purified compounds, strictinin and casuarictin, inhibited the IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 release induced in NHEKs by poly(I:C). These ellagitannins were thus found to be responsible for the biological activity exhibited by the RRFE. This study demonstrates that RRFE and isolated RRFE compounds show promise as ingredients for products formulated to improve skin disorders induced by UVR irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takayama
- Medical Science Division, United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan. .,Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu City, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan.
| | - Miho Kawanishi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Daiki Tokumitsu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu City, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | - Teruaki Masutani
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu City, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | - Arunasiri Iddamalgoda
- Research and Development Department, Ichimaru Pharcos Co., Ltd, 318-1 Asagi, Motosu City, Gifu, 501-0475, Japan
| | - Tohru Mitsunaga
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Medical Science Division, United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan. .,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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IWASAKI T, WATARAI S. Oral λ-carrageenan intake alleviates skin symptoms in a hapten induced atopic dermatitis-like model. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1639-1642. [PMID: 32938835 PMCID: PMC7719870 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambda carrageenan is a widely used food additive. It has been shown that its oral intake induces suppression of T cell proliferation and antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune response in experimental animals. In this study, we estimated the effect of oral ingestion of 0.001% λ-carrageenan on trinitrochlorobenzen-induced atopic dermatitis model mouse. Oral carrageenan ingestion alleviated ear swelling of hapten challenged mice and significantly suppressed mast cell hyperplasia in the topical skin. Serological analysis revealed that the treatment suppressed total IgE and antigen-specific IgG, and also suppressed both allergy driving cytokine interleukin-4 and counter-acting cytokine interferon-γ levels. It is suggested that the oral ingestion of λ-carrageenan may suppress the immunological response to the allergen and might be useful to treat atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi IWASAKI
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shinobu WATARAI
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Cicinskas E, Begun MA, Vikhareva VV, Karetin YA, Kalitnik AA. Immunological effects of Chondrus armatus carrageenans and their low molecular weight degradation products. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1136-1146. [PMID: 32985066 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ability of high molecular weight (HMW) κ- and λ-carrageenans of the red marine algae Chondrus armatus and their low molecular weight degradation products (LMWDPs) (0.7-20 and 10-170 kDa respectively) to influence functional properties (motility and phagocytosis) of murine peritoneal macrophages was assessed in this study as an in vitro and a weeklong feeding experiment. We demonstrated that, with an exception of one, all carrageenan samples at 100 μg/ml increased cellular motility and dose-dependently decreased phagocytic activity; LMWDPs of λ-carrageenan suppressed motility and had no effect on phagocytosis. Oral administration of all the carrageenan samples at 100 μg/kg/day for 7 days to mice had no effect on their clinical appearance, body weight, weight of their liver, spleen or thymus or development of noticeable changes to their inner organs. All samples induced a shift of the cell composition of the peritoneal cavity towards macrophages. Consumption of LMWDPs of κ-carrageenan resulted in development of leukopenia, however, no changes to relative WBC count were introduced by either of the samples. All samples decreased murine peritoneal macrophages phagocytic activity, with λ-samples possessing higher efficacy than their κ-counterparts; all LMWDPs stimulated peritoneal macrophages motility, with κ-samples possessing higher efficacy than their λ-counterparts In conclusion, we have shown that κ- and λ-carrageenans of the C. armatus and their LMWDPs suppress phagocytotic activity of peritoneal macrophages under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. This allows them to be viewed as pharmacologically active substances andpropagates the need for their further investigation as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardas Cicinskas
- Department of Cell Biology, Vilnius Institute of Natural Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria A Begun
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | - Yuri A Karetin
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Lopes AH, Silva RL, Fonseca MD, Gomes FI, Maganin AG, Ribeiro LS, Marques LMM, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC, Zamboni DS, Lopes NP, Franklin BS, Gombault A, Ramalho FS, Quesniaux VFJ, Couillin I, Ryffel B, Cunha TM. Molecular basis of carrageenan-induced cytokines production in macrophages. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:141. [PMID: 32894139 PMCID: PMC7487827 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight carrageenan (Cg) is a seaweed-derived sulfated polysaccharide widely used as inflammatory stimulus in preclinical studies. However, the molecular mechanisms of Cg-induced inflammation are not fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular basis involved in Cg-induced macrophages activation and cytokines production. METHODS Primary culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with Kappa Cg. The supernatant and cell lysate were used for ELISA, western blotting, immunofluorescence. Cg-induced mouse colitis was also developed. RESULTS Here we show that Cg activates peritoneal macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1β. While Cg-induced TNF production/secretion depends on TLR4/MyD88 signaling, the production of pro-IL-1β relies on TLR4/TRIF/SYK/reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway. The maturation of pro-IL1β into IL-1β is dependent on canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation via Pannexin-1/P2X7/K+ efflux signaling. In vivo, Cg-induced colitis was reduced in mice in the absence of NLRP3 inflammasome components. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we unravel a critical role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in Cg-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production and colitis, which is an important discovery on the pro-inflammatory properties of this sulfated polysaccharide for pre-clinical studies. Video abstract Carrageenan (Cg) is one the most used flogistic stimulus in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of Cg-induced inflammation is not totally elucidated. Herein, Lopes et al. unraveled the molecular basis for Cg-induced macrophages production of biological active IL-1β. The Cg-stimulated macrophages produces pro-IL-1β depends on TLR4/TRIF/Syk/ROS, whereas its processing into mature IL-1β is dependent on the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre H. Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Rangel L. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Miriam D. Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Francisco I. Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Maganin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lucas S. Ribeiro
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Jose C. Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Bernardo S. Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aurélie Gombault
- University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France
| | - Fernando Silva Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Valerie F. J. Quesniaux
- University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355 Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID)Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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Bioactive compounds in seaweeds: An overview of their biological properties and safety. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111013. [PMID: 31794803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds are among the significant currently exploited marine plant resources which are gaining full applications in culinary, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological processes. Much attention has been devoted to seaweeds based on their proven health benefits and is considered as a rich source of structurally different bioactive metabolites for the discovery of novel functional food-based pharmacophores/drugs. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and analysis of the in-depth pharmacological activities of these compounds. This review, therefore, aims to provide a piece of up-to-date detailed information on the major compounds isolated from various seaweed species together with their in-vitro and in-vivo biological properties. These compounds were found to possess broad pharmacological properties and inhibitory enzyme activities against critical enzymes involved in the aetiology of noncommunicable diseases. However, their toxicity, clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and interaction with conventional foods, are still less explored and require more attention in future studies.
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Cicinskas E, Begun MA, Tiasto VA, Belousov AS, Vikhareva VV, Mikhailova VA, Kalitnik AA. In vitro antitumor and immunotropic activity of carrageenans from red algae Chondrus armatus and their low-molecular weight degradation products. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:254-266. [PMID: 31606930 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor and immunotropic effects of κ-, λ-carrageenan from red marine algae Chondrus armatus and their low-molecular weight (LMW) degradation products were explored. Effects on human esophageal cancer cell lines KYSE30 and FLO1 viability and ability to induce production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes was assessed. All polysaccharides demonstrated antimetabolic and cytostatic activity towards cancer lines, with high-molecular weight carrageenans possessing higher antimetabolic and lower cytostatic activity than their LMW degradation products. All carrageenans induced monocytes to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6, IL18, and TNFα. However, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was induced only by LMW λ-carrageenan, which exhibited the highest cytokine production inducing efficacy overall. We demonstrate that LMW carrageenan degradation products not only retain biological activity of their precursors, but also increase their efficacy in type-dependent manner, allowing for their future development for pharmacological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardas Cicinskas
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Vilnius Institute of Natural Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maria A Begun
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladlena A Tiasto
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Andrei S Belousov
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexandra A Kalitnik
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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15
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Molecular mechanism of action responsible for carrageenan-induced inflammatory response. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:38-42. [PMID: 30851635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carrageenan-induced inflammation has long been used as an in vivo model of local inflammation. We developed an in vitro model of inflammation using primary blood cells to characterize gene induction following carrageenan (λ-CGN) stimulation and identify the signal transduction pathway(s) through which λ-CGN worked, using swine whole blood cultures from Yorkshire barrows. Blood samples were divided into stimulated and unstimulated groups. Unstimulated blood was a control for λ-CGN treated cultures to delineate treatment effects from time-in-culture effects. All cultures were collected and separated into two fractions; supernatant for ELISA analyses and white blood cells for mRNA expression. Lambda (λ)-CGN induced MCP-1 at the proteomic and the genomic levels. Lambda-CGN increased IL-8 protein production but had no impact on serum amyloid A protein levels. Alveolar Macrophage-Derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor-II (AMCF-II), a swine-specific member of the IL8/GRO family, showed increased gene expression. TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were not induced by λ-CGN stimulation. Stimulation of HEK-293 cells co-transfected with a single pattern recognition receptor and the secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) read-out system demonstrated that λ-CGN signals through the TLR-2 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Using silencing RNA to inhibit TLR6 expression in TLR2 transfected HEK-293 cells indicated that λ-CGN works through the TLR2/6 pathway. Silencing TLR6 expression in TLR4 transfected HEK-293 cells showed that λ-CGN stimulation of this cell line worked through a TLR4/6 heterodimer, as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced SEAP production through a TLR4 homodimer. These results demonstrate that although carrageenan can stimulate through TLR4 signaling pathways, it initiates an inflammatory response in these cells that differs from a typical endotoxin effect such as LPS stimulation, in terms of the pathways and gene products altered, suggesting that activation of TLR2/6 and TLR4/6 are the predominant pathways through which carrageenan induces inflammatory responses.
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16
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Muhamad II, Zulkifli N, Selvakumaran SA, Lazim NAM. Bioactive Algal-Derived Polysaccharides: Multi-Functionalization, Therapeutic Potential and Biomedical Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1147-1162. [PMID: 31258069 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190618152133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the utilization of polysaccharides showing biological activity for various novel applications owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and some specific therapeutic activities. Increasing studies have started in the past few years to develop algal polysaccharides-based biomaterials for various applications. METHODS Saccharide mapping or enzymatic profiling plays a role in quality control of polysaccharides. Whereby, in vitro and in vivo tests as well as toxicity level discriminating polysaccharides biological activities. Extraction and purification methods are performed in obtaining algal derived polysaccharides followed by chromatographic profiles of their active compounds, structural features, physicochemical properties, and reported biological activities. RESULTS Marine algae are capable of synthesizing Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and non-GAGs or GAG mimetics such as sulfated glycans. The cell walls of algae are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, ulvan and fucoidan. These biopolymers are widely used algal-derived polysaccharides for biological and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and availability. They constitute biochemical compounds that have multi-functionalization, therapeutic potential and immunomodulatory abilities, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of biomedical applications. CONCLUSION Algal-derived polysaccharides with clearly elucidated compositions/structures, identified cellular activities, as well as desirable physical properties have shown the potential that may create new opportunities. They could be maximally exploited to serve as therapeutic tools such as immunoregulatory agents or drug delivery vehicles. Hence, novel strategies could be applied to tailor multi-functionalization of the polysaccharides from algal species with vast biomedical application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Idayu Muhamad
- School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Zulkifli
- School of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Suguna A/P Selvakumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Manipal University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asmak Md Lazim
- School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Lamprecht A. TLR4-Based Immunotherapeutics in Cancer: A Review of the Achievements and Shortcomings. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4777-4800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgonge Franch-Comte, 25030 Besançon, France
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18
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Tiasto V, Mikhailova V, Gulaia V, Vikhareva V, Zorin B, Kalitnik A, Kagansky A. Esophageal cancer research today and tomorrow: Lessons from algae and other perspectives. AIMS GENETICS 2018; 5:75-90. [PMID: 31435514 PMCID: PMC6690251 DOI: 10.3934/genet.2018.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an increasing concern due to poor prognosis, aggressive disease modalities, and a lack of efficient therapeutics. The two types of esophageal cancer: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are responsible for an estimated 450,000 annual deaths, with over 457,000 new patients diagnosed in 2015, making it the eighth most prevalent and the 10th most fatal cancer worldwide. As esophageal cancer prevalence continues to increase, and so does the pressing need for the development of new and effective strategies for the early diagnostics, prevention, and treatment of this cancer, as well for building the innovative research tools to understand the affected molecular mechanisms. This short review summarizes the current statistics and recent research of the problems and solutions related to the esophageal cancer, and offer a brief overview of its epidemiology, molecular alterations, and existing biomedical tools. We will discuss currently available research tools and discuss selected approaches we deem relevant to find new model systems and therapies for the future with the special focus on novel opportunities presented by the unique molecules found in algae, namely carbohydrates and lipids. Their remarkable chemical variability is connected to their striking structural and functional properties, which combined with the relative novelty of these compounds to cancer biology, warrants interest of the wide biomedical community to these molecules, especially in the esophageal cancer theory and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladlena Tiasto
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriia Mikhailova
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriia Gulaia
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriia Vikhareva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Bioassays, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Zorin
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Alexandra Kalitnik
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Bioassays, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, FEFU, 8 Sukhanova str, Vladivostok, Primorsky region, 690950, Russian Federation
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λ-Carrageenan improves the antitumor effect of dendritic cellbased vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29996-30007. [PMID: 28404904 PMCID: PMC5444720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of λ-carrageenan on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) and its adjuvant effect on DC-based vaccine. We found that λ-carrageenan dose-dependently decreased the endocytosis of DCs, promoted DC maturation and increased cytokine production through TLR4 mediated signaling pathway. λ-carrageenan treatment also enhanced the ability of DCs in the stimulating allogenic splenocyte proliferation. In TC-1 tumor mouse model, HPV peptides pulsed λ-carrageenan-DC (HPV-CGN-DC) significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with control group. The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleens of tumor mice and their activation status were significantly increased in HPV-CGN-DC group, but the frequencies of natural regulatory T cells and CD11b+Gr-1+ cells were significantly decreased. Further, HPV-CGN-DC induced strong CD8+ T cell responses, which are negatively correlated with tumor volumes. The results suggested that λ-carrageenan promoted DC maturation through TLR4 signaling pathway and could be used as the adjuvant in DC-based vaccines.
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20
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Orai1 Plays a Crucial Role in Central Sensitization by Modulating Neuronal Excitability. J Neurosci 2017; 38:887-900. [PMID: 29229703 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3007-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain is a common and debilitating condition that is often poorly managed. Central sensitization is an important mechanism underlying pathological pain. However, candidate molecules involved in central sensitization remain unclear. Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) mediate important calcium signals in nonexcitable and excitable cells. SOCs have been implicated in a wide variety of human pathophysiological conditions, including immunodeficiency, occlusive vascular diseases, and cancer. However, the role of SOCs in CNS disorders has been relatively unexplored. Orai1, a key component of SOCs, is expressed in the human and rodent spinal cord dorsal horn, but its functional significance in dorsal horn neurons is poorly understood. Here we sought to explore a potential role of Orai1 in the modulation of neuronal excitability and A-type potassium channels involved in pain plasticity. Using both male and female Orai1 knock-out mice, we found that activation of Orai1 increased neuronal excitability and reduced A-type potassium channels via the protein kinase C-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (PKC-ERK) pathway in dorsal horn neurons. Orai1 deficiency significantly decreased acute pain induced by noxious stimuli, nearly eliminated the second phase of formalin-induced nociceptive response, markedly attenuated carrageenan-induced ipsilateral pain hypersensitivity and abolished carrageenan-induced contralateral mechanical allodynia. Consistently, carrageenan-induced increase in neuronal excitability was abolished in the dorsal horn from Orai1 mutant mice. These findings uncover a novel signaling pathway involved in the pain process and central sensitization. Our study also reveals a novel link among Orai1, ERK, A-type potassium channels, and neuronal excitability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Orai1 is a key component of store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) in many cell types. It has been implicated in such pathological conditions as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and cancer. However, the role of Orai1 in CNS disorders remains poorly understood. The functional significance of Orai1 in neurons is elusive. Here we demonstrate that activation of Orai1 modulates neuronal excitability and Kv4-containing A-type potassium channels via the protein kinase C-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (PKC-ERK) pathway. Genetic knock-out of Orai1 nearly eliminates the second phase of formalin-induced pain and markedly attenuates carrageenan-induced pain hypersensitivity and neuronal excitability. These findings reveal a novel link between Orai1 and neuronal excitability and advance our understanding of central sensitization.
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21
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Ulvan from Ulva armoricana (Chlorophyta) activates the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway via TLR4 to induce intestinal cytokine production. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Osman WA, Labib DA, Abdelhalim MO, Elrokh EM. Synergistic analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of extra virgin olive oil and ibuprofen in different experimental models of albino mice. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:1326-1336. [PMID: 28593696 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Olive oil was used in the past as a remedy for many diseases due to its unlimited benefits in health. This study was carried out to assess the analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) at a dose of 8 mL/kg body weight and to compare it with ibuprofen (IBU) as an individual drug therapy and in combination with two different doses of IBU (therapeutic dose 100 mg/kg and low dose 40 mg/kg), on different animal models in albino mice. METHOD A total of 132 adult healthy male Swiss albino mice were used in this study. The analgesic effect was assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing test. The antipyretic effect was evaluated by brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia, while the anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by two different models; the carrageenan-induced paw edema and the carrageenan-induced peritonitis in which the levels of total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophil count, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) were measured in the peritoneal exudates. RESULTS The results revealed significant protection in all the treated groups; however, the combination of EVOO with IBU at its therapeutic dose showed superiority over the two compounds when used separately. CONCLUSION Using EVOO with the therapeutic dose of IBU showed synergistic effect in controlling the cardinal signs of acute inflammation rather than using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walla'a A Osman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina A Labib
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona O Abdelhalim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M Elrokh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Lee C, Geng S, Zhang Y, Rahtes A, Li L. Programming and memory dynamics of innate leukocytes during tissue homeostasis and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:719-726. [PMID: 28476750 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6mr0117-027rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of innate immunity is witnessing a paradigm shift regarding "memory" and "programming" dynamics. Past studies of innate leukocytes characterized them as first responders to danger signals with no memory. However, recent findings suggest that innate leukocytes, such as monocytes and neutrophils, are capable of "memorizing" not only the chemical nature but also the history and dosages of external stimulants. As a consequence, innate leukocytes can be dynamically programmed or reprogrammed into complex inflammatory memory states. Key examples of innate leukocyte memory dynamics include the development of primed and tolerant monocytes when "programmed" with a variety of inflammatory stimulants at varying signal strengths. The development of innate leukocyte memory may have far-reaching translational implications, as programmed innate leukocytes may affect the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review intends to critically discuss some of the recent studies that address this emerging concept and its implication in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and
| | - Allison Rahtes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; and
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κ-Carrageenan Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-8 Secretion by Stimulating the Bcl10-NF- κB Pathway in HT-29 Cells and Aggravates C. freundii-Induced Inflammation in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8634865. [PMID: 28163398 PMCID: PMC5253498 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8634865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The dietary usage of carrageenan as common food additive has increased observably over the last 50 years. But there is substantial controversy about its safety. Methods. We investigated whether the κ-carrageenan could enhance lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 expression by studying its actions on the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. The aggravating effect of κ-carrageenan on Citrobacter freundii DBS100-induced intestinal inflammation was also investigated in a mouse model. Results. Our data show that κ-carrageenan pretreatment promoted LPS-induced IL-8 expression in HT-29 cells. Although CD14, MD-2, and TLR4 were upregulated, the binding of LPS was not enhanced. However, the pathway of Bcl10-NF-κB was triggered. Interestingly, κ-carrageenan competitively blocked the binding of FITC-LPS. Furthermore, pretreatment with κ-carrageenan for one week previous to gavage with C. freundii DBS100 markedly aggravated weight loss, mortality, and colonic damage. The secretion of cytokines was unbalanced and the ratio of Tregs was decreased significantly. In addition, κ-carrageenan, together with C. freundii DBS100, enhanced the transcription and secretion of TLR4 and NF-κB. Conclusions. κ-Carrageenan can synergistically activate LPS-induced inflammatory through the Bcl10-NF-κB pathway, as indicated by its aggravation of C. freundii DBS100-induced colitis in mice. General Significance. Our results suggest that κ-carrageenan serves as a potential inflammatory agent that magnifies existing intestinal inflammation.
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25
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Martino JV, Van Limbergen J, Cahill LE. The Role of Carrageenan and Carboxymethylcellulose in the Development of Intestinal Inflammation. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:96. [PMID: 28507982 PMCID: PMC5410598 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact pathophysiology remains unknown, the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is influenced by the interplay between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors such as diet. The commonly used food additives, carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), are used to develop intestinal inflammation in animal models. These food additives are excluded from current dietary approaches to induce disease remission in Crohn's disease such as exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) using a polymeric formula. By reviewing the existing scientific literature, this review aims to discuss the role that carrageenan and CMC may play in the development of IBD. Animal studies consistently report that carrageenan and CMC induce histopathological features that are typical of IBD while altering the microbiome, disrupting the intestinal epithelial barrier, inhibiting proteins that provide protection against microorganisms, and stimulating the elaboration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similar trials directly assessing the influence of carrageenan and CMC in humans are of course unethical to conduct, but recent studies of human epithelial cells and the human microbiome support the findings from animal studies. Carrageenan and CMC may trigger or magnify an inflammatory response in the human intestine but are unlikely to be identified as the sole environmental factor involved in the development of IBD or in disease recurrence after treatment. However, the widespread use of carrageenan and CMC in foods consumed by the pediatric population in a "Western" diet is on the rise alongside a corresponding increase in IBD incidence, and questions are being raised about the safety of frequent usage of these food additives. Therefore, further research is warranted to elucidate the role of carrageenan and CMC in intestinal inflammation, which may help identify novel nutritional strategies that hinder the development of the disease or prevent disease relapse post-EEN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vincent Martino
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Leah E Cahill
- Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Li J, Zhang L, Chen X, Chen D, Hua X, Bian F, Deng R, Lu F, Li Z, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Pollen/TLR4 Innate Immunity Signaling Initiates IL-33/ST2/Th2 Pathways in Allergic Inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36150. [PMID: 27796360 PMCID: PMC5087075 DOI: 10.1038/srep36150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity has been extended to respond environmental pathogen other than microbial components. Here we explore a novel pollen/TLR4 innate immunity in allergic inflammation. In experimental allergic conjunctivitis induced by short ragweed (SRW) pollen, typical allergic signs, stimulated IL-33/ST2 signaling and overproduced Th2 cytokine were observed in ocular surface, cervical lymph nodes and isolated CD4+ T cells of BALB/c mice. These clinical, cellular and molecular changes were significantly reduced/eliminated in TLR4 deficient (Tlr4-d) or MyD88 knockout (MyD88−/−) mice. Aqueous SRW extract (SRWe) directly stimulated IL-33 mRNA and protein expression by corneal epithelium and conjunctiva in wild type, but not in Tlr4-d or MyD88−/− mice with topical challenge. Furthermore, SRWe-stimulated IL-33 production was blocked by TLR4 antibody and NF-kB inhibitor in mouse and human corneal epithelial cells. These findings for the first time uncovered a novel mechanism by which SRW pollen initiates TLR4-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling that triggers Th2-dominant allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ding Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xia Hua
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Hassan EM, Matloub AA, Aboutabl ME, Ibrahim NA, Mohamed SM. Assessment of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities of Cajanus cajan L. seeds cultivated in Egypt and its phytochemical composition. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1380-91. [PMID: 26452527 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1078383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cajanus cajan L. (Fabaceae), a food crop, is widely used in traditional medicine. OBJECTIVES The phytochemical composition of C. cajan seeds and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activities were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The n-butanol fraction was chromatographed on polyamide column. The anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema at 1, 2, and 3 h. The serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and immunoglobulin G levels were detected by ELISA. The hexane extract antinociceptive activity was determined by adopting the writhing test in mice. DPPH radical scavenging, total reduction capability, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of butanol fraction were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Twenty-one unsaponifiable compounds (mainly phytol, 2,6-di-(t-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-one, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol), as well as 12 fatty acids (primarily 9,12-octadecadienoic and palmitic acids) were identified in hexane extract of C. cajan seeds. n-BuOH fraction contains quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and isorhamnetin. For the first time, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside is isolated from C. cajan plant. The hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammation by 85 and 95%, respectively, 3 h post-carrageenan challenge. This was accompanied by an 11 and 20%, 8 and 13%, respectively, decrease of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as significant decrease in IgG serum levels. Moreover, hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhings by 61 and 83%, respectively. The butanol fraction showed DPPH radical scavenging (inhibitory concentration (IC50) value: 9.07 μg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona E Aboutabl
- c Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group) , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo , Egypt
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Kim HJ, Kim WJ, Koo BW, Kim DW, Lee JH, Nugroho WSK. Anticancer Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Antarctic Red Seaweed Iridaea cordata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4217/opr.2016.38.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ruocco N, Costantini S, Guariniello S, Costantini M. Polysaccharides from the Marine Environment with Pharmacological, Cosmeceutical and Nutraceutical Potential. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050551. [PMID: 27128892 PMCID: PMC6273702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates, also called saccharides, are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the most abundant biomolecules and essential components of many natural products and have attracted the attention of researchers because of their numerous human health benefits. Among carbohydrates the polysaccharides represent some of the most abundant bioactive substances in marine organisms. In fact, many marine macro- and microorganisms are good resources of carbohydrates with diverse applications due to their biofunctional properties. By acting on cell proliferation and cycle, and by modulating different metabolic pathways, marine polysaccharides (including mainly chitin, chitosan, fucoidan, carrageenan and alginate) also have numerous pharmaceutical activities, such as antioxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, immuno-stimulatory, anticoagulant and anticancer effects. Moreover, these polysaccharides have many general beneficial effects for human health, and have therefore been developed into potential cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. In this review we describe current advances in the development of marine polysaccharides for nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmacological applications. Research in this field is opening new doors for harnessing the potential of marine natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- CROM, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Stefano Guariniello
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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Sue M, Higashi N, Shida H, Kogane Y, Nishimura Y, Adachi H, Kolaczkowska E, Kepka M, Nakajima M, Irimura T. An iminosugar-based heparanase inhibitor heparastatin (SF4) suppresses infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes into inflamed dorsal air pouches. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:15-21. [PMID: 27015605 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Local infiltration of inflammatory cells is regulated by a number of biological steps during which the cells likely penetrate through subendothelial basement membranes that contain heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the present study, we examined whether administration of heparastatin (SF4), an iminosugar-based inhibitor of heparanase, could suppress local inflammation and degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in basement membranes. In a carrageenan- or formyl peptide-induced dorsal air pouch inflammation model, the number of infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes was significantly lower in mice after topical administration of heparastatin (SF4). The concentration of chemokines MIP-2 and KC in pouch exudates of drug-treated mice was similar to control. In a zymosan-induced peritonitis model, the number of infiltrated cells was not altered in drug-treated mice. To further test how heparastatin (SF4) influences transmigration of inflammatory neutrophils, its suppressive effect on migration and matrix degradation was examined in vitro. In the presence of heparastatin (SF4), the number of neutrophils that infiltrated across a Matrigel-coated polycarbonate membrane was significantly lower, while the number of neutrophils passing through an uncoated membrane was not altered. Lysate of bone marrow-derived neutrophils released sulfate-radiolabeled macromolecules from basement membrane-like extracellular matrix, which was suppressed by heparastatin (SF4). Heparan sulfate degradation activity was almost completely abolished after incubation of lysate with protein G-conjugated anti-heparanase monoclonal antibody, strongly suggesting that the activity was due to heparanase-mediated degradation. Taken together, in a dorsal air pouch inflammation model heparastatin (SF4) potentially suppresses extravasation of inflammatory cells by impairing the degradation of basement membrane heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Higashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; One-stop Sharing Facility Center for Future Drug Discoveries, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shida
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kogane
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nishimura
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki 3-14-23, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hayamitsu Adachi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki 3-14-23, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kepka
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6019, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan; Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan.
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Sokolova EV, Karetin Y, Davydova VN, Byankina AO, Kalitnik AA, Bogdanovich LN, Yermak IM. Carrageenans effect on neutrophils alone and in combination with LPS in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1603-9. [PMID: 26915063 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Influence of sulfated red algal polysaccharides (κ-, λ-, and κ/β-carrageenans) and degraded derivative of κ/β-carrageenan on neutrophils/monocytes activation alone and in combination with lipopolysaccharide was investigated by means of determination of reactive oxygen species production, latex microparticles engulfment, total and extracellular myeloperoxidase induction and the analysis of silhouette and contour two-dimensional images of flattened cells. Carrageenans alone can activate neutrophils with much less potency than lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the sulfation degree of carrageenans stipulates high activity in this role. On the other hand, carrageenans especially with low contents of sulfate groups are able to interfere with LPS in vitro resulting in reducing inter- and intracellular activation of neutrophils killing mechanisms. Further research is necessary to relate these findings to actions on the whole animal or human in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1603-1609, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sokolova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Y Karetin
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - V N Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - A O Byankina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - A A Kalitnik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - L N Bogdanovich
- Medical Association of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Kirova, 95, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - I M Yermak
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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Zeigler BM, Cameron M, Nelson K, Bailey K, Weiner ML, Mahadevan B, Thorsrud B. The development and validation of methods for evaluating the immune system in preweaning piglets. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:197-207. [PMID: 26341191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The preweaning piglet has been found to be a valuable research model for testing ingredients used in infant formula. As part of the safety assessment, the neonates' immune system is an important component that has to be evaluated. In this study three concurrent strategies were developed to assess immune system status. The methods included (1) immunophenotying to assess circulating innate immune cell populations, (2) monitoring of circulating cytokines, particularly in response to a positive control agent, and (3) monitoring of localized gastrointestinal tissue cytokines using immunohistochemistry (IHC), particularly in response to a positive control agent. All assays were validated using white papers and regulatory guidance within a GLP environment. To validate the assays precision, accuracy and sample stability were evaluated as needed using a fit for purpose approach. In addition animals were treated with proinflammtory substances to detect a positive versus negative signal. In conclusion, these three methods were confirmed to be robust assays to evaluate the immune system and GIT-specific immune responses of preweaning piglets.
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de Souza RR, Bretanha LC, Dalmarco EM, Pizzolatti MG, Fröde TS. Modulatory effect of Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng) Less. in a murine model of inflammation induced by carrageenan into the pleural cavity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:373-379. [PMID: 25839117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng) Less (S. brasiliensis), known as "Flor-das-almas", "Margaridinha" or "Maria mole", is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and to treat gastric ulcers and stomach pain. While the Senecio genus has been widely studied for its pharmacological activities to support its use in traditional medicine, few studies focus on the anti-inflammatory activities of the species. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of S. brasiliensis, a specie native to Brazil, using a murine model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. MATERIAL AND METHODS The flowers of S. brasiliensis were air-dried for 3 days and subjected to ethanol (96%) extraction for 7 days to obtain the crude extract (CE). The CE was subjected to acid-base extraction to obtain the alkaloid fraction (AF). The hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were obtained by extracting from CE with different solvents. The alkaloids senecionine (Sen), integerrimine (Int) and senecionine N-oxide were obtained from AF by chromatographic fractionation and a mixture of 1,4-, 3,4-, 3,5- and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQs) were obtained from the EtOAc fraction. The isolated alkaloids were identified through spectroscopic analysis of IR, NMR and LC-MS coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and the dicaffeoylquinic acids through the hierarchical key method. Swiss mice were used in the in vivo experiments. We evaluated the effect of the CE, its derived fractions (AF, HEX, DCM and EtOAc), and the isolated compounds (Sen, Int, N-oxide senecionine, and DCQs) on: leukocyte migration, exudate concentrations, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 17A levels in the fluid leakage from the pleural cavity using a mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. The effects of the isolated compounds, Sen, Int, N-oxide senecionine and DCQs, were also analyzed for their ability to inhibit p65 phosphorylation (p-p65) in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the lung tissue. MPO and ADA were analyzed by colorimetric assays, and the cytokines and protein p65 levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS The CE, its EtOAc and AF fractions, and its isolated compounds (Sen, Int and DCQs), significantly reduced leukocyte migration (P < 0.05), MPO and ADA activities (P < 0.01), and TNF-α (P < 0.05), and IL-17A levels (P < 0.01). The CE, the EtOAc and AF fractions, and the DCQs also decreased IL-1β levels (P < 0.01). The isolated compounds, Sen, Int and the DCQs, inhibited p65 phosphorylation (NF-κB) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that S. brasiliensis has important anti-inflammatory properties that are capable of inhibiting activated leukocytes by decreasing neutrophil migration. This effect may be attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the reduction of the NF-κB pathway. The compounds Sen, Int, and DCQs may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of S. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rodrigues de Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Czermainski Bretanha
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Moacir Geraldo Pizzolatti
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Silvia Fröde
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil.
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de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMB, de Morais RMSC. Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2967-3028. [PMID: 25988519 PMCID: PMC4446615 DOI: 10.3390/md13052967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current tendency towards bioactive natural products with applications in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics and food. This has put some emphasis in research on marine organisms, including macroalgae and microalgae, among others. Polysaccharides with marine origin constitute one type of these biochemical compounds that have already proved to have several important properties, such as anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic, immunomodulatory ability, antitumor and cancer preventive, antilipidaemic and hypoglycaemic, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of applications. Their properties are mainly due to their structure and physicochemical characteristics, which depend on the organism they are produced by. In the biomedical field, the polysaccharides from algae can be used in controlled drug delivery, wound management, and regenerative medicine. This review will focus on the biomedical applications of marine polysaccharides from algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alcina Maria Bernardo de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
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Girão DKFB, Cavada BS, de Freitas Pires A, Martins TV, Franco ÁX, Morais CM, Santiago do Nascimento K, Delatorre P, da Silva HC, Nagano CS, Assreuy AMS, Soares PMG. The galactose-binding lectin isolated from Bauhinia bauhinioides Mart seeds inhibits neutrophil rolling and adhesion via primary cytokines. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:285-92. [PMID: 25706245 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the amino acid sequence and anti-inflammatory effect of Bauhinia bauhinioides (BBL) lectin were evaluated. Tandem mass spectrometry revealed that BBL possesses 86 amino acid residues. BBL (1 mg/kg) intravenously injected in rats 30 min prior to inflammatory stimuli inhibited the cellular edema induced by carrageenan in only the second phase (21% - 3 h, 19% - 4 h) and did not alter the osmotic edema induced by dextran. BBL also inhibited carrageenan peritoneal neutrophil migration (51%), leukocyte rolling (58%) and adhesion (68%) and the neutrophil migration induced by TNF-α (64%). These effects were reversed by the association of BBL with galactose, demonstrating that the carbohydrate-binding domain is essential for lectin activity. In addition, BBL reduced myeloperoxidase activity (84%) and TNF-α (68%) and IL1-β (47%) levels. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrated that BBL contains highly homologous isolectins, resulting in a total of 86 amino acid residues, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting neutrophil migration by reducing TNF-α and IL1-β levels via the lectin domain.
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McKim JM, Wilga PC, Pregenzer JF, Blakemore WR. The common food additive carrageenan is not a ligand for Toll-Like- Receptor 4 (TLR4) in an HEK293-TLR4 reporter cell-line model. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:153-8. [PMID: 25640528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenan (CGN) is widely used in the food manufacturing industry as an additive that stabilizes and thickens food products. Standard animal safety studies in which CGN was administered in diet showed no adverse effects. However, several in vitro studies have reported that intestinal inflammation is caused by CGN and that this effect is mediated through Toll-Like-Receptor 4 (TLR4). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of different types of CGN to bind and activate TLR4 signaling. To accomplish this a TLR4/MD-2/CD14/NFκB/SEAP reporter construct in a HEK293 cell line was used. The reporter molecule, secretable alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), was measured as an indicator of TLR4 activation. The test compounds were exposed to this system at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was evaluated following the 24 h exposure period by LDH leakage and ATP. CGN binding to serum proteins was characterized by Toluidine Blue. The results show that CGN does not bind to TLR4 and is not cytotoxic to the HEK293 cells at the concentrations and experimental conditions tested and that CGN binds tightly to serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M McKim
- IONTOX, LLC, 4717 Campus Dr., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Paul C Wilga
- Cyprotex/CeeTox, Inc., 4717 Campus Dr., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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Bhattacharyya S, Feferman L, Unterman T, Tobacman JK. Exposure to common food additive carrageenan alone leads to fasting hyperglycemia and in combination with high fat diet exacerbates glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia without effect on weight. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:513429. [PMID: 25883986 PMCID: PMC4390184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Major aims were to determine whether exposure to the commonly used food additive carrageenan could induce fasting hyperglycemia and could increase the effects of a high fat diet on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either carrageenan, high fat diet, or the combination of high fat diet and carrageenan, or untreated, for one year. Effects on fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, lipid parameters, weight, glycogen stores, and inflammation were compared. RESULTS Exposure to carrageenan led to glucose intolerance by six days and produced elevated fasting blood glucose by 23 weeks. Effects of carrageenan on glucose tolerance were more severe than from high fat alone. Carrageenan in combination with high fat produced earlier onset of fasting hyperglycemia and higher glucose levels in glucose tolerance tests and exacerbated dyslipidemia. In contrast to high fat, carrageenan did not lead to weight gain. In hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp studies, the carrageenan-exposed mice had higher early glucose levels and lower glucose infusion rate and longer interval to achieve the steady-state. CONCLUSIONS Carrageenan in the Western diet may contribute to the development of diabetes and the effects of high fat consumption. Carrageenan may be useful as a nonobese model of diabetes in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4325, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3728, USA
| | - Leo Feferman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4325, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3728, USA
| | - Terry Unterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4325, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3728, USA
| | - Joanne K. Tobacman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-4325, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3728, USA
- *Joanne K. Tobacman:
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Recuenco FC, Takano R, Chiba S, Sugi T, Takemae H, Murakoshi F, Ishiwa A, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Kobayashi Y, Horiuchi N, Kato K. Lambda-carrageenan treatment exacerbates the severity of cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA in BALB/c mice. Malar J 2014; 13:487. [PMID: 25495520 PMCID: PMC4295290 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need to develop and test novel compounds against malaria infection. Carrageenans, sulphated polysaccharides derived from seaweeds, have been previously shown to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. However, they are inflammatory and alter the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, raising concerns that their use as a treatment for malaria could lead to cerebral malaria (CM), a severe complication of the disease. In this work, the authors look into the effects of the administration of λ-carrageenan to the development and severity of CM in BALB/c mice, a relatively non-susceptible model, during infection with the ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. Methods Five-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei intraperitoneally. One group was treated with λ-carrageenan (PbCGN) following the 4-day suppressive test protocol, whereas the other group was not treated (PbN). Another group of healthy BALB/c mice was similarly given λ-carrageenan (CGN) for comparison. The following parameters were assessed: parasitaemia, clinical signs of CM, and mortality. Brain and other vital organs were collected and examined for gross and histopathological lesions. Evans blue dye assays were employed to assess blood–brain barrier integrity. Results Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with λ-carrageenan died earlier than those that received no treatment. Histopathological examination revealed that intracerebral haemorrhages related to CM were present in both groups of infected BALB/c mice, but were more numerous in those treated with λ-carrageenan than in mock-treated animals. Inflammatory lesions were also observed only in the λ-carrageenan-treated mice. These observations are consistent with the clinical signs associated with CM, such as head tilt, convulsions, and coma, which were observed only in this group, and may account for the earlier death of the mice. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the administration of λ-carrageenan exacerbates the severe brain lesions and clinical signs associated with CM in BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Kim EJ, Kim BH, Seo HS, Lee YJ, Kim HH, Son HH, Choi MH. Cholesterol-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis aggravated by systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97841. [PMID: 24901254 PMCID: PMC4046981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although triglyceride accumulation in the liver causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hypercholesterolemia is also a main cause of NAFLD as well as atherosclerosis. However, NAFLD and atherosclerosis have not been investigated simultaneously in animal models fed a high-cholesterol diet. Moreover, it is unclear whether systemic inflammation can exacerbate both pathologies in the same model. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of additional systemic inflammation on NAFLD and atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol overload in wild animals. New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups: groups I (control) and II received normal chow, and groups III and IV received a 1% cholesterol diet. To induce inflammation via toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling, groups II and IV received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mL of 1% carrageenan every 3 weeks. After 3 months, total cholesterol markedly increased in groups III and IV, and the serum expressions of systemic inflammatory markers were elevated in the groups II–IV. Early NAFLD lesions (e.g., mild fatty changes in the liver with sporadic fibrosis) and atherosclerosis (e.g., intimal hyperplasia composed of foam cells) were observed in both the liver and aorta specimens from group III, and advanced lesions were observed in group IV. The expressions of inflammatory cellular receptors, TLR-2 and TLR-4, in the aorta gradually increased from group I to IV but were similar in the liver in groups II–IV. Cholesteryl ester (CE) levels were higher in group IV than in group III, although the difference was not significant. CE levels in the aorta were similar between groups III and IV. Systemic inflammation can simultaneously exacerbate existing early lesions due to cholesterol overload in both the liver and aorta of rabbits. However, the cellular response of inflammatory receptors and expression of cholesterol metabolites differ between these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Ju Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-hui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; The Korea University-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KU-KIST) Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jik Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwa Son
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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Uno T, Hattori M, Yoshida T. Oral Administration of Alginic Acid Oligosaccharide Suppresses IgE Production and Inhibits the Induction of Oral Tolerance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:3054-7. [PMID: 17151448 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have found that alginic acid oligosaccharide (ALGO) enhanced Th1 by promoting IL-12 production, suggesting that ALGO can be applied as an anti-allergic food. In this study we examined both positive and negative functions of ALGO. First we investigated the anti-allergic activity of ALGO, as a positive function, when orally administered. IgE production was significantly inhibited in mice fed ALGO as compared to control mice. This result indicates that ALGO had anti-allergic activity even when orally administered. On the other hand, we also found a negative function of ALGO. Oral co-administration of a protein antigen and ALGO inhibited the induction of oral tolerance to the protein. These data indicate the potential of ALGO as an anti-allergic food material and the necessity of further examination to determine a safe method application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Uno
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Weiner ML. Food additive carrageenan: Part II: A critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:244-69. [PMID: 24467586 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.861798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenan (CGN) is a seaweed-derived high molecular weight (Mw) hydrocolloid, primarily used as a stabilizer and thickener in food. The safety of CGN regarding its use in food is reviewed. Based on experimental studies in animals, ingested CGN is excreted quantitatively in the feces. Studies have shown that CGN is not significantly degraded by low gastric pH or microflora in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Due to its Mw, structure and its stability when bound to protein, CGN is not significantly absorbed or metabolized. CGN also does not significantly affect the absorption of nutrients. Subchronic and chronic feeding studies in rodents indicate that CGN at doses up to 5% in the diet does not induce any toxicological effects other than soft stools or diarrhea, which are a common effect for non-digestible high molecular weight compounds. Review of several studies from numerous species indicates that food grade CGN does not produce intestinal ulceration at doses up to 5% in the diet. Effects of CGN on the immune system following parenteral administration are well known, but not relevant to food additive uses. The majority of the studies evaluating the immunotoxicity potential were conducted with CGN administered in drinking water or by oral gavage where CGN exists in a random, open structured molecular conformation, particularly the lambda form; hence, it has more exposure to the intestinal mucosa than when bound to protein in food. Based on the many animal subchronic and chronic toxicity studies, CGN has not been found to affect the immune system, as judged by lack of effects on organ histopathology, clinical chemistry, hematology, normal health, and the lack of target organ toxicities. In these studies, animals consumed CGN at orders of magnitude above levels of CGN in the human diet: ≥1000 mg/kg/d in animals compared to 18-40 mg/kg/d estimated in the human diet. Dietary CGN has been shown to lack carcinogenic, tumor promoter, genotoxic, developmental, and reproductive effects in animal studies. CGN in infant formula has been shown to be safe in infant baboons and in an epidemiology study on human infants at current use levels.
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Kawamura M, Tada Y, Kadoya Y, Obata S, Harada Y. COX-2 expression in stromal fibroblasts self-limits their numbers in lymph node inflammatory responses. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 106:79-90. [PMID: 23587942 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in draining lymph nodes during carrageenin-induced pleurisy of rats. Here, we analyzed histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of COX-2-expressing cells. After carrageenin administration into the pleural cavity of rats, parathymic lymph nodes were enlarged beginning at 8h and peaking from 24 to 48h. Lymphatic follicles disappeared 16h after injection, and numerous macrophages and fibroblasts were observed in the cortical region. COX-2-expressing cells in the cortical region showed characteristic dendritic processes from 16 to 48h and primarily co-localized with stromal fibroblastic reticular cell markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and desmin. Expression of α-SMA increased following COX-2 expression. Nimesulide, a COX-2 inhibitor, increased the dendritic processes of COX-2-expressing cells as well as expression of both COX-2 and α-SMA. These results suggest that COX-2-expressing cells may be stromal fibroblastic cells, which negatively self-regulate their proliferation and modulate tissue remodeling of draining lymph nodes at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Prevention of cancer remains the most promising strategy for reducing both its incidence and the mortality due to this disease. For more than four decades, findings from epidemiology, basic research and clinical trials have informed the development of lifestyle and medical approaches to cancer prevention. These include selective oestrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, the 5-α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride for prostate cancer, and the development of vaccines for viruses that are associated with specific cancers. Future directions include genetic, proteomic and other molecular approaches for identifying pathways that are associated with cancer initiation and development, as well as refining the search for immunologically modifiable causes of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North 2142, 6130 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7317, Rockville, Maryland 20852-7371, USA.
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Hattori M. Inhibiting or enhancing effect of sulfuric acid-treated wheat starch on antibody production induced by two types of adjuvant. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shin JS, Baek SR, Sohn SI, Cho YW, Lee KT. Anti-inflammatory effect of pelubiprofen, 2-[4-(oxocyclohexylidenemethyl)-phenyl]propionic acid, mediated by dual suppression of COX activity and LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression via NF-κB inactivation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3594-603. [PMID: 21809372 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pelubiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that is related both structurally and pharmacologically to ibuprofen. Anti-inflammatory properties of ibuprofen are due to its ability to both decrease prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting the activities of cyclooxygenases (COXs) and IκB kinase-β (IKK-β). However, the exact mechanisms that accounts for the anti-inflammatory effects of pelubiprofen are not reported. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms how pelubiprofen modulates the inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced macrophages and carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory rat model. Pelubiprofen potently diminished PGE(2) productions through inhibition of COX enzyme activity (IC(50) values for COX-1 and COX-2 are 10.66 ± 0.99 and 2.88 ± 1.01 µM, respectively), but also reduced the expressions of COX-2, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 at transcriptional level in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, pelubiprofen attenuated the LPS-induced transcription activity and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB, which was accompanied by a parallel reduction of degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α) and consequently by decreased nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, pelubipofen inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of IKK-β and transforming growth factor-β activated kinase-1 (TAK1). In acute inflammatory rat model, pretreatment with pelubiprofen inhibited carrageenan-induce edema, neutrophil migration, PGE(2) production, and p65, a subunit of NF-κB, nuclear translocation in inflamed paw. Taken together, our data indicated that pelubiprofen is involved in the dual inhibition of COX activity and TAK1-IKK-NF-κB pathway, revealing molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of pelubiprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of octacosanol from the leaves of Sabicea grisea var. grisea in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1598-1611. [PMID: 22408410 PMCID: PMC3291979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sabicea species are used in the Amazon for treatment of fever and malaria, which suggests that its chemical constituents may have some effect on pain and inflammation. Phytochemical analysis of the hexane fraction obtained from the crude ethanol extract from Sabicea grisea var. grisea Cham. & Schltdl (Rubiaceae), an endemic plant in Brazil, resulted in the isolation of octacosanol. This study investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the octacosanol in different experimental models. The crude ethanolic extract and hexane fraction obtained from the leaves of S. grisea produced an inhibition of acetic acid-induced pain. Moreover, octacosanol isolated from the hexane fraction produced a significant inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid. Pre-treatment with yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, notably reversed the antinociceptive activity induced by octacosanol in the abdominal constriction test. Furthermore, mice treated with octacosanol did not exhibit any behavioral alteration during the hot plate and rota-rod tests, indicating non-participation of the supraspinal components in the modulation of pain by octacosanol with no motor abnormality. In the formalin test, octacosanol did not inhibit the licking time in first phase (neurogenic pain), but significantly inhibited the licking time in second phase (inflammatory pain) of mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of octacosanol was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The octacosanol significantly reduced the total leukocyte count and neutrophils influx, as well as TNF-α levels in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy. This study revealed that the mechanism responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the octacosanol appears to be partly associated with an inhibition of alpha 2-adrenergic transmission and an inhibition of pathways dependent on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, these results demonstrated that the octacosanol from the leaves of S. grisea possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be of relevance for the pharmacological control of pain and inflammatory processes.
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Pirrone V, Passic S, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC. Application and removal of polyanionic microbicide compounds enhances subsequent infection by HIV-1. Virol J 2012; 9:33. [PMID: 22281044 PMCID: PMC3295645 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Continued efforts are being directed toward the development of microbicides that will be used to reduce or eliminate the risk of HIV-1 sexual transmission. Unfortunately, clinical trials involving polyanion-containing microbicide formulations, including Carraguard (λ-carrageenan [LC]) and Ushercell (cellulose sulfate [CS]) demonstrated that these products were ineffective and may have, in some circumstances, increased the risk of HIV-1 infection. These findings prompted reassessments of the in vitro activities of these agents to determine whether variables that can affect agent safety and efficacy had been overlooked during preclinical testing. One such variable is product retention and loss following topical application. Results In the present studies involving an HIV-1-susceptible cell line and primary human immune cells, product loss was mimicked by introducing and then removing polyanionic compounds prior to HIV-1 infection. In these in vitro "washout" experiments, LC and CS significantly enhanced HIV-1 infection, despite potent antiviral activity when introduced simultaneously with the virus. The presence and magnitude of this effect were dependent on compound identity and concentration; target cell; interval between compound removal and virus challenge; and coreceptor usage. Levels of enhancement (relative to controls) were considerable, exceeding a 200% increase (CS) in P4-R5 MAGI cells and a 300% increase (LC) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions These studies, which demonstrate significant increases in HIV-1 infection subsequent to application and removal of LC and CS, support plausible explanations for the failures of microbicides formulated from these compounds. Detailed studies are now underway to determine the mechanism responsible for this enhancement effect and to assess the potential contribution of this effect to the clinical failures of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Chun RF, Peercy BE, Adams JS, Hewison M. Vitamin D binding protein and monocyte response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: analysis by mathematical modeling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30773. [PMID: 22292037 PMCID: PMC3265504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) plays a key role in the bioavailability of active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), but accurate analysis of DBP-bound and free 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D is difficult. To address this, two new mathematical models were developed to estimate: 1) serum levels of free 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D based on DBP concentration and genotype; 2) the impact of DBP on the biological activity of 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D in vivo. The initial extracellular steady state (eSS) model predicted that 50 nM 25OHD and 100 pM 1,25(OH)2D), <0.1% 25OHD and <1.5% 1,25(OH)2D are ‘free’ in vivo. However, for any given concentration of total 25OHD, levels of free 25OHD are higher for low affinity versus high affinity forms of DBP. The eSS model was then combined with an intracellular (iSS) model that incorporated conversion of 25OHD to 1,25(OH)2D via the enzyme CYP27B1, as well as binding of 1,25(OH)2D to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The iSS model was optimized to 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D-mediated in vitro dose-responsive induction of the vitamin D target gene cathelicidin (CAMP) in human monocytes. The iSS model was then used to predict vitamin D activity in vivo (100% serum). The predicted induction of CAMP in vivo was minimal at basal settings but increased with enhanced expression of VDR (5-fold) and CYP27B1 (10-fold). Consistent with the eSS model, the iSS model predicted stronger responses to 25OHD for low affinity forms of DBP. Finally, the iSS model was used to compare the efficiency of endogenously synthesized versus exogenously added 1,25(OH)2D. Data strongly support the endogenous model as the most viable mode for CAMP induction by vitamin D in vivo. These novel mathematical models underline the importance of DBP as a determinant of vitamin D ‘status’ in vivo, with future implications for clinical studies of vitamin D status and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene F Chun
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Kawashima T, Hayashi K, Kosaka A, Kawashima M, Igarashi T, Tsutsui H, Tsuji NM, Nishimura I, Hayashi T, Obata A. Lactobacillus plantarum strain YU from fermented foods activates Th1 and protective immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2017-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li DQ, Zhang L, Pflugfelder SC, De Paiva CS, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zheng X, Su Z, Qu Y. Short ragweed pollen triggers allergic inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4-dependent thymic stromal lymphopoietin/OX40 ligand/OX40 signaling pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1318-1325.e2. [PMID: 21820713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases affect a large population. Pollen, an ubiquitous allergen, is the trigger of seasonal rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, as well as an exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis. However, the underlying mechanism by which pollen induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-triggered allergic inflammation through epithelial innate immunity is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore whether short ragweed (SRW) pollen induces TSLP/OX40 ligand (OX40L)/OX40 signaling through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent pathways in patients with allergic disease. METHODS Three models were used for this study, a well-characterized murine model of allergic conjunctivitis induced by SRW pollen, a topical challenge model on the murine ocular surface, and a culture model of primary human corneal epithelium exposed to aqueous extract of defatted SRW pollen (SRWe). RESULTS The topical challenges with SRW pollen generated typical allergic conjunctivitis in BALB/c mice. Clinical signs, stimulated TSLP/OX40L/OX40 signaling, and T(H)2 cytokine levels in the ocular mucosa and draining cervical lymph nodes were significantly reduced or eliminated in TLR4-deficient (Tlr4-d) or myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) knockout (MyD88(-/-)) mice compared with those seen in their wild-type littermates. SRWe stimulated TSLP production by ocular epithelia in wild-type but not Tlr4-d or MyD88(-/-) mice. SRWe-stimulated TSLP was blocked by TLR4 antibody and nuclear factor κB inhibitor in murine and human corneal epithelia. CONCLUSION For the first time, we have shown that SRW pollen, acting as a functional TLR4 agonist, initiates TLR4-dependent TSLP/OX40L/OX40 signaling, which triggers T(H)2-dominant allergic inflammation. These findings shed light on the understanding of mucosal epithelial innate immunity and create new therapeutic targets to cure allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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