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Lisowska A, Kasiak P, Rząca M. Assessment of caffeine intake in groups of pregnant and breastfeeding women: A cross-sectional analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:151-157. [PMID: 37739650 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Caffeine is commonly consumed by pregnant and breastfeeding women. The maximum safe dose of caffeine in their diet is 200 mg per day, according to the European Food Safety Authority. The purpose of this study was to assess the consumption of caffeinated products by pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as to estimate their caffeine intake. METHODS The number of subjects who qualified for the study was 1112 women, of whom 401 were pregnant and 711 were breastfeeding. The research was conducted with the use of a questionnaire, which included information about food frequency and history of consumption of caffeinated products during the past 3 days. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) daily caffeine intake among pregnant women was 114.5 (57.6-202.8) mg, and the level of caffeine intake increased with the duration of pregnancy (p < 0.001). For breastfeeding women it was 193.7 (100.5-324.8) mg/d. The majority of participants (58.9%) were not able to correctly identify the safe amount of caffeine in their diets. It was observed that the intake of 73.8% of pregnant women and 51.9% of breastfeeding women fit within the safe range (0-200 mg/d). The main sources of caffeine were ground coffee, black tea, and instant coffee. For 63,6% of women knowledge about nutrition and supplementation came most often from blogs and social media run by medical professionals. Pleasure was the main reason for drinking coffee and tea. CONCLUSION Most pregnant women did not exceed the recommended maximum daily dose of caffeine, while breastfeeding women often did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisowska
- The Faculty of Health Sciences of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Kasiak
- 3rd Department of Internal and Medicine Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Rząca
- Department of Long-Term Care Nursing of the Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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Sikalidis AK, Kelleher AH, Maykish A, Kristo AS. Non-Alcoholic Beverages, Old and Novel, and Their Potential Effects on Human Health, with a Focus on Hydration and Cardiometabolic Health. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E490. [PMID: 32977648 PMCID: PMC7598257 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Beverage Guidance System has established dietary recommendations for daily intake of commonly consumed beverages including water, tea, coffee, milk, non-calorically sweetened beverages, and calorically sweetened beverages. As obesity in America continues to be a growing problem, this guidance becomes of increasing importance due to many beverages' potential links to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and numerous other harmful health effects. However, the growing popularity of "better for you" beverages is causing a shift in the market, with consumers pushing for healthier beverage alternatives. Beverages simultaneously present advantages while posing concerns that need to be evaluated and considered. In this review, health effects of nonalcoholic beverages are discussed including various aspects of consumption and current trends of the beverage market such as the novel Soft Seltzer category as an alternative to Hard Seltzer and various mashups. A variety of advisory boards and agencies responsible for dietary guidelines in various countries suggest drinking water as the preferred practice for hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos K. Sikalidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (A.H.K.); (A.M.); (A.S.K.)
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Jakpor O, Chevrier C, Kloog I, Benmerad M, Giorgis-Allemand L, Cordier S, Seyve E, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Slama R, Heude B, Schwartz J, Lepeule J. Term birthweight and critical windows of prenatal exposure to average meteorological conditions and meteorological variability. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105847. [PMID: 32559561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress during pregnancy may limit fetal growth, with ramifications throughout the life course. However, critical exposure windows are unknown, and effects of meteorological variability have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify sensitive windows for the associations of mean and variability of temperature and humidity with term birthweight. METHODS We analyzed data from two French mother-child cohorts, EDEN and PELAGIE (n = 4771), recruited in 2002-2006. Temperature exposure was assessed using a satellite-based model with daily 1-km2 resolution, and relative humidity exposure data were obtained from Météo France monitors. Distributed lag models were constructed using weekly means and standard deviation (SD, to quantify variability) from the first 37 gestational weeks. Analyses were then stratified by sex. Results for each exposure were adjusted for the other exposures, gestational age at birth, season and year of conception, cohort and recruitment center, and individual confounders. RESULTS There was no evidence of association between term birthweight and mean temperature. We identified a critical window in weeks 6-20 for temperature variability (cumulative change in term birthweight of -54.2 g [95% CI: -102, -6] for a 1 °C increase in SD of temperature for each week in that window). Upon stratification by sex of the infant, the relationship remained for boys (weeks 1-21, cumulative change: -125 g [95% CI: -228, -21]). For mean humidity, there was a critical window in weeks 26-37, with a cumulative change of -28 g (95% CI: -49, -7) associated with a 5% increase in humidity for each week. The critical window was longer and had a stronger association in boys (weeks 29-37; -37 g, 95% CI: -63, -11) than girls (week 14; -1.8 g, 95% CI: -3.6, -0.1). DISCUSSION Weekly temperature variability and mean humidity during critical exposure windows were associated with decreased term birthweight, especially in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otana Jakpor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Meriem Benmerad
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lise Giorgis-Allemand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emie Seyve
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rémy Slama
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Griffin I, Ibrahimou B, Navejar N, Aggarwal A, Myers K, Mauck D, Yusuf KK, Wudil UJ, Aliyu MH, Salihu HM. Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Racial Disparities in Fetal Telomere Length. Int J MCH AIDS 2020; 9:14-21. [PMID: 32123624 PMCID: PMC7031881 DOI: 10.21106/ijma.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The identification of risk factors for shorter telomere length, especially during fetal development, would be important towards caffeine consumption recommendations for pregnant women on a global scale. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and fetal telomere length as well as racial/ethnic differences in telomere length regardless of maternal caffeine consumption status. METHODS Caffeine intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three generalized linear models (GLM) were compared based on binary categorical variables of caffeine levels using data mean value of 117.3 mg as cut-off; the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of 300 mg; and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommendations of 200 mg. The association between caffeine consumption and telomere length (telomere to single-copy [T/S] ratio) was then assessed. RESULTS Among 57 maternal-fetal dyads, 77.2% reported less than 200 mg of caffeine (ACOG) and 89.5% less than 300 mg (WHO). Both WHO and ACOG models found that caffeine intake was significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length (p<0.05); and sodium (p<0.05). Other" race (p<0.001) and "white" race (p<0.001) were also significantly and positively associated with longer telomere length in the same models. Increasing maternal age shortened telomere length significantly in all models (p<0.001). CONCLUSION AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS Caffeine intake, maternal age, and race may be associated with alterations in fetal telomere length. This indicates that caffeine consumption during pregnancy may have long-term implications for fetal development. The racial/ethnic differences in telomere length found in this study warrant larger studies to further confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Griffin
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Epidemiology, 11200 SW 8 Street #500, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Boubakari Ibrahimou
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Epidemiology, 11200 SW 8 Street #500, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Natasha Navejar
- Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:411 Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 3701 Kirby Drive, Houston, Texas, 77098, USA
| | - Kristopher Myers
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Epidemiology, 11200 SW 8 Street #500, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Daniel Mauck
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Epidemiology, 11200 SW 8 Street #500, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
| | - Korede K Yusuf
- Adelphi University, College of Nursing and Public Health, One South Avenue, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Usman J Wudil
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Muktar H Aliyu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Hamisu M Salihu
- Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:411 Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ryu KY, Roh J. The Effects of High Peripubertal Caffeine Exposure on the Adrenal Gland in Immature Male and Female Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050951. [PMID: 31035471 PMCID: PMC6566528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of high levels of dietary caffeine has increased in children and adolescents. Human and animal studies have shown that chronic intake of high doses of caffeine affects serum glucocorticoid levels. Given that glucocorticoids play a role in peripubertal organ growth and development, chronic high doses of caffeine during puberty might impair maturation of the adrenal glands. To evaluate any effects of caffeine exposure on growing adrenal glands, 22-day-old male (n = 30) and female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 30) were divided into three groups (n = 10/group); group 1 received tap water (control) and groups 2 and 3 received water containing 120 and 180 mg/kg/day caffeine, respectively, via gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, adrenal glands were weighed and processed for histological analysis. Relative adrenal weights increased in both groups of caffeine-fed males and females, whereas absolute weights were decreased in the females. In the female caffeine-fed groups the adrenal cortical areas resembled irregularly arranged cords and the medullary area was significantly increased, whereas no such effects were seen in the male rats. Our results indicate that the harmful effects of caffeine on the adrenal glands of immature rats differ between females and males. Although female rats seemed to be more susceptible to damage based on the changes in the microarchitecture of the adrenal glands, caffeine affected corticosterone production in both female and male rats. In addition, increased basal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in caffeine-fed groups may reflect decreased cortical function. Therefore, caffeine may induce an endocrine imbalance that disturbs the establishment of the hypothalamo–pituitary adrenal axis during puberty, thereby leading to abnormal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
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Pemathilaka RL, Caplin JD, Aykar SS, Montazami R, Hashemi NN. Placenta-on-a-Chip: In Vitro Study of Caffeine Transport across Placental Barrier Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1800112. [PMID: 31565368 PMCID: PMC6436596 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the particular structure and functionality of the placenta, most current human placenta drug testing methods are limited to animal models, conventional cell testing, and cohort/controlled testing. Previous studies have produced inconsistent results due to physiological differences between humans and animals and limited availability of human and/or animal models for controlled testing. To overcome these challenges, a placenta-on-a-chip system is developed for studying the exchange of substances to and from the placenta. Caffeine transport across the placental barrier is studied because caffeine is a xenobiotic widely consumed on a daily basis. Since a fetus does not carry the enzymes that inactivate caffeine, when it crosses a placental barrier, high caffeine intake may harm the fetus, so it is important to quantify the rate of caffeine transport across the placenta. In this study, a caffeine concentration of 0.25 mg mL-1 is introduced into the maternal channel, and the resulting changes are observed over a span of 7.5 h. A steady caffeine concentration of 0.1513 mg mL-1 is reached on the maternal side after 6.5 h, and a 0.0033 mg mL-1 concentration on the fetal side is achieved after 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy D. Caplin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and BioscienceGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Saurabh S. Aykar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Nicole N. Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
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Modzelewska D, Bellocco R, Elfvin A, Brantsæter AL, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, Sengpiel V. Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome - results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:80. [PMID: 30808339 PMCID: PMC6390347 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal caffeine intake has repeatedly been linked to babies being born small for gestational age (SGA). SGA babies are known to be at increased risk for adverse neonatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and neonatal health. METHODS The study is based on 67,569 full-term singleton mother-infant pairs from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Caffeine consumption from different sources was self-reported in gestational week 22. Neonatal compound outcomes, namely (1) morbidity/mortality and (2) neonatal intervention, were created based on the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Adjusted logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Caffeine exposure was associated to SGA (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.10; 1.23) and being born SGA was significantly associated with neonatal health (OR = 3.09, 95%CI: 2.54; 3.78 for morbidity/mortality; OR = 3.94, 95%CI: 3.50; 4.45 for intervention). However, prenatal caffeine exposure was neither associated with neonatal morbidity/mortality (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.96; 1.07) nor neonatal intervention (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 1.00; 1.05 for a 100 mg caffeine intake increase). Results did not change after additional adjustment for SGA status. CONCLUSIONS Moderate prenatal caffeine exposure (< 200 mg/day) does not seem to impair neonatal health, although prenatal caffeine exposure is associated with the child being born SGA and SGA with neonatal health. We suggest diversity in neonatal outcomes of SGA infants according to the underlying cause of low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Modzelewska
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rino Bellocco
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Elfvin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Saeed M, Naveed M, BiBi J, Ali Kamboh A, Phil L, Chao S. Potential nutraceutical and food additive properties and risks of coffee: a comprehensive overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:3293-3319. [PMID: 30614268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1489368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Coffee has multifunctional properties as a food additive and nutraceutical. As a nutraceutical, coffee has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidyslipidemic, anti-obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which can serve for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. On the other hand, as a food additive, coffee has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPO), and can function as a prebiotic. The outcomes of different studies also revealed that coffee intake may reduce the incidence of numerous chronic diseases, like liver disease, mental health, and it also overcomes the all-cause mortality, and suicidal risks. In some studies, high intake of coffee is linked to increase CVD risk factors, like cholesterol, plasma homocysteine and blood pressure (BP). There is also a little evidence that associated the coffee consumption with increased risk of lung tumors in smokers. Among adults who consume the moderate amount of coffee, there is slight indication of health hazards with strong indicators of health benefits. Moreover, existing literature suggests that it may be cautious for pregnant women to eliminate the chances of miscarriages and impaired fetal growth. The primary purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the findings of the positive impacts and risks of coffee consumption on human health. In conclusion, to date, the best available evidence from research indicates that drinking coffee up to 3-4 cups/day provides health benefits for most people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jannat BiBi
- Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Lucas Phil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Sun Chao
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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Abu-Sa'da OS, Armstrong EA, Scott O, Shaw O, Nguyen AT, Shen K, Cheung PY, Baker G, Yager JY. The Effect of Caffeine on the Neuropathological and Neurobehavioral Outcome in the Newborn Rat. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Abu-Sa'da
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ori Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Oriana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Antoinette T. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Keqin Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Po-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Exposure and perceptions of marketing for caffeinated energy drinks among young Canadians. Public Health Nutr 2017; 21:535-542. [PMID: 29151382 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017002890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine exposure to energy drink marketing among youth and young adults, and test perceptions of energy drink advertisements (ads) regarding target audience age and promoting energy drink use during sports. DESIGN A between-group experiment randomly assigned respondents to view one of four energy drink ads (sport-themed or control) and assessed perceptions of the ad. Regression models examined marketing exposure and perceptions. SETTING Online survey (2014). SUBJECTS Canadians aged 12-24 years (n 2040) from a commercial panel. RESULTS Overall, 83 % reported ever seeing energy drink ads through at least one channel, including on television (60 %), posters/signs in stores (49 %) and online (44 %). Across experimental conditions, most respondents (70·1 %) thought the ad they viewed targeted people their age or younger, including 42·2 % of those aged 12-14 years. Two sport-themed ads were more likely to be perceived as targeting a younger audience (adjusted OR (95 % CI): 'X Games' 36·5 %, 4·16 (3·00, 5·77); 'snowboard' 19·2 %, 1·50 (1·06, 2·13)) v. control (13·3 %). Participants were more likely to believe an ad promoted energy drink use during sports if they viewed any sport-themed ad ('X Games' 69·9 %, 8·29 (6·24, 11·02); 'snowboard' 76·7 %, 11·85 (8·82, 15·92); 'gym' 66·8 %, 7·29 (5·52, 9·64)) v. control (22·0 %). Greater reported exposure to energy drink marketing was associated with perceiving study ads as promoting energy drink use during sports. CONCLUSIONS Energy drink marketing has a high reach among young people. Ads for energy drinks were perceived as targeting youth and promoting use during sports. Such ads may be perceived as making physical performance claims, counter to Canadian regulations.
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Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, Brorby GP, Britt J, Myers E, Goldberger J, Lieberman HR, O'Brien C, Peck J, Tenenbein M, Weaver C, Harvey S, Urban J, Doepker C. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:585-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kou H, Wang GH, Pei LG, Zhang L, Shi C, Guo Y, Wu DF, Wang H. Effects of prenatal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis of adult offspring rats. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2017; 104:89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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van der Hoeven T, Browne JL, Uiterwaal CSPM, van der Ent CK, Grobbee DE, Dalmeijer GW. Antenatal coffee and tea consumption and the effect on birth outcome and hypertensive pregnancy disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177619. [PMID: 28520809 PMCID: PMC5433714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Coffee and tea are commonly consumed during pregnancy. While several of their components, like caffeine, have strong pharmacological effects, the effect on the unborn fetus remains unclear. Caffeine intake has been associated with abortion, preterm birth and fetal growth restriction, but a general consensus on caffeine restriction is still lacking. We aimed to investigate antenatal coffee, tea and caffeine consumption and the effect on birth weight and length, gestational age at birth and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. METHODS A total of 936 healthy pregnancies from the WHISTLER birth cohort with data on coffee and tea consumption were included. Maternal and child characteristics as well as antenatal coffee and tea consumption were obtained through postpartum questionnaires. Reported consumption was validated using available preconceptional data. Caffeine intake was calculated from coffee and tea consumption. Linear and logistic regression was used to assess the association with birth outcome and hypertensive disorders. RESULTS After adjustment for smoking and maternal age, a daily consumption of more than 300mg of caffeine compared to less than 100mg of caffeine was significantly associated with an increased gestational age (linear regression coefficient = 2.00 days, 95%CI = 0.12-4.21, P = 0.03). Tea consumption was significantly related to a higher risk of pregnancy induced hypertension (OR = 1.13, 95%CI = 1.04-1.23, P = 0.004). No associations concerning coffee consumption or birth weight and birth length were observed. CONCLUSIONS Daily caffeine consumption of more than 300mg is possibly associated with an increase in gestational age at birth. A possible relation between high tea consumption and increased risk for pregnancy induced hypertension warrants further research. For most outcomes, we found no significant associations with coffee or tea intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy van der Hoeven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce L. Browne
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cuno S. P. M. Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K. van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje W. Dalmeijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Salinas-Rios T, Sánchez-Torres-Esqueda MT, Díaz-Cruz A, Cordero-Mora JL, Cárdenas Leon M, Hernández-Bautista J, Nava-Cuellar C, Nieto Aquino R. Oxidative status and fertility of ewes supplemented coffee pulp during estrous synchronization and early pregnancy. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n4a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Choi YY, Choi Y, Kim J, Choi H, Shin J, Roh J. Peripubertal Caffeine Exposure Impairs Longitudinal Bone Growth in Immature Male Rats in a Dose- and Time-Dependent Manner. J Med Food 2016; 19:73-84. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisook Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonhae Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Shin
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Yadegari M, Khazaei M, Anvari M, Eskandari M. Prenatal Caffeine Exposure Impairs Pregnancy in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 9:558-62. [PMID: 26985345 PMCID: PMC4793178 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, concerns have been raised about human reproductive disorders. Caffeine consumption is increasing by the world's population and there is a relationship between caffeine intake and adverse reproductive outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on implantation sites, number of live births, birth weight, crown-rump length (CRL) and abnormality in pregnant rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, 40 female albino rats (170-190 g) were randomly divided into two experimental and two control groups (n=10/each group). In both experimental groups, animals received caffeine intraperitoneally (IP: 150 mg/kg/day) on days 1-5 of pregnancy. In experimental group 1, treated animals were euthanized on day 7of pregnancy and the number of implantation sites was counted. In experimental group 2, treated animals maintained pregnant and after delivery, the number of live births, birth weight, CRL and abnormality of neonates were investigated. In control group, animals received IP injections of distilled water. Data were analyzed by independent t test. RESULTS Results showed that administration of caffeine significantly decreased the number of implantation sites, number of live births and CRL as compared with control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences regarding birth weight and abnormality of neonate rats between experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that caffeine caused anti-fertility effect and significantly decreased CRL in neonate rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yadegari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Morteza Anvari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Eskandari
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Bech BH, Frydenberg M, Henriksen TB, Obel C, Olsen J. Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and Birth Weight: Does Smoking Modify the Association? JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Hammer Bech
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Frydenberg
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Obel
- Section for General Practice/Family Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Maternal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age births: results from a population-based case-control study. Matern Child Health J 2015; 18:1540-51. [PMID: 24288144 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is consumed in various forms during pregnancy, has increased half-life during pregnancy and crosses the placental barrier. Small for gestational age (SGA) is an important perinatal outcome and has been associated with long term complications. We examined the association between maternal caffeine intake and SGA using National Birth Defects Prevention Study data. Non-malformed live born infants with an estimated date of delivery from 1997-2007 (n = 7,943) were included in this analysis. Maternal caffeine exposure was examined as total caffeine intake and individual caffeinated beverage type (coffee, tea, and soda); sex-, race/ethnic-, and parity-specific growth curves were constructed to estimate SGA births. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Interaction with caffeine exposures was assessed for maternal smoking, vasoconstrictor medication use, and folic acid. Six hundred forty-eight infants (8.2%) were found to be SGA in this analysis. Increasing aORs were observed for increasing intakes of total caffeine and for each caffeinated beverage with aORs (adjusting for maternal education, high blood pressure, and smoking) ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 for the highest intake categories (300+ mg/day total caffeine and 3+ servings/day for each beverage type). Little indication of additive interaction by maternal smoking, vasoconstrictor medication use, or folic acid intake was observed. We observed an increase in SGA births for mothers with higher caffeine intake, particularly for those consuming 300+ mg of caffeine per day. Increased aORs were also observed for tea intake but were more attenuated for coffee and soda intake.
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Li DK, Ferber JR, Odouli R. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:658-64. [PMID: 25388405 PMCID: PMC4389720 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In-utero exposures through adverse fetal programming are emerging as an important contributing factor to the epidemic of childhood obesity. This study examines the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity in offspring. SUBJECTS/METHODS A prospective study of pregnant women with 15 years follow-up of their offspring was conducted to examine the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity. Maternal caffeine intake was prospectively ascertained during pregnancy and outcome measures (body mass index (BMI)) were ascertained from medical charts, with 17 BMI measurements per child, on average, during the follow-up period. Potential confounders including known perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity were adjusted for using the generalized estimating equations model with repeated measurements. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, compared with those without caffeine exposure, in-utero exposure to caffeine overall is associated with 87% increased risk of childhood obesity: odds ratio (OR) =1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-3.12. This association demonstrated a dose-response relationship: OR=1.77 (1.05-3.00) for maternal daily caffeine intake <150 mg per day, OR=2.37 (1.24-4.52) for caffeine intake ⩾150 mg per day during pregnancy, respectively. We also observed a linear relationship: every one unit increase (log10 scale) in the amount of maternal caffeine intake was associated with 23% increased risk of obesity in offspring. The dose-response relationship appears stronger for persistent obesity than for transitory obesity (occasional high BMI), and for girls than for boys. CONCLUSIONS We observed an association of in-utero exposure to caffeine with increased risk of childhood obesity. If this observation is further replicated in other studies, the finding will contribute to the understanding of fetal programming of childhood diseases and development of intervention strategy to prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-K Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J R Ferber
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R Odouli
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
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Bull S, Brown T, Burnett K, Ashdown L, Rushton L. Extensive literature search as preparatory work for the safety assessment for caffeine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Park M, Choi Y, Choi H, Yim JY, Roh J. High Doses of Caffeine during the Peripubertal Period in the Rat Impair the Growth and Function of the Testis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:368475. [PMID: 25983753 PMCID: PMC4423020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal caffeine exposure adversely affects the development of the reproductive organs of male rat offspring. Thus, it is conceivable that peripubertal caffeine exposure would also influence physiologic gonadal changes and function during this critical period for sexual maturation. This study investigated the impact of high doses of caffeine on the testes of prepubertal male rats. A total of 45 immature male rats were divided randomly into three groups: a control group and 2 groups fed 120 and 180 mg/kg/day of caffeine, respectively, via the stomach for 4 weeks. Caffeine caused a significant decrease in body weight gain, accompanied by proportional decreases in lean body mass and body fat. The caffeine-fed animals had smaller and lighter testes than those of the control that were accompanied by negative influences on the histologic parameters of the testes. In addition, stimulated-testosterone ex vivo production was reduced in Leydig cells retrieved from the caffeine-fed animals. Our results demonstrate that peripubertal caffeine consumption can interfere with the maturation and function of the testis, possibly by interrupting endogenous testosterone secretion and reducing the sensitivity of Leydig cells to gonadotrophic stimulation. In addition, we confirmed that pubertal administration of caffeine reduced testis growth and altered testis histomorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonhae Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yearn Yim
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
- *Jaesook Roh:
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Fang X, Mei W, Barbazuk WB, Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Caffeine exposure alters cardiac gene expression in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1471-87. [PMID: 25354728 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that in utero caffeine treatment at embryonic day (E) 8.5 alters DNA methylation patterns, gene expression, and cardiac function in adult mice. To provide insight into the mechanisms, we examined cardiac gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression in cardiomyocytes shortly after exposure to physiologically relevant doses of caffeine. In HL-1 and primary embryonic cardiomyocytes, caffeine treatment for 48 h significantly altered the expression of cardiac structural genes (Myh6, Myh7, Myh7b, Tnni3), hormonal genes (Anp and BnP), cardiac transcription factors (Gata4, Mef2c, Mef2d, Nfatc1), and microRNAs (miRNAs; miR208a, miR208b, miR499). In addition, expressions of these genes were significantly altered in embryonic hearts exposed to in utero caffeine. For in utero experiments, pregnant CD-1 dams were treated with 20-60 mg/kg of caffeine, which resulted in maternal circulation levels of 37.3-65.3 μM 2 h after treatment. RNA sequencing was performed on embryonic ventricles treated with vehicle or 20 mg/kg of caffeine daily from E6.5-9.5. Differential expression (DE) analysis revealed that 124 genes and 849 transcripts were significantly altered, and differential exon usage (DEU) analysis identified 597 exons that were changed in response to prenatal caffeine exposure. Among the DE genes identified by RNA sequencing were several cardiac structural genes and genes that control DNA methylation and histone modification. Pathway analysis revealed that pathways related to cardiovascular development and diseases were significantly affected by caffeine. In addition, global cardiac DNA methylation was reduced in caffeine-treated cardiomyocytes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that caffeine exposure alters gene expression and DNA methylation in embryonic cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Christopher C Wendler
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The most common method of antepartum fetal surveillance is the nonstress test (NST). Although it has satisfactory false-negative rates, dubious nonreactive results may challenge the physician. Any method or factor increasing the reactive NST results or shortening the time to attain a reactive test may be considerably useful. RECENT FINDINGS Most of the studies have found no effect of maternal glucose administration on fetal heart rate and fetal activity, specificity of NST, time to reactivity and percentage of reactive NST results when compared with the control group. Maternal intake of 70% cocoa or caffeine had stimulating action on the fetal reactivity, and this effect on the fetal heart rate was more marked with high concentrations of cocoa (80%). Studies on maternal positioning during NST had equivocal results. Fetal manipulation has no impact on the NST reactivity. Vibroacoustic and halogen light stimulation may be associated with a reduction in time to reactivity. SUMMARY These methods may increase the reactivity during a NST and may facilitate the antenatal fetal surveillance.
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Buscariollo DL, Fang X, Greenwood V, Xue H, Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Embryonic caffeine exposure acts via A1 adenosine receptors to alter adult cardiac function and DNA methylation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87547. [PMID: 24475304 PMCID: PMC3903656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that disruption of normal prenatal development influences an individual's risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular disease as an adult. Thus, understanding how in utero exposure to chemical agents leads to increased susceptibility to adult diseases is a critical health related issue. Our aim was to determine whether adenosine A1 receptors (A1ARs) mediate the long-term effects of in utero caffeine exposure on cardiac function and whether these long-term effects are the result of changes in DNA methylation patterns in adult hearts. Pregnant A1AR knockout mice were treated with caffeine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.09% NaCl) i.p. at embryonic day 8.5. This caffeine treatment results in serum levels equivalent to the consumption of 2–4 cups of coffee in humans. After dams gave birth, offspring were examined at 8–10 weeks of age. A1AR+/+ offspring treated in utero with caffeine were 10% heavier than vehicle controls. Using echocardiography, we observed altered cardiac function and morphology in adult mice exposed to caffeine in utero. Caffeine treatment decreased cardiac output by 11% and increased left ventricular wall thickness by 29% during diastole. Using DNA methylation arrays, we identified altered DNA methylation patterns in A1AR+/+ caffeine treated hearts, including 7719 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within the genome and an overall decrease in DNA methylation of 26%. Analysis of genes associated with DMRs revealed that many are associated with cardiac hypertrophy. These data demonstrate that A1ARs mediate in utero caffeine effects on cardiac function and growth and that caffeine exposure leads to changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L. Buscariollo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Greenwood
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Huiling Xue
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Wendler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sengpiel V, Elind E, Bacelis J, Nilsson S, Grove J, Myhre R, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Alexander J, Jacobsson B, Brantsæter AL. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study. BMC Med 2013; 11:42. [PMID: 23421532 PMCID: PMC3606471 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women consume caffeine daily. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal caffeine intake from different sources and (a) gestational length, particularly the risk for spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD), and (b) birth weight (BW) and the baby being small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS This study is based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. A total of 59,123 women with uncomplicated pregnancies giving birth to a live singleton were identified. Caffeine intake from different sources was self-reported at gestational weeks 17, 22 and 30. Spontaneous PTD was defined as spontaneous onset of delivery between 22+0 and 36+6 weeks (n = 1,451). As there is no consensus, SGA was defined according to ultrasound-based (Marsal, n = 856), population-based (Skjaerven, n = 4,503) and customized (Gardosi, n = 4,733) growth curves. RESULTS The main caffeine source was coffee, but tea and chocolate were the main sources in women with low caffeine intake. Median pre-pregnancy caffeine intake was 126 mg/day (IQR 40 to 254), 44 mg/day (13 to 104) at gestational week 17 and 62 mg/day (21 to 130) at gestational week 30. Coffee caffeine, but not caffeine from other sources, was associated with prolonged gestation (8 h/100 mg/day, P <10-7). Neither total nor coffee caffeine was associated with spontaneous PTD risk. Caffeine intake from different sources, measured repeatedly during pregnancy, was associated with lower BW (Marsal-28 g, Skjaerven-25 g, Gardosi-21 g per 100 mg/day additional total caffeine for a baby with expected BW 3,600 g, P <10-25). Caffeine intake of 200 to 300 mg/day increased the odds for SGA (OR Marsal 1.62, Skjaerven 1.44, Gardosi 1.27, P <0.05), compared to 0 to 50 mg/day. CONCLUSIONS Coffee, but not caffeine, consumption was associated with marginally increased gestational length but not with spontaneous PTD risk. Caffeine intake was consistently associated with decreased BW and increased odds of SGA. The association was strengthened by concordant results for caffeine sources, time of survey and different SGA definitions. This might have clinical implications as even caffeine consumption below the recommended maximum (200 mg/day in the Nordic countries and USA, 300 mg/day according to the World Health Organization (WHO)) was associated with increased risk for SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Elind
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, CF Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Office of the Director-General, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Brantsæter
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Dorostghoal M, Erfani Majd N, Nooraei P. Maternal caffeine consumption has irreversible effects on reproductive parameters and fertility in male offspring rats. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2012; 39:144-52. [PMID: 23346524 PMCID: PMC3548072 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2012.39.4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns are growing about the decrease in male reproductive health. Caffeine is one of the popular nutrients that has been implicated as a risk factor for infertility. In the present study, we examined whether in utero and lactational exposure to caffeine affects the reproductive function of the offspring of rats. METHODS Pregnant rats received caffeine via drinking water during gestation (26 and 45 mg/kg) and lactation (25 and 35 mg/kg). Body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, sperm parameters, fertility rate, number of implantations, and testosterone level of the offspring were assessed from birth to adulthood. RESULTS Significant dose-related decreases were observed in the body and reproductive organ weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium height of the offspring. Sperm density had declined significantly in offspring of the low-dose and high-dose groups, by 8.81% and 19.97%, respectively, by postnatal day 150. The number of viable fetuses had decreased significantly in females mated with male offspring of the high-dose group at postnatal days 60, 90, 120, and 150. There were also significant reductions in testosterone levels of high-dose group offspring from birth to postnatal day 150. CONCLUSION It is concluded that maternal caffeine consumption impairs gonadal development and has long-term adverse effects on the reproductive efficiency of male offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dorostghoal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Caffeine-induced fetal rat over-exposure to maternal glucocorticoid and histone methylation of liver IGF-1 might cause skeletal growth retardation. Toxicol Lett 2012; 214:279-87. [PMID: 22995397 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological investigations, including previous work by our laboratory, indicate that maternal caffeine consumption is associated with intrauterine growth retardation and impaired fetal length growth. Skeletal development is critical for length growth. In the present study, our goals were to determine the effects of prenatal caffeine exposures on fetal skeletal growth and to investigate the mechanisms associated with such effects. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected intragastrically with 120mg/kg of caffeine intragastrically each day from gestational days 11-20. Maternal prenatal caffeine exposure was associated with decreased fetal femur lengths and inhibited of synthesis of extracellular matrices in fetal growth plates Moreover, caffeine exposure significantly increased the levels of fetal blood corticosterone and decreased IGF-1mRNA expression levels in the liver and growth plate. The expression levels of IGF-1 signaling pathway components (IGF-1R, IRS-1, AKT1/2 and Col2A1) were also reduced. In addition, the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that caffeine exposure down-regulated histone methylation of fetal IGF-1 in the liver. These results suggest that prenatal caffeine exposure may inhibit fetal skeletal growth through a mechanism that is associated with increased fetal exposure to maternal glucocorticoids and results in lower IGF-1 signaling pathway activity. Taken together, these results raise important concerns regarding the skeletal growth toxicity of caffeine and potentially indicate the intrauterine origins of adult osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
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Loomans EM, Hofland L, van der Stelt O, van der Wal MF, Koot HM, Van den Bergh BRH, Vrijkotte TGM. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of problem behavior in 5- to 6-year-old children. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e305-13. [PMID: 22778296 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human studies that have investigated the association between caffeine intake during pregnancy and offspring's behavioral outcomes are scant and inconclusive. We prospectively investigated the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and children's problem behavior at age 5 to 6 years. Mediation by fetal growth restriction and gestational age as well as effect modification by the child's gender and maternal smoking was tested. METHODS In a community based multiethnic birth cohort, dietary caffeine intake (coffee, caffeinated tea, and cola) was measured (maternal self-report, n = 8202) around the 16th week of gestation. At age 5, children's overall problem behavior, emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior were rated by both mother and teacher (n = 3439) with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, cohabitant status, education, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, child's gender, family size, and prenatal maternal anxiety. RESULTS Caffeine intake was not associated with a higher risk for behavior problems or with suboptimal prosocial behavior. No evidence was found for mediation by fetal growth restriction or gestational age, nor for effect modification by the child's gender. CONCLUSIONS Results did not provide evidence for developmental programming influences of intrauterine exposure to caffeine on offspring's problem behavior at age 5. Present results give no indication to advise pregnant women to reduce their caffeine intake to prevent behavior problems in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Loomans
- Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, Netherlands.
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Sharmin S, Guan H, Williams AS, Yang K. Caffeine reduces 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in human trophoblast cells through the adenosine A(2B) receptor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38082. [PMID: 22701600 PMCID: PMC3372487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal caffeine consumption is associated with reduced fetal growth, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Since there is evidence that decreased placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) is linked to fetal growth restriction, we hypothesized that caffeine may inhibit fetal growth partly through down regulating placental 11β-HSD2. As a first step in examining this hypothesis, we studied the effects of caffeine on placental 11β-HSD2 activity and expression using our established primary human trophoblast cells as an in vitro model system. Given that maternal serum concentrations of paraxanthine (the primary metabolite of caffeine) were greater in women who gave birth to small-for-gestational age infants than to appropriately grown infants, we also studied the effects of paraxanthine. Our main findings were: (1) both caffeine and paraxanthine decreased placental 11β-HSD2 activity, protein and mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner; (2) this inhibitory effect was mediated by the adenosine A(2B) receptor, since siRNA-mediated knockdown of this receptor prevented caffeine- and paraxanthine-induced inhibition of placental 11β-HSD2; and (3) forskolin (an activator of adenyl cyclase and a known stimulator of 11β-HSD2) abrogated the inhibitory effects of both caffeine and paraxanthine, which provides evidence for a functional link between exposure to caffeine and paraxanthine, decreased intracellular levels of cAMP and reduced placental 11β-HSD2. Taken together, these findings reveal that placental 11β-HSD2 is a novel molecular target through which caffeine may adversely affect fetal growth. They also uncover a previously unappreciated role for the adenosine A(2B) receptor signaling in regulating placental 11β-HSD2, and consequently fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saina Sharmin
- Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haiyan Guan
- Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott Williams
- Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaiping Yang
- Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Regulation of cardiovascular development by adenosine and adenosine-mediated embryo protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:851-5. [PMID: 22423036 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few signaling molecules have as much potential to influence the developing mammal as the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine antagonists include the methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline. The receptors that transduce adenosine action are the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors (A1AR, A2aAR, A2bAR, and A3AR). We examined how adenosine acts via A1ARs to influence embryo development. Transgenic mice were studied along with embryo cultures. Embryos lacking A1ARs were markedly growth retarded following intrauterine hypoxia exposure. Studies of mice selectively lacking A1AR in the heart identify the heart as a key site of adenosine's embryo-protective effects. Studies of isolated embryos showed that adenosine plays a key role in modulating embryo cardiac function, especially in the setting of hypoxia. When pregnant mice were treated during embryogenesis with the adenosine antagonist caffeine, adult mice had abnormal heart function. Adenosine acts via A1ARs to play an essential role in protecting the embryo against intrauterine stress, and adenosine antagonists, including caffeine, may be an unwelcome exposure for the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft. ARZNEIMITTEL IN SCHWANGERSCHAFT UND STILLZEIT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7271212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-21203-1.10002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:271-8. [PMID: 21228731 PMCID: PMC3100210 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31820efbcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Few signaling molecules have the potential to influence the developing mammal as the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine antagonists include the methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline. The receptors that transduce adenosine action are the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). In the postnatal period, A1AR activation may contribute to white matter injury in the preterm infant by altering oligodendrocyte (OL) development. In models of perinatal brain injury, caffeine is neuroprotective against periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Supporting the notion that blockade of adenosine action is of benefit in the premature infant, caffeine reduces the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and CP in clinical studies. In comparison with the adverse effects on the postnatal brain, adenosine acts via A1ARs to play an essential role in protecting the embryo from hypoxia. Embryo protective effects are blocked by caffeine, and caffeine intake during early pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage and fetal growth retardation. Adenosine and adenosine antagonists play important modulatory roles during mammalian development. The protective and deleterious effects of adenosine depend on the time of exposure and target sites of action.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Embryo, Mammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/drug therapy
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Respiration/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Brent RL, Christian MS, Diener RM. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2011; 92:152-87. [PMID: 21370398 PMCID: PMC3121964 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the "pregnancy signal," which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60 µg/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the "caffeine teratogenic syndrome." Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Brent
- Thomas Jefferson University, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, USA.
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Marino M, Masella R, Bulzomi P, Campesi I, Malorni W, Franconi F. Nutrition and human health from a sex-gender perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:1-70. [PMID: 21356234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition exerts a life-long impact on human health, and the interaction between nutrition and health has been known for centuries. The recent literature has suggested that nutrition could differently influence the health of male and female individuals. Until the last decade of the 20th century, research on women has been neglected, and the results obtained in men have been directly translated to women in both the medicine and nutrition fields. Consequently, most modern guidelines are based on studies predominantly conducted on men. However, there are many sex-gender differences that are the result of multifactorial inputs, including gene repertoires, sex steroid hormones, and environmental factors (e.g., food components). The effects of these different inputs in male and female physiology will be different in different periods of ontogenetic development as well as during pregnancy and the ovarian cycle in females, which are also age dependent. As a result, different strategies have evolved to maintain male and female body homeostasis, which, in turn, implies that there are important differences in the bioavailability, metabolism, distribution, and elimination of foods and beverages in males and females. This article will review some of these differences underlying the impact of food components on the risk of developing diseases from a sex-gender perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marino
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Sojo L, Garcia-Patterson A, María MA, Martín E, Ubeda J, Adelantado JM, de Leiva A, Corcoy R. Are birth weight predictors in diabetic pregnancy the same in boys and girls? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 153:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Peck JD, Leviton A, Cowan LD. A review of the epidemiologic evidence concerning the reproductive health effects of caffeine consumption: a 2000-2009 update. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2549-76. [PMID: 20558227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review of human studies of caffeine and reproductive health published between January 2000 and December 2009 serves to update the comprehensive review published by Leviton and Cowan (2002). The adverse reproductive outcomes addressed in this review include: (1) measures of subfecundity; (2) spontaneous abortion; (3) fetal death; (4) preterm birth; (5) congenital malformations; and (6) fetal growth restriction. Methodologic challenges and considerations relevant to investigations of each reproductive endpoint are summarized, followed by a brief critical review of each study. The evidence for an effect of caffeine on reproductive health and fetal development is limited by the inability to rule out plausible alternative explanations for the observed associations, namely confounding by pregnancy symptoms and smoking, and by exposure measurement error. Because of these limitations, the weight of evidence does not support a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and adverse reproductive or perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer David Peck
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Public Health, USA.
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Bakker R, Steegers EAP, Obradov A, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV. Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1691-8. [PMID: 20427730 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is a widely used and accepted pharmacologically active substance. The effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and development is still unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of maternal caffeine intake, on the basis of coffee and tea consumption, with fetal growth characteristics measured in each trimester of pregnancy and the risks of adverse birth outcomes. DESIGN Associations were studied in 7346 pregnant women participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onward in the Netherlands (2001-2005). Caffeine intake in the first, second, and third trimesters was on the basis of coffee and tea consumption and was assessed by questionnaires. Fetal growth characteristics were repeatedly measured by ultrasound. Information about birth outcomes was obtained from hospital records. RESULTS We observed no consistent associations of caffeine intake with fetal head circumference or estimated fetal weight in any trimester. Higher caffeine intake was associated with smaller first-trimester crown-rump length, second- and third-trimester femur length, and birth length (P for trend <0.05). Offspring of mothers who consumed > or =6 caffeine units/d tended to have increased risks of small-for-gestational-age infants at birth. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that caffeine intake of > or =6 units/d during pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal length growth. Caffeine exposure might preferentially adversely affect fetal skeletal growth. Further studies are needed to assess these associations in non-European populations and to assess the postnatal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bakker
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Soellner DE, Grandys T, Nuñez JL. Chronic prenatal caffeine exposure impairs novel object recognition and radial arm maze behaviors in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:191-9. [PMID: 19686781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we demonstrate that chronic prenatal exposure to a moderate dose of caffeine disrupts novel object recognition and radial arm maze behaviors in adult male and female rats. Pregnant dams were administered either tap water or 75 mg/L caffeinated tap water throughout gestation. Oral self-administration in the drinking water led to an approximate maternal intake of 10mg/kg/day, equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee/day in humans based on a metabolic body weight conversion. In adulthood, the offspring underwent testing on novel object recognition, radial arm maze, and Morris water maze tasks. Prenatal caffeine exposure was found to impair 24-h memory retention in the novel object recognition task and impair both working and reference memory in the radial arm maze. However, prenatal caffeine exposure did not alter Morris water maze performance in either a simple water maze procedure or in an advanced water maze procedure that included reversal and working memory paradigms. These findings demonstrate that chronic oral intake of caffeine throughout gestation can alter adult cognitive behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Soellner
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Yu L, Coelho JE, Zhang X, Fu Y, Tillman A, Karaoz U, Fredholm BB, Weng Z, Chen JF. Uncovering multiple molecular targets for caffeine using a drug target validation strategy combining A 2A receptor knockout mice with microarray profiling. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:199-210. [PMID: 19258493 PMCID: PMC2685498 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90353.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance and has complex pharmacological actions in brain. In this study, we employed a novel drug target validation strategy to uncover the multiple molecular targets of caffeine using combined A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) knockouts (KO) and microarray profiling. Caffeine (10 mg/kg) elicited a distinct profile of striatal gene expression in WT mice compared with that by A(2A)R gene deletion or by administering caffeine into A(2A)R KO mice. Thus, A(2A)Rs are required but not sufficient to elicit the striatal gene expression by caffeine (10 mg/kg). Caffeine (50 mg/kg) induced complex expression patterns with three distinct sets of striatal genes: 1) one subset overlapped with those elicited by genetic deletion of A(2A)Rs; 2) the second subset elicited by caffeine in WT as well as A(2A)R KO mice; and 3) the third subset elicited by caffeine only in A(2A)R KO mice. Furthermore, striatal gene sets elicited by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor rolipram and the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicucullin, overlapped with the distinct subsets of striatal genes elicited by caffeine (50 mg/kg) administered to A(2A)R KO mice. Finally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis reveals that adipocyte differentiation/insulin signaling is highly enriched in the striatal gene sets elicited by both low and high doses of caffeine. The identification of these distinct striatal gene populations and their corresponding multiple molecular targets, including A(2A)R, non-A(2A)R (possibly A(1)Rs and pathways associated with PDE and GABA(A)R) and their interactions, and the cellular pathways affected by low and high doses of caffeine, provides molecular insights into the acute pharmacological effects of caffeine in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Addicott MA, Yang LL, Peiffer AM, Laurienti PJ. Methodological considerations for the quantification of self-reported caffeine use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:571-8. [PMID: 19011837 PMCID: PMC2829439 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The field of research regarding the effects of habitual caffeine use is immense and frequently utilizes self-report measures of caffeine use. However, various self-report measures have different methodologies, and the accuracy of these different methods has not been compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Self-reported caffeine use was estimated from two methods (a retrospective interview of weekly caffeine use and a 7-day prospective diary; n = 79). These estimates were then tested against salivary caffeine concentrations in a subset of participants (n = 55). RESULTS The estimates of caffeine use (mg/day) from the interview- and diary-based methods correlated with one another (r = 0.77) and with salivary caffeine concentrations (r = 0.61 and 0.68, respectively). However, almost half of the subjects who reported more than 600 mg/day in the interview reported significantly less caffeine use in the diary. CONCLUSIONS Self-report measures of caffeine use are a valid method of predicting actual caffeine levels. Estimates of high caffeine use levels may need to be corroborated by more than one method.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of maternal caffeine intake with fetal growth restriction. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal observational study. SETTING Two large UK hospital maternity units. PARTICIPANTS 2635 low risk pregnant women recruited between 8-12 weeks of pregnancy. Investigations Quantification of total caffeine intake from 4 weeks before conception and throughout pregnancy was undertaken with a validated caffeine assessment tool. Caffeine half life (proxy for clearance) was determined by measuring caffeine in saliva after a caffeine challenge. Smoking and alcohol were assessed by self reported status and by measuring salivary cotinine concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fetal growth restriction, as defined by customised birth weight centile, adjusted for alcohol intake and salivary cotinine concentrations. RESULTS Caffeine consumption throughout pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of fetal growth restriction (odds ratios 1.2 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.6) for 100-199 mg/day, 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) for 200-299 mg/day, and 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) for >300 mg/day compared with <100 mg/day; test for trend P<0.001). Mean caffeine consumption decreased in the first trimester and increased in the third. The association between caffeine and fetal growth restriction was stronger in women with a faster compared to a slower caffeine clearance (test for interaction, P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Caffeine consumption during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of fetal growth restriction and this association continued throughout pregnancy. Sensible advice would be to reduce caffeine intake before conception and throughout pregnancy.
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Montandon G, Bairam A, Kinkead R. Neonatal caffeine induces sex-specific developmental plasticity of the hypoxic respiratory chemoreflex in adult rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R922-34. [PMID: 18596110 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00059.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used to treat apneas of prematurity during the neonatal period; however, the potential consequences of administering a neonatal caffeine treatment (NCT) during a critical period for respiratory control development are unknown. The present study therefore determined whether NCT in rats alters the hypoxic respiratory chemoreflex measured at adulthood. Newborn rats received either caffeine (15 mg/kg) or water (control) each day from postnatal day 3 to 12. The ventilatory response to a hypoxic challenge (inspired O(2) fraction = 0.12) was first evaluated in awake adult female and male rats using whole body plethysmography. Results showed that NCT increased the initial phase of the breathing frequency response to hypoxia in males only. This result was confirmed in anesthetized and artificially ventilated adult male rats where NCT also increased the phrenic burst frequency response to hypoxia. RT-PCR assessment of mRNA encoding for adenosine A(1A) and A(2A) receptors, dopamine D(2) receptors, and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat carotid bodies showed that NCT enhanced mRNA expression levels of adenosine A(2A), dopamine D(2) receptors, and tyrosine hydroxylase of males but not females. Subsequent experiments on awake male rats showed that injection of the adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist ZM2413855 (1 mg/kg ip) before ventilatory measurements abolished, in NCT rats, the enhanced respiratory frequency response observed during the early phase of hypoxia. We propose that NCT elicits a sex-specific increase in the hypoxic respiratory chemoreflex, which is related, at least partially, to an enhancement in adenosine A(2A) receptors in the rat carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Montandon
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg., Rm. 7308, 1, King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Pacheco AHDRN, Barreiros NSR, Santos IS, Kac G. Consumo de cafeína entre gestantes e a prevalência do baixo peso ao nascer e da prematuridade: uma revisão sistemática. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:2807-19. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007001200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizou-se revisão sistemática sobre o consumo de cafeína em gestantes na ocorrência de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, enfocando métodos para quantificação deste consumo e confundimentos controlados na análise. A revisão consistiu na busca de artigos publicados de 1996 a 2006 nas bases MEDLINE, LILACS e PubMed, utilizando-se as palavras-chave: "caffeine", "coffee", "low birth weight", "birth weight", "preterm", "premature" e "prematurity". Dez artigos foram selecionados. Os métodos utilizados para quantificar o consumo de cafeína foram: questionário de freqüência alimentar semiquantitativo - da dieta ou apenas de produtos cafeinados, sendo um do tipo auto-aplicado; recordatório alimentar; perguntas sobre tipo e modo de preparo; análise de amostras; e dosagens urinária e plasmática. Em três estudos revisados, o consumo elevado de cafeína associou-se com baixo peso ao nascer e/ou prematuridade. Contradições nos achados devem-se a dificuldades na mensuração do consumo de cafeína; às fontes abordadas; a variações no preparo e na quantidade consumida; e ao tamanho amostral. Não foi demonstrada associação entre ingestão moderada de cafeína e crescimento fetal, sendo necessária uma avaliação mais precisa do consumo dessa substância.
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Ghosh R, Rankin J, Pless-Mulloli T, Glinianaia S. Does the effect of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes differ by gender? A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 105:400-8. [PMID: 17493608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Gender is known to influence pregnancy outcomes. Recent studies have reported an association between air pollution exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but gender differences have not been considered. In order to assess the current evidence of the interactive effects between gender and air pollution on pregnancy outcomes we undertook a systematic literature review. Using a comprehensive list of keywords, English language articles published between 1966 and 2005 were retrieved from major databases. Additional information on gender was obtained from the study authors. Studies were included if they contained well-defined measurements of ambient air pollutants, investigated pregnancy outcomes and reported estimates by gender. In total 11 studies were included. The quality of the studies was assessed using the framework in Systematic Reviews in Health Care Meta-analysis in context and Bracken's Guidelines. Of the 11 studies, four evaluated low birth weight (LBW); one each evaluated very low birth weight and fetal growth and six examined preterm birth (PTB). Females were at higher risk of LBW: adjusted odds ratios (AOR) ranged from 1.07 to 1.62. Males were at higher risk for PTB: AORs ranged from 1.11 to 1.20. In addition, there was some evidence to suggest that the effect of air pollution on LBW is differential by gender; however, the evidence was available only from four studies. This is the first systematic review to consider gender effect. Further high quality studies are needed to establish whether these findings prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ghosh
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Xue F, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Forman MR, Michels KB. Parental characteristics as predictors of birthweight. Hum Reprod 2007; 23:168-77. [PMID: 17934185 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies provided conflicting results on the relevance of parental characteristics for offspring's size at birth. The objective of this study was to investigate parental predictors of birthweight. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 34,063 women in the Nurses' Mother's Cohort were queried about parental characteristics during the pregnancy with and birthweight of their nurse daughter. RESULTS The predictive linear regression model of birthweight included 13 factors and the majority of the predictive power came from parental anthropometric factors. In the adjusted analysis, daily consumption of each additional glass of milk was associated with an increase of approximately 6 g in birthweight (P for trend = 0.01) and daily consumption of each additional cup of coffee was associated with a decrease of approximately 10 g in birthweight (P for trend < 0.0001). Drinking 1-2, 3-4 and 5+ cups of coffee daily was associated with a 28% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12, 0.47], 30% (95% CI 0.10, 0.55) and 63% (95% CI 0.25, 1.12) increase, respectively, in the odds of intrauterine growth restriction when compared with non-drinkers. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirmed several previously reported determinants of birthweight. Maternal dietary intake of milk and coffee during pregnancy may influence fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Martín I, López-Vílchez MA, Mur A, García-Algar O, Rossi S, Marchei E, Pichini S. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal drinking of mate. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:127-9. [PMID: 17304161 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803257ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The premature newborn of a mother who reported drinking mate during pregnancy presented with increased jitteriness and irritability, high-pitched cry, hypertonia in the limbs, and brisk tendon reflexes consistent with neonatal withdrawal syndrome. High concentrations of caffeine and theobromine were detected in various maternal and neonatal biological matrices (placenta, cord serum, neonatal urine, maternal and neonatal hair, meconium, and breast milk), demonstrating both acute and chronic prenatal and postnatal exposure to these methylxanthines, contained in high amounts in homemade mate. Symptoms progressively disappeared at 84 hours of age, although intermittent irritability was still present when the infant was discharged at 24 days of age. Fluctuating caffeine (and theobromine) content in different breast milk feeds likely generated the baby's irritability, due to either the physiological stimulatory effects of the methylxanthines or postnatal withdrawal syndrome as the substances cleared from the body. The mother was strongly advised to initiate a considerable, progressive, constant reduction of mate consumption to a maximum of 2 cups a day for the duration of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Martín
- Neonatology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Infante-Rivard C. Caffeine intake and small-for-gestational-age birth: modifying effects of xenobiotic-metabolising genes and smoking. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2007; 21:300-9. [PMID: 17564586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between caffeine consumption and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth remains uncertain. However, factors that can influence caffeine metabolism, such as genetic polymorphisms, have not been considered, while other similar factors such as smoking and ethnicity have not always been fully accounted for in the interpretation of results. A case-control study was carried out comprising 493 cases and 472 controls. Cases were newborns whose birthweight was below the 10th percentile according to gestational age and sex, based on national norms, and controls were at or above the 10th percentile. Caffeine consumption from beverages was estimated for each pregnancy trimester. Maternal and newborn variants in the CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 genes involved in the metabolism of caffeine were determined. Contrasting consumption >or=300 mg/day with a lower level, or using caffeiwne as a continuous measure, while adjusting for smoking and nausea, showed no increased risk for SGA. However, when stratifying for cigarette smoking, caffeine odds ratios (for the continuous and dichotomous measures) in the first trimester were statistically heterogeneous, suggesting a greater risk among non-smokers. Using birthweight as the outcome and caffeine as a continuous measure, a small 38 g [95% confidence interval -68, -8] decrement for every 100 mg of daily caffeine was observed in the third trimester. The studied polymorphisms did not modify the effect of caffeine. Caffeine consumption is unlikely to be a major risk factor for SGA or low birthweight in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Browne ML, Bell EM, Druschel CM, Gensburg LJ, Mitchell AA, Lin AE, Romitti PA, Correa A. Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of cardiovascular malformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 79:533-43. [PMID: 17405163 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiologic effects and common use of caffeine during pregnancy call for examination of maternal caffeine consumption and risk of birth defects. Epidemiologic studies have yielded mixed results, but such studies have grouped etiologically different defects and have not evaluated effect modification. METHODS The large sample size and precise case classification of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study allowed us to examine caffeine consumption and specific cardiovascular malformation (CVM) case groups. We studied consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate to estimate total caffeine intake and separately examined exposure to each caffeinated beverage. Smoking, alcohol, vasoactive medications, folic acid supplement use, and infant gender were evaluated for effect modification. Maternal interview reports for 4,196 CVM case infants overall and 3,957 control infants were analyzed. RESULTS We did not identify any significant positive associations between maternal caffeine consumption and CVMs. For tetralogy of Fallot, nonsignificant elevations in risk were observed for moderate (but not high) caffeine intake overall and among nonsmokers (ORs of 1.3 to 1.5). Risk estimates for both smoking and consuming caffeine were less than the sum of the excess risks for each exposure. We observed an inverse trend between coffee intake and risk of atrial septal defect; however, this single significant pattern of association might have been a chance finding. CONCLUSIONS Our study found no evidence for an appreciable teratogenic effect of caffeine with regard to CVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Browne
- Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York, USA.
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Cummings AM, Stoker T, Kavlock RJ. Gender-based differences in endocrine and reproductive toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 104:96-107. [PMID: 17157289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Basic differences in male versus female reproductive physiology lead to differentials in their respective susceptibilities to chemical insult as evidenced by a variety of observations. As individuals undergo maturation from prenatal sex differentiation through pubertal development, these susceptibilities become evident in each gender. Gender bias occurs in human populations for birth defects and for the acceleration of the onset of puberty. Data on gender bias in fetal origins of adult disease are more complex. Useful for understanding reproductive and developmental effects in animals are a range of standard methodological procedures including the multigeneration testing protocol and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB). Examples of gender-based differences seen in reproductive toxicology studies on animals include teratogenic effects, reproductive effects in adult males and females, and effects on pubertal development. It is clear that gender biases exist in the reproductive and developmental toxicity, and the biological bases for these differences need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Cummings
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
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Bech BH, Obel C, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Effect of reducing caffeine intake on birth weight and length of gestation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 334:409. [PMID: 17259189 PMCID: PMC1804137 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39062.520648.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of reducing caffeine intake during pregnancy on birth weight and length of gestation. DESIGN Randomised double blind controlled trial. SETTING Denmark. PARTICIPANTS 1207 pregnant women drinking at least three cups of coffee a day, recruited before 20 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTIONS Caffeinated instant coffee (568 women) or decaffeinated instant coffee (629 women). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Birth weight and length of gestation. RESULTS Data on birth weight were obtained for 1150 liveborn singletons and on length of gestation for 1153 liveborn singletons. No significant differences were found for mean birth weight or mean length of gestation between women in the decaffeinated coffee group (whose mean caffeine intake was 182 mg lower than that of the other group) and women in the caffeinated coffee group. After adjustment for length of gestation, parity, prepregnancy body mass index, and smoking at entry to the study the mean birth weight of babies born to women in the decaffeinated group was 16 g (95% confidence interval -40 to 73) higher than those born to women in the caffeinated group. The adjusted difference (decaffeinated group-caffeinated group) of length of gestation was -1.31 days (-2.87 to 0.25). CONCLUSION A moderate reduction in caffeine intake in the second half of pregnancy has no effect on birth weight or length of gestation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT00131690 [ClinicalTrials.gov].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Hammer Bech
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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