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Lo Iacono G, Cook AJC, Derks G, Fleming LE, French N, Gillingham EL, Gonzalez Villeta LC, Heaviside C, La Ragione RM, Leonardi G, Sarran CE, Vardoulakis S, Senyah F, van Vliet AHM, Nichols G. A mathematical, classical stratification modeling approach to disentangling the impact of weather on infectious diseases: A case study using spatio-temporally disaggregated Campylobacter surveillance data for England and Wales. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011714. [PMID: 38236828 PMCID: PMC10796013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Disentangling the impact of the weather on transmission of infectious diseases is crucial for health protection, preparedness and prevention. Because weather factors are co-incidental and partly correlated, we have used geography to separate out the impact of individual weather parameters on other seasonal variables using campylobacteriosis as a case study. Campylobacter infections are found worldwide and are the most common bacterial food-borne disease in developed countries, where they exhibit consistent but country specific seasonality. We developed a novel conditional incidence method, based on classical stratification, exploiting the long term, high-resolution, linkage of approximately one-million campylobacteriosis cases over 20 years in England and Wales with local meteorological datasets from diagnostic laboratory locations. The predicted incidence of campylobacteriosis increased by 1 case per million people for every 5° (Celsius) increase in temperature within the range of 8°-15°. Limited association was observed outside that range. There were strong associations with day-length. Cases tended to increase with relative humidity in the region of 75-80%, while the associations with rainfall and wind-speed were weaker. The approach is able to examine multiple factors and model how complex trends arise, e.g. the consistent steep increase in campylobacteriosis in England and Wales in May-June and its spatial variability. This transparent and straightforward approach leads to accurate predictions without relying on regression models and/or postulating specific parameterisations. A key output of the analysis is a thoroughly phenomenological description of the incidence of the disease conditional on specific local weather factors. The study can be crucially important to infer the elusive mechanism of transmission of campylobacteriosis; for instance, by simulating the conditional incidence for a postulated mechanism and compare it with the phenomenological patterns as benchmark. The findings challenge the assumption, commonly made in statistical models, that the transformed mean rate of infection for diseases like campylobacteriosis is a mere additive and combination of the environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lo Iacono
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- People-Centred Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gianne Derks
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel French
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Laura C. Gonzalez Villeta
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Heaviside
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Leonardi
- UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Francis Senyah
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
- Médicines Sans Frontièrs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnoud H. M. van Vliet
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Jurinović L, Duvnjak S, Humski A, Ječmenica B, Taylor LT, Šimpraga B, Krstulović F, Zelenika TA, Kompes G. Genetic Diversity and Resistome Analysis of Campylobacter lari Isolated from Gulls in Croatia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1310. [PMID: 37627730 PMCID: PMC10451273 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter lari is a thermotolerant bacterium that sporadically causes gastrointestinal diseases in humans and can be found in wildlife and the environment. C. lari is an understudied species, especially in wild birds such as gulls. Gulls are potentially good carriers of pathogens due to their opportunistic behavior and tendency to gather in large flocks. During winter and their breeding period, 1753 gulls were captured, and cloacal swabs were taken to be tested for the presence of C. lari. From isolated bacteria, the DNA was sequenced, and sequence types (ST) were determined. Sixty-four swabs were positive for C. lari, and from those, forty-three different STs were determined, of which thirty-one were newly described. The whole genome was sequenced for 43 random isolates, and the same isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method to compare them to WGS-derived antimicrobial-resistant isolates. All the tested strains were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, and all were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was attributed to a gyrA_2 T86V mutation. Genes connected to possible beta-lactam resistance (blaOXA genes) were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Jurinović
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.J.); (B.Š.); (F.K.); (T.A.Z.)
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Andrea Humski
- Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Ječmenica
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.J.); (B.Š.); (F.K.); (T.A.Z.)
| | | | - Borka Šimpraga
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.J.); (B.Š.); (F.K.); (T.A.Z.)
| | - Fani Krstulović
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.J.); (B.Š.); (F.K.); (T.A.Z.)
| | - Tajana Amšel Zelenika
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.J.); (B.Š.); (F.K.); (T.A.Z.)
| | - Gordan Kompes
- Laboratory for General Bacteriology and Mycology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh TTN, Schilling W, White SB, Ramachandran R, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. Roles of Aerotolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Viable but Non-Culturable State in the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2165. [PMID: 36363757 PMCID: PMC9699079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne human gastroenteritis in the developed world. This bacterium colonizes in the ceca of chickens, spreads throughout the poultry production chain, and contaminates poultry products. Despite numerous on farm intervention strategies and developments in post-harvest antimicrobial treatments, C. jejuni is frequently detected on broiler meat products. This indicates that C. jejuni is evolving over time to overcome the stresses/interventions that are present throughout poultry production and processing. The development of aerotolerance has been reported to be a major survival strategy used by C. jejuni in high oxygen environments. Recent studies have indicated that C. jejuni can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state or develop biofilm in response to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and freezing stress and aerobic stress. This review provides an overview of different stressors that C. jejuni are exposed to throughout the poultry production chain and the genotypic and phenotypic survival mechanisms, with special attention to aerotolerance, biofilm formation, and development of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Thu T. N. Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya B. White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
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Uddin MN, Neogi SB, Islam SS, Ferdous J, Khan MSR, Yamasaki S, Kabir SML. Occurrence and multidrug resistance of Campylobacter spp. at duck farms and associated environmental and anthropogenic risk factors in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1139. [PMID: 34743683 PMCID: PMC8574054 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is known about the potential risks of zoonotic pathogens in homestead duck flocks. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, species diversity, and multi-drug resistance in Campylobacter spp., and identify the associated risk factors in duck farms in Bangladesh.
Methods The study involved 20 duck farms at 6 sub-districts of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Monthly occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources at the farms during February-September, 2018, was detected by culture and PCR-based methods. Campylobacter isolates were examined for resistance to different antimicrobials. Risk factors, concerning climatic and environmental disposition, farm management, and anthropogenic practices, of Campylobacter infection were estimated by participatory epidemiological tools. Results Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in overall 36.90% (155/420) samples, more frequently in drinking water (60%, 30/50), followed by cloacal swab (37.50%, 75/200), egg surface swab (35%, 35/100) and soil of the duck resting places (30%, 15/50) but was not detected in feed samples (n = 20). PCR assays distinguished the majority (61.30%, 95/155) of the isolates as C. coli, while the rest (38.70%, 60/155) were C. jejuni. Notably, 41.7% (25/60) and 31.6% (30/95) strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed to be MDR. The dynamics of Campylobacter spp., distinctly showing higher abundance during summer and late-monsoon, correlated significantly with temperature, humidity, and rainfall, while sunshine hours had a negative influence. Anthropogenic management-related factors, including, inadequate hygiene practices, use of untreated river water, wet duck shed, flock age (1–6 months), and unscrupulous use of antimicrobials were identified to enhance the risk of MDR Campylobacter infection. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that duck farms contribute to the enhanced occurrence and spread of potentially pathogenic and MDR C. coli and C. jejuni strains and the bacterial dynamics are governed by a combined interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term holistic research at the environment-animal-human interface would be integral to divulge health risk reduction approaches tackling the spread of Campylobacter spp. from duck farms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Strakova N, Shagieva E, Ovesna P, Korena K, Michova H, Demnerova K, Kolackova I, Karpiskova R. The effect of environmental conditions on the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wastewater and surface waters. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:725-735. [PMID: 34192401 PMCID: PMC9290866 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the aquatic environment based on the water origin, seasonality and physico‐chemical properties. Methods and Results The occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli was determined in waste (29) or surface (56) waters in four different seasons. The air and water temperatures were measured during sampling and chemical analyses of water samples for ammonium, chloride, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and iron were performed. The thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. were more frequently detected in wastewater (59%; 17 positive samples) compared to surface water (38%; 21 positive samples), with the highest rate in autumn (67% of samples positive) and with a higher C. coli occurrence than C. jejuni (31% vs. 26%). Ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L) and chloride ion concentrations (above 60 mg/L) favour C. jejuni. Similarly, C. coli occurrence in water was supported by ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L), chloride (above 60 mg/L) and in addition by phosphate ion concentrations (below 0.7 mg/L). Conclusions Campylobacter presence in water is influenced by physico‐chemical parameters such as concentrations of ammonium and chloride ions. Significance and Impact of the Study Water environment is an alternative source of Campylobacter. The concentration of ammonium and chloride ions can be used as a basis for successful prediction of the potential occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in wastewater and surface water in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Shagieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Michova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Demnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ben Romdhane R, Merle R. The Data Behind Risk Analysis of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:25-58. [PMID: 33620647 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are major causes of food-borne enteritis in humans. Poultry meat is known to be responsible for a large proportion of cases of human campylobacteriosis. However, other food-borne, environmental and animal sources are frequently associated with the disease in humans as well. Human campylobacteriosis causes gastroenteritis that in most cases is self-limiting. Nevertheless, the burden of the disease is relatively large compared with other food-borne diseases, which is mostly due to rare but long-lasting symptoms related to immunological sequelae. In order to pave the way to improved surveillance and control of human campylobacteriosis, we review here the data that is typically used for risk analysis to quantify the risk and disease burden, identify specific surveillance strategies and assist in choosing the most effective control strategies. Such data are mostly collected from the literature, and their nature is discussed here, for each of the three processes that are essential for a complete risk analysis procedure: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Of these, the first, risk assessment, is most dependent on data, and this process is subdivided into the steps of hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. For each of these steps of risk assessment, information from published material that is typically collected will be summarized here. In addition, surveillance data are highly valuable for risk assessments. Different surveillance systems are employed in different countries, which can make international comparison of data challenging. Risk analysis typically results in targeted control strategies, and these again differ between countries. The applied control strategies are as yet not sufficient to eradicate human campylobacteriosis. The surveillance tools of Campylobacter in humans and exposure sources in place in different countries are briefly reviewed to better understand the Campylobacter dynamics and guide control strategies. Finally, the available control measures on different risk factors and exposure sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racem Ben Romdhane
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Szott V, Friese A. Emission Sources of Campylobacter from Agricultural Farms, Impact on Environmental Contamination and Intervention Strategies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:103-125. [PMID: 33620650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although extensive research has been carried out to describe the transmission pathways of Campylobacter entering livestock farms, the role of livestock farms as source of Campylobacter contamination of the environment is still poorly investigated. It is assumed that Campylobacter-positive livestock farms contribute to an environmental contamination, depending on the animal species on the farm, their Campylobacter status, the housing system, manure management as well as their general farm hygienic and biosecurity management. Different emission sources, like manure, air, water, insects and rodents as well as personnel, including equipment and vehicles, contribute to Campylobacter emission into the environment. Even though Campylobacter are rather fastidious bacteria, they are able to survive in the environment for even a longer period of time, when environmental conditions enable survival in specific niches. We conclude that a significant reduction of Campylobacter emission in the environment can be successfully achieved if various intervention strategies, depending on the farm type, are applied simultaneously, including proper general and personal hygiene, establishing of hygienic barriers, insect controls, manure management and hygienization of stables, barns and exhaust air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Szott
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Centre for Infection Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Oberheim J, Höser C, Lüchters G, Kistemann T. Small-scaled association between ambient temperature and campylobacteriosis incidence in Germany. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17191. [PMID: 33057048 PMCID: PMC7560705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the leading bacterial cause of human diarrheal illness worldwide. Campylobacteriosis incidence exhibits seasonality and has been attributed to ambient temperature. However, the role of ambient temperature on campylobacteriosis remains poorly understood. To examine the impact of ambient temperature on local campylobacteriosis in Germany, weekly incidences on NUTS-3 level were analysed using a novel small-scaled approach, regression and time lags. Campylobacteriosis incidence correlated positively with temperatures between - 5 and 28 °C. The sigmoid regression model estimated an incidence increase of 0.52 per 5 °C temperature rise in the observation period. The weekly average of daily minimum temperature was most significant at a time lag of two weeks and showed the steepest incidence increase of 0.13 per 1 °C temperature increase in a temperature corridor of 5.1 to 12.2 °C. The impact of average minimum temperatures on campylobacteriosis incidence is crucial, likely to be indirect and especially relevant in the recent part of the infection chain. Vectors or human behaviour are presumably more directly linked with temperature than the pathogen's microbiology and should be examined. These variables outweigh the direct temperature-pathogen relationship when the whole chain of infection is considered. In the context of climate change, campylobacteriosis is likely to increase in Germany due to an increased temperature effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oberheim
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido Lüchters
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Wild Birds and Those Causing Human Disease in Six High-Use Recreational Waterways in New Zealand. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01228-19. [PMID: 31562175 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01228-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, has been frequently isolated from recreational rivers and streams in New Zealand, yet the public health significance of this is unknown. This study uses molecular tools to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and sources of Campylobacter in recreational waterways, with a view to preventing human infection. Epidemiological and microbiological data were collected between 2005 and 2009 from six high-use recreational waterways in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island. Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from 33.2% and 20.4% of 509 samples, respectively. Isolation of Campylobacter was observed in both low and high river flows. After adjusting for the confounding effects of river flow, there was a significantly higher likelihood of isolating Campylobacter in the winter month of June compared to January. A high diversity of C. jejuni multilocus sequence types was seen, with the most commonly isolated being the water rail-associated ST-2381 (19/91 isolates [20.9%]), ST-1225 (8/91 isolates [8.8%]), and ST-45 (6/91 isolates [6.6%]). The ST-2381 was found in all rivers, while the most commonly isolated ST from human cases in New Zealand, the poultry-associated strain ST-474, was isolated only in one river. Although the majority of Campylobacter sequence types identified in river water were strains associated with wild birds that are rarely associated with human disease, poultry and ruminant-associated Campylobacter strains that are found in human infection were also identified and could present a public health risk.IMPORTANCE In 2016, there was a large-scale waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand, which was estimated to have affected over 5,000 people. This highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the sources of contamination of both surface and groundwater and risks associated with exposure to both drinking and recreational water. This study reports the prevalence and population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in six recreational waters of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand and models the relationship between Campylobacter spp. and ruminant-associated Campylobacter and the parameters "sites," "months," and "river flow." Here, we demonstrate that both low and high river flows, month of the year, and recreational sites could influence the Campylobacter isolation from recreational waters. The presence of genotypes associated with human infection allowed us to describe potential risks associated with recreational waters.
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10
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Lye D, Struewing I, Gruber TM, Oshima K, Villegas EN, Lu J. A Gallus gallus Model for Determining Infectivity of Zoonotic Campylobacter. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2292. [PMID: 31695684 PMCID: PMC6817472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand public health implications of waterfowl as reservoirs for zoonotic sources of Campylobacter in recreational waters, we developed a Gallus gallus (chick) model of infection to assess the pathogenicity of environmental isolates of Campylobacter. This method involved exposure of 1-day-old chicks through ingestion of water, the natural route of infection. Viable Campylobacter from laboratory-infected animals were monitored by using a modified non-invasive sampling of fresh chick excreta followed by a passive polycarbonate-filter migration culture assay. The method was used to evaluate the infectivities of three laboratory strains of Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter lari), three clinical isolates of C. jejuni, and four environmental Campylobacter spp. isolated from California gulls (Larus californicus). The results revealed that chicks were successfully infected with all laboratory and clinical isolates of Campylobacter spp. through ingestion of Campylobacter-spiked water, with infection rates ranging from <10 to >90% in a dose-dependent manner. More importantly, exposure of chicks with Campylobacter spp. isolated from Gallus gallus excreta also resulted in successful establishment of infection (≤90%). Each monitored Campylobacter spp. contained ≥7.5 × 104 CFU⋅g–1 of feces 7 days post-exposure. These results suggest that a G. gallus model can be used to assess infectivity of Campylobacter isolates, including gull and human clinical isolates. Use of an avian animal model can be applied to assess the importance of birds, such as the G. gallus, as potential contributors of waterborne-associated outbreaks of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lye
- Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ian Struewing
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Theresa M Gruber
- Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Eric N Villegas
- Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, USEPA, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Ferrari S, Frosth S, Svensson L, Fernström L, Skarin H, Hansson I. Detection of Campylobacter spp. in water by dead-end ultrafiltration and application at farm level. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1270-1279. [PMID: 31291690 PMCID: PMC6851547 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purposes were to evaluate the detection of low levels of Campylobacter in water by dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) to determine the sensitivity and suitability for use under field condition. METHODS AND RESULTS The DEUF technique followed by detection according to ISO 10272 was tested on artificially and naturally contaminated water. Campylobacter were detected in all samples spiked with more than 10 CFU 60 l-1 and in four of nine samples with a concentration below 10 CFU 60 l-1 water. Naturally contaminated water from five different broiler producers was analysed. Campylobacter were detected in four of 12 samples from ponds near the houses and in three of 24 samples from water pipes inside the broiler houses, but not in tap water sampled at the entrance of the broiler houses. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that DEUF is useful for detection of low numbers of Campylobacter in large volumes of water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Contaminated water is an important source for transmission of Campylobacter to broilers and humans. The concentration of Campylobacter is usually low with a high level of background microbiota. This study shows the advantages of DEUF both in the laboratory and under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ferrari
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - S. Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - L. Svensson
- Department of Disease Control and EpidemiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - L.‐L. Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - H. Skarin
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - I. Hansson
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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12
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Jokinen CC, Hillman E, Tymensen L. Sources of generic Escherichia coli and factors impacting guideline exceedances for food safety in an irrigation reservoir outlet and two canals. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:148-158. [PMID: 30913418 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of all cases of foodborne illness are associated with plant-based foods such as leafy greens and raw flour. An important potential source of pathogen contamination along the food-production continuum is irrigation water, which has led to the implementation of increasingly stringent agricultural irrigation water quality requirements. To better understand factors impacting irrigation water quality, we investigated sources of generic Escherichia coli and how they varied temporally among different sampling sites. Precipitation, Campylobacter species distribution, and physicochemical water quality parameters were also investigated to substantiate microbial source tracking findings. Biweekly sampling was conducted at a reservoir outlet and two downstream canals in southern Alberta, Canada, throughout two irrigation seasons, the latter of which was notable for drought conditions. Overall, 50% of canal samples exceeded Alberta's irrigation guideline for E. coli (100 E. coli per 100 ml), whereas all reservoir samples were below guideline limits. Collectively, E. coli source apportionment, Campylobacter species distribution, and physicochemical water quality data suggest runoff from surrounding agricultural land was a contributing factor to E. coli guideline exceedances in Year 1 only. In Year 2, the majority of exceedances occurred later in the season when there was little precipitation and were largely attributed to cosmopolitan E. coli from wild birds and cattle. Similarities in E. coli host-source and Campylobacter species distributions between the reservoir and canals when the guideline was exceeded suggest the reservoir could be a primary source of E. coli during drought. Increased bacterial concentrations in canals were likely due to environmental conditions that promoted bacterial survival and in-situ proliferation. Our findings support previous accounts that many E. coli isolates possess enhanced survival capabilities, which has implications to bacterial water quality assessments and risk mitigation, particularly under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra C Jokinen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 100, 5401 - 1st Ave S, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Evan Hillman
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 100, 5401 - 1st Ave S, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Lisa Tymensen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 100, 5401 - 1st Ave S, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4V6, Canada.
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13
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Devane ML, Moriarty EM, Robson B, Lin S, Wood D, Webster-Brown J, Gilpin BJ. Relationships between chemical and microbial faecal source tracking markers in urban river water and sediments during and post-discharge of human sewage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1588-1604. [PMID: 30360285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the relationships between faecal source tracking (FST) markers (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) markers and steroids), microbial indicators, the faecal ageing ratio of atypical colonies/total coliforms (AC/TC) and potential human pathogens (Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter). Faecal source PCR markers tested were GenBac3, HumM3, HumBac (HF183-Bac708R); Bifidobacterium adolescentis, wildfowl and canine-associated markers. Sediment and water samples from the Avon River were collected during and post-discharge of untreated human sewage inputs, following a series of earthquakes, which severely damaged the Christchurch sewerage system. Significant, positive Spearman Ranks (rs) correlations were observed between human-associated qPCR markers and steroid FST markers and Escherichia coli and F-specific RNA bacteriophage (rs 0.57 to 0.84, p < 0.001) in water samples. These human source indicative FST markers demonstrated that they were also effective predictors of potentially pathogenic protozoa in water (rs 0.43-0.74, p ≤ 0.002), but correlated less well with Campylobacter. Human-associated qPCR and steroid markers showed significant, substantial agreement between the two FST methods (Cohen's kappa, 0.78, p = 0.023), suggesting that water managers could be confident in the results using either method under these contamination conditions. Low levels of fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) (mean 0.06 μg/L, range 0.01-0.40 μg/L) were observed in water throughout the study, but steroids and FWA appeared to be retained in river sediments, months after continuous sewage discharges had ceased. No relationship was observed between chemical FST markers in sediments and the overlying water, and few correlations in sediment between chemical FST markers and target microorganisms. The low values observed for the faecal ageing ratio, AC/TC in water, were significantly, negatively correlated with increasing pathogen detection. This study provides support for the use of the AC/TC ratio, and qPCR and steroid FST markers as indicators of health risks associated with the discharge of raw human sewage into a freshwater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine M Moriarty
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Beth Robson
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Susan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Webster-Brown
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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14
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Mosi L, Adadey SM, Sowah SA, Yeboah C. Microbiological assessment of sachet water "pure water" from five regions in Ghana. AAS Open Res 2019; 1:12. [PMID: 32259018 PMCID: PMC7117957 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12837.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sachet water, popularly known as “pure water” has become an invaluable entity in most Ghanaian households. Despite its importance, there is no extensive nationwide investigations on its wholesomeness for consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of 41 brands of sachet water sampled in 16 districts across 5 regions in Ghana. Methods: The samples were analyzed for the presence of total and fecal coliform (
Escherichia coli) using the Colilert*- 18 Test Kit. Results: Majority of the samples (56.09%) were excellent, 4.87% satisfactory and 14.63% suspicious. Ten samples (24.4%) were unsatisfactory. For the degree of fecal contamination, (85.56%) were satisfactory, four (9.76%) were suspicious, and two others (4.88%) were unsatisfactory. The contaminations observed could be attributed to poor sanitary conditions (during and/or after production) and failure of some production facilities to adhere to standard manufacturing practices. Conclusion: Our data suggest that microbiological quality sachet water from some sources have not yet attained levels that make it absolutely pure and wholesome for consumption in many areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Mosi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Samuel Mawuli Adadey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Sandra Akoley Sowah
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , University of Queensland, Brisbane , QLD, Australia
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15
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Rincé A, Balière C, Hervio-Heath D, Cozien J, Lozach S, Parnaudeau S, Le Guyader FS, Le Hello S, Giard JC, Sauvageot N, Benachour A, Strubbia S, Gourmelon M. Occurrence of Bacterial Pathogens and Human Noroviruses in Shellfish-Harvesting Areas and Their Catchments in France. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2443. [PMID: 30364306 PMCID: PMC6193098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During a 2-year study, the presence of human pathogenic bacteria and noroviruses was investigated in shellfish, seawater and/or surface sediments collected from three French coastal shellfish-harvesting areas as well as in freshwaters from the corresponding upstream catchments. Bacteria isolated from these samples were further analyzed. Escherichia coli isolates classified into the phylogenetic groups B2, or D and enterococci from Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium species were tested for the presence of virulence genes and for antimicrobial susceptibility. Salmonella members were serotyped and the most abundant serovars (Typhimurium and its monophasic variants and Mbandaka) were genetically characterized by high discriminative subtyping methods. Campylobacter and Vibrio were identified at the species level, and haemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus were searched by tdh- and trh- gene detection. Main results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella in shellfish samples where only members of S. Mbandaka were found. Campylobacter were more frequently isolated than Salmonella and a different distribution of Campylobacter species was observed in shellfish compared to rivers, strongly suggesting possible additional inputs of bacteria. Statistical associations between enteric bacteria, human noroviruses (HuNoVs) and concentration of fecal indicator bacteria revealed that the presence of Salmonella was correlated with that of Campylobacter jejuni and/or C. coli as well as to E. coli concentration. A positive correlation was also found between the presence of C. lari and the detection of HuNoVs. This study highlights the importance of simultaneous detection and characterization of enteric and marine pathogenic bacteria and human noroviruses not only in shellfish but also in catchment waters for a hazard assessment associated with microbial contamination of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rincé
- UNICAEN, U2RM, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Charlotte Balière
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
| | - Dominique Hervio-Heath
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
| | - Joëlle Cozien
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
| | - Solen Lozach
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
| | - Sylvain Parnaudeau
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
| | | | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur,Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Sofia Strubbia
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Institut Pasteur,Paris, France
| | - Michèle Gourmelon
- RBE-SG2M-LSEM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
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16
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Boehm AB, Graham KE, Jennings WC. Can We Swim Yet? Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Risk Assessment of Aging Sewage in Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9634-9645. [PMID: 30080397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the risk of gastrointestinal illness associated with swimming in surface waters with aged sewage contamination. First, a systematic review compiled 333 first order decay rate constants ( k) for human norovirus and its surrogates feline calicivirus and murine norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium, and human-associated indicators in surface water. A meta-analysis investigated effects of sunlight, temperature, and water matrix on k. There was a relatively large number of k for bacterial pathogens and some human-associated indicators ( n > 40), fewer for protozoans ( n = 14-22), and few for human norovirus and its Caliciviridae surrogates ( n = 2-4). Average k ranked: Campylobacter > human-associated markers > Salmonella> E. coli O157:H7 > norovirus and its surrogates > Giardia > Cryptosporidium. Compiled k values were used in a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to simulate gastrointestinal illness risk associated with swimming in water with aged sewage contamination. The QMRA used human-associated fecal indicator HF183 as an index for the amount of sewage present and thereby provided insight into how risk relates to HF183 concentrations in surface water. Because exposure to norovirus contributed the majority of risk, and HF183 k is greater than norovirus k, the risk associated with exposure to a fixed HF183 concentration increases with the age of contamination. Swimmer exposure to sewage after it has aged ∼3 days results in median risks less than 30/1000. A risk-based water quality threshold for HF183 in surface waters that takes into account uncertainty in contamination age is derived to be 4100 copies/100 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Katherine E Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Wiley C Jennings
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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17
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Chhetri VS, Fontenot K, Strahan R, Yemmireddy VK, Parraga Estrada KJ, Adhikari A. Effect of surrounding vegetation on microbial survival or die‐off on watermelon surface in an agriculture setting. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh Chhetri
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Kathryn Fontenot
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Ronald Strahan
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Veerachandra K. Yemmireddy
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | | | - Achyut Adhikari
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana
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18
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Banihashemi A, Van Dyke MI, Huck PM. Application of long amplicon propidium monoazide-PCR to assess the effects of temperature and background microbiota on pathogens in river water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:418-428. [PMID: 28598346 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The decay rates of enteric waterborne pathogens were evaluated following the introduction of Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni and Arcobacter butzleri into river water at different temperatures (5, 15 and 25°C) for a period of 28 days. To improve the accuracy of the results a molecular viability assay, long amplicon propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR), was used to quantify the viable cell concentration and results from PCR with and without PMA were compared. As well, the effect of background microbiota was assessed for Y. enterocolitica and S. enterica by inoculating cells into sterile and non-sterile river water. Cell persistence was improved by up to 4 log for Y. enterocolitica and 4.5 log for S. enterica in sterile river water compared to natural river water, showing that the autochthonous biological activity in river water can accelerate the die-off of introduced bacteria. Results also showed that low temperature significantly improved the persistence of all four target bacteria in non-sterile river water. There was a more rapid decline in cell concentration in samples with PMA pretreatment; therefore using PMA-PCR analysis can provide more reliable data on viable/active enteric bacteria in aquatic microcosms and allows for improved assessment of pathogens in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avid Banihashemi
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 E-mail:
| | - Michele I Van Dyke
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 E-mail:
| | - Peter M Huck
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 E-mail:
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19
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Waseem H, Williams MR, Stedtfeld T, Chai B, Stedtfeld RD, Cole JR, Tiedje JM, Hashsham SA. Virulence factor activity relationships (VFARs): a bioinformatics perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:247-260. [PMID: 28261716 PMCID: PMC5897045 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00689b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Virulence factor activity relationships (VFARs) - a concept loosely based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for chemicals was proposed as a predictive tool for ranking risks due to microorganisms relevant to water safety. A rapid increase in sequencing capabilities and bioinformatics tools has significantly increased the potential for VFAR-based analyses. This review summarizes more than 20 bioinformatics databases and tools, developed over the last decade, along with their virulence and antimicrobial resistance prediction capabilities. With the number of bacterial whole genome sequences exceeding 241 000 and metagenomic analysis projects exceeding 13 000 and the ability to add additional genome sequences for few hundred dollars, it is evident that further development of VFARs is not limited by the availability of information at least at the genomic level. However, additional information related to co-occurrence, treatment response, modulation of virulence due to environmental and other factors, and economic impact must be gathered and incorporated in a manner that also addresses the associated uncertainties. Of the bioinformatics tools, a majority are either designed exclusively for virulence/resistance determination or equipped with a dedicated module. The remaining have the potential to be employed for evaluating virulence. This review focusing broadly on omics technologies and tools supports the notion that these tools are now sufficiently developed to allow the application of VFAR approaches combined with additional engineering and economic analyses to rank and prioritize organisms important to a given niche. Knowledge gaps do exist but can be filled with focused experimental and theoretical analyses that were unimaginable a decade ago. Further developments should consider the integration of the measurement of activity, risk, and uncertainty to improve the current capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Waseem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Maggie R Williams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Tiffany Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Benli Chai
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - James R Cole
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James M Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA and Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Syed A Hashsham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. and Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA and Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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20
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García-Peña FJ, Llorente MT, Serrano T, Ruano MJ, Belliure J, Benzal J, Herrera-León S, Vidal V, D'Amico V, Pérez-Boto D, Barbosa A. Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from Three Species of Antarctic Penguins in Different Geographic Locations. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:78-87. [PMID: 28091764 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Campylobacter species was studied in three Antarctic penguin species, Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua). A total of 390 penguins were captured in 12 different rookeries along the Antarctic Peninsula with differences in the amount of human visitation: six colonies were highly visited [Stranger Point, King George Island (P. papua and P. adeliae); Hannah Point, Livingston Island (P. papua and P. antarctica); Deception Island (P. antarctica); and Paradise Bay, Antarctic Peninsula (P. papua)], and six colonies were rarely visited [Devil's Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island (P. papua); Cierva Cove, Antarctic Peninsula (P. papua); Rongé Island (P. papua and P. antarctica); Yalour Island (P. adeliae); and Avian Island (P. adeliae)]. A total of 23 strains were isolated from penguins from nine different rookeries. Campylobacter lari subsp. lari was isolated from eight samples (seven from P. papua and one from P. adeliae); C. lari subsp. concheus from 13 (ten from P. adeliae and three from P. antarctica) and C. volucris from two samples (both from P. papua). We did not find any significant differences in the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. between the populations in highly and rarely visited areas. This is the first report of C. lari subsp. concheus and C. volucris isolation from penguins in the Antarctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J García-Peña
- Dpto. de Bacteriología 2, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria de Algete (LCV de Algete), Carretera Madrid-Algete M-106, 28110, Algete, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M T Llorente
- Laboratorio de Enterobacterias, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M J Ruano
- Dpto. de Bacteriología 2, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria de Algete (LCV de Algete), Carretera Madrid-Algete M-106, 28110, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Belliure
- Dpto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Benzal
- Dpto. Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - S Herrera-León
- Laboratorio de Enterobacterias, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vidal
- Dpto. Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - V D'Amico
- Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - D Pérez-Boto
- Centro Nacional de Alimentación (AECOSAN), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Barbosa
- Dpto. Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Schang C, Lintern A, Cook PLM, Osborne C, McKinley A, Schmidt J, Coleman R, Rooney G, Henry R, Deletic A, McCarthy D. Presence and survival of culturable Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli in a temperate urban estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1201-1211. [PMID: 27395075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban estuaries throughout the world typically contain elevated levels of faecal contamination, the extent of which is generally assessed using faecal indicator organisms (FIO) such as Escherichia coli. This study assesses whether the bacterial FIO, E. coli is a suitable surrogate for Campylobacter spp., in estuaries. The presence and survival dynamics of culturable E. coli and Campylobacter spp. are compared in the water column, bank sediments and bed sediments of the Yarra River estuary (located in Melbourne, Australia). The presence of E. coli did not necessarily indicate detectable levels of Campylobacter spp. in the water column, bed and bank sediments, but the inactivation rates of the two bacteria were similar in the water column. A key finding of the study is that E. coli and Campylobacter spp. can survive for up to 14days in the water column and up to 21days in the bed and bank sediments of the estuary. Preliminary data presented in this study also suggests that the inactivation rates of the two bacteria may be similar in bed and bank sediments. This undermines previous hypotheses that Campylobacter spp. cannot survive outside of its host and indicates that public health risks can persist in aquatic systems for up to three weeks after the initial contamination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Schang
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Lintern
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Perran L M Cook
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Anand McKinley
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathon Schmidt
- ALS Environmental, Dalmore Drive, Scoresby 3179, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys Coleman
- Melbourne Water Corporation, La Trobe Street, Docklands 3008, Australia
| | - Graham Rooney
- Melbourne Water Corporation, La Trobe Street, Docklands 3008, Australia
| | - Rebekah Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
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Maraccini PA, Wenk J, Boehm AB. Photoinactivation of Eight Health-Relevant Bacterial Species: Determining the Importance of the Exogenous Indirect Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5050-9. [PMID: 27121126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is presently unknown to what extent the endogenous direct, endogenous indirect, and exogenous indirect mechanisms contribute to bacterial photoinactivation in natural surface waters. In this study, we investigated the importance of the exogenous indirect mechanism by conducting photoinactivation experiments with eight health-relevant bacterial species (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli K12, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus bovis). We used three synthetic photosensitizers (methylene blue, rose bengal, and nitrite) and two model natural photosensitizers (Suwannee River natural organic matter and dissolved organic matter isolated from a wastewater treatment wetland) that generated singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. B. thetaiotaomicron had larger first order rate constants than all other organisms under all conditions tested. The presence of the synthetic photosensitizers generally enhanced photoinactivation of Gram-positive facultative anaerobes (Ent. faecalis, Staph. aureus, and Strep. bovis). Among Gram-negative bacteria, only methylene blue with E. coli K12 and rose bengal with C. jejuni showed an enhancing effect. The presence of model natural photosensitizers either reduced or did not affect photoinactivation rate constants. Our findings highlight the importance of the cellular membrane and photosensitizer properties in modulating the contribution of the exogenous indirect mechanism to the overall bacterial photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Maraccini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
- Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Re-inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305, United States
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23
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Salaheen S, Peng M, Biswas D. Ecological Dynamics of Campylobacter in Integrated Mixed Crop-Livestock Farms and Its Prevalence and Survival Ability in Post-Harvest Products. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:641-650. [PMID: 27178350 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ecological distribution of zoonotic bacterial pathogen, Campylobacter, in mixed crop-livestock (MCL) farms compared to conventional farms and their products at pre- and post-harvest levels. A total of 222 Campylobacter isolates were identified. At pre-harvest level, a total of 1287 samples from seven MCL farms, four conventional poultry farms, four organic produce-only and five conventional produce-only farms from Maryland and the DC metropolitan area were analysed from 2012 to 2014. Campylobacter was detected in 11.16% and 3.6% of MCL and conventional farm samples, respectively, but none from produce-only farm samples. Tetracycline resistance was observed in 51.02% of MCL farm isolates but none among conventional farm isolates. For post-harvest analysis, a total of 1281 food products from seven farmers markets, three organic retail supermarkets and three conventional retail supermarkets were collected from the same area. Campylobacter was isolated in 87.5%, 71.43% and 33.33% of whole chicken carcasses in farmers markets, organic and conventional retail supermarkets, respectively. No Campylobacter was detected in post-harvest produce samples due in part to the inability of Campylobacter to survive in absence of sufficient water activity. Overall, this study reveals public health concerns regarding the MCL farm environment and their products that are sold in retail and farmers markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salaheen
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M Peng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - D Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Center for Food Safety and Security System, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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24
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Tambalo DD, Boa T, Aryal B, Yost CK. Temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of Campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:402-10. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. Using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of Campylobacter in the Qu’Appelle River watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites from April to September 2009 (145 samples), and from 5 sampling sites from May to October 2013 (116 samples). Campylobacter was detected in 57% and 16% of the samples collected in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Campylobacter detection was highest in May and June for both sampling years. In 2009, the predominant species were Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter jejuni, with prevalences of 84% and 41%, respectively. Other Campylobacter spp. were detected less frequently. Only C. lari was detected in 2013. The results in 2009 demonstrate the species richness of Campylobacter in water sources within the watershed. The occurrence of Campylobacter in the study area also underscores the importance of monitoring irrigation water used to irrigate fresh produce from a public health prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah D. Tambalo
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Tyler Boa
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bijaya Aryal
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Yost
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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25
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Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B. Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 86:14-23. [PMID: 26479830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather conditions and patterns of extreme weather events. It may lead to changes in health threat to human beings, multiplying existing health problems. This review examines the scientific evidences on the impact of climate change on human infectious diseases. It identifies research progress and gaps on how human society may respond to, adapt to, and prepare for the related changes. Based on a survey of related publications between 1990 and 2015, the terms used for literature selection reflect three aspects--the components of infectious diseases, climate variables, and selected infectious diseases. Humans' vulnerability to the potential health impacts by climate change is evident in literature. As an active agent, human beings may control the related health effects that may be effectively controlled through adopting proactive measures, including better understanding of the climate change patterns and of the compound disease-specific health effects, and effective allocation of technologies and resources to promote healthy lifestyles and public awareness. The following adaptation measures are recommended: 1) to go beyond empirical observations of the association between climate change and infectious diseases and develop more scientific explanations, 2) to improve the prediction of spatial-temporal process of climate change and the associated shifts in infectious diseases at various spatial and temporal scales, and 3) to establish locally effective early warning systems for the health effects of predicated climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yongmei Lu
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666-4684, USA.
| | - Sen Zhou
- Center for Earth System Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Earth System Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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26
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Tang WT, Dai J, Liu R, Chen GH. Microbial ureolysis in the seawater-catalysed urine phosphorus recovery system: Kinetic study and reactor verification. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:10-19. [PMID: 26378727 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has confirmed the feasibility of using seawater as an economical precipitant for urine phosphorus (P) precipitation. However, we still understand very little about the ureolysis in the Seawater-based Urine Phosphorus Recovery (SUPR) system despite its being a crucial step for urine P recovery. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the kinetics of microbial ureolysis in the seawater-urine system. Indigenous bacteria from urine and seawater exhibited relatively low ureolytic activity, but they adapted quickly to the urine-seawater mixture during batch cultivation. During cultivation, both the abundance and specific ureolysis rate of the indigenous bacteria were greatly enhanced as confirmed by a biomass-dependent Michaelis-Menten model. The period for fully ureolysis was decreased from 180 h to 2.5 h after four cycles of cultivation. Based on the successful cultivation, a lab-scale SUPR reactor was set up to verify the fast ureolysis and efficient P recovery in the SUPR system. Nearly complete urine P removal was achieved in the reactor in 6 h without adding any chemicals. Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis revealed that the predominant groups of bacteria in the SUPR reactor likely originated from seawater rather than urine. Moreover, batch tests confirmed the high ureolysis rates and high phosphorus removal efficiency induced by cultivated bacteria in the SUPR reactor under seawater-to-urine mixing ratios ranging from 1:1 to 9:1. This study has proved that the enrichment of indigenous bacteria in the SUPR system can lead to sufficient ureolytic activity for phosphate precipitation, thus providing an efficient and economical method for urine P recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji Dai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rulong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guang-Hao Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Abstract
Campylobacter lari is frequently isolated from shore birds and can cause illness in humans. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of a urease-positive strain of C. lari that was isolated in estuarial water on the coast of Delaware, USA.
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28
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LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4616-25. [PMID: 25934617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00444-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disposal of fecally contaminated poultry litter by land application can deliver pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) into receiving waters via runoff. While water quality is regulated by FIB enumeration, FIB testing provides inadequate information about contamination source and health risk. This microbial source tracking (MST) study compared the persistence of the Brevibacterium sp. strain LA35 16S rRNA gene (marker) for poultry litter with that of pathogens and FIB under outdoor, environmentally relevant conditions in freshwater, marine water, and sediments over 7 days. Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Bacteroidales, and LA35 were enumerated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were quantified by culture and qPCR. Unlike the other bacteria, C. jejuni was not detectable after 48 h. Bacterial levels in the water column consistently declined over time and were highly correlated among species. Survival in sediments ranged from a slow decrease over time to growth, particularly in marine microcosms and for Bacteroidales. S. enterica also grew in marine sediments. Linear decay rates in water (k) ranged from -0.17 day(-1) for LA35 to -3.12 day(-1) for C. coli. LA35 levels correlated well with those of other bacteria in the water column but not in sediments. These observations suggest that, particularly in the water column, the fate of LA35 in aquatic environments is similar to that of FIB, C. coli, and Salmonella, supporting the hypothesis that the LA35 marker gene can be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of poultry litter on water quality and human health risk.
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29
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Miller WG, Yee E, Chapman MH, Smith TPL, Bono JL, Huynh S, Parker CT, Vandamme P, Luong K, Korlach J. Comparative genomics of the Campylobacter lari group. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:3252-66. [PMID: 25381664 PMCID: PMC4986449 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacter lari group is a phylogenetic clade within the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria and is part of the thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., a division within the genus that includes the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The C. lari group is currently composed of five species (C. lari, Campylobacter insulaenigrae, Campylobacter volucris, Campylobacter subantarcticus, and Campylobacter peloridis), as well as a group of strains termed the urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (UPTC) and other C. lari-like strains. Here we present the complete genome sequences of 11 C. lari group strains, including the five C. lari group species, four UPTC strains, and a lari-like strain isolated in this study. The genome of C. lari subsp. lari strain RM2100 was described previously. Analysis of the C. lari group genomes indicates that this group is highly related at the genome level. Furthermore, these genomes are strongly syntenic with minor rearrangements occurring only in 4 of the 12 genomes studied. The C. lari group can be bifurcated, based on the flagella and flagellar modification genes. Genomic analysis of the UPTC strains indicated that these organisms are variable but highly similar, closely related to but distinct from C. lari. Additionally, the C. lari group contains multiple genes encoding hemagglutination domain proteins, which are either contingency genes or linked to conserved contingency genes. Many of the features identified in strain RM2100, such as major deficiencies in amino acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism, are conserved across all 12 genomes, suggesting that these common features may play a role in the association of the C. lari group with coastal environments and watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Emma Yee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Mary H Chapman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - James L Bono
- Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Khai Luong
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California
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30
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Devane ML, Moriarty EM, Wood D, Webster-Brown J, Gilpin BJ. The impact of major earthquakes and subsequent sewage discharges on the microbial quality of water and sediments in an urban river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:666-680. [PMID: 24747258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of large earthquakes struck the city of Christchurch, New Zealand in 2010-2011. Major damage sustained by the sewerage infrastructure required direct discharge of up to 38,000 m(3)/day of raw sewage into the Avon River of Christchurch for approximately six months. This allowed evaluation of the relationship between concentrations of indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and F-RNA phage) and pathogens (Campylobacter, Giardia and Cryptosporidium) in recreational water and sediment both during and post-cessation of sewage discharges. Giardia was the pathogen found most frequently in river water and sediment, although Campylobacter was found at higher levels in water samples. E. coli levels in water above 550 CFU/100 mL were associated with increased likelihood of detection of Campylobacter, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, supporting the use of E. coli as a reliable indicator for public health risk. The strength of the correlation of microbial indicators with pathogen detection in water decreased in the following order: E. coli>F-RNA phage>C. perfringens. All the microorganisms assayed in this study could be recovered from sediments. C. perfringens was observed to accumulate in sediments, which may have confounded its usefulness as an indicator of fresh sewage discharge. F-RNA phage, however, did not appear to accumulate in sediment and in conjunction with E. coli, may have potential as an indicator of recent human sewage discharge in freshwater. There is evidence to support the low-level persistence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, but not Campylobacter, in river sediments after cessation of sewage discharges. In the event of disturbances of the sediment, it is highly probable that there could be re-mobilisation of microorganisms beyond the sediment-water exchange processes occurring under base flow conditions. Re-suspension events do, therefore, increase the potential risk to human health for those who participate in recreational and work-related activities in the river environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand; Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine M Moriarty
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Webster-Brown
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, New Zealand
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31
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Sterk A, Schijven J, de Nijs T, de Roda Husman AM. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on the risk of infection by water-transmitted pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12648-12660. [PMID: 24125400 DOI: 10.1021/es403549s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is likely to affect the infectious disease burden from exposure to pathogens in water used for drinking and recreation. Effective intervention measures require quantification of impacts of climate change on the distribution of pathogens in the environment and their potential effects on human health. Objectives of this systematic review were to summarize current knowledge available to estimate how climate change may directly and indirectly affect infection risks due to Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, norovirus, and Vibrio. Secondary objectives were to prioritize natural processes and interactions that are susceptible to climate change and to identify knowledge gaps. Search strategies were determined based on a conceptual model and scenarios with the main emphasis on The Netherlands. The literature search resulted in a large quantity of publications on climate variables affecting pathogen input and behavior in aquatic environments. However, not all processes and pathogens are evenly covered by the literature, and in many cases, the direction of change is still unclear. To make useful predictions of climate change, it is necessary to combine both negative and positive effects. This review provides an overview of the most important effects of climate change on human health and shows the importance of QMRA to quantify the net effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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32
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Pitkänen T. Review of Campylobacter spp. in drinking and environmental waters. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gu G, Luo Z, Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Adams P, Vellidis G, Wright A, van Bruggen AHC. Occurrence and population density of Campylobacter jejuni in irrigation ponds on produce farms in the Suwannee River Watershed. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:339-46. [PMID: 23647347 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni, are common causal agents of gastroenteritis globally. Poultry, contaminated water, and fresh produce are considered to be the main sources for infection by this pathogen. In this study, occurrence and population density of C. jejuni from vegetable irrigation ponds in the Suwannee River watershed were investigated and the relationship to environmental factors was analyzed. Two water samples were collected from each of 10 ponds every month from January 2011 to February 2012. Campylobacter jejuni was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Nine of the 10 ponds were positive for C. jejuni some of the time with an overall prevalence of 19.3%. The highest counts were obtained in spring 2011. Oxidation-reduction potential and total nitrogen concentration were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with mean population and occurrence of C. jejuni, while temperature and dissolved oxygen percent saturation (DO%) were negatively correlated with mean population (P < 0.05). Presence of this pathogen was related to bacterial community composition. No correlations were found between C. jejuni and fecal indicators. Increasing DO% of irrigation water and limiting nitrogen pollution in the ponds are suggested to reduce the contamination risk of C. jejuni in a major fruit and vegetable growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Griekspoor P, Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Hansbro PM, Ashhurst-Smith C, Olsen B, Hasselquist D, Maiden MCJ, Waldenström J. Marked host specificity and lack of phylogeographic population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1463-72. [PMID: 23356487 PMCID: PMC3596980 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens often infect several animal species, and gene flow among populations infecting different host species may affect the biological traits of the pathogen including host specificity, transmissibility and virulence. The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a widespread zoonotic multihost pathogen, which frequently causes gastroenteritis in humans. Poultry products are important transmission vehicles to humans, but the bacterium is common in other domestic and wild animals, particularly birds, which are a potential infection source. Population genetic studies of C. jejuni have mainly investigated isolates from humans and domestic animals, so to assess C. jejuni population structure more broadly and investigate host adaptation, 928 wild bird isolates from Europe and Australia were genotyped by multilocus sequencing and compared to the genotypes recovered from 1366 domestic animal and human isolates. Campylobacter jejuni populations from different wild bird species were distinct from each other and from those from domestic animals and humans, and the host species of wild bird was the major determinant of C. jejuni genotype, while geographic origin was of little importance. By comparison, C. jejuni differentiation was restricted between more phylogenetically diverse farm animals, indicating that domesticated animals may represent a novel niche for C. jejuni and thereby driving the evolution of those bacteria as they exploit this niche. Human disease is dominated by isolates from this novel domesticated animal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Griekspoor
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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35
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Paul ND, Moore JP, McPherson M, Lambourne C, Croft P, Heaton JC, Wargent JJ. Ecological responses to UV radiation: interactions between the biological effects of UV on plants and on associated organisms. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:565-81. [PMID: 22150399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (280-315 nm) has a wide range of effects on terrestrial ecosystems, yet our understanding of how UV-B influences the complex interactions of plants with pest, pathogen and related microorganisms remains limited. Here, we report the results of a series of experiments in Lactuca sativa which aimed to characterize not only key plant responses to UV radiation in a field environment but also consequential effects for plant interactions with a sap-feeding insect, two model plant pathogens and phylloplane microorganism populations. Three spectrally modifying filters with contrasting UV transmissions were used to filter ambient sunlight, and when compared with our UV-inclusive filter, L. sativa plants grown in a zero UV-B environment showed significantly increased shoot fresh weight, reduced foliar pigment concentrations and suppressed population growth of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Plants grown under a filter which allowed partial transmission of UV-A radiation and negligible UV-B transmission showed increased density of leaf surface phylloplane microbes compared with the UV-inclusive treatment. Effects of UV treatment on the severity of two plant pathogens, Bremia lactucae and Botrytis cinerea, were complex as both the UV-inclusive and zero UV-B filters reduced the severity of pathogen persistence. These results are discussed with reference to known spectral responses of plants, insects and microorganisms, and contrasted with established fundamental responses of plants and other organisms to solar UV radiation, with particular emphasis on the need for future integration between different experimental approaches when investigating the effects of solar UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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de Haan CPA, Lampén K, Corander J, Hänninen ML. Multilocus Sequence Types of EnvironmentalCampylobacter jejuniIsolates and their Similarities to those of Human, Poultry and BovineC. jejuniIsolates. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:125-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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El-Adawy H, Hotzel H, Tomaso H, Neubauer H, Hafez HM. Elucidation of colonization time and prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species during turkey rearing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Poult Sci 2012; 91:454-9. [PMID: 22252360 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two turkey flocks (male and female) and the environment of their house were investigated for the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter. Sample DNA was extracted directly from fecal material and environmental samples. Bacterial identification was done using a modified Campylobacter species specific multiplex PCR. The times needed for colonization and prevalence in male and female turkeys were determined independently. All environmental samples collected before restocking were negative in the PCR analysis, showing a good hygiene and biosecurity system. The first positive PCR results were obtained in drinking water samples at 6 d of age. Colonization occurred between the second and third week of age, starting in female birds and then followed by the males. Campylobacter jejuni was detected by multiplex PCR at first; later on, Campylobacter coli and mixtures of both were seen. After the 9 wk of age, the colonization of the flocks was completed. Great attention should be given to drinking water as a supposed source of Campylobacter contamination. Multiplex PCR proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and cheap tool for the diagnosis of Campylobacter contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, Jena, Germany.
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Sokolova E, Aström J, Pettersson TJR, Bergstedt O, Hermansson M. Decay of Bacteroidales genetic markers in relation to traditional fecal indicators for water quality modeling of drinking water sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:892-900. [PMID: 22148545 DOI: 10.1021/es2024498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of microbial fecal source tracking (MST) methods in drinking water management is limited by the lack of knowledge on the transport and decay of host-specific genetic markers in water sources. To address these limitations, the decay and transport of human (BacH) and ruminant (BacR) fecal Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers in a drinking water source (Lake Rådasjön in Sweden) were simulated using a microbiological model coupled to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The microbiological model was calibrated using data from outdoor microcosm trials performed in March, August, and November 2010 to determine the decay of BacH and BacR markers in relation to traditional fecal indicators. The microcosm trials indicated that the persistence of BacH and BacR in the microcosms was not significantly different from the persistence of traditional fecal indicators. The modeling of BacH and BacR transport within the lake illustrated that the highest levels of genetic markers at the raw water intakes were associated with human fecal sources (on-site sewers and emergency sewer overflow). This novel modeling approach improves the interpretation of MST data, especially when fecal pollution from the same host group is released into the water source from different sites in the catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sokolova
- Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Van Dyke MI, Morton VK, McLellan NL, Huck PM. The occurrence of Campylobacter in river water and waterfowl within a watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 109:1053-66. [PMID: 20408936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Quantitative PCR and a culture method were used to investigate Campylobacter occurrence over 3 years in a watershed located in southern Ontario, Canada that is used as a source of drinking water. METHODS AND RESULTS Direct DNA extraction from river water followed by quantitative PCR analysis detected thermophilic campylobacters at low concentrations (<130 cells 100 ml(-1) ) in 57-79% of samples taken from five locations. By comparison, a culture-based method detected Campylobacter in 0-23% of samples. Water quality parameters such as total Escherichia coli were not highly correlated with Campylobacter levels, although higher pathogen concentrations were observed at colder water temperatures (<10°C). Strains isolated from river water were primarily nalidixic acid-susceptible Campylobacter lari, and selected isolates were identified as Campylobacter lari ssp. concheus. Campylobacter from wild birds (seagulls, ducks and geese) were detected at a similar rate using PCR (32%) and culture-based (29%) methods, and although Campylobacter jejuni was isolated most frequently, C. lari ssp. concheus was also detected. CONCLUSIONS Campylobacter were frequently detected at low concentrations in the watershed. Higher prevalence rates using quantitative PCR was likely because of the formation of viable but nonculturable cells and low recovery of the culture method. In addition to animal and human waste, waterfowl can be an important contributor of Campylobacter in the environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results of this study show that Campylobacter in surface water can be an important vector for human disease transmission and that method selection is important in determining pathogen occurrence in a water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Van Dyke
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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40
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Murdoch LE, Maclean M, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Inactivation ofCampylobacter jejuniby Exposure to High-Intensity 405-nm Visible Light. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1211-6. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Elizabeth Murdoch
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - John G. Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Rodríguez S, Araujo R. Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in surface waters of a Mediterranean area and in its prevailing pollution sources. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1027-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter spp. from Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) at Deception Island, Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6013-6. [PMID: 20639356 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00316-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Campylobacter spp. was investigated in 41 Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) and 9 Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) at Deception Island, Antarctica. Infections were encountered in six Antarctic fur seals. The isolates, the first reported from marine mammals in the Antarctic region, were identified as Campylobacter insulaenigrae and Campylobacter lari.
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Schoen ME, Ashbolt NJ. Assessing pathogen risk to swimmers at non-sewage impacted recreational beaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2286-91. [PMID: 20201509 DOI: 10.1021/es903523q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of gastrointestinal illness to swimmers from fresh sewage and non-sewage fecal sources at recreational beaches was predicted using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The QMRA estimated the probability of illness for accidental ingestion of recreational water with a specific concentration of fecal indicator bacteria, here the geometric mean enterococci limit of 35 cfu 100 mL(-1), from either a mixture of sources or an individual source. Using seagulls as an example non-sewage fecal source, the predicted median probability of illness was less than the illness benchmark of 0.01. When the fecal source was changed to poorly treated sewage, a relativity small difference between the median probability of illness and the illness benchmark was predicted. For waters impacted by a mixture of seagull and sewage waste, the dominant source of fecal indicator was not always the predicted dominant source of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Schoen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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45
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Benskin CMH, Wilson K, Jones K, Hartley IR. Bacterial pathogens in wild birds: a review of the frequency and effects of infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 84:349-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Molecular epidemiology and characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolated from wild bird populations in northern England. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3007-15. [PMID: 19286781 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02458-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. To address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird populations in northern England were carried out over a 2-year period. Fecal samples were collected from 2,084 wild bird individuals and screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. A total of 56 isolates were recovered from 29 birds sampled at 15 of 167 diverse locales. Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli were detected by PCR, and the prevalences of different Campylobacter spp. in different avian families ranged from 0% to 33%. Characterization of 36 C. jejuni isolates by multilocus sequence typing revealed that wild birds carry both livestock-associated and unique strains of C. jejuni. However, the apparent absence of unique wild bird strains of C. jejuni in livestock suggests that the direction of infection is predominantly from livestock to wild birds. C. lari was detected mainly in wild birds sampled in an estuarine or coastal habitat. Fifteen C. lari isolates were analyzed by macrorestriction pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which revealed genetically diverse populations of C. lari in Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) and clonal populations in magpies (Pica pica).
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47
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Miller WG, Wang G, Binnewies TT, Parker CT. The complete genome sequence and analysis of the human pathogen Campylobacter lari. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:371-86. [PMID: 18713059 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter lari is a member of the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria and is part of the thermotolerant Campylobacter group, a clade that includes the human pathogen C. jejuni. Here we present the complete genome sequence of the human clinical isolate, C. lari RM2100. The genome of strain RM2100 is approximately 1.53 Mb and includes the 46 kb megaplasmid pCL2100. Also present within the strain RM2100 genome is a 36 kb putative prophage, termed CLIE1, which is similar to CJIE4, a putative prophage present within the C. jejuni RM1221 genome. Nearly all (90%) of the gene content in strain RM2100 is similar to genes present in the genomes of other characterized thermotolerant campylobacters. However, several genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism, identified previously in other Campylobacter genomes, are absent from the C. lari RM2100 genome. Therefore, C. lari RM2100 is predicted to be multiply auxotrophic, unable to synthesize eight different amino acids, acetyl-coA, and pantothenate. Additionally, strain RM2100 does not contain a complete TCA cycle and is missing the CydAB terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain. Defects in the amino acid biosynthetic pathways in this organism could be potentially compensated by the large number of encoded peptidases. Nevertheless, the apparent absence of certain key enzymatic functions in strain RM2100 would be expected to have an impact on C. lari biology. It is also possible that the reduction in the C. lari metabolic machinery is related to its environmental range and host preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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Hanning I, Jarquin R, Slavik M. Campylobacter jejunias a secondary colonizer of poultry biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Howe JC, Devereux CL, Gosler AG, Maiden MCJ. Dynamics of Campylobacter colonization of a natural host, Sturnus vulgaris (European starling). Environ Microbiol 2008; 11:258-67. [PMID: 18826435 PMCID: PMC2702492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wild European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) shed Campylobacter at high rates, suggesting that they may be a source of human and farm animal infection. A survey of Campylobacter shedding of 957 wild starlings was undertaken by culture of faecal specimens and genetic analysis of the campylobacters isolated: shedding rates were 30.6% for Campylobacter jejuni, 0.6% for C. coli and 6.3% for C. lari. Genotyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antigen sequence typing established that these bacteria were distinct from poultry or human disease isolates with the ST-177 and ST-682 clonal complexes possibly representing starling-adapted genotypes. There was seasonal variation in both shedding rate and genotypic diversity, both exhibiting a maximum during the late spring/early summer. Host age also affected Campylobacter shedding, which was higher in younger birds, and turnover was rapid with no evidence of cross-immunity among Campylobacter species or genotypes. In nestlings, C. jejuni shedding was evident from 9 days of age but siblings were not readily co-infected. The dynamics of Campylobacter infection of starlings differed from that observed in commercial poultry and consequently there was no evidence that wild starlings represent a major source of Campylobacter infections of food animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Colles
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK.
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50
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Bactericidal effect of solar water disinfection under real sunlight conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2997-3001. [PMID: 18359829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02415-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Batch solar disinfection (SODIS) inactivation kinetics are reported for suspensions in water of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and endospores of Bacillus subtilis, exposed to strong natural sunlight in Spain and Bolivia. The exposure time required for complete inactivation (at least 4-log-unit reduction and below the limit of detection, 17 CFU/ml) under conditions of strong natural sunlight (maximum global irradiance, approximately 1,050 W m(-2) +/- 10 W m(-2)) was as follows: C. jejuni, 20 min; S. epidermidis, 45 min; enteropathogenic E. coli, 90 min; Y. enterocolitica, 150 min. Following incomplete inactivation of B. subtilis endospores after the first day, reexposure of these samples on the following day found that 4% (standard error, 3%) of the endospores remained viable after a cumulative exposure time of 16 h of strong natural sunlight. SODIS is shown to be effective against the vegetative cells of a number of emerging waterborne pathogens; however, bacterial species which are spore forming may survive this intervention process.
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