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de Almeida OGG, Bertozzi BG, de Oliveira Rocha L, von Hertwig AM, Arroyo DMD, de Martinis ECP, Nascimento MS. Genomic-wide analysis of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from peanuts in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 420:110767. [PMID: 38820989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Peanut-based products have been associated with Salmonella foodborne outbreaks and/or recalls worldwide. The ability of Salmonella to persist for a long time in a low moisture environment can contribute to this kind of contamination. The objective of this study was to analyse the genome of five S. enterica enterica strains isolated from the peanut supply chain in Brazil, as well as to identify genetic determinants for survival under desiccation and validate these findings by phenotypic test of desiccation stress. The strains were in silico serotyped using the platform SeqSero2 as Miami (M2851), Javiana (M2973), Oranienburg (M2976), Muenster (M624), and Glostrup/Chomedey (M7864); with phylogenomic analysis support. Based on Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) the strains were assigned to STs 140, 1674, 321, 174, and 2519. In addition, eight pathogenicity islands were found in all the genomes using the SPIFinder 2.0 (SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-9, SPI-13, SPI-14). The absence of a SPI-4 may indicate a loss of this island in the surveyed genomes. For the pangenomic analysis, 49 S. enterica genomes were input into the Roary pipeline. The majority of the stress related genes were considered as soft-core genes and were located on the chromosome. A desiccation stress phenotypic test was performed in trypticase soy broth (TSB) with four different water activity (aw) values. M2976 and M7864, both isolated from the peanut samples with the lowest aw, showed the highest OD570nm in TSB aw 0.964 and were statistically different (p < 0.05) from the strain isolated from the peanut sample with the highest aw (0.997). In conclusion, genome analyses have revealed signatures of desiccation adaptation in Salmonella strains, but phenotypic analyses suggested the environment influences the adaptive ability of Salmonella to overcome desiccation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Guilherme Gonçalves de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gerfi Bertozzi
- Departamento de Ciência e Nutrição de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Liliana de Oliveira Rocha
- Departamento de Ciência e Nutrição de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Aline Morgan von Hertwig
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Diana Mara Dias Arroyo
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Pereira de Martinis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maristela Silva Nascimento
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil.
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2
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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3
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Shetty D, Kenney LJ. A pH-sensitive switch activates virulence in Salmonella. eLife 2023; 12:e85690. [PMID: 37706506 PMCID: PMC10519707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator SsrB acts as a switch between virulent and biofilm lifestyles of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. During infection, phosphorylated SsrB activates genes on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 (SPI-2) essential for survival and replication within the macrophage. Low pH inside the vacuole is a key inducer of expression and SsrB activation. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in SsrB protein levels and DNA-binding affinity at low pH; the molecular basis was unknown (Liew et al., 2019). This study elucidates its underlying mechanism and in vivo significance. Employing single-molecule and transcriptional assays, we report that the SsrB DNA-binding domain alone (SsrBc) is insufficient to induce acid pH-sensitivity. Instead, His12, a conserved residue in the receiver domain confers pH sensitivity to SsrB allosterically. Acid-dependent DNA binding was highly cooperative, suggesting a new configuration of SsrB oligomers at SPI-2-dependent promoters. His12 also plays a role in SsrB phosphorylation; substituting His12 reduced phosphorylation at neutral pH and abolished pH-dependent differences. Failure to flip the switch in SsrB renders Salmonella avirulent and represents a potential means of controlling virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasvit Shetty
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Linda J Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at GalvestonGalvestonUnited States
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4
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Cobb J, Soliman SSM, Retuerto M, Quijano JC, Orr C, Ghannoum M, Kandeel F, Husseiny MI. Changes in the gut microbiota of NOD mice in response to an oral Salmonella-based vaccine against type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285905. [PMID: 37224176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an oral Salmonella-based vaccine that prevents and reverses diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Related to this, the gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiome, that influences host homeostasis and metabolism. Changes in the gut microbiome are associated with insulin dysfunction and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Oral administration of diabetic autoantigens as a vaccine can restore immune balance. However, it was not known if a Salmonella-based vaccine would impact the gut microbiome. We administered a Salmonella-based vaccine to prediabetic NOD mice. Changes in the gut microbiota and associated metabolome were assessed using next-generation sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Salmonella-based vaccine did not cause significant changes in the gut microbiota composition immediately after vaccination although at 30 days post-vaccination changes were seen. Additionally, no changes were noted in the fecal mycobiome between vaccine- and control/vehicle-treated mice. Significant changes in metabolic pathways related to inflammation and proliferation were found after vaccine administration. The results from this study suggest that an oral Salmonella-based vaccine alters the gut microbiome and metabolome towards a more tolerant composition. These results support the use of orally administered Salmonella-based vaccines that induced tolerance after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cobb
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Orr
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed I Husseiny
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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5
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Kumar Panda R, Darshana Patra S, Kumar Mohakud N, Ranjan Sahu B, Ghosh M, Misra N, Suar M. Draft genome of clinical isolate Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ms204 from Odisha, India, reveals multi drug resistance and decreased virulent gene expression. Gene 2023; 863:147248. [PMID: 36738898 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis, a food-borne illnesses caused by enteropathogenic bacterium Salmonella spp., is a continuous concern in both developed and developing countries. This study was carried out to perform an in-depth examination of an MDR Salmonella strain isolated from gastroenteritis patients in Odisha, India, in order to understand the genomic architecture, distribution of pathogenic island regions, and virulence factor diversity. Fecal samples were obtained from individuals with acute gastroenteritis and further subjected to panel of biochemical tests. The IlluminaHiSeq X sequencer system was used to generate whole-genome sequencing. The draft genome was submitted to gene prediction and annotation using RAST annotation system. Pathogenicity Island database and bioinformatics pipeline were used to find Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) from the built scaffold. The gene expression in SPI1 and SPI2 encoded regions was investigated using qRT-PCR. The taxonomic position of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium was validated by serotype analysis and 16S rRNA based phylogenetic analysis. The de-novo genome assembly showed total length of 5,034,110 bp and produced 37 contigs. There are nine prophage areas, comprising of 12 regions and scaffold 8 contained a single plasmid, IncFIB. The isolate contains six known SPI genes content which was shown to be largely conserved from SPI1 to SPI2. We identified the sit ABCD cluster regulatory cascade and acquired antibiotic resistance genes in S. enterica Typhimurium ms204. Further research may aid in the correct diagnosis and monitoring of MDR Salmonella strains with a variety of physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, India
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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6
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Wang S, Hao J, Yang J, Zhang Q, Li A. The Attenuation Mechanism and Live Vaccine Potential of a Low-Virulence Edwardsiella ictaluri Strain Obtained by Rifampicin Passaging Culture. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:167-179. [PMID: 36734130 PMCID: PMC9998210 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rifampicin-resistant strain E9-302 of Edwardsiella ictaluri strain 669 (WT) was generated by continuous passage on BHI agar plates containing increasing concentrations of rifampicin. E9-302 was attenuated significantly by 119 times to zebrafish Danio rerio compared to WT in terms of the 50% lethal dose (LD50). Zebrafish vaccinated with E9-302 via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at a dose of 1 × 103 CFU/fish had relative percentage survival (RPS) rates of 85.7% when challenged with wild-type E. ictaluri via IP 14 days post-vaccination (dpv). After 14 days of primary vaccination with E9-302 via immersion (IM) at a dose of 4 × 107 CFU/ml, a booster IM vaccination with E9-302 at a dose of 2 × 107 CFU/ml exhibited 65.2% RPS against challenge with wild-type E. ictaluri via IP 7 days later. These results indicated that the rifampicin-resistant attenuated strain E9-302 had potential as a live vaccine against E. ictaluri infection. A previously unreported amino acid site change at position 142 of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) β subunit encoded by the gene rpoB associated with rifampicin resistance was identified. Analysis of the whole-genome sequencing results revealed multiple missense mutations in the virulence-related genes esrB and sspH2 in E9-302 compared with WT, and a 189 bp mismatch in one gene, whose coding product was highly homologous to glycosyltransferase family 39 protein. This study preliminarily explored the molecular mechanism underlying the virulence attenuation of rifampicin-resistant strain E9-302 and provided a new target for the subsequent study of the pathogenic mechanism of E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jicheng Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Tahir H, Basit A, Tariq H, Haider Z, Ullah A, Hayat Z, Rehman SU. Coupling CRISPR/Cas9 and Lambda Red Recombineering System for Genome Editing of Salmonella Gallinarum and the Effect of ssaU Knock-Out Mutant on the Virulence of Bacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123028. [PMID: 36551784 PMCID: PMC9776377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry in developing countries still faces a significant threat from fowl typhoid, a disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum that has been well contained in more economically developed countries. In addition to the virulence exhibited by large virulence plasmid (85 kb), Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 in S. Gallinarum plays a key role in mediating disease through its type III secretion systems (TTSS). The TTSS secrete effector protein across the Salmonella containing vacuoles and mediate the internalization of bacteria by modulating vesicular passage. In this study, candidate virulent ssaU gene (~1 kb) encoding type III secretion system was successfully deleted from indigenously isolated S. Gallinarum genome through homology-directed repair using CRISPR/Cas9 and lambda recombination systems. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of poultry-derived Salmonella Gallinarum has not been previously reported, which might be linked to a lack of efficiency in its genetic tools. This is the first study which demonstrates a complete CRISPR/Cas9-based gene deletion from this bacterial genome. More importantly, a poultry experimental model was employed to assess the virulence potential of this mutant strain (ΔssaU_SG18) which was unable to produce any mortality in the experimentally challenged birds as compared to the wild type strain. No effect on weight gain was observed whereas bacteria were unable to colonize the intestine and liver in our challenge model. This in vivo loss of virulence in mutant strain provides an excellent functionality of this system to be useful in live vaccine development against this resistant and patho genic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Tahir
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Hafsa Tariq
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Zulquernain Haider
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ullah
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Zafar Hayat
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-3214905423
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8
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Mohakud NK, Panda RK, Patra SD, Sahu BR, Ghosh M, Kushwaha GS, Misra N, Suar M. Genome analysis and virulence gene expression profile of a multi drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ms202. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:28. [PMID: 35765034 PMCID: PMC9237969 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In India, multi-drug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium poses a significant health threat. Indeed, S. Typhimurium has remained unknown for a large portion of its genome associated with various physiological functions including mechanism of drug resistance and virulence. The whole-genome sequence of a Salmonella strain obtained from feces of a patient with gastroenteritis in Odisha, India, was analyzed for understanding the disease association and underlying virulence mechanisms. Results The de novo assembly yielded 17 contigs and showed 99.9% similarity to S. enterica sub sp enterica strain LT2 and S. enteric subsp salamae strain DSM 9220. S. Typhimurium ms202 strain constitutes six known Salmonella pathogenicity islands and nine different phages. The comparative interpretation of pathogenic islands displayed the genes contained in SPI-1 and SPI-2 to be highly conserved. We identified sit ABCD cluster regulatory cascade in SPI-1. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified that directly implies antibiotic-resistant phenotype. Notably, seven unique genes were identified as "acquired antibiotic resistance". These data suggest that virulence in S. enterica Typhimurium ms202 is associated with SPI-1 and SPI-2. Further, we found several virulent genes encoding SPI regions belonging to type III secretion systems (T3SS) of bacteria were significantly upregulated in ms202 compared to control LT2. Moreover, all these genes were significantly downregulated in S. enterica Typhimurium ms202 as compared to control LT2 on adding Mn2+ exogenously. Conclusions Our study raises a vital concern about the potential diffusion of a novel multi-drug resistant S. enterica Typhimurium ms202. It justifies this clinical pathogen to demonstrate a higher degree survival due to higher expression of virulent genes and enhanced ability of metallic ion acquisition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-022-00498-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | | | | | | | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. .,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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9
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Yan M, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Lu X, Pang B, Wang S, Kan B. Salmonella enterica subsp. II serovar 4,5,12:a:- may cause gastroenteritis infections in humans. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2089007. [PMID: 35734810 PMCID: PMC9235882 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2089007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some serovars of Salmonella are not or rare found to cause salmonellosis in human. In our clinic-based surveillance, three rare Salmonella 4,5,12:a:- strains were recovered from three patients with diarrhea. To explore their genetic and epidemiological characteristics and pathogenesis, we conducted whole-genome sequencing, in vitro invasion assays in mammalian cells, and in vivo virulence assays in an animal model. The three isolates had indistinguishable molecular patterns and similar genome sequences, and clustered together with an isolate from edible fish traded among countries. The isolates had biochemical reactions identical with those of Salmonella subspecies enterica but belonged to subspecies salamae according to genome phylogeny, revealing a new serovar, S. enterica subsp. II serovar 4,5,12:a:-. The strains contained multiple virulence genes, elicited temporary bacteremia and enteritidis and caused cell damage in the mouse liver and cecum. This study provides evidence that this new Salmonella salamae serovar can infect humans and cause clusters of cases, and whole-genome sequencing detection and surveillance of Salmonella can help to accurately define Salmonella classification and clonality, improve diagnosis, facilitate outbreak detection and aid in the source tracing of salmonellosis epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- Institute for Acute Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- Institute for Acute Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,CONTACT Biao Kan Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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10
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Pan J, Li W, Ni J, Wu K, Konigsberg I, Rivera CE, Tincher C, Gregory C, Zhou X, Doak TG, Lee H, Wang Y, Gao X, Lynch M, Long H. Rates of Mutations and Transcript Errors in the Foodborne Pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac081. [PMID: 35446958 PMCID: PMC9040049 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because errors at the DNA level power pathogen evolution, a systematic understanding of the rate and molecular spectra of mutations could guide the avoidance and treatment of infectious diseases. We thus accumulated tens of thousands of spontaneous mutations in 768 repeatedly bottlenecked lineages of 18 strains from various geographical sites, temporal spread, and genetic backgrounds. Entailing over ∼1.36 million generations, the resultant data yield an average mutation rate of ∼0.0005 per genome per generation, with a significant within-species variation. This is one of the lowest bacterial mutation rates reported, giving direct support for a high genome stability in this pathogen resulting from high DNA-mismatch-repair efficiency and replication-machinery fidelity. Pathogenicity genes do not exhibit an accelerated mutation rate, and thus, elevated mutation rates may not be the major determinant for the diversification of toxin and secretion systems. Intriguingly, a low error rate at the transcript level is not observed, suggesting distinct fidelity of the replication and transcription machinery. This study urges more attention on the most basic evolutionary processes of even the best-known human pathogens and deepens the understanding of their genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Pan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jiahao Ni
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Iain Konigsberg
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Caitlyn E. Rivera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Clayton Tincher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Colin Gregory
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Thomas G. Doak
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- National Center for Genome Analysis Support, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Heewook Lee
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Hongan Long
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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11
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A small molecule, C24H17ClN4O2S, inhibits the function of the type III secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:54. [PMID: 35380331 PMCID: PMC8982747 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) causes gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans and food-producing animals. The type III secretion system (T3SS) has been known to be a potent virulence mechanism by injecting effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. S. Typhimurium encodes two T3SSs by Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2. Previous studies showed that T3SS shared a potent virulence mechanism and molecular structure among several gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, T3SS has been identified as an attractive target in the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Several studies reported that small-molecule compounds are able to inhibit functions of bacterial T3SSs. A small molecule, C24H17ClN4O2S, has been shown the ability to inhibit the activity of Yersinia pestis T3SS ATPase, YscN, resulting to block the secretion of effector proteins. In this study, we studied the effects and mechanism for SPI-1 T3SS inhibition of this compound in S. Typhimurium. Results We demonstrated that this compound prohibited the secretion of effector proteins from Salmonella via SPI-1 T3SS at 100 μM. As the result, bacterial invasion ability into epithelial cell cultures was reduced. In contrast with previous study, the C24H17ClN4O2S molecule did not inactivate the activity of SPI-1 T3SS ATPase, InvC, in Salmonella. However, we studied the global cellular effects of S. Typhimurium after being treated with this compound using a quantitative proteomic technique. These proteomic results showed that the main SPI-1 transcription regulator, InvF, and two effector proteins, SipA and SipC, were reduced in bacterial cells treated with the compound. Conclusions It may explain that action of the small-molecule compound, C24H17ClN4O2S, for blocking the secretion of SPI-1 T3SS in Salmonella is through inhibition of SPI-1 regulator, InvF, expression. Further studies are necessary to identify specific mechanisms for inhibition between this small-compound and InvF SPI-1 regulator protein.
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12
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Retail Foods Marketed in Bangkok, Thailand. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050661. [PMID: 35267294 PMCID: PMC8909193 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal-Salmonella bacteria cause foodborne gastroenteritis that may lead to fatal bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis if not treated properly. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains is a global public health threat. Regular monitoring of genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from humans, animals, foods, and environments is mandatory for effective reduction and control of this food-borne pathogen. In this study, antimicrobial-resistant and virulent genotypes and phenotypes of Salmonella isolated from retail food samples in Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated. From 252 raw food samples, 58 Salmonella strains that belonged only to serotype Enteritidis were isolated. Disc diffusion method showed that all isolates were still sensitive to amikacin and carbapenems. More than 30% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Twenty isolates resist at least three antibiotic classes. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that 12.07% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-Lactamase. Polymerase chain reaction indicated that 32.76, 81.03, 39.66, and 5.17% of the isolates carried blaTEM-1, tetA, sul2, and dfrA7, respectively. All isolates were positive for invasion-associated genes. Effective prevention and control of Salmonella (as well as other food-borne pathogens) is possible by increasing public awareness and applying food hygienic practices. Active and well harmonised “One Health” co-operation is required to effectively control food-borne zoonosis.
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13
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Pozdeev G, Beckett MC, Mogre A, Thomson NR, Dorman CJ. Reciprocally rewiring and repositioning the Integration Host Factor (IHF) subunit genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: impacts on physiology and virulence. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35166652 PMCID: PMC8942017 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Integration Host Factor (IHF) is a heterodimeric nucleoid-associated protein that plays roles in bacterial nucleoid architecture and genome-wide gene regulation. The ihfA and ihfB genes encode the subunits and are located 350 kbp apart, in the Right replichore of the Salmonella chromosome. IHF is composed of one IhfA and one IhfB subunit. Despite this 1 : 1 stoichiometry, MS revealed that IhfB is produced in 2-fold excess over IhfA. We re-engineered Salmonella to exchange reciprocally the protein-coding regions of ihfA and ihfB, such that each relocated protein-encoding region was driven by the expression signals of the other's gene. MS showed that in this 'rewired' strain, IhfA is produced in excess over IhfB, correlating with enhanced stability of the hybrid ihfB-ihfA mRNA that was expressed from the ihfB promoter. Nevertheless, the rewired strain grew at a similar rate to the wild-type and was similar in competitive fitness. However, compared to the wild-type, it was less motile, had growth-phase-specific reductions in SPI-1 and SPI-2 gene expression, and was engulfed at a higher rate by RAW macrophage. Our data show that while exchanging the physical locations of its ihf genes and the rewiring of their regulatory circuitry are well tolerated in Salmonella, genes involved in the production of type 3 secretion systems exhibit dysregulation accompanied by altered phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Pozdeev
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael C Beckett
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aalap Mogre
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Charles J Dorman
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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14
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Ray S, Pandey NK, Kushwaha GS, Das S, Ganguly AK, Vashi N, Kumar D, Suar M, Bhavesh NS. Structural investigation on SPI-6 associated Salmonella Typhimurium VirG-like stress protein that promotes pathogen survival in macrophages. Protein Sci 2022; 31:835-849. [PMID: 34997791 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Enteric microbial pathogenesis, remarkably a complex process, is achieved by virulence factors encoded by genes located within regions of the bacterial genome termed pathogenicity islands. Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) encodes proteins, that are essential virulence determinants for pathogen colonization and virulence. In addition to the well-characterized SPI-1 and SPI-2 proteins, which are required for bacterial invasion and intracellular replication, respectively, SPI-6 (formerly known as Salmonella enterica centisome 7 island; SCI) encoding proteins are also known to play pivotal role in Salmonella pathogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these proteins remained elusive. To gain molecular insights into SPI-6 associated proteins, in this study, a SPI-6 Salmonella Typhimurium VirG-like protein (STV) is characterized using interdisciplinary experimental approaches including X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, infection assays, and mice model. The high-resolution crystal structure, determined by the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) method, reveals that STV belongs to the LTxxQ motif family. Solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies reveal that STV form a dimer involving interconnected helices. Interestingly, functional studies shows that STV influence pathogen persistence inside macrophages in vitro at later stages of infection. Altogether, our findings suggest that STV, a member of the LTxxQ stress protein family, modulates bacterial survival mechanism in macrophages through SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ray
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nishant Kumar Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India.,Transcription Regulation group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- Transcription Regulation group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Susmita Das
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Akshay Kumar Ganguly
- Transcription Regulation group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimi Vashi
- Cellular Immunology group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be university, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation group, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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15
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Mandal RK, Jiang T, Kwon YM. Genetic Determinants in Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Required for Overcoming In Vitro Stressors in the Mimicking Host Environment. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0015521. [PMID: 34878334 PMCID: PMC8653844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, a nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), results in a range of enteric diseases, representing a major disease burden worldwide. There is still a significant portion of Salmonella genes whose mechanistic basis to overcome host innate defense mechanisms largely remains unknown. Here, we have applied transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) method to unveil the genetic factors required for the growth or survival of S. Typhimurium under various host stressors simulated in vitro. A highly saturating Tn5 library of S. Typhimurium 14028s was subjected to selection during growth in the presence of short-chain fatty acid (100 mM propionate), osmotic stress (3% NaCl), or oxidative stress (1 mM H2O2) or survival in extreme acidic pH (30 min in pH 3) or starvation (12 days in 1× phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]). We have identified a total of 339 conditionally essential genes (CEGs) required to overcome at least one of these conditions mimicking host insults. Interestingly, all eight genes encoding FoF1-ATP synthase subunit proteins were required for fitness in all five stresses. Intriguingly, a total of 88 genes in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI), including SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5, SPI-6, and SPI-11, are also required for fitness under the in vitro conditions. Additionally, by comparative analysis of the genes identified in this study and the genes previously shown to be required for in vivo fitness, we identified novel genes (marBCT, envF, barA, hscA, rfaQ, rfbI, and the genes encoding putative proteins STM14_1138, STM14_3334, STM14_4825, and STM_5184) that have compelling potential for the development of vaccines and antibacterial drugs to curb Salmonella infection. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a major human bacterial pathogen that enters the food chain through meat animals asymptomatically carrying this pathogen. Despite the rich genome sequence data, a significant portion of Salmonella genes remain to be characterized for their potential contributions to virulence. In this study, we used transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) to elucidate the genetic factors required for growth or survival under various host stressors, including short-chain fatty acids, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, extreme acid, and starvation. Among the total of 339 conditionally essential genes (CEGs) that are required under at least one of these five stress conditions were 221 previously known virulence genes required for in vivo fitness during infection in at least one of four animal species, including mice, chickens, pigs, and cattle. This comprehensive map of virulence phenotype-genotype in S. Typhimurium provides a roadmap for further interrogation of the biological functions encoded by the genome of this important human pathogen to survive in hostile host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K. Mandal
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tieshan Jiang
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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16
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Elbediwi M, Tang Y, Shi D, Ramadan H, Xu Y, Xu S, Li Y, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Dead Chick Embryos in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684400. [PMID: 34497590 PMCID: PMC8419455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica poses a great public health concern worldwide. While the knowledge on the incidence and the characterization of different S. enterica serovars causing chick embryo death remains obscure in China. In this study, we obtained 45 S. enterica isolates from 2,139 dead chick embryo samples collected from 28 breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay was performed by the broth microdilution method and the results showed that 31/45 (68.8%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes). Besides the highest resistance rate was observed in the aminoglycoside class, all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and imipenem. Furthermore, genomic characterization revealed that S. Enteritidis (33.33%; 15/45) was a frequent serovar that harbored a higher number of virulence factors compared to other serovars. Importantly, genes encoding β-lactamases were identified in three serovars (Thompson, Enteritidis, and Kottbus), whereas plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrB4) were detected in certain isolates of S. Thompson and the two S. Kottbus isolates. All the examined isolates harbored the typical virulence factors from Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Additionally, a correlation analysis between the antimicrobial resistance genes, phenotype, and plasmids was conducted among Salmonella isolates. It showed strong positive correlations (r < 0.6) between the different antimicrobial-resistant genes belonging to certain antimicrobial classes. Besides, IncF plasmid showed a strong negative correlation (r > −0.6) with IncHI2 and IncHI2A plasmids. Together, our study demonstrated antimicrobial-resistant S. enterica circulating in breeding chicken hatcheries in Henan province, highlighting the advanced approach, by using genomic characterization and statistical analysis, in conducting the routine monitoring of the emerging antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Our findings also proposed that the day-old breeder chicks trading could be one of the potential pathways for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Tang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sihong Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Echarren ML, Figueroa NR, Vitor-Horen L, Pucciarelli MG, García-Del Portillo F, Soncini FC. Balance between bacterial extracellular matrix production and intramacrophage proliferation by a Salmonella-specific SPI-2 encoded transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1022-1032. [PMID: 34342063 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis and secretion of a complex extracellular matrix (EM) is a hallmark of Salmonella biofilm formation, impacting on its relationship with both the environment and the host. Cellulose is a major component of Salmonella EM. It is considered an anti-virulence factor because it interferes with Salmonella proliferation inside macrophages and virulence in mice. Its synthesis is stimulated by CsgD, the master regulator of biofilm formation in enterobacteria, which in turn is under the control of MlrA, a MerR-like transcription factor. In this work we identified a SPI-2 encoded Salmonella-specific transcription factor homolog to MlrA, MlrB, that represses transcription of its downstream gene, orf319, and of csgD inside host cells. MlrB is induced in laboratory media mimicking intracellular conditions and inside macrophages, and it is required for intramacrophage proliferation. An increased csgD expression is observed in the absence of MlrB inside host cells. Interestingly, inactivation of the CsgD-controlled cellulose synthase-coding gene restored intramacrophage proliferation to rates comparable to wild type bacteria in the absence of MlrB. These data indicate that MlrB represses CsgD expression inside host cells and suggest that this repression lowers the activation of the cellulose synthase. Our findings provide a novel link between biofilm formation and Salmonella virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Echarren
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolás R Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luisina Vitor-Horen
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - M Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CBMSO)-CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Patógenos Bacterianos Intracelulares. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Del Portillo
- Laboratorio de Patógenos Bacterianos Intracelulares. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
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18
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Cobb J, Rawson J, Gonzalez N, Hensel M, Kandeel F, Husseiny MI. Oral Salmonella msbB Mutant as a Carrier for a Salmonella-Based Vaccine for Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667897. [PMID: 34108968 PMCID: PMC8181392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A therapy that includes an oral vaccine for type 1 diabetes (T1D) using live attenuated Salmonella MvP728 (ΔhtrA/ΔpurD), cytokines (IL10 and TGFβ) and preproinsulin (PPI) antigen in combination with a sub-therapeutic dose of anti-CD3 mAb was developed by our team. The vaccine combination therapy reduced insulitis and prevented and reversed diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here, we show the effectiveness of an alternative Salmonella mutant (ΔmsbB) as a carrier strain, which is anticipated to have lower risks of an inflammatory response and septicemia as a result of modification in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via detoxification of lipid A. This mutant strain proved to have highly reduced pathogenic side effects. Salmonella strain ΔmsbB expressed autoantigens and in combination with cytokines and anti-CD3 mAb, successfully prevented and reversed T1D to levels comparable to the previously used carrier strain ΔhtrA/ΔpurD. Additionally, the Salmonella msbB mutant resulted in higher rates of host cell infection. These results further demonstrate the potential of an oral Salmonella-based combined therapy in the treatment of early T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cobb
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Nelson Gonzalez
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Mohamed I Husseiny
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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19
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Zarkani AA, Schikora A. Mechanisms adopted by Salmonella to colonize plant hosts. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103833. [PMID: 34119117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables consumed fresh or as minimally-processed produce, have multiple benefits for our diet. Unfortunately, they bring a risk of food-borne diseases, for example salmonellosis. Interactions between Salmonella and crop plants are indeed a raising concern for the global health. Salmonella uses multiple strategies to manipulate the host defense system, including plant's defense responses. The main focus of this review are strategies used by this bacterium during the interaction with crop plants. Emphasis was put on how Salmonella avoids the plant defense responses and successfully colonizes plants. In addition, several factors were reviewed assessing their impact on Salmonella persistence and physiological adaptation to plants and plant-related environment. The understanding of those mechanisms, their regulation and use by the pathogen, while in contact with plants, has significant implication on the growth, harvest and processing steps in plant production system. Consequently, it requires both the authorities and science to advance and definite methods aiming at prevention of crop plants contamination. Thus, minimizing and/or eliminating the potential of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A Zarkani
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany; University of Baghdad, Department of Biotechnology, 10071, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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Cohen E, Azriel S, Auster O, Gal A, Zitronblat C, Mikhlin S, Scharte F, Hensel M, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O. Pathoadaptation of the passerine-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage to the avian host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009451. [PMID: 33739988 PMCID: PMC8011750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse bacterial pathogen and a primary cause of human and animal infections. While many S. enterica serovars present a broad host-specificity, several specialized pathotypes have been adapted to colonize and cause disease in one or limited numbers of host species. The underlying mechanisms defining Salmonella host-specificity are far from understood. Here, we present genetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and virulence profiling of a monophasic S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. Whole genome sequencing and complete assembly of its genome demonstrate a unique genetic signature that includes the integration of the BTP1 prophage, loss of the virulence plasmid, pSLT and pseudogene accumulation in multiple T3SS-2 effectors (sseJ, steC, gogB, sseK2, and sseK3), catalase (katE), tetrathionate respiration (ttrB) and several adhesion/ colonization factors (lpfD, fimH, bigA, ratB, siiC and siiE) encoded genes. Correspondingly, this strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation, intolerance to oxidative stress and compromised intracellular replication within non-phagocytic host cells. Moreover, while this strain showed attenuated pathogenicity in the mouse, it was highly virulent and caused an inflammatory disease in an avian host. Overall, our findings demonstrate a unique phenotypic profile and genetic makeup of an overlooked S. Typhimurium sparrow-associated lineage and present distinct genetic signatures that are likely to contribute to its pathoadaptation to passerine birds. During Salmonella enterica evolution, many different ecological niches have been effectively occupied by this highly diverse bacterial pathogen. While many S. enterica serovars successfully maintained their ability to infect and colonize in a wide-array of host species, a few biotypes have evolved to colonize and cause a disease in only one or a small group of hosts. The evolutionary dynamic and the mechanisms shaping the host-specificity of Salmonella adapted strains are important to better understand Salmonella pathogenicity and its ecology, but still not fully understood. Here, we report genetic and phenotypic characterization of a S. Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. This strain presented unique phenotypic profile that included impaired biofilm formation, high sensitivity to oxidative stress and reduced intracellular replication in non-phagocytic cells. In addition, while this strain was able to cause high inflammatory disease in an avian host, it was highly attenuated in the mouse model. Genome analysis identified that specific genetic signatures found in the sparrow strain are more frequently associated with poultry isolates than clinical isolates of S. Typhimurium. These genetic features are expected to accumulatively contribute toward the adaptation of this strain to birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shalevet Azriel
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oren Auster
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adiv Gal
- Faculty of Sciences, Kibbutzim College, Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | | | - Felix Scharte
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Pozdeev G, Mogre A, Dorman CJ. Consequences of producing DNA gyrase from a synthetic gyrBA operon in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1410-1429. [PMID: 33539568 PMCID: PMC8359277 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA gyrase is an essential type II topoisomerase that is composed of two subunits, GyrA and GyrB, and has an A2B2 structure. Although the A and B subunits are required in equal proportions to form DNA gyrase, the gyrA and gyrB genes that encode them in Salmonella (and in many other bacteria) are at separate locations on the chromosome, are under separate transcriptional control, and are present in different copy numbers in rapidly growing bacteria. In wild‐type Salmonella, gyrA is near the chromosome's replication terminus, while gyrB is near the origin. We generated a synthetic gyrBA operon at the oriC‐proximal location of gyrB to test the significance of the gyrase gene position for Salmonella physiology. Although the strain producing gyrase from an operon had a modest alteration to its DNA supercoiling set points, most housekeeping functions were unaffected. However, its SPI‐2 virulence genes were expressed at a reduced level and its survival was reduced in macrophage. Our data reveal that the horizontally acquired SPI‐2 genes have a greater sensitivity to disturbance of DNA topology than the core genome and we discuss its significance in the context of Salmonella genome evolution and the gyrA and gyrB gene arrangements found in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Pozdeev
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aalap Mogre
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Charles J Dorman
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Luhmann N, Holley G, Achtman M. BlastFrost: fast querying of 100,000s of bacterial genomes in Bifrost graphs. Genome Biol 2021; 22:30. [PMID: 33430919 PMCID: PMC7798312 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BlastFrost is a highly efficient method for querying 100,000s of genome assemblies, building on Bifrost, a dynamic data structure for compacted and colored de Bruijn graphs. BlastFrost queries a Bifrost data structure for sequences of interest and extracts local subgraphs, enabling the identification of the presence or absence of individual genes or single nucleotide sequence variants. We show two examples using Salmonella genomes: finding within minutes the presence of genes in the SPI-2 pathogenicity island in a collection of 926 genomes and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in three genes among 190,209 genomes. BlastFrost is available at https://github.com/nluhmann/BlastFrost/tree/master/data .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Luhmann
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Guillaume Holley
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Mark Achtman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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23
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Wrande M, Vestö K, Puiac Banesaru S, Anwar N, Nordfjell J, Liu L, McInerney GM, Rhen M. Replication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in RAW264.7 Phagocytes Correlates With Hypoxia and Lack of iNOS Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:537782. [PMID: 33330118 PMCID: PMC7734562 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.537782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection associates with tissue hypoxia, while inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), relying for its activity on molecular oxygen, stands as a central host defence measure in murine salmonellosis. Here, we have detailed hypoxia and iNOS responses of murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells upon infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We noted that only a proportion of the infected RAW264.7 cells became hypoxic or expressed iNOS. Heavily infected cells became hypoxic, while in parallel such cells tended not to express iNOS. While a proportion of the infected RAW264.7 cells revealed shutdown of protein synthesis, this was only detectable after 12 h post infection and after iNOS expression was induced in the cell culture. Our data implicate an intrinsic heterogeneity with regard to hypoxia and iNOS expression in a cell culture-based infection setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wrande
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Vestö
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Speranta Puiac Banesaru
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naeem Anwar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordfjell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rhen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Díaz-Yáñez F, Álvarez R, Calderón IL, Fuentes JA, Gil F. CdsH Contributes to the Replication of Salmonella Typhimurium inside Epithelial Cells in a Cysteine-Supplemented Medium. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122019. [PMID: 33348574 PMCID: PMC7767077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a facultative, intracellular pathogen whose products range from self-limited gastroenteritis to systemic diseases. Food ingestion increases biomolecules' concentration in the intestinal lumen, including amino acids such as cysteine, which is toxic in a concentration-dependent manner. When cysteine's intracellular concentration reaches toxic levels, S. Typhimurium expresses a cysteine-inducible enzyme (CdsH), which converts cysteine into pyruvate, sulfide, and ammonia. Despite this evidence, the biological context of cdsH's role is not completely clear, especially in the infective cycle. Since inside epithelial cells both cdsH and its positive regulator, ybaO, are overexpressed, we hypothesized a possible role of cdsH in the intestinal phase of the infection. To test this hypothesis, we used an in vitro model of HT-29 cell infection, adding extra cysteine to the culture medium during the infective process. We observed that, at 6 h post-invasion, the wild type S. Typhimurium proliferated 30% more than the ΔcdsH strain in the presence of extra cysteine. This result shows that cdsH contributes to the bacterial replication in the intracellular environment in increased concentrations of extracellular cysteine, strongly suggesting that cdsH participates by increasing the bacterial fitness in the intestinal phase of the S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Díaz-Yáñez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (F.D.-Y.); (R.Á.)
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Álvarez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (F.D.-Y.); (R.Á.)
| | - Iván L. Calderón
- Laboratorio de RNAs Bacterianos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.A.F.); (F.G.); Tel.: +56-2-2661-8373 (J.A.F.); +56-2-2770-3065 (F.G.)
| | - Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; (F.D.-Y.); (R.Á.)
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, 8370186 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.A.F.); (F.G.); Tel.: +56-2-2661-8373 (J.A.F.); +56-2-2770-3065 (F.G.)
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25
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Kokova AD, Kotova DA, Maltsev DI, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8164. [PMID: 33142884 PMCID: PMC7662651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox reactions are of high fundamental and practical interest since they are involved in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases. However, this area of research has always been a relatively problematic field in the context of analytical approaches, mostly because of the unstable nature of the compounds that are measured. Genetically encoded sensors allow for the registration of highly reactive molecules in real-time mode and, therefore, they began a new era in redox biology. Their strongest points manifest most brightly in in vivo experiments and pave the way for the non-invasive investigation of biochemical pathways that proceed in organisms from different systematic groups. In the first part of the review, we briefly describe the redox sensors that were used in vivo as well as summarize the model systems to which they were applied. Next, we thoroughly discuss the biological results obtained in these studies in regard to animals, plants, as well as unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We hope that this work reflects the amazing power of this technology and can serve as a useful guide for biologists and chemists who work in the field of redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Kostyuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Panova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra D. Kokova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Kotova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Maltsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V. Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (A.S.P.); (A.D.K.); (D.A.K.); (D.I.M.); (O.V.P.); (V.V.B.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Meyer MD, Ryck JD, Goormachtig S, Van Damme P. Keeping in Touch with Type-III Secretion System Effectors: Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics to Study Effector-Host Protein-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6891. [PMID: 32961832 PMCID: PMC7555288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of host cellular processes by translocated bacterial effectors is key to the success of bacterial pathogens and some symbionts. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of effectors is of critical importance to understand infection biology. It has become increasingly clear that the identification of host protein targets contributes invaluable knowledge to the characterization of effector function during pathogenesis. Recent advances in mapping protein-protein interaction networks by means of mass spectrometry-based interactomics have enabled the identification of host targets at large-scale. In this review, we highlight mass spectrometry-driven proteomics strategies and recent advances to elucidate type-III secretion system effector-host protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, we highlight approaches for defining spatial and temporal effector-host interactions, and discuss possible avenues for studying natively delivered effectors in the context of infection. Overall, the knowledge gained when unravelling effector complexation with host factors will provide novel opportunities to control infectious disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux De Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.M.); (J.D.R.)
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark 75, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Joren De Ryck
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.M.); (J.D.R.)
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.M.); (J.D.R.)
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Horizontal Gene Transfer Clarifies Taxonomic Confusion and Promotes the Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00448-20. [PMID: 32934114 PMCID: PMC7498682 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00448-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic position of P. shigelloides has been the subject of debate for a long time, and until now, the evolutionary dynamics and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides were unclear. In this study, pan-genome analysis indicated extensive genetic diversity and the presence of large and variable gene repertoires. Our results revealed that horizontal gene transfer was the focal driving force for the genetic diversity of the P. shigelloides pan-genome and might have contributed to the emergence of novel properties. Vibrionaceae and Aeromonadaceae were found to be the predominant donor taxa for horizontal genes, which might have caused the taxonomic confusion historically. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the potential of P. shigelloides to cause intestinal and invasive diseases. Our results could advance the understanding of the evolution and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides, particularly in elucidating the role of horizontal gene transfer and investigating virulence-related elements. Plesiomonas shigelloides is an emerging pathogen that has been shown to be involved in gastrointestinal diseases and extraintestinal infections in humans. However, the taxonomic position, evolutionary dynamics, and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides remain unclear. We reported the draft genome sequences of 12 P. shigelloides strains representing different serogroups. We were able to determine a clear distinction between P. shigelloides and other members of Enterobacterales via core genome phylogeny, Neighbor-Net network, and average genome identity analysis. The pan-genome analysis of P. shigelloides revealed extensive genetic diversity and presented large flexible gene repertoires, while the core genome phylogeny exhibited a low level of clonality. The discordance between the core genome phylogeny and the pan-genome phylogeny indicated that flexible accessory genomes account for an important proportion of the evolution of P. shigelloides, which was subsequently characterized by determinations of hundreds of horizontally transferred genes (horizontal genes), massive gene expansions and contractions, and diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The apparently high levels of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in P. shigelloides were conferred from bacteria with novel properties from other taxa (mainly Vibrionaceae and Aeromonadaceae), which caused the historical taxonomic confusion and shaped the virulence gene pools. Furthermore, P. shigelloides genomes contain many macromolecular secretion system genes, virulence factor genes, and resistance genes, indicating its potential to cause intestinal and invasive infections. Collectively, our work provides insights into the phylogenetic position, evolutionary dynamic, and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides at the genomic level, which could facilitate the observation and research of this important pathogen. IMPORTANCE The taxonomic position of P. shigelloides has been the subject of debate for a long time, and until now, the evolutionary dynamics and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides were unclear. In this study, pan-genome analysis indicated extensive genetic diversity and the presence of large and variable gene repertoires. Our results revealed that horizontal gene transfer was the focal driving force for the genetic diversity of the P. shigelloides pan-genome and might have contributed to the emergence of novel properties. Vibrionaceae and Aeromonadaceae were found to be the predominant donor taxa for horizontal genes, which might have caused the taxonomic confusion historically. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the potential of P. shigelloides to cause intestinal and invasive diseases. Our results could advance the understanding of the evolution and pathogenesis of P. shigelloides, particularly in elucidating the role of horizontal gene transfer and investigating virulence-related elements.
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28
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Yue M, Li X, Liu D, Hu X. Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes of Salmonella in children with diarrhea. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23525. [PMID: 32797660 PMCID: PMC7755775 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in humans worldwide. This study analyzed the relationships of serotypes and antibiotic resistance with virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from children with salmonellosis. METHODS Serological typing was performed using the slide-agglutination method. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Twenty virulence genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS Salmonella Typhimurium (21 isolates, 34.43%) and S Enteritidis (12 isolates, 19.67%) were the predominant species among the 61 isolates. Ampicillin resistance was most common (63.93%), and among the cephalosporins, resistance was most often found to cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin (19.67%). Among the 20 virulence genes, prgH, ssrB, and pagC were detected in all Salmonella isolates. In S Typhimurium, the detection rates of hilA, sipB, marT, mgtC, sopB, pagN, nlpI, bapA, oafA, and tolC were high. In S Enteritidis, the detection rates of icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA were high. Nitrofurantoin resistance was negatively correlated with the virulence gene bapA (P = .005) and was positively correlated with icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA (P = .012, .008, .002, and .005, respectively), The P values between all other virulence genes and antibiotic resistance were >.05. CONCLUSION Salmonella Typhimurium and S Enteritidis were the main serotypes in children with diarrhea in Hangzhou, China. Salmonella exhibited a high level of resistance to common antibiotics, and a high rate of bacteria carrying virulence genes was observed. However, no significant correlation was found between virulence genes and resistance to common antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Yue
- Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Liu
- Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hu
- Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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29
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The mRNA expression of ompF, invA and invE was associated with the ciprofloxacin-resistance in Salmonella. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2263-2268. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arai H, Lin SR, Nakai M, Kunimi Y, Inoue MN. Closely Related Male-Killing and Nonmale-Killing Wolbachia Strains in the Oriental Tea Tortrix Homona magnanima. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:1011-1020. [PMID: 31820073 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia are inherited intracellular bacteria that cause male-specific death in some arthropods, called male-killing. To date, three Wolbachia strains have been identified in the oriental tea tortrix Homona magnanima (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera); however, none of these caused male-killing in the Japanese population. Here, we describe a male-killing Wolbachia strain in Taiwanese H. magnanima. From field-collected H. magnanima, two female-biased host lines were established, and antibiotic treatments revealed Wolbachia (wHm-t) as the causative agent of male-killing. The wsp and MLST genes in wHm-t are identical to corresponding genes in the nonmale-killing strain wHm-c from the Japanese population, implying a close relationship of the two strains. Crossing the Japanese and Taiwanese H. magnanima revealed that Wolbachia genotype rather than the host genetic background was responsible for the presence of the male-killing phenotype. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that the density of wHm-t was higher than that of other Wolbachia strains in H. magnanima, including wHm-c. The densities of wHm-t were also heterogeneous between host lines. Notably, wHm-t in the low-density and high-density lines carried identical wsp and MLST genes but had distinct lethal patterns. Furthermore, over 90% of field-collected lines of H. magnanima in Taiwan were infected with wHm-t, although not all host lines harboring wHm-t showed male-killing. The host lines that showed male-killing harbored a high density of Wolbachia compared to the host lines that did not show male-killing. Thus, the differences in the phenotypes appear to be dependent on biological and genetic characteristics of closely related Wolbachia strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shiou Ruei Lin
- Department of Tea Agronomy Tea Research and Extension Station, 324 Chung-Hsing RD., Yangmei, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kunimi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Maki N Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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Type three secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium: the key to infection. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:495-506. [PMID: 32112371 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type Three Secretion Systems (T3SS) are nanomachine complexes, which display the ability to inject effector proteins directly into host cells. This skill allows for gram-negative bacteria to modulate several host cell responses, such as cytoskeleton rearrangement, signal transduction, and cytokine production, which in turn increase the pathogenicity of these bacteria. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) T3SS has been the most characterized so far. Among gram-negative bacterium, ST is one of enterica groups predicted to have two T3SSs activated during different phases of infection. OBJECTIVE To comprise current information about ST T3SS structure and function as well as an overview of its assembly and hierarchical regulation. METHODS With a brief and straightforward reading, this review summarized aspects of both ST T3SS, such as its structure and function. That was possible due to the development of novel techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, and nano-gold labelling, which also elucidated the mechanisms behind T3SS assembly and regulation, which was addressed in this review. CONCLUSION This paper provided fundamental overview of ST T3SS assembly and regulation, besides summarized the structure and function of this complex. Due to T3SS relevance in ST pathogenicity, this complex could become a potential target in therapeutic studies as this nanomachine modulates the infection process.
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Zhi Y, Lin SM, Ahn KB, Ji HJ, Guo HC, Ryu S, Seo HS, Lim S. ptsI gene in the phosphotransfer system is a potential target for developing a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1327-1340. [PMID: 32323733 PMCID: PMC7138283 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella diseases in animals and humans, resulting in a high mortality rate and huge economic losses globally. As the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella has been increasing, vaccination is thought to be the most effective and economical strategy to manage salmonellosis. The present study aimed to investigate whether dysfunction in the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), which is critical for carbon uptake and survival in macrophages, may be adequate to generate Salmonella-attenuated vaccine strains. A Salmonella strain (KST0555) was generated by deleting the ptsI gene from the PTS and it was revealed that this auxotrophic mutant was unable to efficiently utilize predominant carbon sources during infection (glucose and glycerol), reduced its invasion and replication capacity in macrophages, and significantly (P=0.0065) lowered its virulence in the setting of a mouse colitis model, along with a substantially decreased intestinal colonization and invasiveness compared with its parent strain. The reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the virulence genes in Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) and -2 (SPI-2) and the motility of KST0555 were all downregulated compared with its parent strain. Finally, it was revealed that when mice were immunized orally with live KST0555, Salmonella-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were effectively elicited, providing protection against Salmonella infection. Thus, the present promising data provides a strong rationale for the advancement of KST0555 as a live Salmonella vaccine candidate and ptsI as a potential target for developing a live attenuated bacterial vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Shun Mei Lin
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730049, P.R. China
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Science Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeollabookdo 56212, Republic of Korea
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Montano J, Rossidivito G, Torreano J, Porwollik S, Sela Saldinger S, McClelland M, Melotto M. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium 14028s Genomic Regions Required for Colonization of Lettuce Leaves. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:6. [PMID: 32038592 PMCID: PMC6993584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of edible produce leaves with human bacterial pathogens has been associated with serious disease outbreaks and has become a major public health concern affecting all aspects of the market, from farmers to consumers. While pathogen populations residing on the surface of ready-to-eat produce can be potentially removed through thorough washing, there is no disinfection technology available that effectively eliminates internal bacterial populations. By screening 303 multi-gene deletion (MGD) mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) 14028s, we were able to identify ten genomic regions that play a role in opening the stomatal pore of lettuce leaves. The major metabolic functions of the deleted regions are associated with sensing the environment, bacterium movement, transport through the bacterial membrane, and biosynthesis of surface appendages. Interestingly, at 21 days post inoculation, seven of these mutants showed increased population titers inside the leaf, two mutants showed similar titers as the wild type bacterium, whereas one mutant with a large deletion that includes the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) showed significantly impaired persistence in the leaf apoplast. These findings suggest that not all the genomic regions required for initiation of leaf colonization (i.e., epiphytic behavior and tissue penetration) are essential for continuing bacterial survival as an endophyte. We also observed that mutants lacking either SPI-1 (Mut3) or SPI-2 (Mut9) induce callose deposition levels comparable to those of the wild type STm 14028s; therefore, these islands do not seem to affect this lettuce defense mechanism. However, the growth of Mut9, but not Mut3, was significantly impaired in the leaf apoplastic wash fluid (AWF) suggesting that the STm persistence in the apoplast may be linked to nutrient acquisition capabilities or overall bacterial fitness in this niche, which are dependent on the gene(s) deleted in the Mut9 strain. The genetic basis of STm colonization of leaves investigated in this study provides a foundation from which to develop mitigation tactics to enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Montano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Plant Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Rossidivito
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Torreano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shlomo Sela Saldinger
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Mshelbwala FM, Ibrahim NDG, Saidu SN, Babatunde EG, Kadiri AKF, Thomas FC, Kwanashie CN, Agbaje M. Quantitative distribution and interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells in visceral organs of chickens infected orally, intraperitoneally and per cloaca. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03180. [PMID: 31956710 PMCID: PMC6956758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical study of the visceral organs of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella Zega by three routes was carried out to compare the quantitative distribution and interaction of the organism with host cells. 100 birds comprising of 2 week-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 25 each. Group A was inoculated orally, group B intraperitoneally, group C were administered per cloaca and D were not inoculated and served as control. All the infected birds were inoculated with 0.2 ml of 1 × 108 cfu of the bacteria. Two birds from each group were sacrificed every 24 h post infection. Samples of visceral organs were collected for immunohistochemistry. The distribution of Salmonella Zega in every organ was taken as Mean ± SD of the number of foci of immunoreactions and Compared using a 2-way ANOVA. The interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells was determined by taking the percentage of the days post infection in which immunoreactions were detected in host cells in each route of infection. The distribution of the organism was highest in the lung of intraperitoneally infected chickens (83.95 ± 27.89) and lowest in the heart (5.21 ± 3.65) of chickens that were infected per cloaca. The highest percentage of interaction of Salmonella Zega was recorded in the epithelial (100%) and blood (100%) cells in all the routes of infection. There were variations in the distribution of Salmonella Zega in visceral organs of chickens but the level of interactions with host cells were similar even when infected through different routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Funmilola Clara Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Clara Nna Kwanashie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Behera P, Nikhil KC, Kumar A, Gali JM, De A, Mohanty AK, Ali MA, Sharma B. Comparative proteomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium wild type and its isogenic fnr null mutant during anaerobiosis reveals new insight into bacterial metabolism and virulence. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103936. [PMID: 31862389 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to understand the role of anaerobic regulator FNR (Fumarate Nitrate Reduction) in Salmonella Typhimurium through proteomic approach. METHODS AND RESULTS We did label free quantitative proteomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium PM45 wild type and the fnr null mutant cultured under anaerobic conditions. The data revealed 153 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the mutant out of 1798 total proteins identified. Out of 153 DEPs, 94 proteins were up-regulated (repressed by FNR) and 59 proteins were down-regulated (activated by FNR) in the mutant. The network analysis indicated up-regulation of TCA cycle, electron transport chain and ethanolamine metabolism and down regulation of pyruvate metabolism and glycerol and glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that FNR represses ethanolamine utilization. The different metabolic pathways such as pyruvate metabolism, glycerol metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were activated by FNR. Further, FNR positively regulated the DNA binding protein Fis, one of the global regulators of virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium. Thus, our finding highlights the pivotal role of FNR in regulating bacterial metabolism and virulence during anaerobiosis for systemic infection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India.
| | - K C Nikhil
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Jagan Mohanarao Gali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India
| | - A De
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., R. K. Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, 799008, India
| | - A K Mohanty
- Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - M Ayub Ali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Wang X, Zhu S, Zhao JH, Bao HX, Liu H, Ding TM, Liu GR, Li YG, Johnston RN, Cao FL, Tang L, Liu SL. Genetic boundaries delineate the potential human pathogen Salmonella bongori into discrete lineages: divergence and speciation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:930. [PMID: 31801462 PMCID: PMC6894293 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella bongori infect mainly cold-blooded hosts, but infections by S. bongori in warm-blooded hosts have been reported. We hypothesized that S. bongori might have diverged into distinct phylogenetic lineages, with some being able to infect warm-blooded hosts. RESULTS To inspect the divergence status of S. bongori, we first completely sequenced the parakeet isolate RKS3044 and compared it with other sequenced S. bongori strains. We found that RKS3044 contained a novel T6SS encoded in a pathogenicity island-like structure, in addition to a T6SS encoded in SPI-22, which is common to all S. bongori strains so far reported. This novel T6SS resembled the SPI-19 T6SS of the warm-blooded host infecting Salmonella Subgroup I lineages. Genomic sequence comparisons revealed different genomic sequence amelioration events among the S. bongori strains, including a unique CTAG tetranucleotide degeneration pattern in RKS3044, suggesting non-overlapping gene pools between RKS3044 and other S. bongori lineages/strains leading to their independent accumulation of genomic variations. We further proved the existence of a clear-cut genetic boundary between RKS3044 and the other S. bongori lineages/strains analyzed in this study. CONCLUSIONS The warm-blooded host-infecting S. bongori strain RKS3044 has diverged with distinct genomic features from other S. bongori strains, including a novel T6SS encoded in a previously not reported pathogenicity island-like structure and a unique genomic sequence degeneration pattern. These findings alert cautions about the emergence of new pathogens originating from non-pathogenic ancestors by acquiring specific pathogenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Songling Zhu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Xia Bao
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huidi Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tie-Min Ding
- Department of Medicine and Food Engineering, Harbin Labor Technician College, Harbin, China
| | - Gui-Rong Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Guo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Randal N. Johnston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Feng-Lin Cao
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Tang
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Ecosystems and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081 China
- HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Ma Y, Ding S, Fei Y, Liu G, Jang H, Fang J. Antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins and catechins against foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Staes I, Passaris I, Cambré A, Aertsen A. Population heterogeneity tactics as driving force in Salmonella virulence and survival. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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40
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Yin Z, Yuan C, Du Y, Yang P, Qian C, Wei Y, Zhang S, Huang D, Liu B. Comparative genomic analysis of the Hafnia genus reveals an explicit evolutionary relationship between the species alvei and paralvei and provides insights into pathogenicity. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:768. [PMID: 31646960 PMCID: PMC6806506 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hafnia genus is an opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Although Hafnia is fairly often isolated from clinical material, its taxonomy has remained an unsolved riddle, and the involvement and importance of Hafnia in human disease is also uncertain. Here, we used comparative genomic analysis to define the taxonomy of Hafnia, identify species-specific genes that may be the result of ecological and pathogenic specialization, and reveal virulence-related genetic profiles that may contribute to pathogenesis. RESULTS One complete genome sequence and 19 draft genome sequences for Hafnia strains were generated and combined with 27 publicly available genomes. We provided high-resolution typing methods by constructing phylogeny and population structure based on single-copy core genes in combination with whole genome average nucleotide identity to identify two distant Hafnia species (alvei and paralvei) and one mislabeled strain. The open pan-genome and the presence of numerous mobile genetic elements reveal that Hafnia has undergone massive gene rearrangements. Presence of species-specific core genomes associated with metabolism and transport suggests the putative niche differentiation between alvei and paralvei. We also identified possession of diverse virulence-related profiles in both Hafnia species., including the macromolecular secretion system, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance. In the macromolecular system, T1SS, Flagellum 1, Tad pilus and T6SS-1 were conserved in Hafnia, whereas T4SS, T5SS, and other T6SSs exhibited the evolution of diversity. The virulence factors in Hafnia are related to adherence, toxin, iron uptake, stress adaptation, and efflux pump. The identified resistance genes are associated with aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, bacitracin, cationic antimicrobial peptide, fluoroquinolone, and rifampin. These virulence-related profiles identified at the genomic level provide insights into Hafnia pathogenesis and the differentiation between alvei and paralvei. CONCLUSIONS Our research using core genome phylogeny and comparative genomics analysis of a larger collection of strains provides a comprehensive view of the taxonomy and species-specific traits between Hafnia species. Deciphering the genome of Hafnia strains possessing a reservoir of macromolecular secretion systems, virulence factors, and resistance genes related to pathogenicity may provide insights into addressing its numerous infections and devising strategies to combat the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengqian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, TEDA College, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- TEDA institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomeics, TEDA college, Nankai university, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Kaldhone PR, Carlton A, Aljahdali N, Khajanchi BK, Sanad YM, Han J, Deck J, Ricke SC, Foley SL. Evaluation of Incompatibility Group I1 (IncI1) Plasmid-Containing Salmonella enterica and Assessment of the Plasmids in Bacteriocin Production and Biofilm Development. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:298. [PMID: 31552285 PMCID: PMC6743044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, can potentially increase the ability of bacteria to infect and persist in vertebrate host cells. IncI1 plasmids are widely distributed in Salmonella from food animal sources and associated with clinically important strains. These plasmids often encode antimicrobial resistance; however, little is known about their impact on the virulence of Salmonella strains. To assess the potential impact of the plasmids on virulence, 43 IncI1-positive Salmonella isolates from human and animal sources were subjected to whole genome sequence (WGS) analyses and evaluated for their abilities to invade and persist for 48 h in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells, form biofilms and encode bacteriocins. Draft WGS data were submitted to predict the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicon types present, conduct plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST) in the isolates. Caco-2 cells were infected with Salmonella strains and incubated for both one and 48 h for the invasion and persistence assays, respectively. Additionally, Salmonella isolates and IncI1 plasmid carrying transconjugants (n = 12) generated in Escherichia coli were assessed for their ability to produce biofilms and bacteriocin inhibition of growth of other bacteria. All Salmonella isolates infected Caco-2 cells and persisted in the cells at 48 hrs. Persistent cell counts were observed to be significantly higher than invasion assay cell counts in 26% of the isolates. Among the IncI1 plasmids, there were 18 pMLST types. Nearly 35% (n = 15) of Salmonella isolates produced biofilms; however, none of the IncI1-positive transconjugants produced increased biofilms compared to the recipient. Approximately 65% (n = 28) of isolates and 67% (n = 8) of IncI1-positive transconjugants were able to inhibit growth of at least one E. coli strain; however, none inhibited the growth of strains from species other than E. coli. The study characterized IncI1 positive Salmonella isolates and provided evidence about the potential contributions of IncI1 plasmids virulence phenotypes and areas where they do not. These findings should allow for more focused efforts to assess the impact of plasmids on bacterial pathophysiology and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin R Kaldhone
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ashlyn Carlton
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijay K Khajanchi
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Yasser M Sanad
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States.,Veterinary Research Division, Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Joanna Deck
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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42
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YshB Promotes Intracellular Replication and Is Required for Salmonella Virulence. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00314-19. [PMID: 31182500 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00314-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella virulence requires the initial invasion of host cells, followed by modulation of the intracellular environment for survival and replication. In an effort to characterize the role of small RNAs in Salmonella pathogenesis, we inadvertently identified a 5-kDa protein named YshB that is involved in the intracellular survival of Salmonella We show here that yshB expression is upregulated upon entry into macrophages. When yshB expression is upregulated before bacterial entry, invasion efficiency is inhibited. Lack of YshB resulted in reduced bacterial survival within the macrophages and led to reduced virulence in a mouse model of infection.IMPORTANCE Salmonella gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease, possibly affecting millions of people globally each year. Here we characterize the role of a novel small protein, YshB, in mediating Salmonella intracellular survival. This elucidation adds to the body of knowledge regarding how this bacterium achieves intracellular survival.
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43
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Alghoribi MF, Doumith M, Alrodayyan M, Al Zayer M, Köster WL, Muhanna A, Aljohani SM, Balkhy HH, Desin TS. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium Harboring SPI-1 and SPI-2 Are the Predominant Serotypes Associated With Human Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:187. [PMID: 31214517 PMCID: PMC6554431 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains are Gram negative bacterial pathogens that are associated with foodborne illness worldwide. During the process of infection, Salmonella uses two molecular injectisomes known as Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS) to secrete virulence factors that are encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 into host cells. These secretion systems play a major role in virulence, as shown in various animal models, but little is known about their role in human infections. In Saudi Arabia, NTS strains frequently cause human infections but data regarding these pathogenic strains is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to characterize Salmonella human clinical isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by determining their serotype, testing for the presence of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains. Using the rapid Check and Trace Salmonella™ (CTS) system our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the predominant serovars, followed by S. Livingstone, S. Kentucky and S. Poona among a list of 36 serovars reported for the first time in the country. In addition, SPI-1 genes were detected in 99% of the isolates, while the sifA gene (SPI-2) was not detected in 13.5% of the isolates. These results suggest that both the SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence determinants are important for human infection. Moreover, we report the presence of a Multi-Drug (MDR) carbapenem resistant S. Kentucky isolate harboring the blaOXA−48 gene not reported previously in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed F Alghoribi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel Doumith
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alrodayyan
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al Zayer
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang L Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Abdulhai Muhanna
- John H. Stroger Junior Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sameera M Aljohani
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Balkhy
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taseen S Desin
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Liew ATF, Foo YH, Gao Y, Zangoui P, Singh MK, Gulvady R, Kenney LJ. Single cell, super-resolution imaging reveals an acid pH-dependent conformational switch in SsrB regulates SPI-2. eLife 2019; 8:e45311. [PMID: 31033442 PMCID: PMC6557628 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After Salmonella is phagocytosed, it resides in an acidic vacuole. Its cytoplasm acidifies to pH 5.6; acidification activates pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). SPI-2 encodes a type three secretion system whose effectors modify the vacuole, driving endosomal tubulation. Using super-resolution imaging in single bacterial cells, we show that low pH induces expression of the SPI-2 SsrA/B signaling system. Single particle tracking, atomic force microscopy, and single molecule unzipping assays identified pH-dependent stimulation of DNA binding by SsrB. A so-called phosphomimetic form (D56E) was unable to bind to DNA in live cells. Acid-dependent DNA binding was not intrinsic to regulators, as PhoP and OmpR binding was not pH-sensitive. The low level of SPI-2 injectisomes observed in single cells is not due to fluctuating SsrB levels. This work highlights the surprising role that acid pH plays in virulence and intracellular lifestyles of Salmonella; modifying acid survival pathways represents a target for inhibiting Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tze Fui Liew
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yong Hwee Foo
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yunfeng Gao
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Parisa Zangoui
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Ranjit Gulvady
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Linda J Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-LabNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
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45
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Huang CC, Wang SH, Chin LT, Huang CL, Sun LT, Chiou CS, Tu PC, Chu C. Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and S. Stanley differ in genomic evolutionary patterns and early immune responses in human THP-1 cell line and CD14 + monocytes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:10-16. [PMID: 30961803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Stanley are the most prevalent serogroup B serovars to infect humans in Taiwan. The aim was to determine possible factors to influence the prevalence between S. Typhimurium and S. Stanley. Genotypes were determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and the intracellular survival, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of human monocyte THP-1 cell and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1βexpression in peripheral blood CD14+ cells after infection were analyzed. 182 S. Stanley was clonal disseminated with main pulsotypes 2 from 2004 to 2007. Overall S. Typhimurium evolved more genotypes, while S. Stanley conserved in genotypes. Human blood CD14+ monocytes expressed TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β differently among serovars and bacterial conditions (live vs. killed). Live S. Stanley and S. Typhimurium suppressed the TNF-α and IL-6 expression compared to killed bacteria. However, live S. Typhimurium stimulated more IL-1β expression than the killed bacteria, but S. Stanley expressed similar IL-1β levels in both conditions. Furthermore, S. Stanley and S. Typhimurium differed in intracellular survival in the THP-1 cells, an early decrease for S. Stanley, not for S. Typhimurium. Additionally, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in THP-1 cells was found agsinst S. Stanley infection, not found in S. Typhimurium. However, some isolates of S. Stanley could recover from early loss to become more in the monocytes than S. Typhimurium. Difference in phagocytized number, intracellular survival, ROS production and IL-1β expression may contribute to prevalence different between two serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chin Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Te Chin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Lin Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ting Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Shun Chiou
- The Central Region Laboratory, Center of Research, Diagnostics, and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, No. 30, Wenxin S. 3rd Rd., Nantun Dist., Taichung, 40856, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Chun Tu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, No. 300, University Rd, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
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46
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Abstract
Signal transduction systems dictate various cellular behaviors in response to environmental changes. To operate cellular programs appropriately, organisms have sophisticated regulatory factors to optimize the signal response. The PhoP/PhoQ master virulence regulatory system of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica is activated inside acidic macrophage phagosomes. Here we report that Salmonella delays the activation of this system inside macrophages using an inhibitory protein, EIIANtr (a component of the nitrogen-metabolic phosphotransferase system). We establish that EIIANtr directly restrains PhoP binding to its target promoter, thereby negatively controlling the expression of PhoP-activated genes. PhoP furthers its activation by promoting Lon-mediated degradation of EIIANtr at acidic pH. These results suggest that Salmonella ensures robust activation of its virulence system by suspending the activation of PhoP until a sufficient level of active PhoP is present to overcome the inhibitory effect of EIIANtr Our findings reveal how a pathogen precisely and efficiently operates its virulence program during infection.IMPORTANCE To accomplish successful infection, pathogens must operate their virulence programs in a precise, time-sensitive, and coordinated manner. A major question is how pathogens control the timing of virulence gene expression during infection. Here we report that the intracellular pathogen Salmonella controls the timing and level of virulence gene expression by using an inhibitory protein, EIIANtr A DNA binding master virulence regulator, PhoP, controls various virulence genes inside acidic phagosomes. Salmonella decreases EIIANtr amounts at acidic pH in a Lon- and PhoP-dependent manner. This, in turn, promotes expression of the PhoP-activated virulence program because EIIANtr hampers activation of PhoP-regulated genes by interfering with PhoP binding to DNA. EIIANtr enables Salmonella to impede the activation of PhoP-regulated gene expression inside macrophages. Our findings suggest that Salmonella achieves programmed delay of virulence gene activation by adjusting levels of an inhibitory factor.
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47
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Contribution of the Cpx envelope stress system to metabolism and virulence regulation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211584. [PMID: 30716090 PMCID: PMC6361445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cpx-envelope stress system regulates the expression of virulence factors in many Gram-negative pathogens. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium deletion of the sensor kinase CpxA but not of the response regulator CpxR results in the down regulation of the key regulator for invasion, HilA encoded by the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Here, we provide evidence that cpxA deletion interferes with dephosphorylation of CpxR resulting in increased levels of active CpxR and consequently in misregulation of target genes. 14 potential operons were identified to be under direct control of CpxR. These include the virulence determinants ecotin, the omptin PgtE, and the SPI-2 regulator SsrB. The Tat-system and the PocR regulator that together promote anaerobic respiration of tetrathionate on 1,2-propanediol are also under direct CpxR control. Notably, 1,2-propanediol represses hilA expression. Thus, our work demonstrates for the first time the involvement of the Cpx system in a complex network mediating metabolism and virulence function.
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48
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Lee HT, Lee SJ, Yoon JW. Immunomodulation by Bioprocessed Polysaccharides from <i>Lentinus edodes</i> Mycelia Cultures with Rice Bran in the <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum-infected Chicken Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13103/jfhs.2018.33.5.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Li H, Li X, Lv R, Jiang X, Cao H, Du Y, Jiang L, Liu B. Global regulatory function of the low oxygen-induced transcriptional regulator LoiA in Salmonella Typhimurium revealed by RNA sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2022-2027. [PMID: 30077369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major intestinal pathogen that can infect both humans and a variety of animals. LoiA, a novel virulence-regulating protein encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-14, has been shown to be induced under low oxygen conditions and contribute to S. Typhimurium invasion into intestinal epithetical cells by activating the SPI-1 invasion genes. However, the global regulatory network of LoiA remains unknown. Here, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology to investigate the regulatory function of LoiA in S. Typhimurium under low oxygen conditions. A total of 1250 genes were differentially expressed between the loiA mutant and the wild-type strain; 413 genes were up-regulated and 837 were down-regulated. SPI-1 gene expression was down-regulated in the loiA mutant, consistent with previous results. SPI-2 gene expression was not affected by deletion of loiA; the expression of most genes involved in flagellar basal body and hook biosynthesis was up-regulated in the loiA mutant, while the expression of genes associated with flagellin, motility, and chemotaxis was down-regulated; the expression of lon, encoding an ATP-dependent protease, was up-regulated in the mutant. This study indicates that LoiA regulates a variety of virulence-associated genes in S. Typhimurium. The negative regulation of Lon protease by LoiA indicates that LoiA can regulates several virulence-associated genes in S. Typhimurium via the Lon protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Runxia Lv
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hengchun Cao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuhui Du
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Ray S, Das S, Panda PK, Suar M. Identification of a new alanine racemase in Salmonella Enteritidis and its contribution to pathogenesis. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:30. [PMID: 30008809 PMCID: PMC6040060 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections caused primarily by S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium particularly in immunocompromised hosts have accounted for a large percentage of fatalities in developed nations. Antibiotics have revolutionized the cure of enteric infections but have also led to the rapid emergence of pathogen resistance. New powerful therapeutics involving metabolic enzymes are expected to be potential targets for combating microbial infections and ensuring effective health management. Therefore, the need for new antimicrobials to fight such health emergencies is paramount. Enteric bacteria successfully evade the gut and colonize their hosts through specialized virulence strategies. An important player, alanine racemase is a key enzyme facilitating bacterial survival. RESULTS This study aims at understanding the contribution of alanine racemase genes alr, dadX and SEN3897 to Salmonella survival in vitro and in vivo. We have shown SEN3897 to function as a unique alanine racemase in S. Enteritidis which displayed essential alanine racemase activity. Interestingly, the sole presence of this gene in alr dadX double mutant showed a strict dependence on d-alanine supplementation both in vitro and in vivo. However, Alr complementation in d-alanine auxotrophic strain restored the alanine racemase deficiency. The Km and Vmax of SEN3897 was 89.15 ± 10.2 mM, 400 ± 25.6 µmol/(min mg) for l-alanine and 35 ± 6 mM, 132.5 ± 11.3 µmol/(min mg) for d-alanine, respectively. In vitro assays for invasion and survival as well as in vivo virulence assays involving SEN3897 mutant showed attenuated phenotypes. Further, this study also showed attenuation of d-alanine auxotrophic strain in vivo for the development of potential targets against Salmonella that can be investigated further. CONCLUSION This study identified a third alanine racemase gene unique in S. Enteritidis which had a potential effect on survival and pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed that SEN3897 by itself wasn't able to rescue d-alanine auxotrophy in S. Enteritidis which further contributed to its virulence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ray
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | - Susmita Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
| | | | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
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