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Campos-Sánchez JC, Serna-Duque JA, Alburquerque C, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Participation of Hepcidins in the Inflammatory Response Triggered by λ-Carrageenin in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:261-275. [PMID: 38353762 PMCID: PMC11043163 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of hepcidins, antimicrobial peptides involved in iron metabolism, immunity, and inflammation, is studied. First, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were incubated with λ-carrageenin to study the expression of hepcidin and iron metabolism-related genes. While the expression of most of the genes studied was upregulated, the expression of ferroportin gene (slc40a) was downregulated. In the second part of the study, seabream specimens were injected intramuscularly with λ-carrageenin or buffer (control). The expression of the same genes was evaluated in the head kidney, liver, and skin at different time points after injection. The expression of Hamp1m, ferritin b, and ferroportin genes (hamp1, fthb, and slc40a) was upregulated in the head kidney of fish from the λ-carrageenin-injected group, while the expression of Hamp2C and Hamp2E genes (hamp2.3 and hamp2.7) was downregulated. In the liver, the expression of hamp1, ferritin a (ftha), slc40a, Hamp2J, and Hamp2D (hamp2.5/6) genes was downregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. In the skin, the expression of hamp1 and (Hamp2A Hamp2C) hamp2.1/3/4 genes was upregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. A bioinformatic analysis was performed to predict the presence of transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of hepcidins. The primary sequence of hepcidin was conserved among the different mature peptides, although changes in specific amino acid residues were identified. These changes affected the charge, hydrophobicity, and probability of hepcidins being antimicrobial peptides. This study sheds light on the poorly understood roles of hepcidins in fish. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of inflammation in fish and could contribute to the development of new strategies for treat inflammation in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Alburquerque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Vitarelli E, Guardiola FA, Ceballos-Francisco D, García Beltrán JM, Ieni A, Esteban MÁ. Implication of mucus-secreting cells, acidophilic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the resolution of skin inflammation caused by subcutaneous injection of λ/κ-carrageenin to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) specimens. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:19-33. [PMID: 34549432 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, the mechanisms of inflammation have been poorly studied in fish of commercial interest, due to the lack of development of appropriate experimental models. The current study evaluated a local inflammation triggered by a polymeric carrageenin mixture (a mucopolysaccharide derived from the red seaweed Chondrus crispus) in the skin of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish were injected subcutaneously with phosphate-buffered saline (as control) or λ/κ-carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection sites were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 hr post-injection, processed for inclusion in paraplast and stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Alcian blue or periodic acid-Schiff. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and expression analyses of several cells' markers and proinflammatory genes were also analysed in samples of the injected sites. Microscopic results indicated an increased number of skin mucus-secreting cells and acidophilic granulocytes in the skin of fish studied at 1.5 hr and 3 hr post-injection with carrageenin, respectively, with respect to the data obtained in control fish. Otherwise, both the gene expression of the non-specific cytotoxic cell marker (granzyme B, grb) and the proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1β, il-1β) were up-regulated at 1.5 hr in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin compared with the control fish, whilst the gene expression of acidophilic granulocyte markers (NADPH oxidase subunit Phox22 and Phox40, phox22 and phox40) was up-regulated at 3 and 6 hr in the carrageenin group, compared with the control group. In addition, the gene expression of myeloperoxidase (mpo) was also up-regulated at 6 hr in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin in comparison with control samples. The present results indicate the chronological participation of two important immune cells involved in the resolution of the inflammation in the skin of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrica Vitarelli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos-Francisco
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García Beltrán
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age 'Gaetano Barresi', Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Davies J, Vallejo AF, Sirvent S, Porter G, Clayton K, Qumbelo Y, Stumpf P, West J, Gray CM, Chigorimbo-Murefu NTL, MacArthur B, Polak ME. An IRF1-IRF4 Toggle-Switch Controls Tolerogenic and Immunogenic Transcriptional Programming in Human Langerhans Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665312. [PMID: 34211464 PMCID: PMC8239435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the epidermis as a dense network of immune system sentinels, coordinating both immunogenic and tolerogenic immune responses. To determine molecular switches directing induction of LC immune activation, we performed mathematical modelling of gene regulatory networks identified by single cell RNA sequencing of LCs exposed to TNF-alpha, a key pro-inflammatory signal produced by the skin. Our approach delineated three programmes of LC phenotypic activation (immunogenic, tolerogenic or ambivalent), and confirmed that TNF-alpha enhanced LC immunogenic programming. Through regulon analysis followed by mutual information modelling, we identified IRF1 as the key transcription factor for the regulation of immunogenicity in LCs. Application of a mathematical toggle switch model, coupling IRF1 with tolerance-inducing transcription factors, determined the key set of transcription factors regulating the switch between tolerance and immunogenicity, and correctly predicted LC behaviour in LCs derived from different body sites. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation of how combinatorial interactions between different transcription factors can coordinate specific transcriptional programmes in human LCs, interpreting the microenvironmental context of the local tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Sirvent
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Porter
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kalum Clayton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yamkela Qumbelo
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick Stumpf
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nyaradzo T L Chigorimbo-Murefu
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben MacArthur
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Benezeder T, Gehad A, Patra V, Clark R, Wolf P. Induction of IL-1β and antimicrobial peptides as a potential mechanism for topical dithranol. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:841-846. [PMID: 33629779 PMCID: PMC8247942 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Topical dithranol is effective in autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata, inducing hair regrowth in a high percentage of cases. Exact mechanisms of dithranol in alopecia areata, with seemingly healthy epidermis besides altered hair follicles, are not well understood. To better understand dithranol's mechanisms on healthy skin, we analysed its effect on normal murine as well as xenografted human skin. We found a strong increase in mRNA expression of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) (eg Lcn2, Defb1, Defb3, S100a8, S100a9), keratinocyte differentiation markers (eg Serpinb3a, Flg, Krt16, Lce3e) and inflammatory cytokines (eg Il1b and Il17) in healthy murine skin. This effect was paralleled by inflammation and disturbed skin barrier, as well as an injury response resulting in epidermal hyperproliferation, as observed in murine and xenografted adult human skin. This contact response and disturbed barrier induced by dithranol might lead via a vicious loop between AMPs such as S100a8/a9 (that led to skin swelling itself after topical application) and cytokines such as IL-1β to an immune suppressive environment in the skin. A better understanding of the skin's physiologic response to dithranol may open up new avenues for the establishment of novel therapeutics (including AMP-related/interfering molecules) for certain skin conditions, such as alopecia areata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Benezeder
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - VijayKumar Patra
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111LyonFrance
| | - Rachael Clark
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
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Polak ME, Singh H. Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000182. [PMID: 33645739 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter-acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling-dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β-Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady-state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell-cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Novel Concepts: Langerhans Cells in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:147-158. [PMID: 33119880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are immune cells that reside in the stratified epithelium of the skin and mucosal membranes. They play a range of roles in the skin, including antigen presentation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Reports of LC numbers have been variable in different cancer types, with the majority of studies indicating a reduction in their number. Changes in the cytokine profile and other secreted molecules, downregulation of surface molecules on cells and hypoxia all contribute to the regulation of LCs in the tumour microenvironment. Functionally, LCs have been reported to regulate immunity and carcinogenesis in different cancer types. An improved understanding of the function and biology of LCs in tumours is essential knowledge that underpins the development of new cancer immunotherapies.
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Identification and expression analysis of Langerhans cells marker Langerin/CD207 in grasscarp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Gene 2020; 768:145315. [PMID: 33220343 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) play an essential role in the initiation of immune response and maintenance of immune tolerance. However, the function and the molecular markers of grass carp LCs remains unclear. The grass carp LCs were firstly identified by immunofluorescence (IF) using a commercial anti-human Langerin/CD207 polyclonal antibody (pAb) and transmissionelectronmicroscope (TEM) technology in this study. After that, a cDNA sequence that homology with human and mouse CD207 gene was obtained by the bBLASTn program in NCBI. The open reading frame (ORF) of the grass carp CD207 gene contains 903 bp encoding 300 amino acids which consisted of a transmembrane domain, a coiled-coil domain and a CLECT domain. Furthermore, the result of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that this gene was expressed in all tested tissues, and mainly expressed in immune organs such as the gill, trunk kidney, head kidney, spleen and skin. To explore the role of CD207 gene in the immune responses induced by bacteria, an immersed infection model of grass carp with Flavobacterium columnare was constructed, and the optimal infection dose was determined to be 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL. Moreover, the qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression levels of CD207 gene were significantly upregulated at 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d in the spleen, and significantly downregulated at 5 d in the head kidney, at 12 h and 5 d in the gill, and at all time points in the skin after F. columnare infection. This result suggested that the grass carp CD207 gene may play an important role in antigen processing and presentation. Our results in this study suggested that CD207 gene is also existed in teleosts, and this study provided a molecular basis to analyzed the biological function of grass carp CD207 gene and the critical roles of LCs in the immune responses induced by bacterial infections.
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Basal WT, Issa AM, Mohammed SES, Mazen SAE. In vivo evaluation of the toxicity, genotoxicity, histopathological, and anti-inflammatory effects of the purified bioglycerol byproduct in biodiesel industry. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:61. [PMID: 33057939 PMCID: PMC7561648 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel has gained an increased popularity as a good alternative for fossil fuel because of its unusual qualities as a biodegradable, nontoxic, and renewable diesel fuel. Hence, the economic utilization of the accumulated bioglycerol byproduct became critically important for the sustainability of biodiesel industry. The purified bioglycerol might be used as a valuable industrial stock in cosmetic, medical, and food industries. However, if the purified product is going to be used in food, drug, or any industry that involves its ingestion or skin contact by human or animals, the product should be thoroughly tested on animal models. RESULTS The present study investigated the acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, histopathological, and genotoxic effects of zeolite-purified biogylcerol on different animal models. All the previous tests proved the ability of the purification process to improve the qualities of the crude bioglycerol to a degree comparable to the pharmaceutical grade glycerol. CONCLUSION In other words, it could be concluded that zeolite-purified bioglycerol can be used in different industries that involves products consumed by human or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Taha Basal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aliaa Mahmoud Issa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Galbiati V, Maddalon A, Iulini M, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Human keratinocytes and monocytes co-culture cell system: An important contribution for the study of moderate and weak sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sirvent S, Vallejo AF, Davies J, Clayton K, Wu Z, Woo J, Riddell J, Chaudhri VK, Stumpf P, Nazlamova LA, Wheway G, Rose-Zerilli M, West J, Pujato M, Chen X, Woelk CH, MacArthur B, Ardern-Jones M, Friedmann PS, Weirauch MT, Singh H, Polak ME. Genomic programming of IRF4-expressing human Langerhans cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 31949143 PMCID: PMC6965086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) can prime tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses in skin, but the genomic states and transcription factors (TF) regulating these context-specific responses are unclear. Bulk and single-cell transcriptional profiling demonstrates that human migratory LCs are robustly programmed for MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation. Chromatin analysis reveals enrichment of ETS-IRF and AP1-IRF composite regulatory elements in antigen-presentation genes, coinciding with expression of the TFs, PU.1, IRF4 and BATF3 but not IRF8. Migration of LCs from the epidermis is accompanied by upregulation of IRF4, antigen processing components and co-stimulatory molecules. TNF stimulation augments LC cross-presentation while attenuating IRF4 expression. CRISPR-mediated editing reveals IRF4 to positively regulate the LC activation programme, but repress NF2EL2 and NF-kB pathway genes that promote responsiveness to oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, IRF4-dependent genomic programming of human migratory LCs appears to enable LC maturation while attenuating excessive inflammatory and immunogenic responses in the epidermis. Langerhans cells (LC) can prime tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses in the skin. Here the authors show, by transcriptomic, epigenetic and CRISPR editing analyses, that during LC migration and maturation the transcription factor IRF4 regulates expression of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory gene modules while attenuating inflammatory response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sirvent
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - James Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Kalum Clayton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeremy Riddell
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Virendra K Chaudhri
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patrick Stumpf
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Liliya Angelova Nazlamova
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Gabrielle Wheway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Mario Pujato
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | | | - Ben MacArthur
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA. .,Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK. .,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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Sumpter TL, Balmert SC, Kaplan DH. Cutaneous immune responses mediated by dendritic cells and mast cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123947. [PMID: 30626752 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, complex cellular networks maintain barrier function and immune homeostasis. Tightly regulated multicellular cascades are required to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immune cells, particularly DCs and mast cells, are central to these networks. Early studies evaluated the function of these cells in isolation, but recent studies clearly demonstrate that cutaneous DCs (dermal DCs and Langerhans cells) physically interact with neighboring cells and are receptive to activation signals from surrounding cells, such as mast cells. These interactions amplify immune activation. In this review, we discuss the known functions of cutaneous DC populations and mast cells and recent studies highlighting their roles within cellular networks that determine cutaneous immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pilkington SM, Ogden S, Eaton LH, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Griffiths CEM. Lower levels of interleukin-1β gene expression are associated with impaired Langerhans' cell migration in aged human skin. Immunology 2017; 153:60-70. [PMID: 28777886 PMCID: PMC5721243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans' cells (LC) play pivotal roles in skin immune responses, linking innate and adaptive immunity. In aged skin there are fewer LC and migration is impaired compared with young skin. These changes may contribute to declining skin immunity in the elderly, including increased skin infections and skin cancer. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are mandatory signals for LC migration and previous studies suggest that IL-1β signalling may be dysregulated in aged skin. Therefore, we sought to explore the mechanisms underlying these phenomena. In skin biopsies of photoprotected young (< 30 years) and aged (> 70 years) human skin ex vivo, we assessed the impact of trauma, and mandatory LC mobilizing signals on LC migration and gene expression. Biopsy-related trauma induced LC migration from young epidermis, whereas in aged skin, migration was greatly reduced. Interleukin-1β treatment restored LC migration in aged epidermis whereas TNF-α was without effect. In uncultured, aged skin IL-1β gene expression was lower compared with young skin; following culture, IL-1βmRNA remained lower in aged skin under control and TNF-α conditions but was elevated after culture with IL-1β. Interleukin-1 receptor type 2 (IL1R2) gene expression was significantly increased in aged, but not young skin, after cytokine treatment. Keratinocyte-derived factors secreted from young and aged primary cells did not restore or inhibit LC migration from aged and young epidermis, respectively. These data suggest that in aged skin, IL-1β signalling is diminished due to altered expression of IL1B and decoy receptor gene IL1R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Pilkington
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephanie Ogden
- The Dermatology Centre, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura H Eaton
- The Dermatology Centre, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher E M Griffiths
- The Dermatology Centre, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Breedveld A, Groot Kormelink T, van Egmond M, de Jong EC. Granulocytes as modulators of dendritic cell function. J Leukoc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr0217-048rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Raaby L, Rosada C, Langkilde A, Lauridsen KL, Vinter H, Ommen P, Kjellerup RB, Johansen C, Iversen L. Langerhans cell markers CD1a and CD207 are the most rapidly responding genes in lesional psoriatic skin following adalimumab treatment. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:804-810. [PMID: 28109175 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TNFα-, IL-23- and IL-17-targeting drugs are highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis. However, the precise molecular mechanism remains unknown. In psoriatic skin, the presence of Langerhans cells (LCs) is reduced, but the role of LC is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of TNFα and IL-23/IL-17 on the presence of LC in the skin during treatment. Therefore, psoriatic skin was investigated before and after 4 days of adalimumab or ustekinumab treatment. Furthermore, TNFα and IL-17A stimulation was investigated in an ex vivo model of epidermis and dermis from healthy normal skin kept in cultures at an air-liquid interphase for 4 days. In a gene array analysis, we found that the two LC markers, CD1a and CD207, were among the most up- or downregulated genes in psoriatic skin after anti-TNFα therapy. Validation showed that both mRNA expression and protein level followed the same pattern and became significantly upregulated after 4 days of treatment. No changes were seen after ustekinumab treatment. In the ex vivo skin model, a decrease in the CD1a level was seen after TNFα stimulation and it was caused by LC migration from epidermis. No response in LC migration was seen after IL-17A stimulation. Taken together, we demonstrated that changes in the LC level in epidermis precede the histological and clinical changes during adalimumab treatment in psoriatic skin. Furthermore, TNFα plays a prominent role in orchestrating LC migration in the skin. This seems not to be the true for the IL-23/IL-17A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Raaby
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Rosada
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ane Langkilde
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Vinter
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ommen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Segawa R, Mizuno N, Hatayama T, Jiangxu D, Hiratsuka M, Endo Y, Hirasawa N. Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Leukocytes Enhance Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Production in a Mouse Air-Pouch-Type Inflammation Model. Inflammation 2017; 39:1527-37. [PMID: 27271511 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key cytokine that exacerbates allergic and fibrotic reactions. Several microbes and virus components have been shown to induce TSLP production, mainly in epithelial cells. TLR4 activators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce TSLP production in vivo, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of LPS-activated leukocytes to the production of TSLP in a mouse air-pouch-type inflammation model. LPS induced the production of TSLP in this model but not in the mouse keratinocyte cell line PAM212. Transfer of the infiltrated leukocytes collected from an LPS-injected air pouch to the air pouch of another mouse enhanced TSLP production. Further, the LPS-activated leukocytes produced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β); a deficiency in these cytokines attenuated the LPS-induced production of TSLP. TSLP production was induced by TNF-α and enhanced by IL-1β and LPS in the PAM212 cells. These results demonstrated that TNF-α and IL-1β, which are partly produced by LPS-activated leukocytes, contribute to TSLP production via TLR4 activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Segawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hatayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Dong Jiangxu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuo Endo
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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Pilkington SM, Gibbs NK, Costello P, Bennett SP, Massey KA, Friedmann PS, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on epidermal Langerhans cell numbers and PGD2production in UVR-exposed human skin: a randomised controlled study. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:962-968. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Pilkington
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Neil K. Gibbs
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Patrick Costello
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Susan P. Bennett
- Centre for Dermatology; Salford Royal Hospital; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
| | - Karen A. Massey
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Lesley E. Rhodes
- Centre for Dermatology; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Centre for Dermatology; Salford Royal Hospital; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; Manchester UK
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18
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Hegazy R, Salama A, Mansour D, Hassan A. Renoprotective Effect of Lactoferrin against Chromium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats: Involvement of IL-18 and IGF-1 Inhibition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151486. [PMID: 26990190 PMCID: PMC4798745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a heavy metal widely used in more than 50 industries. Nephrotoxicity is a major adverse effect of chromium poisoning. The present study investigated the potential renoprotective effect of lactoferrin (Lf) against potassium dichromate (PDC)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. Beside, because previous studies suggest that interlukin-18 (IL-18) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) play important roles in promoting kidney damage, the present work aimed to evaluate the involvement of these two cytokines in PDC model of AKI and in the potential renoprotective effect of lactoferrin. Adult male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with Lf (200mg/kg/day, p.o.) or (300mg/kg/day, p.o.); the doses that are usually used in the experiment studies, for 14 days followed by a single dose of PDC (15mg/kg, s.c.). PDC caused significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and total protein levels. This was accompanied with decreased renal glutathione content, and increased renal malondialdehyde, IL-18, IL-4, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), IGF-1, and the phosphorylated form of forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) levels. Moreover, normal expression IFN-γ mRNA and enhanced expression of TNF-α mRNA was demonstrated in renal tissues. Histopathological investigations provoked deleterious changes in the renal tissues. Tubular epithelial hyperplasia and apoptosis were demonstrated immunohistochemically by positive proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax, and Caspase-3 expression, respectively. Pretreatment of rats with Lf in both doses significantly corrected all previously mentioned PDC-induced changes with no significant difference between both doses. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated the involvement of oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, tubular hyperplasia and apoptosis in PDC-induced AKI. It suggested a role of IL-18 through stimulation of IL-4-induced inflammatory pathway, and IGF-1 through triggering FoxO1-induced cell proliferation. Moreover, the study revealed that Lf protected the kidney against Cr-induced AKI in rats and significantly showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties with down-regulation of IL-18 and IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Hegazy
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Mansour
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Bone Regeneration Is Promoted by Orally Administered Bovine Lactoferrin in a Rabbit Tibial Distraction Osteogenesis Model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2383-93. [PMID: 25822454 PMCID: PMC4457759 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein which belongs to the transferrin family, has been shown to promote bone growth. However, reports regarding effects of lactoferrin on bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis are limited. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of bovine lactoferrin treatment on bone formation of the distracted callus. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked whether bovine lactoferrin enhances bone formation of the distraction callus as determined by (1) radiographic and histologic appearances; (2) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of bone mineral composition and bone mineral density; (3) micro-CT measures of trabecular architecture; and (4) biomechanical strength of the healing bone. Additionally, serology, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to explore the possible mechanisms of bovine lactoferrin use on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. METHODS Unilateral tibial osteodistraction was performed on 80 New Zealand White rabbits with a distraction rate of 1 mm per day for 10 days. Animals then were divided randomly into two groups: (1) vehicle and (2) bovine lactoferrin. At 4 and 8 weeks after completion of distraction, the animals were sacrificed. Lengthened tibias and serum samples were obtained and subjected to radiologic, DXA, micro-CT, histologic, and biomechanical examinations, and serum, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS Radiologic, DXA, micro-CT, histologic, and biomechanical examinations indicated that bovine lactoferrin treatment not only accelerated bone formation at early stages of distraction osteogenesis but also promoted bone consolidation at late stages. The ultimate force of the distracted calluses was increased by 37% (118.8 ± 6.65 N in the lactoferrin group and 86.5 ± 5.47 N in the vehicle group; p < 0.001) and 84% (384.8 ± 18.4 N in the lactoferrin group and 209.0 ± 15.2 N in the vehicle group; p < 0.001) at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Moreover, serum analysis showed that bovine lactoferrin treatment significantly increased serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase and decreased serum levels of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b. In addition, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses suggested that bovine lactoferrin treatment induced a lower receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) ratio in the distracted callus. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that bovine lactoferrin treatment could promote bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis in the rabbit. The results indicate that the OPG/RANKL/RANK system might be a major mechanism for increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption in distraction osteogenesis with bovine lactoferrin treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin may provide a feasible approach for promoting osteogenesis during distraction osteogenesis.
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20
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Kanwar JR, Roy K, Patel Y, Zhou SF, Singh MR, Singh D, Nasir M, Sehgal R, Sehgal A, Singh RS, Garg S, Kanwar RK. Multifunctional iron bound lactoferrin and nanomedicinal approaches to enhance its bioactive functions. Molecules 2015; 20:9703-31. [PMID: 26016555 PMCID: PMC6272382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein from the transferrin family has been reported to have numerous functions. Even though Lf was first isolated from milk, it is also found in most exocrine secretions and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity reports on lactoferrin identified its significance in host defense against infection and extreme inflammation. Anticarcinogenic reports on lactoferrin make this protein even more valuable. This review is focused on the structural configuration of iron-containing and iron-free forms of lactoferrin obtained from different sources such as goat, camel and bovine. Apart for emphasizing on the specific beneficial properties of lactoferrin from each of these sources, the general antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of lactoferrin are discussed here. Implementation of nanomedicinial strategies that enhance the bioactive function of lactoferrin are also discussed, along with information on lactoferrin in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Yogesh Patel
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India.
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India.
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160031, India.
| | - Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development (CPID), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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21
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Murakami I, Matsushita M, Iwasaki T, Kuwamoto S, Kato M, Nagata K, Horie Y, Hayashi K, Imamura T, Morimoto A, Imashuku S, Gogusev J, Jaubert F, Takata K, Oka T, Yoshino T. Interleukin-1 loop model for pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:13. [PMID: 25889448 PMCID: PMC4343072 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory process that is prolonged by mutations. We hypothesize that Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection triggers an interleukin-1 (IL-1) activation loop that underlies the pathogenesis of LCH. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen presenting cells in the skin. When LCs encounter exogenous antigens, they migrate from the epidermis into draining lymphoid tissues to initiate T-cell activity. It has been proposed that LC migration-related factors, including E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase, and Notch ligand induce LCH activity. We found that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which binds IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, is expressed at a significantly higher level in LCH affecting multiple organ systems (MS-LCH) than in LCH affecting a single organ system (SS-LCH). IL-1 stimulates T helper 17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17 had been a matter of controversy. We detected higher levels of IL-17A receptor expression in MS-LCH than in SS-LCH and proposed an IL-17 endocrine model that could settle the controversy. IL-1 is the first cytokine secreted in response to sensitizers and promotes LC migration from sentinel tissues. Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), downstream of the IL-1 receptor, has functions in both RAS signaling and inflammation, leading to human cell transformation. In 2010, an activating mutation in the B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma gene (BRAF) V600E was found in LCH. This BRAF mutation induces phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) that may play an important role with MyD88 in LCH pathogenesis. However, phosphorylated ERK (pERK) is rapidly dephosphorylated by dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6), and limited proliferation is predicted in BRAF mutant cells. MyD88 binds pERK via its D-domain, thereby preventing pERK–DUSP6 interaction and maintaining ERK in an active, phosphorylated state. We detected MCPyV-DNA in the peripheral blood cells of two out of three patients with LCH in high-risk organs but not in those of patients with LCH in non–high-risk organs (0/12; P = .029). MCPyV infection can trigger precursor LCH cells with BRAF mutation to produce IL-1; the IL-1 loop is amplified in all LCH subclasses. Our model indicates both BRAF mutation and IL-1 loop regulation as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Masako Kato
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Keiko Nagata
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Department of Pathology, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Akira Morimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Shinsaku Imashuku
- Division of Pediatrics and Hematology, Takasago-seibu Hospital, Takasago, 676-0812, Japan.
| | - Jean Gogusev
- Inserm U507 and U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, 75014, France.
| | - Francis Jaubert
- University of Paris Descartes (Paris V), Paris, 75006, France.
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Takashi Oka
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Eaton LH, Roberts RA, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Metryka A. Skin sensitization induced Langerhans' cell mobilization: variable requirements for tumour necrosis factor-α. Immunology 2015; 144:139-48. [PMID: 25039377 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen/allergen recognition, epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) are mobilized and migrate to the local lymph node where they play a major role in initiating or regulating immune responses. It had been proposed that all chemical allergens induce LC migration via common cytokine signals delivered by TNF-α and IL-1β. Here the dependence of LC migration on TNF-α following treatment of mice with various chemical allergens has been investigated. It was found that under standard conditions the allergens oxazolone, paraphenylene diamine, and trimellitic anhydride, in addition to the skin irritant sodium lauryl sulfate, were unable to trigger LC mobilization in the absence of TNF-α signalling. In contrast, two members of the dinitrohalobenezene family (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [DNCB] and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene [DNFB]) promoted LC migration independently of TNF-R2 (the sole TNF-α receptor expressed by LC) and TNF-α although the presence of IL-1β was still required. However, increasing doses of oxazolone overcame the requirement of TNF-α for LC mobilization, whereas lower doses of DNCB were still able to induce LC migration in a TNF-α-independent manner. These novel findings demonstrate unexpected heterogeneity among chemical allergens and furthermore that LC can be induced to migrate from the epidermis via different mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of TNF-α. Although the exact mechanisms with regard to the signals that activate LC have yet to be elucidated, these differences may translate into functional speciation that will likely impact on the extent and quality of allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Eaton
- The Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Cotton RN, McDonald-Fleming R, Boyd A, Spates K, Nutman TB, Tolouei Semnani R. Brugia malayi infective larvae fail to activate Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in human skin. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:79-91. [PMID: 25545218 PMCID: PMC11004354 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infection in humans is initiated when a mosquito deposits third-stage parasite larvae (L3) in the skin. Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) are the first cells that the parasite encounters, and L3s must evade these highly effective antigen-presenting cells to establish infection. To assess LC and DDC responses to L3 in human skin, we employed three models of increasing physiologic relevance: in vitro-generated LCs, epidermal blister explants and full-thickness human skin sections. In vitro-generated LCs expressed TLR1-10 and robustly produced IL-6 and TNF-α in response to PolyI:C, but pre-exposure to L3s did not alter inflammatory cytokine production or TLR expression. L3s did not modulate expression of LC markers CDH1, CD207, or CD1a, or the regulatory products TSLP or IDO in epidermal explants or in vitro-generated LC. LC, CD14+ DDC, CD1c+ DC and CD141+ DC from human skin sections were analysed by flow cytometry. While PolyI:C potently induced CCL22 production in LC, CD1c+ DC, and CD141+ DC, and IL-10 production in LC, L3s did not modulate the numbers of or cytokine production by any skin DC subset. L3s broadly failed to activate or modulate LCs or DDCs, suggesting filarial larvae expertly evade APC detection in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Cotton
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
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24
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Miyauchi S, Umekita K, Hidaka T, Umeki K, Aratake Y, Takahashi N, Sawaguchi A, Nakatake A, Morinaga I, Morishita K, Okayama A. Increased plasma lactoferrin levels in leucocytapheresis therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:1966-72. [PMID: 24899661 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of leucocytapheresis (LCAP) in patients with RA. METHODS Protein profiles of blood samples from two patients with RA obtained via LCAP column inlet and outlet lines were analysed by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The lactoferrin (LTF) levels of peripheral and circulating blood samples from seven patients obtained via the LCAP column blood circuit were then determined by ELISA. Peripheral blood samples from 14 patients with RA were exposed to unwoven polyester fibre filters and the LTF level was determined. In addition, morphological changes in neutrophils after exposure to the filter were examined by optical microscopy, electronic microscopy and LTF immunostaining. RESULTS LTF levels were increased in both samples from the LCAP column outlet and peripheral blood at the end of LCAP treatment. Furthermore, peripheral blood samples exposed to the filter revealed a decreased number of neutrophils and an increased level of LTF. Morphological analysis of the exposed neutrophils showed vacuolization of the cytoplasm and degranulation of LTF-positive granules. These data suggest that LTF stored in the granules of neutrophils is released from the neutrophils caught in the LCAP column. CONCLUSION Because LTF has been reported to have multiple anti-inflammatory properties, increased levels of LTF may contribute to the clinical effect of LCAP in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Miyauchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Umekita
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hidaka
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Umeki
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yatsuki Aratake
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Takahashi
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Sawaguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakatake
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Itsuki Morinaga
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-No-Mori Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki and Miyazaki University HTLV-1/ATL Research Facility, Miyazaki, Japan.
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25
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Lindenberg JJ, van de Ven R, Oosterhoff D, Sombroek CC, Lougheed SM, Stam AGM, Koenen HJPM, van den Eertwegh AJM, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Induction of dendritic cell maturation in the skin microenvironment by soluble factors derived from colon carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1622-32. [PMID: 24732313 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous tumor cell-based vaccines provide a wide range of tumor antigens and personalized neo-epitopes based on individual tumors' unique antigenic mutanome signatures. However, tumor-derived factors may hamper in situ maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and thus interfere with the generation of effective anti-tumor immunity. As the skin is a preferred site for tumor vaccine delivery, we investigated the influence of primary colon carcinoma-derived soluble factors on the maturation state of migrating DC in a human skin explant model. Primary tumor-derived supernatants (TDSN) enhanced the phenotypic maturation state of skin-emigrated DC, resulting in an increased T-cell stimulatory ability in an allogeneic mixed leukocyte response. In case of monocyte-derived DC a similar TDSN-induced maturation induction was found to entirely depend on cyclooxygenase (COX)-regulated prostaglandins. In contrast, the increase in skin-emigrated DC maturation was completely prostaglandin-independent, as evidenced by the inability of the COX inhibitor indomethacin to abrogate this TDSN-induced effect. Although TDSN conditioning affected a drop in IL-12p70 release by the skin-emigrated DC and induced a predominant Th17/Th22 transcriptional profile in subsequently stimulated T-cells, Th cell subset differentiation, as assessed by intracellular cytokine expression upon polyclonal priming and re-stimulation, was not affected. Comparative analysis of phenotypic and transcriptional profiles suggests that the observed maturational effects in skin-derived DC may have been induced by tumor-derived GM-CSF. In conclusion, soluble factors derived from whole-cell colon tumor vaccines will not negatively impact DC migration and maturation in human skin, but rather induce DC maturation that will facilitate the priming of a poly-functional Th cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle J Lindenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinja Oosterhoff
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Sombroek
- Department of Pathology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita G M Stam
- Department of Pathology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University medical center; De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johansson H, Lindstedt M. Prediction of Skin Sensitizers using Alternative Methods to Animal Experimentation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:110-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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27
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Konradi S, Yasmin N, Haslwanter D, Weber M, Gesslbauer B, Sixt M, Strobl H. Langerhans cell maturation is accompanied by induction of N-cadherin and the transcriptional regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition ZEB1/2. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:553-60. [PMID: 24165969 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are a unique subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that express epithelial adhesion molecules, allowing them to form contacts with epithelial cells and reside in epidermal/epithelial tissues. The dynamic regulation of epithelial adhesion plays a decisive role in the life cycle of LCs. It controls whether LCs remain immature and sessile within the epidermis or mature and egress to initiate immune responses. So far, the molecular machinery regulating epithelial adhesion molecules during LC maturation remains elusive. Here, we generated pure populations of immature human LCs in vitro to systematically probe for gene-expression changes during LC maturation. LCs down-regulate a set of epithelial genes including E-cadherin, while they upregulate the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin known to facilitate cell migration. In addition, N-cadherin is constitutively expressed by monocyte-derived DCs known to exhibit characteristics of both inflammatory-type and interstitial/dermal DCs. Moreover, the transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 (ZEB is zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox) are upregulated in migratory LCs. ZEB1 and ZEB2 have been shown to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasive behavior in cancer cells undergoing metastasis. Our results provide the first hint that the molecular EMT machinery might facilitate LC mobilization. Moreover, our study suggests that N-cadherin plays a role during DC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Konradi
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Spadaro M, Montone M, Arigoni M, Cantarella D, Forni G, Pericle F, Pascolo S, Calogero RA, Cavallo F. Recombinant human lactoferrin induces human and mouse dendritic cell maturation via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. FASEB J 2013; 28:416-29. [PMID: 24088817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a key component of innate immunity, is a cationic monomeric 80-kDa glycoprotein of the transferrin superfamily. Recombinant human lactoferrin, known as talactoferrin (TLF), induces a distinct functional maturation program in human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes. However, the receptors and molecular mechanisms involved in this induction have not been fully determined. By exploiting genome-wide transcription profiling of immature DCs, TNF-α- and IL-1β-matured DCs (m-DCs), and TLF-matured DCs (TLF-DCs), we have detected a set of transcripts specific for m-DCs and one specific for TLF-DCs. Functional network reconstruction highlighted, as expected, the association of m-DC maturation with IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB, whereas TLF-DC maturation was associated with ERK and NF-κB. This involvement of ERK and NF-κB transduction factors suggests direct involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in TLF-induced maturation. We have used MyD88 inhibition and siRNA silencing TLRs on human DCs and mouse TLR-2-knockout cells, to show that TLF triggers the maturation of both human and mouse DCs through TLR-2 and TLR-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Spadaro
- 1Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.
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29
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30
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Wolf P, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Rinner B, Griesbacher A, Eberhard K, Groselj-Strele A, Mayer G, Stauber RE, Byrne SN. Phototherapeutic hardening modulates systemic cytokine levels in patients with polymorphic light eruption. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:166-73. [PMID: 22949107 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been linked to impaired UV-immunosuppression, Langerhans cell (LC) retention, and an absence of neutrophil infiltration into UV-exposed PLE skin. We have previously shown that photohardening restores the impaired neutrophil responsiveness to the chemoattractants leucotriene B4 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanin in PLE patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether photohardening modulates baseline chemokine and cytokine levels which would alter chemoresponsiveness and hence immune function in PLE patients. Sixteen PLE patients received photohardening therapy for 4-9 weeks by 311 nm UVB. Plasma samples were taken both before and within 48 h of the penultimate phototherapeutic exposure. Plasma from these 16 patients, 8 non-irradiated PLE patients, and 14 control subjects was analyzed for IL-1β, CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-17, TNF, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES), CCL11 (eotaxin), and CCL22 (MDC). These cytokines and chemokines were measured in early spring (March to April) and again in late spring (April to June). PLE patients had a significantly elevated level of CCL11 (p = 0.003) and IL-1β (p = 0.002) in early spring (before phototherapy). In late spring, after phototherapy, PLE patients had significantly elevated CCL2 (p = 0.002) and TNF (p = 0.002) but a trend for lowered plasma levels of CXCL8 (p = 0.021). When comparing the cytokine shifts from early to late spring, while healthy controls and non-UV-irradiated PLE patients showed an increase, PLE patients undergoing photohardening exhibited a trend for decrease in IL-1β (p = 0.012). Taken together, our results indicate that photohardening may alter the complex cytokine milieu in PLE, in particular via IL-1β, helping to normalise the pathophysiologic response to subsequent UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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31
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Almond RJ, Flanagan BF, Antonopoulos A, Haslam SM, Dell A, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Differential immunogenicity and allergenicity of native and recombinant human lactoferrins: role of glycosylation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:170-81. [PMID: 23012214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human native milk lactoferrin (LF) and recombinant forms of lactoferrin (rLF) are available with identical aa sequences, but different glycosylation patterns. Native lactoferrin (NLF) possesses the intrinsic ability to stimulate vigorous IgG and IgE antibody responses in BALB/c mice, whereas recombinant forms (Aspergillus or rice) are 40-fold less immunogenic and 200-fold less allergenic. Such differences are independent of endotoxin or iron content and the glycans do not contribute to epitope formation. A complex glycoprofile is observed for NLF, including sialic acid, fucose, mannose, and Lewis (Le)(x) structures, whereas both rLF species display a simpler glycoprofile rich in mannose. Although Le(x) type sugars play a Th2-type adjuvant role, endogenous expression of Le(x) on NLF did not completely account for the more vigorous IgE responses it provoked. Furthermore, coadminstration of rLF downregulated IgE and upregulated IgG2a antibody responses provoked by NLF, but was without effect on responses to unrelated peanut and chicken egg allergens. These results suggest glycans on rLF impact the induction phase to selectively inhibit IgE responses and that differential glycosylation patterns may impact on antigen uptake, processing and/or presentation, and the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael J Almond
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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32
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Irla N, Navarini A, Yawalkar N. Alitretinoin abrogates innate inflammation in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:1170-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zahran E, Seo JK, Noga EJ. The effect of adjuvant and microbial challenge on the expression of antimicrobial polypeptides in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:168-173. [PMID: 22507196 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs) are increasingly recognized as one of the most important components of innate immunity, there is very little information in vertebrates that documents their upregulation to levels that are microbicidal in vivo. Here we demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of either Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or live Tetrahymena pyriformis (a parasitic ciliate) upregulated AMPP expression in channel catfish skin. FCA induced significant upregulation of total antibacterial activity, anti-Edwardsiella ictaluri activity (the fraction of antibacterial activity active against E. ictaluri), and HLP-1 (the major AMPP in channel catfish skin). Tetrahymena induced a similar upregulation, except that HLP-1 was not significantly induced and the response appeared to be more transient than FCA immunostimulation. AMPP levels were increased up to five-fold higher than resting levels and levels expressed were well within concentrations known to be inhibitory to many important pathogens in vitro. These results provide encouragement that AMPP upregulation may be a promising tool in aquaculture for enhancing the resistance of fish to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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35
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Thom RE, Elmore MJ, Williams A, Andrews SC, Drobniewski F, Marsh PD, Tree JA. The expression of ferritin, lactoferrin, transferrin receptor and solute carrier family 11A1 in the host response to BCG-vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Vaccine 2012; 30:3159-68. [PMID: 22426328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential cofactor for both mycobacterial growth during infection and for a successful protective immune response by the host. The immune response partly depends on the regulation of iron by the host, including the tight control of expression of the iron-storage protein, ferritin. BCG vaccination can protect against disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the mechanisms of protection remain unclear. To further explore these mechanisms, splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were stimulated ex vivo with purified protein derivative from M. tuberculosis and a significant down-regulation of ferritin light- and heavy-chain was measured by reverse-transcription quantitative-PCR (P≤0.05 and ≤0.01, respectively). The mechanisms of this down-regulation were shown to involve TNFα and nitric oxide. A more in depth analysis of the mRNA expression profiles, including genes involved in iron metabolism, was performed using a guinea pig specific immunological microarray following ex vivo infection with M. tuberculosis of splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated and naïve guinea pigs. M. tuberculosis infection induced a pro-inflammatory response in splenocytes from both groups, resulting in down-regulation of ferritin (P≤0.05). In addition, lactoferrin (P≤0.002), transferrin receptor (P≤0.05) and solute carrier family 11A1 (P≤0.05), were only significantly down-regulated after infection of the splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated animals. The results show that expression of iron-metabolism genes is tightly regulated as part of the host response to M. tuberculosis infection and that BCG-vaccination enhances the ability of the host to mount an iron-restriction response which may in turn help to combat invasion by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Thom
- Microbiological Services, HPA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
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Human lactoferrin upregulates BCL-3 in the K562 erythroleukemia cell. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-011-5410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Legrand D. Lactoferrin, a key molecule in immune and inflammatory processes. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:252-68. [PMID: 22136726 DOI: 10.1139/o11-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) belongs to the family of antimicrobial molecules that constitute the principal defense line of nonvertebrate organisms. In human immunity, their roles are considerably extended, and actually exceed mere direct antimicrobial properties. As a result, Lf is involved in both innate and adaptive immunities where its modulating effects not only help the host fight against microbes but also protect the host against harmful effects of inflammation. Such beneficial effects have been noticed in studies using dietary Lf, without the experimenters always explaining the exact modes of action of Lf. Effects on mucosal and systemic immunities are indeed often observed, which make the roles of Lf tricky to decipher. It is now known that the immunomodulatory properties of Lf are due to its ability to interact with numerous cellular and molecular targets. At the cellular level, Lf modulates the migration, maturation, and functions of immune cells. At the molecular level, in addition to iron binding, interactions of Lf with a plethora of compounds, either soluble or cell-surface molecules, account for its modulatory properties. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms that explain the regulatory properties of Lf in immune and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Legrand
- UMR 8576 CNRS / Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, IFR 147, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Ryan CA, Dearman RJ. Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S238-68. [PMID: 21097995 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction by chemicals of allergic sensitization and allergic disease is an important and challenging branch of toxicology. Skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis represents the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, and many hundreds of chemicals have been implicated as skin sensitizers. There are far fewer chemicals that have been shown to cause sensitization of the respiratory tract and asthma, but the issue is no less important because hazard identification remains a significant challenge, and occupational asthma can be fatal. In all areas of chemical allergy, there have been, and remain still, intriguing challenges where progress has required a close and productive alignment between immunology, toxicology, and clinical medicine. What the authors have sought to do here is to exemplify, within the framework of chemical allergy, how an investment in fundamental research and an improved understanding of relevant biological and biochemical mechanisms can pay important dividends in driving new innovations in hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk assessment. Here we will consider in turn three specific areas of research in chemical allergy: (1) the role of epidermal Langerhans cells in the development of skin sensitization, (2) T lymphocytes and skin sensitization, and (3) sensitization of the respiratory tract. In each area, the aim is to identify what has been achieved and how that progress has impacted on the development of new approaches to toxicological evaluation. Success has been patchy, and there is still much to be achieved, but the journey has been fascinating and there have been some very important developments. The conclusion drawn is that continued investment in research, if coupled with an appetite for translating the fruits of that research into imaginative new tools for toxicology, should continue to better equip us for tackling the important challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Weinstein DA, Kirsner RS. Refractory ulcers: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:146-54. [PMID: 20542177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Weinstein
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Shaw FL, Cumberbatch M, Kleyn CE, Begum R, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Griffiths CEM. Langerhans cell mobilization distinguishes between early-onset and late-onset psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1940-2. [PMID: 20237494 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Legrand D, Mazurier J. A critical review of the roles of host lactoferrin in immunity. Biometals 2010; 23:365-76. [PMID: 20143251 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an essential element of innate immunity, which refers to antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within hours after exposure to an antigen. Following infection, Lf is released from neutrophils (PMNs) in blood and inflamed tissues and, such as other soluble pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immunity, Lf recognizes unique microbial molecules called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): LPS from the gram-negative cell wall and bacterial unmethylated CpG DNA. However, unlike classical PAMPs receptors involved in the activation of immune cells, Lf may act either as a competitor for these receptors or as a partner molecule, depending on the physiological status of the organism. These immunomodulatory properties are explained by the ability of Lf to interact with proteoglycans and receptors on the surface of mammalian cells: cells of the innate (NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils and mast cells) and adaptive [lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)] immune systems, and also epithelial and endothelial cells. Through these interactions, Lf is able to modulate the migration, maturation and functions of immune cells, and thus to influence both adaptive and innate immunities. The understanding of the roles of the host-expressed Lf in immunity comes from in vivo and in vitro studies with exogenous Lf which, although informative, rarely reflect the pathological, or non-pathological, conditions in the organism. In this review, the data from the literature will be critically analyzed in order to present a real picture of the regulatory roles of host Lf in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Legrand
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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The histamine H4 receptor mediates inflammation and pruritus in Th2-dependent dermal inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1023-33. [PMID: 19907432 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of histamine H(4) receptor (H(4)R) was investigated in a T-helper type 2 (Th2)-cell-mediated mouse skin inflammation model that mimics several of the features of atopic dermatitis. Treatment with two specific H(4)R antagonists before challenge with FITC led to a significant reduction in ear edema, inflammation, mast cell, and eosinophil infiltration. This was accompanied by a reduction in the levels of several cytokines and chemokines in the ear tissue. Upon ex vivo antigen stimulation of lymph nodes, H(4)R antagonism reduced lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 levels. One explanation for this finding is that lymph nodes from animals dosed with the H(4)R antagonist, JNJ 7777120, contained a lower number of FITC-positive dendritic cells. The effect of H(4)R antagonism on dendritic cell migration in vivo may be an indirect result of the reduction in tissue cytokines and chemokines or a direct effect on chemotaxis. In addition to anti-inflammatory effects, JNJ 7777120 also significantly inhibited the pruritus shown in the model. Therefore, the dual effects of H(4)R antagonists on pruritus and Th2-cell-mediated inflammation point to their therapeutic potential for the treatment of Th2-mediated skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis.
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Hwang SA, Actor JK. Lactoferrin modulation of BCG-infected dendritic cell functions. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1185-97. [PMID: 19692539 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an 80-kDa iron-binding protein with immune modulating properties, is a unique adjuvant component able to enhance efficacy of the existing Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine to protect against murine model of tuberculosis. Although identified as having effects on macrophage presentation events, lactoferrin's capability to modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function when loaded with BCG antigens has not been previously recognized. In this study, the potential of lactoferrin to modulate surface expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86 and CD40 from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was examined. Generally, lactoferrin decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12p40] and chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-2] and increased regulatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1 and a T-cell chemotatic factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, from uninfected or BCG-infected BMDCs. Culturing BCG-infected BMDCs with lactoferrin also enhanced their ability to respond to IFN-gamma activation through up-regulation of maturation markers: MHC I, MHC II and the ratio of CD86:CD80 surface expression. Furthermore, lactoferrin-exposed BCG-infected DCs increased stimulation of BCG-specific CD3(+)CD4(+) splenocytes, as defined by increasing IFN-gamma production. Finally, BCG-/lactoferrin-vaccinated mice possessed an increased pool of BCG antigen-specific IFN-gamma producing CD3(+)CD4(+)CD62L(-) splenocytes. These studies suggest a mechanism in which lactoferrin may exert adjuvant activity by enhancing DC function to promote generation of antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Janssens AS, Pavel S, Tensen CP, Teunissen MBM, Out-Luiting JJ, Willemze R, de Gruijl FR. Reduced IL-1Ra/IL-1 ratio in ultraviolet B-exposed skin of patients with polymorphic light eruption. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:212-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blömeke B, Brans R, Dickel H, Bruckner T, Erdmann S, Heesen M, Merk HF, Coenraads PJ. Association between TNFA-308 G/A polymorphism and sensitization to para-phenylenediamine: a case-control study. Allergy 2009; 64:279-83. [PMID: 18384449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and related chemicals are common contact sensitizers, frequently causing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a key role in contact sensitization. METHODS In this case-control study, we evaluated the distribution of variations in the regulatory region of the gene for TNF-alpha (TNFA-308 G/A) in 181 Caucasian individuals with a history of ACD and sensitization to PPD and 161 individuals with no history of sensitization to PPD. RESULTS The frequency of GA or AA TNFA genotypes was significantly higher in individuals sensitized to PPD than in age- and gender-matched controls giving an odds ratio (OR) of 2.16 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.35-3.47; P = 0.0016). This relation was even more pronounced when restricting cases to females over 45 years (OR = 3.71; 95% CI: 1.65-8.31; P = 0.0017) vs younger females (less than or equal to 45 years; OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.03-5.65; P = 0.044) or males (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.449-2.47; P = 1.0). In addition, a logistic regression model revealed a significant effect for TNFA-308 AA and AG vs GG genotype (point estimate = 2.152; 95% Wald CI: 1.332-3.477). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a possible role for the TNFA-308 genetic polymorphism as a susceptibility factor for chemically induced ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blömeke
- Department of Ecotoxicology and Toxicology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, is a cell-secreted mediator that bridges innate and adaptive immune function in mammals. It is a pleiotropic molecule that directly assists in the influence of presenting cells for the development of T-helper cell polarization. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of research regarding the role of lactoferrin in maintaining immune homeostasis, in particular as a mediator of immune responses to infectious assault, trauma and injury. These findings are critically relevant in the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic interventions in humans. Understanding these particular effects of lactoferrin will provide a logical framework for determining its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Verdijk P, Aarntzen EHJG, Punt CJA, de Vries IJM, Figdor CG. Maximizing dendritic cell migration in cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:865-74. [PMID: 18549318 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.7.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy in inducing cellular immunity against tumors is highly dependent on accurate delivery and trafficking of the DC to T-cell-rich areas of secondary lymphoid tissues. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of DC migration in vivo and how migration to peripheral lymph nodes might be improved to optimize DC therapy. METHODS We focused on DC migration in preclinical models and human skin explants and on clinical vaccination trials studying migration of in vitro-generated DC. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS DC migration requires an intricate interplay between the cell and its environment. To maximize migration for cellular therapy, it is important to optimize the generation of migratory DC as well as treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Verdijk
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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‘Iron‐saturated’ lactoferrin is a potent natural adjuvant for augmenting cancer chemotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:277-88. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Toebak MJ, de Rooij J, Moed H, Stoof TJ, von Blomberg BME, Bruynzeel DP, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S, Rustemeyer T. Differential suppression of dendritic cell cytokine production by anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:225-33. [PMID: 18028503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various anti-inflammatory drugs are available for the treatment of skin disorders. In these diseases, untoward immune responses to endogenous and/or environmental antigens are initiated by maturation and polarization of dendritic cells (DC). OBJECTIVE To explore the suppressive effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on DC maturation and, in particular, polarization. METHODS Exposure of DC to nickel in vitro results in DC maturation and secretion of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines, thereby providing a model to study the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on DC responses. The inhibitory effects of anti-inflammatory drugs (ciclosporin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, dimethylfumarate, hydrocortisone, lactoferrin, 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) on DC maturation (CD83, CD86, HLA-DR, CXCL8) and polarization (type 1: IL-12p70, TNF-alpha; type 2: IL-10, CCL17) were studied. RESULTS All anti-inflammatory drugs, except for lactoferrin, had inhibitory effects on DC maturation. Hydrocortisone and dexamethasone exclusively suppressed the release of type 1 cytokines. A less pronounced, but similar profile was observed for dimethylfumarate and 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Ciclosporin suppressed both type 1 and 2 cytokines. In contrast, diclofenac suppressed only type 2 DC cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION The present results give more insight into the pharmacological effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune system, and can thereby contribute to a more rational selection of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Toebak
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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