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Jin Z, Huang H, Huang H, Li L, Zeng Y, Cheng X, Pathier D, Gan L, Shen W. The delayed senescence in harvested blueberry by hydrogen-based irrigation is functionally linked to metabolic reprogramming and antioxidant machinery. Food Chem 2024; 453:139563. [PMID: 38776791 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen is beneficial for fruits quality improvement. However, the mechanism involved, especially cellular metabolic responses, has not been well established. Here, the integrated widely targeted metabolomics analysis (UPLC-MS/MS) and biochemical evidence revealed that hydrogen-based irrigation could orchestrate, either directly or indirectly, an array of physiological responses in blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) during harvesting stage, especially for the delayed senescence in harvested stage (4 °C for 12 d). The hubs to these changes are wide-ranging metabolic reprogramming and antioxidant machinery. A total of 1208 distinct annotated metabolites were identified, and the characterization of differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) revealed that the reprogramming, particularly, involves phenolic acids and flavonoids accumulation. These changes were positively matched with the transcriptional profiles of representative genes for their synthesis during the growth stage. Together, our findings open a new window for development of hydrogen-based agriculture that increases the shelf-life of fruits in a smart and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huize Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Hehan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Longna Li
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- Life Science Group, Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201108, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Life Science Group, Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201108, China.
| | - Didier Pathier
- Life Science Group, Air Liquide (China) R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201108, China.
| | - Lijun Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Zhu X, Huang H, Luo X, Wei Y, Du S, Yu J, Guo S, Chen K, Chen L. Condensed tannin accretions specifically distributed in mesophyll cells of non-salt secretor mangroves help in salt tolerance. PLANTA 2023; 258:100. [PMID: 37839056 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Auto-fluorescent condensed tannins specifically accumulated in mesophyll cells of non-salt secretor mangroves are involved in the compartmentation of Na+ and osmotic regulation, contributing to their salt tolerance. Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting the distribution and growth of mangrove plants. The salt exclusion mechanism from salt secretor mangrove leaves is quite known; however, salt management strategies in non-salt secretor leaves remain unclear. In this study, we reported the auto-fluorescent inclusions (AFIs) specifically accumulated in mesophyll cells (MCs) of four non-salt secretor mangroves but absent in three salt secretors. The AFIs increased with the leaf development under natural condition, and applied NaCl concentrations applied in the lab. The AFIs in MCs were isolated and identified as condensed tannin accretions (CTAs) using the dye dimethyl-amino-cinnamaldehyde (DMACA), specific for condensed tannin (CT), both in situ leaf cross sections and in the purified AFIs. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated that the CTAs originated from the inflated chloroplasts. The CTAs had an obvious membrane and could induce changes in shape and fluorescence intensity in hypotonic and hypertonic NaCl solutions, suggesting CTAs might have osmotic regulation ability and play an important role in the osmotic regulation in MCs. The purified CTAs were labeled by the fluorescent sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate acetoxymethyl ester (SBFI-AM), confirming they were involved in the compartmentation of excess Na+ in MCs. This study provided a new view on the salt resistance-associated strategies in mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hezi Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xu Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuanhai Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuangling Du
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiamin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shengyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Linjiao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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3
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Singh AA, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88281-88312. [PMID: 37440135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants' responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant-plant competition (allelopathy), and plant-insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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4
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Daryanavard H, Postiglione AE, Mühlemann JK, Muday GK. Flavonols modulate plant development, signaling, and stress responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 72:102350. [PMID: 36870100 PMCID: PMC10372886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are plant-specialized metabolites with important functions in plant growth and development. Isolation and characterization of mutants with reduced flavonol levels, especially the transparent testa mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, have contributed to our understanding of the flavonol biosynthetic pathway. These mutants have also uncovered the roles of flavonols in controlling development in above- and below-ground tissues, notably in the regulation of root architecture, guard cell signaling, and pollen development. In this review, we present recent progress made towards a mechanistic understanding of flavonol function in plant growth and development. Specifically, we highlight findings that flavonols act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and inhibitors of auxin transport in diverse tissues and cell types to modulate plant growth and development and responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Daryanavard
- Climate Resilient Crop Production Laboratory, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anthony E Postiglione
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joëlle K Mühlemann
- Climate Resilient Crop Production Laboratory, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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5
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Wang L, Chen M, Lam PY, Dini-Andreote F, Dai L, Wei Z. Multifaceted roles of flavonoids mediating plant-microbe interactions. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:233. [PMID: 36527160 PMCID: PMC9756786 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions dynamically affect plant growth, health, and development. The mechanisms underpinning these associations are-to a large extent-mediated by specialized host-derived secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are one of the most studied classes of such metabolites, regulating both plant development and the interaction with commensal microbes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the multiple roles of flavonoids in mediating plant-microbe interactions. First, we briefly summarize the general aspects of flavonoid synthesis, transport, and exudation in plants. Then, we review the importance of flavonoids regulating plant-microbe interactions and dynamically influencing the overall community assembly of plant-root microbiomes. Last, we highlight potential knowledge gaps in our understanding of how flavonoids determine the interactions between plants and commensal microbes. Collectively, we advocate the importance of advancing research in this area toward innovative strategies to effectively manipulate plant-microbiome composition, in this case, via flavonoid production and exudation in plant roots. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science & Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Üstüner S, Schäfer P, Eichmann R. Development specifies, diversifies and empowers root immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55631. [PMID: 36330761 PMCID: PMC9724680 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Roots are a highly organised plant tissue consisting of different cell types with distinct developmental functions defined by cell identity networks. Roots are the target of some of the most devastating diseases and possess a highly effective immune system. The recognition of microbe- or plant-derived molecules released in response to microbial attack is highly important in the activation of complex immunity gene networks. Development and immunity are intertwined, and immunity activation can result in growth inhibition. In turn, by connecting immunity and cell identity regulators, cell types are able to launch a cell type-specific immunity based on the developmental function of each cell type. By this strategy, fundamental developmental processes of each cell type contribute their most basic functions to drive cost-effective but highly diverse and, thus, efficient immune responses. This review highlights the interdependence of root development and immunity and how the developmental age of root cells contributes to positive and negative outcomes of development-immunity cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim Üstüner
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
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7
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Shomali A, Das S, Arif N, Sarraf M, Zahra N, Yadav V, Aliniaeifard S, Chauhan DK, Hasanuzzaman M. Diverse Physiological Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Environmental Stress Responses and Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11223158. [PMID: 36432887 PMCID: PMC9699315 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are characterized as the low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds universally distributed in planta. They are a chemically varied group of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activity. The increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated the various physiological functions of flavonoids in stress response. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to flavonoids' biochemistry and biosynthesis. Then, we review the recent findings on the alternation of flavonoid content under different stress conditions to come up with an overall picture of the mechanism of involvement of flavonoids in plants' response to various abiotic stresses. The participation of flavonoids in antioxidant systems, flavonoid-mediated response to different abiotic stresses, the involvement of flavonoids in stress signaling networks, and the physiological response of plants under stress conditions are discussed in this review. Moreover, molecular and genetic approaches to tailoring flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation under abiotic stress are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Shomali
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Tehran, Tehran 33916-53755, Iran
| | - Susmita Das
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Namira Arif
- D. D. Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Dehli School of Journalism, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohammad Sarraf
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Noreen Zahra
- Department of Botany, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Vaishali Yadav
- Department of Botany, Multanimal Modi College Modinagar, Ghaziabad 201204, India
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, University of Tehran, Tehran 33916-53755, Iran
| | - Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- D. D. Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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8
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Li S, Cui Y, Liu D, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Liu Z. Transcriptome analysis and characterization of genes associated to leaf tannin content in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:512. [PMID: 35836120 PMCID: PMC9284691 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese chestnut is an economically important tree species whose yield and quality are seriously affected by red spider attack. Tannins is one of the most important class secondary metabolites in plants, and is closely associated with plant defense mechanisms against insect and herbivory. In our previous studies, it was revealed that several low-tannin foxtail millet varieties growing under the Chinese chestnut trees could attract red spiders to feed on their leaves and protect the chestnut trees from the infestation of red spiders, meanwhile, the growth and yield of foxtail millet plants themselves were not greatly affected. Results To identify genes related to leaf tannin content and selection of foxtail millet germplasm resources with low tannin content for interplanting with Chinese chestnut and preventing the red spider attack, the leaves of 4 varieties with different levels of tannin content were harvested for comparative transcriptome analysis. In total, 335 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. For acquisition of gene functions and biological pathways they involved in, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed, and several DEGs were found to possibly participate in the tannins biosynthesis pathway and transport processes of precursors. In addition, according to the PlantTFDB database, some transcription factors were predicted among the DEGs, suggesting their role in regulation of tannins biosynthesis pathway. Conclusion Our results provide valuable gene resources for understanding the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of tannins in foxtail millet, and pave the way for speeding up the breeding of low-tannin varieties through marker-assisted selection, which could be utilized for interplanting with Chinese chestnut trees to confer protection against red spider attack. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08746-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Yanjiao Cui
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhengli Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China.
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9
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Tu M, Fang J, Zhao R, Liu X, Yin W, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Fang Y. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of VvbZIP36 promotes anthocyanin accumulation in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac022. [PMID: 35184164 PMCID: PMC9174745 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are plant secondary metabolites that have a variety of biological functions, including pigmentation. The accumulation of anthocyanins is regulated by both transcriptional activators and repressors. Studies have shown that the bZIP family act primarily as positive regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis, but there are few reports of negative regulation. Here, we report that a grapevine (Vitis vinifera) bZIP gene from group K, VvbZIP36, acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Knocking-out one allele of VvbZIP36 in grapevine utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 technology promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data showed that, compared with wild type, a range of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were activated in VvbZIP36 mutant plants, resulting in the accumulation of related metabolites, including naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydroflavonols and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Furthermore, the synthesis of stilbenes (α-viniferin), lignans and some flavonols (including quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside) was significantly inhibited and several genes linked to these metabolism, were down-regulated in the mutant plants. In summary, our results demonstrate that VvbZIP36, as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, plays a role in balancing the synthesis of stilbenes (α-viniferin), lignans, flavonols and anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tu
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinghao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruikang Zhao
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wuchen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianhang Wang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Viti-viniculture Engineering Technology Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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10
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Koudounas K, Guirimand G, Hoyos LFR, Carqueijeiro I, Cruz PL, Stander E, Kulagina N, Perrin J, Oudin A, Besseau S, Lanoue A, Atehortùa L, St-Pierre B, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Papon N, O'Connor SE, Courdavault V. Tonoplast and Peroxisome Targeting of γ-tocopherol N-methyltransferase Homologs Involved in the Synthesis of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:200-216. [PMID: 35166361 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species from the Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae families evolved a specialized metabolism leading to the synthesis of a broad palette of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). These compounds are believed to constitute a cornerstone of the plant chemical arsenal but above all several MIAs display pharmacological properties that have been exploited for decades by humans to treat various diseases. It is established that MIAs are produced in planta due to complex biosynthetic pathways engaging a multitude of specialized enzymes but also a complex tissue and subcellular organization. In this context, N-methyltransferases (NMTs) represent an important family of enzymes indispensable for MIA biosynthesis but their characterization has always remained challenging. In particular, little is known about the subcellular localization of NMTs in MIA-producing plants. Here, we performed an extensive analysis on the subcellular localization of NMTs from four distinct medicinal plants but also experimentally validated that two putative NMTs from Catharanthus roseus exhibit NMT activity. Apart from providing unprecedented data regarding the targeting of these enzymes in planta, our results point out an additional layer of complexity to the subcellular organization of the MIA biosynthetic pathway by introducing tonoplast and peroxisome as new actors of the final steps of MIA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Koudounas
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | | | - Luisa Fernanda Rojas Hoyos
- Grupo de Biotransformación-Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ines Carqueijeiro
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Emily Stander
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Natalja Kulagina
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Jennifer Perrin
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | - Lucia Atehortùa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 50010, Colombia
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
| | | | - Nicolas Papon
- GEIHP, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 4 rue de Larrey - F49933, Angers 49000, France
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 31 Av. Monge, Tours 37200, France
- Graduate School of Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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11
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Jing XQ, Li WQ, Zhou MR, Shi PT, Zhang R, Shalmani A, Muhammad I, Wang GF, Liu WT, Chen KM. Rice Carbohydrate-Binding Malectin-Like Protein, OsCBM1, Contributes to Drought-Stress Tolerance by Participating in NADPH Oxidase-Mediated ROS Production. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:100. [PMID: 34874506 PMCID: PMC8651890 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding malectin/malectin-like domain-containing proteins (CBMs) are a recently identified protein subfamily of lectins that participates various functional bioprocesses in the animal, bacterial, and plant kingdoms. However, little is known the roles of CBMs in rice development and stress response. In this study, OsCBM1, which encodes a protein containing only one malectin-like domain, was cloned and characterized. OsCBM1 is localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Its transcripts are dominantly expressed in leaves and could be significantly stimulated by a number of phytohormone applications and abiotic stress treatments. Overexpression of OsCBM1 increased drought tolerance and reactive oxygen species production in rice, whereas the knockdown of the gene decreased them. OsCBM1 physically interacts with OsRbohA, a NADPH oxidase, and the expression of OsCBM1 in osrbohA, an OsRbohA-knockout mutant, is significantly downregulated under both normal growth and drought stress conditions. Meanwhile, OsCBM1 can also physically interacts with OsRacGEF1, a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rop/Rac GTPase OsRac1, and transient coexpression of OsCBM1 with OaRacGEF1 significantly enhanced ROS production. Further transcriptome analysis showed that multiple signaling regulatory mechanisms are involved in the OsCBM1-mediated processes. All these results suggest that OsCBM1 participates in NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production by interacting with OsRbohA and OsRacGEF1, contributing to drought stress tolerance of rice. Multiple signaling pathways are likely involved in the OsCBM1-mediated stress tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, 030619 Shanxi China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Meng-Ru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Peng-Tao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Abdullah Shalmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Izhar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Gang-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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12
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Destailleur A, Poucet T, Cabasson C, Alonso AP, Cocuron JC, Larbat R, Vercambre G, Colombié S, Petriacq P, Andrieu MH, Beauvoit B, Gibon Y, Dieuaide-Noubhani M. The Evolution of Leaf Function during Development Is Reflected in Profound Changes in the Metabolic Composition of the Vacuole. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120848. [PMID: 34940606 PMCID: PMC8707551 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During its development, the leaf undergoes profound metabolic changes to ensure, among other things, its growth. The subcellular metabolome of tomato leaves was studied at four stages of leaf development, with a particular emphasis on the composition of the vacuole, a major actor of cell growth. For this, leaves were collected at different positions of the plant, corresponding to different developmental stages. Coupling cytology approaches to non-aqueous cell fractionation allowed to estimate the subcellular concentrations of major compounds in the leaves. The results showed major changes in the composition of the vacuole across leaf development. Thus, sucrose underwent a strong allocation, being mostly located in the vacuole at the beginning of development and in the cytosol at maturity. Furthermore, these analyses revealed that the vacuole, rather rich in secondary metabolites and sugars in the growth phases, accumulated organic acids thereafter. This result suggests that the maintenance of the osmolarity of the vacuole of mature leaves would largely involve inorganic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Destailleur
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Théo Poucet
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | | | - Romain Larbat
- LAE, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- Plants and Cropping Systems in Horticulture, INRAE, F-84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Pierre Petriacq
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie Hélène Andrieu
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Martine Dieuaide-Noubhani
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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A rice QTL GS3.1 regulates grain size through metabolic-flux distribution between flavonoid and lignin metabolons without affecting stress tolerance. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1171. [PMID: 34620988 PMCID: PMC8497587 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain size is a key component trait of grain weight and yield. Numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified in various bioprocesses, but there is still little known about how metabolism-related QTLs influence grain size and yield. The current study report GS3.1, a QTL that regulates rice grain size via metabolic flux allocation between two branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism. GS3.1 encodes a MATE (multidrug and toxic compounds extrusion) transporter that regulates grain size by directing the transport of p-coumaric acid from the p-coumaric acid biosynthetic metabolon to the flavonoid biosynthetic metabolon. A natural allele of GS3.1 was identified from an African rice with enlarged grains, reduced flavonoid content and increased lignin content in the panicles. Notably, the natural allele of GS3.1 caused no alterations in other tissues and did not affect stress tolerance, revealing an ideal candidate for breeding efforts. This study uncovers insights into the regulation of grain size though metabolic-flux distribution. In this way, it supports a strategy of enhancing crop yield without introducing deleterious side effects on stress tolerance mechanisms.
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14
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Chao N, Wang RF, Hou C, Yu T, Miao K, Cao FY, Fang RJ, Liu L. Functional characterization of two chalcone isomerase (CHI) revealing their responsibility for anthocyanins accumulation in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:65-73. [PMID: 33578286 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus sp., Moraceae) is an important economic crop plant and mulberry fruits are rich in anthocyanidins. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the conversion of chalcones to flavanones providing precursors for biosynthesis of anthocyanidins. In this study, bona fide CHIs were cloned and characterized from different Morus species with differently colored fruits (Morus multicaulis, Mm and Morus alba variety LvShenZi, LSZ). Enzymatic assay of MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 showed that they can utilize naringenin chalcone as substrate. The catalytic efficiency of MmCHI2 and LSZCHI2 are approximately 200 and 120-fold greater than that of MmCHI1 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed the two mulberry CHIs belonged to different sub-clade of Type I CHI1 named type IA (CHI2) and type IB (CHI1). Type IB CHIs are mulberry specific. MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 had similar expression profiles and showed preferred expression in fruits. In addition, both mulberry CHI1 and CHI2 played roles in the response to excess zinc stress and sclerotiniose pathogen infection. Both MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 expression levels showed positive close relationship with anthocyanins content during fruit ripening process. The co-expression of MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 was observed during fruit ripening process and in transgenic mulberry. VIGS (virus induced gene silence) targeting on MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 showed significant down-regulation of MmCHI2 instead of MmCHI1 would result in significant (about 50%) decrease in anthocyanins content. MmCHI2 is the dominant CHI for anthocyanins accumulation in mulberry. The results presented in this work provided insight on bona fide CHIs in mulberry and reveal their roles in anthocyanins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Chong Hou
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ting Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ke Miao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Rong-Jun Fang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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15
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Zhao H, Chen G, Sang L, Deng Y, Gao L, Yu Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial citrate synthase plays important roles in anthocyanin synthesis in petunia. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110835. [PMID: 33691969 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments in plants. Malonyl CoA is an important intermediate in anthocyanin synthesis, and citrate, formed by citrate synthase (CS) catalysing oxaloacetate, is the precursor for the formation of malonyl-CoA. CS is composed of two isoforms, mitochondrial citrate synthase (mCS), a key enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and citrate synthase (CSY) localizated in microbodies in plants. However, no CS isoform involvement in anthocyanin synthesis has been reported. In this study, we identified the entire CS family in petunia (Petunia hybrida): PhmCS, PhCSY1 and PhCSY2. We obtained petunia plants silenced for the three genes. PhmCS silencing resulted in abnormal development of leaves and flowers. The contents of citrate and anthocyanins were significantly reduced in flowers in PhmCS-silenced plants. However, silencing of PhCSY1 and/or PhCSY2 did not cause a visible phenotype change in petunia. These results showed that PhmCS is involved in anthocyanin synthesis and the development of leaves and flowers, and that the citrate involved in anthocyanin synthesis mainly derived from mitochondria rather than microbodies in petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guoju Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lina Sang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ying Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lili Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yixun Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Juanxu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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16
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Teale WD, Pasternak T, Dal Bosco C, Dovzhenko A, Kratzat K, Bildl W, Schwörer M, Falk T, Ruperti B, V Schaefer J, Shahriari M, Pilgermayer L, Li X, Lübben F, Plückthun A, Schulte U, Palme K. Flavonol-mediated stabilization of PIN efflux complexes regulates polar auxin transport. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104416. [PMID: 33185277 PMCID: PMC7780147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of auxin controls the rate, direction and localization of plant growth and development. The course of auxin transport is defined by the polar subcellular localization of the PIN proteins, a family of auxin efflux transporters. However, little is known about the composition and regulation of the PIN protein complex. Here, using blue-native PAGE and quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify native PIN core transport units as homo- and heteromers assembled from PIN1, PIN2, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 subunits only. Furthermore, we show that endogenous flavonols stabilize PIN dimers to regulate auxin efflux in the same way as does the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). This inhibitory mechanism is counteracted both by the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid and by phosphomimetic amino acids introduced into the PIN1 cytoplasmic domain. Our results lend mechanistic insights into an endogenous control mechanism which regulates PIN function and opens the way for a deeper understanding of the protein environment and regulation of the polar auxin transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Teale
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Manuel Schwörer
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Thorsten Falk
- Institute for Computer ScienceUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Benadetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment—DAFNAEUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Xugang Li
- Sino German Joint Research Center for Agricultural Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Florian Lübben
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- High‐Throughput Binder Selection FacilityDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute of Physiology IIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Logopharm GmbHFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSFreiburgGermany
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17
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Gani U, Vishwakarma RA, Misra P. Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1-18. [PMID: 32959124 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent updates in the area of transporters of plant secondary metabolites, including their applied aspects in metabolic engineering of economically important secondary metabolites. Plants have evolved biosynthetic pathways to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which serve distinct functions, including defense against pathogens and herbivory, thereby playing a pivotal role in plant ecological interactions. These compounds often display interesting bioactivities and, therefore, have been used as repositories of natural drugs and phytoceuticals for humans. At an elevated level, plant secondary metabolites could be cytotoxic to the plant cell itself; therefore, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to sequester these compounds to prevent cytotoxicity. Many of these valuable natural compounds and their precursors are biosynthesized and accumulated at diverse subcellular locations, and few are even transported to sink organs via long-distance transport, implying the involvement of compartmentalization via intra- and intercellular transport mechanisms. The transporter proteins belonging to different families of transporters, especially ATP binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) have been implicated in membrane-mediated transport of certain plant secondary metabolites. Despite increasing reports on the characterization of transporter proteins and their genes, our knowledge about the transporters of several medicinally and economically important plant secondary metabolites is still enigmatic. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole route of secondary metabolite transportome, in addition to the biosynthetic pathways, will aid in systematic and targeted metabolic engineering of high-value secondary metabolites. The present review embodies a comprehensive update on the progress made in the elucidation of transporters of secondary metabolites in view of basic and applied aspects of their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Gani
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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18
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Lara MV, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Vizzotto G, Walker RP, Drincovich MF. Stone Fruit as Biofactories of Phytochemicals With Potential Roles in Human Nutrition and Health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:562252. [PMID: 32983215 PMCID: PMC7492728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.562252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites present in fruit are key components contributing to sensory attributes like aroma, taste, and color. In addition, these compounds improve human nutrition and health. Stone fruits are an important source of an array of secondary metabolites that may reduce the risk of different diseases. The first part of this review is dedicated to the description of the main secondary organic compounds found in plants which include (a) phenolic compounds, (b) terpenoids/isoprenoids, and (c) nitrogen or sulfur containing compounds, and their principal biosynthetic pathways and their regulation in stone fruit. Then, the type and levels of bioactive compounds in different stone fruits of the Rosaceae family such as peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica, P. salicina and P. cerasifera), sweet cherries (P. avium), almond kernels (P. dulcis, syn. P. amygdalus), and apricot (P. armeniaca) are presented. The last part of this review encompasses pre- and postharvest treatments affecting the phytochemical composition in stone fruit. Appropriate management of these factors during pre- and postharvest handling, along with further characterization of phytochemicals and the regulation of their synthesis in different cultivars, could help to increase the levels of these compounds, leading to the future improvement of stone fruit not only to enhance organoleptic characteristics but also to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valeria Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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19
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Wang M, Chen L, Liang Z, He X, Liu W, Jiang B, Yan J, Sun P, Cao Z, Peng Q, Lin Y. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal chlorophyll and anthocyanin metabolism pathway associated with cucumber fruit skin color. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:386. [PMID: 32831013 PMCID: PMC7444041 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit skin color play important role in commercial value of cucumber, which is mainly determined by the content and composition of chlorophyll and anthocyanins. Therefore, understanding the related genes and metabolomics involved in composition of fruit skin color is essential for cucumber quality and commodity value. RESULTS The results showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content in fruit skin were higher in Lv (dark green skin) than Bai (light green skin) on fruit skin. Cytological observation showed more chloroplast existed in fruit skin cells of Lv. A total of 162 significantly different metabolites were found between the fruit skin of the two genotypes by metabolome analysis, including 40 flavones, 9 flavanones, 8 flavonols, 6 anthocyanins, and other compounds. Crucial anthocyanins and flavonols for fruit skin color, were detected significantly decreased in fruit skin of Bai compared with Lv. By RNA-seq assay, 4516 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between two cultivars. Further analyses suggested that low expression level of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes, such as chlM, por and NOL caused less chlorophylls or chloroplast in fruit skin of Bai. Meanwhile, a predicted regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis was established to illustrate involving many DEGs, especially 4CL, CHS and UFGT. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovered significant differences between two cucumber genotypes with different fruit color using metabolome and RNA-seq analysis. We lay a foundation to understand molecular regulation mechanism on formation of cucumber skin color, by exploring valuable genes, which is helpful for cucumber breeding and improvement on fruit skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jinqiang Yan
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Piaoyun Sun
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhenqiang Cao
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingwu Peng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yu'e Lin
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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20
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Wang L, Lam PY, Lui ACW, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Liu H, Zhang J, Lo C. Flavonoids are indispensable for complete male fertility in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4715-4728. [PMID: 32386058 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are essential for male fertility in some but not all plant species. In rice (Oryza sativa), the chalcone synthase mutant oschs1 produces flavonoid-depleted pollen and is male sterile. The mutant pollen grains are viable with normal structure, but they display reduced germination rate and pollen-tube length. Analysis of oschs1/+ heterozygous lines shows that pollen flavonoid deposition is a paternal effect and fertility is independent of the haploid genotypes (OsCHS1 or oschs1). To understand which classes of flavonoids are involved in male fertility, we conducted detailed analysis of rice mutants for branch-point enzymes of the downstream flavonoid pathways, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H; flavonol pathway entry enzyme), flavone synthase II (CYP93G1; flavone pathway entry enzyme), and flavanone 2-hydroxylase (CYP93G2; flavone C-glycoside pathway entry enzyme). Rice osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants, and cyp93g1 and cyp93g2 T-DNA insertion mutants showed altered flavonoid profiles in anthers, but only the osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 mutants displayed reduction in seed yield. Our findings indicate that flavonoids are essential for complete male fertility in rice and a combination of different classes (flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and flavone C-glycosides) appears to be important, as opposed to the essential role played primarily by flavonols that has been previously reported in several plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Ichino T, Maeda K, Hara-Nishimura I, Shimada T. Arabidopsis ECHIDNA protein is involved in seed coloration, protein trafficking to vacuoles, and vacuolar biogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3999-4009. [PMID: 32201898 PMCID: PMC7475254 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major group of plant-specific metabolites that determine flower and seed coloration. In plant cells, flavonoids are synthesized at the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and are sequestered in the vacuole. It is possible that membrane trafficking, including vesicle trafficking and organelle dynamics, contributes to flavonoid transport and accumulation. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ECHIDNA protein plays a role in flavonoid accumulation in the vacuole and protein trafficking to the vacuole. We found defective pigmentation patterns in echidna seed, possibly caused by reduced levels of proanthocyanidins, which determine seed coloration. The echidna mutant has defects in protein sorting to the protein storage vacuole as well as vacuole morphology. These findings indicate that ECHIDNA is involved in the vacuolar trafficking pathway as well as the previously described secretory pathway. In addition, we found a genetic interaction between echidna and green fluorescent seed 9 (gfs9), a membrane trafficking factor involved in flavonoid accumulation. Our findings suggest that vacuolar trafficking and/or vacuolar development, both of which are collectively regulated by ECHIDNA and GFS9, are required for flavonoid accumulation, resulting in seed coat pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ichino
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Kazuki Maeda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence:
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22
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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23
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Meng X, Zhao X, Ding X, Li Y, Cao G, Chu Z, Su X, Liu Y, Chen X, Guo J, Cai Z, Ding X. Integrated Functional Omics Analysis of Flavonoid-Related Metabolism in AtMYB12 Transcript Factor Overexpressed Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6776-6787. [PMID: 32396374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering (GE) technology is widely used in plant modification. However, the results of modification may not exactly meet the expectations. Herein, we propose a new multi-omics method for GE plant evaluation based on the optimized use of the metID algorithm. Using this method, we found that flavonoid accumulation was at the expense of the great sacrifice of l-phenylalanine in GE tomatoes for the first time. Meanwhile, the ceramide series of sphingolipid is synthesized de novo from l-serine, and ceramides are the primary source of vesicles coated with flavonoids and secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, the accumulation of the ceramide series of sphingolipid changed the cell component of intracellular organelles. Furthermore, the improvement of the method allows us to identify more metabolites related to dysregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanlin Meng
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Ding
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Su
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytic Instrument, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- Center for Multi-Omics Research, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271000, People's Republic of China
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24
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Ni R, Zhu TT, Zhang XS, Wang PY, Sun CJ, Qiao YN, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification and evolutionary analysis of chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in ferns. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:290-304. [PMID: 31557291 PMCID: PMC6913697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of type I and II chalcone isomerases (CHIs) in plants is highly family specific. We have previously reported that ancient land plants, such as the liverworts and Selaginella moellendorffii, harbor type II CHIs. To better understand the function and evolution of CHI-fold proteins, transcriptomic data obtained from 52 pteridophyte species were subjected to sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The residues determining type I/II CHI identity in the pteridophyte CHIs were identical to those of type I CHIs. The enzymatic characterization of a sample of 24 CHIs, representing all the key pteridophyte lineages, demonstrated that 19 of them were type I enzymes and that five exhibited some type II activity due to an amino acid mutation. Two pteridophyte chalcone synthases (CHSs) were also characterized, and a type IV CHI (CHIL) was demonstrated to interact physically with CHSs and CHI, and to increase CHS activity by decreasing derailment products, thus enhancing flavonoid production. These findings suggest that the emergence of type I CHIs may have coincided with the divergence of the pteridophytes. This study deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanism of CHIL as an enhancer in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Piao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Correspondence:
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25
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Levisson M, Araya-Cloutier C, de Bruijn WJC, van der Heide M, Salvador López JM, Daran JM, Vincken JP, Beekwilder J. Toward Developing a Yeast Cell Factory for the Production of Prenylated Flavonoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13478-13486. [PMID: 31016981 PMCID: PMC6909231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids possess a wide variety of biological activities, including estrogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Hence, they have potential applications in food products, medicines, or supplements with health-promoting activities. However, the low abundance of prenylated flavonoids in nature is limiting their exploitation. Therefore, we investigated the prospect of producing prenylated flavonoids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a proof of concept, we focused on the production of the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin. Introduction of the flavonoid prenyltransferase SfFPT from Sophora flavescens in naringenin-producing yeast strains resulted in de novo production of 8-prenylnaringenin. We generated several strains with increased production of the intermediate precursor naringenin, which finally resulted in a production of 0.12 mg L-1 (0.35 μM) 8-prenylnaringenin under shake flask conditions. A number of bottlenecks in prenylated flavonoid production were identified and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levisson
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. de Bruijn
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Menno van der Heide
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - José Manuel Salvador López
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Laboratory
of Plant Physiology and Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
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26
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Pandith SA, Ramazan S, Khan MI, Reshi ZA, Shah MA. Chalcone synthases (CHSs): the symbolic type III polyketide synthases. PLANTA 2019; 251:15. [PMID: 31776718 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Present review provides a thorough insight on some significant aspects of CHSs over a period of about past three decades with a better outlook for future studies toward comprehending the structural and mechanistic intricacy of this symbolic enzyme. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) form a large family of iteratively acting multifunctional proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of spectrum of natural products. They exhibit remarkable versatility in the structural configuration and functional organization with an incredible ability to generate different classes of compounds other than the characteristic secondary metabolite constituents. Architecturally, chalcone synthase (CHS) is considered to be the simplest representative of Type III PKSs. The enzyme is pivotal for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and is also well known for catalyzing the initial step of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway. Being the first Type III enzyme to be discovered, CHS has been subjected to ample investigations which, to a greater extent, have tried to understand its structural complexity and promiscuous functional behavior. In this context, we vehemently tried to collect the fragmented information entirely focussed on this symbolic enzyme from about past three-four decades. The aim of this review is to selectively summarize data on some of the fundamental aspects of CHSs viz, its history and distribution, localization, structure and analogs in non-plant hosts, promoter analyses, and role in defense, with an emphasis on mechanistic studies in different species and vis-à-vis mutation-led changes, and evolutionary significance which has been discussed in detail. The present review gives an insight with a better perspective for the scientific community for future studies devoted towards delimiting the mechanistic and structural basis of polyketide biosynthetic machinery vis-à-vis CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad A Pandith
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Salika Ramazan
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Mohd Ishfaq Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Zafar A Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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27
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Chung MS, Lee GW, Jeong YS, Kuk YI, Lee SS, Chung BY, Lee S. Functional and genomic characterization of a wound- and methyl jasmonate-inducible chalcone isomerase in Eremochloa ophiuroides [Munro] Hack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:355-364. [PMID: 31622938 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eremochloa ophiuroides, a perennial warm-season lawn grass, has a characteristic phenotype of red pigmentation in tissues during maturation. The putative gene families associated with the red coloration were previously identified in E. ophiuroides. These genes encode chalcone synthases, flavonol 3-hydroxylases, and flavonol 3'-hydroxylases, acting on the early flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway. Here, a type-I chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene was isolated from E. ophiuroides based on leaf-transcriptome data, and the corresponding enzyme was functionally characterized in vitro and in planta. Complementation of Arabidopsis tt5 mutants by overexpressing EoCHI recapitulated the wild-type seed coat color. Wounding and methyl jasmonate treatments significantly elevated the transcript level of EoCHI and total anthocyanin content in shoots. Confocal microscopy indicated the localization of EoCHI to the endoplasmic reticulum. The genomic EoCHI sequence contained two introns with a novel pattern of exon‒intron organization. Further examinations on genomic structures of CHI family from ancient to advanced plant lineages should be of interests to decipher evolutionary pathways of extant plant CHI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Soo Chung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woong Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sim Jeong
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong In Kuk
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Sunchon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Rozanski M, Studzian M, Pulaski L. Direct Measurement of Kinetic Parameters of ABCG2-Dependent Transport of Natural Flavonoids Using a Fluorogenic Substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:309-319. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Global Ubiquitome Profiling Revealed the Roles of Ubiquitinated Proteins in Metabolic Pathways of Tea Leaves in Responding to Drought Stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4286. [PMID: 30862833 PMCID: PMC6414630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress often affects the expression of genes and proteins in tea plants. However, the global profiling of ubiquitinated (Kub) proteins in tea plants remains unearthed. Here, we performed the ubiquitome in tea leaves under drought stress using antibody-based affinity enrichment coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis. In total, 1,409 lysine Kub sites in 781 proteins were identified, of which 14 sites in 12 proteins were up-regulated and 123 sites in 91 proteins down-regulated under drought stress. The identified Kub proteins were mainly located in the cytosol (31%), chloroplast (27%) and nuclear (19%). Moreover, 5 conserved motifs in EKub, EXXXKub, KubD, KubE and KubA were extracted. Several Kub sites in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis-related proteins, including RGLG2, UBC36, UEV1D, RPN10 and PSMC2, might affect protein degradation and DNA repair. Plenty of Kub proteins related to catechins biosynthesis, including PAL, CHS, CHI and F3H, were positively correlated with each other due to their co-expression and co-localization. Furthermore, some Kub proteins involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, including FBPase, FBA and GAD1, might promote sucrose, fructose and GABA accumulation in tea leaves under drought stress. Our study preliminarily revealed the global profiling of Kub proteins in metabolic pathways and provided an important resource for further study on the functions of Kub proteins in tea plants.
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Nakayama T, Takahashi S, Waki T. Formation of Flavonoid Metabolons: Functional Significance of Protein-Protein Interactions and Impact on Flavonoid Chemodiversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31338097 PMCID: PMC6629762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of plant specialized metabolites with more than 6,900 known structures and play important roles in plant survival and reproduction. These metabolites are derived from p-coumaroyl-CoA via the sequential actions of a variety of flavonoid enzymes, which have been proposed to form weakly bound, ordered protein complexes termed flavonoid metabolons. This review discusses the impacts of the formation of flavonoid metabolons on the chemodiversity of flavonoids. Specific protein-protein interactions in the metabolons of Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species have been studied for two decades. In many cases, metabolons are associated with the ER membrane, with ER-bound cytochromes P450 hypothesized to serve as nuclei for metabolon formation. Indeed, cytochromes P450 have been found to be components of flavonoid metabolons in rice, snapdragon, torenia, and soybean. Recent studies illustrate the importance of specific interactions for the efficient production and temporal/spatial distribution of flavonoids. For example, in diverse plant species, catalytically inactive type-IV chalcone isomerase-like protein serves as an enhancer of flavonoid production via its involvement in flavonoid metabolons. In soybean roots, a specific isozyme of chalcone reductase (CHR) interacts with 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase, to which chalcone synthase (CHS) can also bind, providing a mechanism to prevent the loss of the unstable CHR substrate during its transfer from CHS to CHR. Thus, diversification in chemical structures and temporal/spatial distribution patterns of flavonoids in plants is likely to be mediated by the formation of specific flavonoid metabolons via specific protein-protein interactions.
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Molero de Ávila ME, Alarcón MV, Uriarte D, Mancha LA, Moreno D, Francisco-Morcillo J. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of enzymes involved in phenolic metabolism during berry development in Vitis vinifera L. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:25-38. [PMID: 29926200 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are involved in many of plants' biological functions. In particular, they play important roles in determining the quality of grape berries and the wine made from them, and can also act as antioxidants with beneficial effects for human health. Several enzymes are involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds. Among them, stilbene synthase (STS) is a key to the biosynthesis of stilbenes, which are considered to be important secondary metabolites in plants. Other enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), are involved in the degradation of phenolics, and become activated during late stages of berry ripening. In the present study, Vitis vinifera L. berries were sampled at eight stages of development, from 10 days after anthesis to late harvest. The PPO and POD enzymatic activities were determined at each stage. The presence of STS, PPO, and POD proteins in the grape exocarp and mesocarp was detected immunohistochemically and histochemically. The amount and intensity of the immunohistochemical and histochemical signals correlate with the variations in enzyme activities throughout fruit development. Strong STS immunoreactivity was detected until the onset of ripening. Labeled tissue increased gradually from mesocarp to exocarp, showing an intense signal in epidermis. At subcellular level, STS was mainly detected in cytoplasm grains and cell walls. The amount of PPO immunoreactivity increased progressively until the end of ripening. The PPO signal was detected in hypodermal layers and, to a lesser extent, in mesocarp parenchyma cells, especially in cytoplasm grains and cell walls. Finally, POD activity was stronger at the onset of ripening, and the POD histochemical signal was mainly detected in the cell walls of both exocarp and mesocarp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Molero de Ávila
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Victoria Alarcón
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias Finca "La Orden-Valdesequera", CICYTEX, Junta de Extremadura, Guadajira, 06187, Badajoz, Spain
| | - David Uriarte
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias Finca "La Orden-Valdesequera", CICYTEX, Junta de Extremadura, Guadajira, 06187, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Mancha
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias Finca "La Orden-Valdesequera", CICYTEX, Junta de Extremadura, Guadajira, 06187, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Daniel Moreno
- Departamento de Enología, INTAEX, CICYTEX, Junta de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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Xu LY, Wang LY, Wei K, Tan LQ, Su JJ, Cheng H. High-density SNP linkage map construction and QTL mapping for flavonoid-related traits in a tea plant (Camellia sinensis) using 2b-RAD sequencing. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:955. [PMID: 30577813 PMCID: PMC6304016 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are important components that confer upon tea plants a unique flavour and health functions. However, the traditional breeding method for selecting a cultivar with a high or unique flavonoid content is time consuming and labour intensive. High-density genetic map construction associated with quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping provides an effective way to facilitate trait improvement in plant breeding. In this study, an F1 population (LJ43×BHZ) was genotyped using 2b-restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) sequencing to obtain massive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to construct a high-density genetic map for a tea plant. Furthermore, QTLs related to flavonoids were identified using our new genetic map. RESULTS A total of 13,446 polymorphic SNP markers were developed using 2b-RAD sequencing, and 4,463 of these markers were available for constructing the genetic linkage map. A 1,678.52-cM high-density map at an average interval of 0.40 cM with 4,217 markers, including 427 frameset simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 3,800 novel SNPs, mapped into 15 linkage groups was successfully constructed. After QTL analysis, a total of 27 QTLs related to flavonoids or caffeine content (CAF) were mapped to 8 different linkage groups, LG01, LG03, LG06, LG08, LG10, LG11, LG12, and LG13, with an LOD from 3.14 to 39.54, constituting 7.5% to 42.8% of the phenotypic variation. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the highest density genetic map ever reported was constructed since the largest mapping population of tea plants was adopted in present study. Moreover, novel QTLs related to flavonoids and CAF were identified based on the new high-density genetic map. In addition, two markers were located in candidate genes that may be involved in flavonoid metabolism. The present study provides valuable information for gene discovery, marker-assisted selection breeding and map-based cloning for functional genes that are related to flavonoid content in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Xu
- National Centre for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- National Centre for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Kang Wei
- National Centre for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Li-Qiang Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Jing-Jing Su
- National Centre for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Centre for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
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Abstract
Upland potatoes satisfies consumer demand for high quality foods linked to traditional areas of origin and for new specialties and niche products endowed with added nutritional value, as it is commonly thought that the crop and environment synergy improves the potential beneficial properties of the tuber and gives it a special taste and a renowned quality. Herein, we report considerations on Italian germplasm and the effect of altitude on the sensorial and nutritional value of potato tubers, and investigate the possibility of addressing the nutritional challenge through mountain, eco-friendly, and social agriculture. Finally, we discuss the molecular and biochemical results concerning the impact of altitude on the compositional quality of the tuber, in order to justify promotional claims.
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Watkinson JI, Bowerman PA, Crosby KC, Hildreth SB, Helm RF, Winkel BSJ. Identification of MOS9 as an interaction partner for chalcone synthase in the nucleus. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5598. [PMID: 30258711 PMCID: PMC6151112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoid metabolism has served as a platform for understanding a range of fundamental biological phenomena, including providing some of the early insights into the subcellular organization of metabolism. Evidence assembled over the past three decades points to the organization of the component enzymes as a membrane-associated complex centered on the entry-point enzyme, chalcone synthase (CHS), with flux into branch pathways controlled by competitive protein interactions. Flavonoid enzymes have also been found in the nucleus in a variety of plant species, raising the possibility of alternative, or moonlighting functions for these proteins in this compartment. Here, we present evidence that CHS interacts with MOS9, a nuclear-localized protein that has been linked to epigenetic control of R genes that mediate effector-triggered immunity. Overexpression of MOS9 results in a reduction of CHS transcript levels and a metabolite profile that substantially intersects with the effects of a null mutation in CHS. These results suggest that the MOS9-CHS interaction may point to a previously-unknown mechanism for controlling the expression of the highly dynamic flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Watkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Peter A Bowerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kevin C Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sherry B Hildreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brenda S J Winkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Biała W, Jasiński M. The Phenylpropanoid Case - It Is Transport That Matters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1610. [PMID: 30443262 PMCID: PMC6221964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids fulfill numerous physiological functions, essential for plant growth and development, as well as plant-environment interactions. Over the last few decades, many studies have shown that exquisite regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels control the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. Deciphering this pathway not only provides a greater, basic understanding of plant specialized metabolism, but also enhances our ability to rationally design plant metabolic pathways for future applications. Despite the identification of the participating enzymes of this complex, biosynthetic machinery, we still lack a complete picture of other genes, enzymes, and metabolites essential for regulation and compartmentation/distribution of phenylpropanoids. Compartmentation, as well as distribution, are critical for the fate/functioning of those molecules, and their effective biosynthesis. At the cellular level, we have narrowed down our understanding of these processes to organelles. Furthermore, various, overlapping, but not exclusive scenarios of phenylpropanoid distribution within the cell have also been described. The cross-membrane dynamics, but also intercellular communication of different branches from phenylpropanoid biosynthesis have become an exciting research frontier in plant science. The intra- and intercellular channeling of intermediates by various transport mechanisms and notably membrane transporters could be a meaningful tool that ensures, inter alia, efficient metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Biała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michał Jasiński,
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Di Sansebastiano GP, Barozzi F, Piro G, Denecke J, de Marcos Lousa C. Trafficking routes to the plant vacuole: connecting alternative and classical pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:79-90. [PMID: 29096031 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the numerous roles plant vacuoles play in cell homeostasis, detoxification, and protein storage, the trafficking pathways to this organelle have been extensively studied. Recent evidence, however, suggests that our vision of transport to the vacuole is not as simple as previously imagined. Alternative routes have been identified and are being characterized. Intricate interconnections between routes seem to occur in various cases, complicating the interpretation of data. In this review, we aim to summarize the published evidence and link the emerging data with previous findings. We discuss the current state of information on alternative and classical trafficking routes to the plant vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- DiSTeBA (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, Italy
| | | | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Leeds University, UK
- Leeds Beckett University, School of Applied and Clinical Sciences, UK
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Branco-Neves S, Soares C, de Sousa A, Martins V, Azenha M, Gerós H, Fidalgo F. An efficient antioxidant system and heavy metal exclusion from leaves make Solanum cheesmaniae
more tolerant to Cu than its cultivated counterpart. Food Energy Secur 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simão Branco-Neves
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute; Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute; Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Alexandra de Sousa
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute; Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Viviana Martins
- CITAB-UM - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmenal and Biological Sciences; Universidade do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- CIQ-UP; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- CITAB-UM - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmenal and Biological Sciences; Universidade do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology; Universidade do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering; Department of Biological Engineering; Universidade do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute; Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
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Qu S, Chapman N, Xia Z, Feng M, Feng S, Wang Z, Liu L. Ultramicroscopy reveals a layer of multiply folded membranes around the tannin-accumulating vacuole in honeysuckle petal trichomes. Micron 2017; 99:1-8. [PMID: 28395186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal a layer of multiply folded membranes that closely surrounded the tannin-accumulating vacuole in cells of honeysuckle petal trichomes. A huge amount of tannins were deposited in the peripheral region and the center of the vacuole. The prolific membranes extended to the tannins deposited along the vacuole periphery. It was difficult to distinguish the vacuole membrane, and it seemed as if it was the layer of multiply folded membranes that separated the vacuole lumen from the cytoplasm. In addition, there were also membrane assemblies in the cytoplasm away from the vacuole, which were continuous with the proliferated membranes bordering the vacuole. Therefore, the tannin-accumulating vacuole was in close association with a very large network of proliferated membranes. The occurrence of such a layer of multiply folded membranes around the tannin-accumulating vacuole might be a structural strategy for improvement of the efficiency of vacuolar accumulation of tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Navid Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Zhengyan Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Mingxiao Feng
- Department of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA(1)
| | - Shangcai Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China.
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Singh V, Goel R, Pande V, Asif MH, Mohanty CS. De novo sequencing and comparative analysis of leaf transcriptomes of diverse condensed tannin-containing lines of underutilized Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44733. [PMID: 28322296 PMCID: PMC5359716 DOI: 10.1038/srep44733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannin (CT) or proanthocyanidin (PA) is a unique group of phenolic metabolite with high molecular weight with specific structure. It is reported that, the presence of high-CT in the legumes adversely affect the nutrients in the plant and impairs the digestibility upon consumption by animals. Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is one of the promising underutilized legume with high protein and oil-content. One of the reasons for its underutilization is due to the presence of CT. Transcriptome sequencing of leaves of two diverse CT-containing lines of P. tetragonolobus was carried out on Illumina Nextseq 500 sequencer to identify the underlying genes and contigs responsible for CT-biosynthesis. RNA-Seq data generated 102586 and 88433 contigs for high (HCTW) and low CT (LCTW) lines of P. tetragonolobus, respectively. Based on the similarity searches against gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database revealed 5210 contigs involved in 229 different pathways. A total of 1235 contigs were detected to differentially express between HCTW and LCTW lines. This study along with its findings will be helpful in providing information for functional and comparative genomic analysis of condensed tannin biosynthesis in this plant in specific and legumes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001 India
| | - Ridhi Goel
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001 India
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India
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40
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Chanoca A, Burkel B, Kovinich N, Grotewold E, Eliceiri KW, Otegui MS. Using fluorescence lifetime microscopy to study the subcellular localization of anthocyanins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:895-903. [PMID: 27500780 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in most seed plants. They are synthesized in the cytoplasm but accumulate inside the vacuoles. Anthocyanins are pigmented at the lower vacuolar pH, but in the cytoplasm they can be visualized based on their fluorescence properties. Thus, anthocyanins provide an ideal system for the development of new methods to investigate cytoplasmic pools and association with other molecular components. We have analyzed the fluorescence decay of anthocyanins by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, using wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Within plant cells, the amplitude-weighted mean fluorescence lifetime (τm ) correlated with distinct subcellular localizations of anthocyanins. The vacuolar pool of anthocyanins exhibited shorter τm than the cytoplasmic pool. Consistently, lowering the pH of anthocyanins in solution shortened their fluorescence decay. We propose that FLIM is a useful tool for understanding the trafficking of anthocyanins and, potentially, for estimating vacuolar pH inside intact plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chanoca
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brian Burkel
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 012 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS), Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 012 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Lim SH, You MK, Kim DH, Kim JK, Lee JY, Ha SH. RNAi-mediated suppression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in tobacco allows fine-tuning of flower color and flux through the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:482-490. [PMID: 27842297 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine flux regulation in the flavonoid pathway of tobacco flowers, we suppressed two genes for dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (NtDFR 1 and 2) by RNA interference (Ri)-mediated post transcriptional gene silencing in pink-flowered tobacco. Two phenotypes were observed, pale pink (DFR-Ri_PP)- and white (DFR-Ri_W)-flowered lines. The relative mRNA levels of NtDFR genes in DFR-Ri_PP and DFR-Ri_W lines were reduced by 79%-95% relative to non-transformed (NT) plants. DFR-Ri_W lines had five-fold higher levels of small interference RNAs compared to DFR-Ri_PP lines. Expression of eight structural genes in the flavonoid pathway was significantly increased in DFR-Ri_W lines but not in DFR-Ri_PP lines based on quantitative RT-PCR. Anthocyanin contents correlated with flower color, with a reduction of 72%-97% in DFR-Ri_PP and DFR-Ri_W lines. Decreases in anthocyanin in flower were proportional with reductions of proanthocyanidin content in seeds. Two pale pink lines, DFR-Ri_PP 17 and 20, with anthocyanin decreases and the lowest level of DFR gene silencing, had higher (dihydro) flavonol production than a white flowered line, DFR-Ri_W 67. This finding suggests that suppression of DFR can increase the total levels of flavonoids due to (dihydro) flavonol biosynthesis. Our observations that higher suppression of DFR had a greater influence on the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes demonstrates the key role of DFR in the pathway and allows selection among DFR-Ri lines for plants with specific gene expression profiles to fine-tune flux through the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyung You
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Wang W, Zhan J, Yan A, Sun L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ren J, Huang W, Xu H. The accumulation and localization of chalcone synthase in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:165-176. [PMID: 27161583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS, E.C.2.3.1.74) is the first committed enzyme in the flavonoid pathway. Previous studies have primarily focused on the cloning, expression and regulation of the gene at the transcriptional level. Little is yet known about the enzyme accumulation, regulation at protein level, as well as its localization in grapevine. In present study, the accumulation, tissue and subcellular localization of CHS in different grapevine tissues (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon) were investigated via the techniques of Western blotting, immunohistochemical localization, immunoelectron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The results showed that CHS were mainly accumulated in the grape berry skin, leaves, stem tips and stem phloem, correlated with flavonoids accumulation. The accumulation of CHS is developmental dependent in grape berry skin and flesh. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CHS were primarily localized in the exocarp and vascular bundles of the fruits during berry development; in palisade, spongy tissues and vascular bundles of the leaves; in the primary phloem and pith ray in the stems; in the growth point, leaf primordium, and young leaves of leaf buds; and in the endoderm and primary phloem of grapevine roots. Furthermore, at the subcellular level, the cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus localized patterns of CHS were observed in the grapevine vegetative tissue cells. Results above indicated that distribution of CHS in grapevine was organ-specific and tissue-specific. This work will provide new insight for the biosynthesis and regulation of diverse flavonoid compounds in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yi He Yuan Hou, Beijing 100091, China
| | - JiCheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ailing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiancheng Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiying Xu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Dastmalchi M, Bernards MA, Dhaubhadel S. Twin anchors of the soybean isoflavonoid metabolon: evidence for tethering of the complex to the endoplasmic reticulum by IFS and C4H. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:689-706. [PMID: 26856401 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are specialized plant metabolites, almost exclusive to legumes, and their biosynthesis forms a branch of the diverse phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant metabolism may be coordinated at many levels, including formation of protein complexes, or 'metabolons', which represent the molecular level of organization. Here, we have confirmed the existence of the long-postulated isoflavonoid metabolon by identifying elements of the complex, their subcellular localizations and their interactions. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) have been shown to be tandem P450 enzymes that are anchored in the ER, interacting with soluble enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid pathways (chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase and chalcone isomerase). The soluble enzymes of these pathways, whether localized to the cytoplasm or nucleus, are tethered to the ER through interaction with these P450s. The complex is also held together by interactions between the soluble elements. We provide evidence for IFS interaction with upstream and non-consecutive enzymes. The existence of such a protein complex suggests a possible mechanism for flux of metabolites into the isoflavonoid pathway. Further, through interaction studies, we identified several candidates that are associated with GmIFS2, an isoform of IFS, in soybean hairy roots. This list provides additional candidates for various biosynthetic and structural elements that are involved in isoflavonoid production. Our interaction studies provide valuable information about isoform specificity among isoflavonoid enzymes, which may guide future engineering of the pathway in legumes or help overcome bottlenecks in heterologous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada
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Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:155-161. [PMID: 26691060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth. Their effect is associated with meristem enlargement and prolongation of the elongation zone. Reduction of the elongation zone was a consequence of the IAA action, but IAA did not affect the size of the meristem. In the absence of auxin, GGMOs stimulated root growth, meristem enlargement and elongation zone prolongation. It is assumed that the effect of GGMOs in the absence of exogenous auxin resulted from their interaction with the endogenous form. In the presence of auxin transport inhibitor GGMOs did not affect root growth. It is known that flavonoids are auxin transport modulators but this is the first study suggesting the role of flavonoids in GGMOs' signalling. The accumulation of flavonoids in the meristem and elongation zone decreased in GGMOs' treatments in comparison with the control. These oligosaccharides also diminished the effect of IAA on the flavonoids' elevation. The fact that GGMOs decreased the accumulation of flavonoids, known to be modulators of auxin transport, and the loss of GGMOs' activity in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor indicates that the root growth stimulation caused by GGMOs could be related to changes in auxin transport, possibly mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kučerová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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Jiang W, Yin Q, Wu R, Zheng G, Liu J, Dixon RA, Pang Y. Role of a chalcone isomerase-like protein in flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7165-79. [PMID: 26347569 PMCID: PMC4765788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important natural products for plant defence and human health. Although almost all the flavonoid pathway genes have been well-documented by biochemical and/or genetic approaches, the role of the Arabidopsis chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) gene remains unclear. Two chil mutants with a seed colour similar to that of wild-type Arabidopsis have been identified here, but in sharp contrast to the characteristic transparent testa seed phenotype associated with other known flavonoid pathway genes. CHIL loss-of-function mutations led to a strong reduction in the proanthocyanidin and flavonol levels in seeds, but not in the anthocyanin levels in leaves. CHIL over-expression could partially recover the mutant phenotype of the chil mutant and increased both proanthocyanidin and flavonol accumulation in wild-type Arabidopsis. However, the CHIL gene could not rescue the mutant phenotype of TT5 that encodes the intrinsic chalcone isomerase in Arabidopsis. Parallel phenotypical and metabolic analyses of the chil, tt5, chs, and f3h mutants revealed that, genetically, CHIL functions at the same step as TT5. Moreover, it is demonstrated that CHIL co-expresses, co-localizes, and interacts with TT5 in Arabidopsis for flavonoid production. Based on these genetic and metabolic studies, it is concluded that CHIL functions with TT5 to promote flavonoid production, which is a unique enhancer in the flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangshun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, 305220 Denton, TX, USA
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. Flavonoids: a metabolic network mediating plants adaptation to their real estate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25426130 PMCID: PMC4226159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the emergence of the sophisticated chemical scaffolds of flavonoid molecules represents a key step in the colonization of Earth's terrestrial environment by vascular plants nearly 500 million years ago. The subsequent evolution of flavonoids through recruitment and modification of ancestors involved in primary metabolism has allowed vascular plants to cope with pathogen invasion and damaging UV light. The functional properties of flavonoids as a unique combination of different classes of compounds vary significantly depending on the demands of their local real estate. Apart from geographical location, the composition of flavonoids is largely dependent on the plant species, their developmental stage, tissue type, subcellular localization, and key ecological influences of both biotic and abiotic origin. Molecular and metabolic cross-talk between flavonoid and other pathways as a result of the re-direction of intermediate molecules have been well investigated. This metabolic plasticity is a key factor in plant adaptive strength and is of paramount importance for early land plants adaptation to their local ecosystems. In human and animal health the biological and pharmacological activities of flavonoids have been investigated in great depth and have shown a wide range of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. In this paper we review the application of advanced gene technologies for targeted reprogramming of the flavonoid pathway in plants to understand its molecular functions and explore opportunities for major improvements in forage plants enhancing animal health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Mouradov
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University – AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
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47
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Changes in phytochemical synthesis, chalcone synthase activity and pharmaceutical qualities of sabah snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans L.) in relation to plant age. Molecules 2014; 19:17632-48. [PMID: 25361426 PMCID: PMC6271923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, changes in secondary metabolite synthesis and the pharmaceutical quality of sabah snake grass leaves and buds were considered in relation to plant age (1 month, 6 months, and 1 year old). The activity of the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) was measured, as it is a key enzyme for flavonoid production. Significant differences in total flavonoid (TF) production were observed between the three plant growth periods and the different plant parts. The highest contents of TF (6.32 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and total phenolic (TP) (18.21 mg/g DW) were recorded in 6-month-old buds. Among the flavonoids isolated in this study the most important ones based on concentration were from high to low as follows: catechin > quercetin > kaempferol > luteolin. Production of phenolic acids increased from 1 to 6 months, but after 6 months up to 1 year of age, they decreased significantly. The highest contents of caffeic acid (0.307 mg/g DW) and gallic acid (5.96 mg/g DW) were recorded in 1-year and 6-month-old buds, respectively. The lowest and highest activity of CHS was recorded in 1-month and 6-month-old buds with values of 3.6 and 9.5 nkat/mg protein, respectively. These results indicate that the increment in flavonoids and phenolic acids in 6-month-old buds can be attributed to an increase in CHS activity. The highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity was observed in the extract of 1-year-old buds followed by 6-month-old buds, with 50% of free radical scavenging (IC50) values of 64.6 and 73.5 µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed a higher activity in 6-month-old buds (488 μM of Fe(II)/g) than in 1-year-old buds (453 μM of Fe(II)/g), in contrast to the DPPH result. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between CHS enzyme activity and FRAP activity, TF, catechin, and kaempferol content. Extracts of 6-month-old bud exhibited a significant in vitro anticancer activity against HeLa cancer cells with IC50 value of 56.8 µg/mL. These results indicate that early harvesting of snake grass (6-month-old) may yield increased concentrations of secondary metabolites, which are potent antioxidant compounds.
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Kaintz C, Molitor C, Thill J, Kampatsikas I, Michael C, Halbwirth H, Rompel A. Cloning and functional expression in E. coli of a polyphenol oxidase transcript from Coreopsis grandiflora involved in aurone formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3417-26. [PMID: 25109778 PMCID: PMC4158910 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases are involved in aurone biosynthesis but the gene responsible for 4-deoxyaurone formation in Asteraceae was so far unknown. Three novel full-length cDNA sequences were isolated from Coreopsis grandiflora with sizes of 1.80kb (cgAUS1) and 1.85kb (cgAUS2a, 2b), encoding for proteins of 68-69kDa, respectively. cgAUS1 is preferably expressed in young petals indicating a specific role in pigment formation. The 58.9kDa AUS1 holoproenzyme, was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme shows only diphenolase activity, catalyzing the conversion of chalcones to aurones and was characterized by SDS-PAGE and shot-gun type nanoUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kaintz
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Christian Molitor
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jana Thill
- University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria; University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Michael
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria.
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Licciardello C, D’Agostino N, Traini A, Recupero GR, Frusciante L, Chiusano ML. Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase gene family through ESTs and expression analyses within common and pigmented cultivars of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:39. [PMID: 24490620 PMCID: PMC3922800 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a ubiquitous gene family encoding detoxification enzymes able to recognize reactive electrophilic xenobiotic molecules as well as compounds of endogenous origin. Anthocyanin pigments require GSTs for their transport into the vacuole since their cytoplasmic retention is toxic to the cell. Anthocyanin accumulation in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck fruit flesh determines different phenotypes affecting the typical pigmentation of Sicilian blood oranges. In this paper we describe: i) the characterization of the GST gene family in C. sinensis through a systematic EST analysis; ii) the validation of the EST assembly by exploiting the genome sequences of C. sinensis and C. clementina and their genome annotations; iii) GST gene expression profiling in six tissues/organs and in two different sweet orange cultivars, Cadenera (common) and Moro (pigmented). RESULTS We identified 61 GST transcripts, described the full- or partial-length nature of the sequences and assigned to each sequence the GST class membership exploiting a comparative approach and the classification scheme proposed for plant species. A total of 23 full-length sequences were defined. Fifty-four of the 61 transcripts were successfully aligned to the C. sinensis and C. clementina genomes. Tissue specific expression profiling demonstrated that the expression of some GST transcripts was 'tissue-affected' and cultivar specific. A comparative analysis of C. sinensis GSTs with those from other plant species was also considered. Data from the current analysis are accessible at http://biosrv.cab.unina.it/citrusGST/, with the aim to provide a reference resource for C. sinensis GSTs. CONCLUSIONS This study aimed at the characterization of the GST gene family in C. sinensis. Based on expression patterns from two different cultivars and on sequence-comparative analyses, we also highlighted that two sequences, a Phi class GST and a Mapeg class GST, could be involved in the conjugation of anthocyanin pigments and in their transport into the vacuole, specifically in fruit flesh of the pigmented cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Licciardello
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro di ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee (CRA-ACM), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro di ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CRA-ORT), via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Reforgiato Recupero
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro di ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee (CRA-ACM), Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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50
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Liu Y, Shi Z, Maximova S, Payne MJ, Guiltinan MJ. Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao: genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:202. [PMID: 24308601 PMCID: PMC4233638 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proanthocyanidins (PAs), a subgroup of flavonoids, accumulate to levels of approximately 10% total dry weight of cacao seeds. PAs have been associated with human health benefits and also play important roles in pest and disease defense throughout the plant. RESULTS To dissect the genetic basis of PA biosynthetic pathway in cacao (Theobroma cacao), we have isolated three genes encoding key PA synthesis enzymes, anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). We measured the expression levels of TcANR, TcANS and TcLAR and PA content in cacao leaves, flowers, pod exocarp and seeds. In all tissues examined, all three genes were abundantly expressed and well correlated with PA accumulation levels, suggesting their active roles in PA synthesis. Overexpression of TcANR in an Arabidopsis ban mutant complemented the PA deficient phenotype in seeds and resulted in reduced anthocyanidin levels in hypocotyls. Overexpression of TcANS in tobacco resulted in increased content of both anthocyanidins and PAs in flower petals. Overexpression of TcANS in an Arabidopsis ldox mutant complemented its PA deficient phenotype in seeds. Recombinant TcLAR protein converted leucoanthocyanidin to catechin in vitro. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing TcLAR had decreased amounts of anthocyanidins and increased PAs. Overexpressing TcLAR in Arabidopsis ldox mutant also resulted in elevated synthesis of not only catechin but also epicatechin. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the in vivo function of cacao ANS and ANR predicted based on sequence homology to previously characterized enzymes from other species. In addition, our results provide a clear functional analysis of a LAR gene in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Present address: Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall, University of California, San Francisco, N582/Box 2280, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zi Shi
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Siela Maximova
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark J Payne
- Hershey Center for Health and Nutrition, The Hershey Company, 1025 Reese Ave, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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