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Inui H, Minic Z, Hüttmann N, Fujita K, Stoykova P, Karadžić I. Cucurbita pepo contains characteristic proteins without a signal peptide in the xylem sap. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154038. [PMID: 37413840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap is a fluid that transfers water and nutrients from the rhizosphere. This sap contains relatively low concentrations of proteins that originate from the extracellular space among the root cells. One of the characteristic proteins in the xylem sap of the Cucurbitaceae family, which includes cucumber and zucchini, is a major latex-like protein (MLP). MLPs are responsible for crop contamination through the transport of hydrophobic pollutants from the roots. However, detailed information on the content of MLPs in the xylem sap is not available. Proteomic analysis of root and xylem sap proteins from the Cucurbita pepo cultivars Patty Green (PG) and Raven (RA) showed that the xylem sap of cv. RA, a high accumulator of hydrophobic pollutants, contained four MLPs that accounted for over 85% of the total xylem sap proteins in this cultivar. The xylem sap of PG, a low accumulator, mainly contained an uncharacterized protein. The amount of each root protein between the PG and RA cultivars was significantly and positively correlated in spite of being with and without a signal peptide (SP). However, the amount of xylem sap proteins without an SP was not correlated. These results suggest that cv. RA is characterized by MLPs in the xylem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Inui
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Zoran Minic
- University of Ottawa, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, 10 Marie-Curie, Marion Hall, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nico Hüttmann
- University of Ottawa, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, 10 Marie-Curie, Marion Hall, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Petya Stoykova
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; AgroBioInstitute, 8 "Dragan Tsankov" Blvd, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Karadžić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Dandlen SA, Da Silva JP, Miguel MG, Duarte A, Power DM, Marques NT. Quick Decline and Stem Pitting Citrus tristeza virus Isolates Induce a Distinct Metabolomic Profile and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in the Phloem Sap of Two Citrus Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1394. [PMID: 36987082 PMCID: PMC10051153 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the severe Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), T36, is higher for Citrus macrophylla (CM) than for C. aurantium (CA). How host-virus interactions are reflected in host physiology is largely unknown. In this study, the profile of metabolites and the antioxidant activity in the phloem sap of healthy and infected CA and CM plants were evaluated. The phloem sap of quick decline (T36) and stem pitting (T318A) infected citrus, and control plants was collected by centrifugation, and the enzymes and metabolites analyzed. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in infected plants increased significantly in CM and decreased in CA, compared to the healthy controls. Using LC-HRMS2 a metabolic profile rich in secondary metabolites was assigned to healthy CA, compared to healthy CM. CTV infection of CA caused a drastic reduction in secondary metabolites, but not in CM. In conclusion, CA and CM have a different response to severe CTV isolates and we propose that the low susceptibility of CA to T36 may be related to the interaction of the virus with the host's metabolism, which reduces significantly the synthesis of flavonoids and antioxidant enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Dandlen
- MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Miguel
- MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Duarte
- MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Natália Tomás Marques
- CEOT—Centro de Eletrónica, Optoeletrónica e Telecomunicações, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Edif. 8, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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3
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Milosavljević DM, Maksimović VM, Milivojević JM, Nakarada ĐJ, Mojović MD, Dragišić Maksimović JJ. Rich in Phenolics-Strong Antioxidant Fruit? Comparative Study of 25 Strawberry Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3566. [PMID: 36559677 PMCID: PMC9784063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds of 25 newly introduced strawberry cultivars were profiled using spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content (TPC and TACY, respectively), as well as vitamin C, and concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in fruits were evaluated to identify the most promising cultivars according to their phenolic profile. The highest values of TPC, TACY, and vitamin C were recorded in 'Premy' (1.53 mg eq GA g-1 FW), 'Sandra' (30.60 mg eq Pg-3-g 100 g-1 FW), and 'Laetitia' (56.32 mg 100 g-1 FW), respectively. The DPPH and •OH radicals scavenging activity of fruit methanolic extracts was estimated using EPR spectroscopy. All cultivars are almost uniformly effective in the scavenging of •OH radical, while 'Tea', 'Premy', and 'Joly' were marked as highly potent cultivars (over 70%) in terms of DPPH-antiradical activity. Specific peroxidase activities were the highest in 'Garda', 'Federica', and 'Rumba' (0.11, 0.08, and 0.06 U mg-1 prot, respectively). 'Laetitia', 'Joly', 'Arianna', 'Tea', and 'Mila' cultivars were distinguished from others as the richest concerning almost all flavonoids and phenolic acids, including some other parameters of bioactivity. These cultivars could be recommended to consumers as functional fruit foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica M. Milosavljević
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk M. Maksimović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Đura J. Nakarada
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš D. Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena J. Dragišić Maksimović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
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Ostendorp A, Ostendorp S, Zhou Y, Chaudron Z, Wolffram L, Rombi K, von Pein L, Falke S, Jeffries CM, Svergun DI, Betzel C, Morris RJ, Kragler F, Kehr J. Intrinsically disordered plant protein PARCL colocalizes with RNA in phase-separated condensates whose formation can be regulated by mutating the PLD. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102631. [PMID: 36273579 PMCID: PMC9679465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, long-distance RNA transport via the phloem is crucial for communication between distant plant tissues to align development with stress responses and reproduction. Several recent studies suggest that specific RNAs are among the potential long-distance information transmitters. However, it is yet not well understood how these RNAs enter the phloem stream, how they are transported, and how they are released at their destination. It was proposed that phloem RNA-binding proteins facilitate RNA translocation. In the present study, we characterized two orthologs of the phloem-associated RNA chaperone-like (PARCL) protein from Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus at functional and structural levels. Microscale thermophoresis showed that these phloem-abundant proteins can bind a broad spectrum of RNAs and show RNA chaperone activity in FRET-based in vitro assays. Our SAXS experiments revealed a high degree of disorder, typical for RNA-binding proteins. In agroinfiltrated tobacco plants, eYFP-PARCL proteins mainly accumulated in nuclei and nucleoli and formed cytosolic and nuclear condensates. We found that formation of these condensates was impaired by tyrosine-to-glutamate mutations in the predicted prion-like domain (PLD), while C-terminal serine-to-glutamate mutations did not affect condensation but reduced RNA binding and chaperone activity. Furthermore, our in vitro experiments confirmed phase separation of PARCL and colocalization of RNA with the condensates, while mutation as well as phosphorylation of the PLD reduced phase separation. Together, our results suggest that RNA binding and condensate formation of PARCL can be regulated independently by modification of the C-terminus and/or the PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ostendorp
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany,For correspondence: Anna Ostendorp
| | - Steffen Ostendorp
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department II, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoé Chaudron
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Wolffram
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Khadija Rombi
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linn von Pein
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Falke
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany,Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M. Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I. Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Site, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany,Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department II, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Davoudi M, Song M, Zhang M, Chen J, Lou Q. Long-distance control of pumpkin rootstock over cucumber scion under drought stress as revealed by transcriptome sequencing and mobile mRNAs identifications. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab033. [PMID: 35043177 PMCID: PMC8854630 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Grafting with pumpkin rootstock is commonly used not only to improve the quality of cucumber fruits but also to confer biotic or abiotic stress tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism of grafted cucumbers to drought stress and the possible roles of mobile mRNAs to improve stress tolerance have remained obscure. Hence, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and combined it with morpho-physiological experiments to compare the response of homografts (cucumber as scion and rootstock) (C) and heterografts (cucumber as scion and pumpkin as rootstock) (P) to drought stress. After applying drought stress, homografts and heterografts expressed 2960 and 3088 genes in response to drought stress, respectively. The identified DEGs in heterografts under drought stress were categorized into different stress-responsive groups, such as carbohydrate metabolism (involved in osmotic adjustment by sugar accumulation), lipid and cell wall metabolism (involved in cell membrane integrity by a reduction in lipid peroxidation), redox homeostasis (increased antioxidant enzymes activities), phytohormone (increased ABA content), protein kinases and transcription factors (TFs) using MapMan software. Earlier and greater H2O2 accumulation in xylem below the graft union was accompanied by leaf ABA accumulation in heterografts in response to drought stress. Greater leaf ABA helped heterografted cucumbers to sense and respond to drought stress earlier than homografts. The timely response of heterografts to drought stress led to maintain higher water content in the leaves even in the late stage of drought stress. The identified mobile mRNAs (mb-mRNAs) in heterografts were mostly related to photosynthesis which would be the possible reason for improved chlorophyll content and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). The existence of some stress-responsive pumpkin (rootstock) mRNAs in cucumber (scion), such as heat shock protein (HSP70, a well-known stress-responsive gene), led to the higher proline accumulation than homografts. The expression of the mobile and immobile stress-responsive mRNAs and timely response of heterografts to drought stress could improve drought tolerance in pumpkin-rooted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Davoudi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street 13 No.1, Nanjing 210095, China
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6
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Sanden NC, Schulz A. Stationary sieve element proteins. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153511. [PMID: 34537466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants use the phloem to move sugars and other molecules from source leaves to sink organs such as roots and fruits. Within the phloem, enucleate sieve elements provide the low-resistance pipe system that enable bulk flow of sap. In this review, we provide an overview of the highly specific protein machinery that localize to mature sieve elements without entering the phloem translocation stream. Generally, the proteins either maintain the flow, protect the sieve element against pathogens or transmit system wide signals. A notable exception is found in poppy, where part of the opium biosynthesis is compartmentalized in sieve elements. Biosynthesis of sieve element proteins happens either continuously in companion cell or transiently in immature sieve elements before nuclear disintegration. The latter population is translated during differentiation and stays functional without turnover during the entire lifespan of sieve elements. We discuss how protein longevity imposes some interesting restrictions on plants, especially in arborescent monocots with long living sieve elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Christian Sanden
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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7
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Grabsztunowicz M, Rantala M, Ivanauskaite A, Blomster T, Koskela MM, Vuorinen K, Tyystjärvi E, Burow M, Overmyer K, Mähönen AP, Mulo P. Root-type ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana: Expression patterns, location and stress responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:548-558. [PMID: 33131061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, two leaf-type ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (LFNR) isoforms function in photosynthetic electron flow in reduction of NADP+ , while two root-type FNR (RFNR) isoforms catalyse reduction of ferredoxin in non-photosynthetic plastids. As the key to understanding, the function of RFNRs might lie in their spatial and temporal distribution in different plant tissues and cell types, we examined expression of RFNR1 and RFNR2 genes using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter lines and investigated accumulation of distinct RFNR isoforms using a GFP approach and Western blotting upon various stresses. We show that while RFNR1 promoter is active in leaf veins, root tips and in the stele of roots, RFNR2 promoter activity is present in leaf tips and root stele, epidermis and cortex. RFNR1 protein accumulates as a soluble protein within the plastids of root stele cells, while RFNR2 is mainly present in the outer root layers. Ozone treatment of plants enhanced accumulation of RFNR1, whereas low temperature treatment specifically affected RFNR2 accumulation in roots. We further discuss the physiological roles of RFNR1 and RFNR2 based on characterization of rfnr1 and rfnr2 knock-out plants and show that although the function of these proteins is partly redundant, the RFNR proteins are essential for plant development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Grabsztunowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Rantala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aiste Ivanauskaite
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Koskela
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari P Mähönen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Mulo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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8
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Ogden AJ, Bhatt JJ, Brewer HM, Kintigh J, Kariuki SM, Rudrabhatla S, Adkins JN, Curtis WR. Phloem Exudate Protein Profiles during Drought and Recovery Reveal Abiotic Stress Responses in Tomato Vasculature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4461. [PMID: 32586033 PMCID: PMC7352395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is the leading cause of agricultural yield loss among all abiotic stresses, and the link between water deficit and phloem protein contents is relatively unexplored. Here we collected phloem exudates from Solanum lycopersicum leaves during periods of drought stress and recovery. Our analysis identified 2558 proteins, the most abundant of which were previously localized to the phloem. Independent of drought, enrichment analysis of the total phloem exudate protein profiles from all samples suggests that the protein content of phloem sap is complex, and includes proteins that function in chaperone systems, branched-chain amino acid synthesis, trehalose metabolism, and RNA silencing. We observed 169 proteins whose abundance changed significantly within the phloem sap, either during drought or recovery. Proteins that became significantly more abundant during drought include members of lipid metabolism, chaperone-mediated protein folding, carboxylic acid metabolism, abscisic acid signaling, cytokinin biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Conversely, proteins involved in lipid signaling, sphingolipid metabolism, cell wall organization, carbohydrate metabolism, and a mitogen-activated protein kinase are decreased during drought. Our experiment has achieved an in-depth profiling of phloem sap protein contents during drought stress and recovery that supports previous findings and provides new evidence that multiple biological processes are involved in drought adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Ogden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99301, USA; (A.J.O.); (H.M.B.); (J.N.A.)
| | - Jishnu J. Bhatt
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Heather M. Brewer
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99301, USA; (A.J.O.); (H.M.B.); (J.N.A.)
| | - Jack Kintigh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Samwel M. Kariuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Sairam Rudrabhatla
- School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Campus, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057, USA;
| | - Joshua N. Adkins
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99301, USA; (A.J.O.); (H.M.B.); (J.N.A.)
| | - Wayne R. Curtis
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.K.); (S.M.K.)
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9
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Ma C, Liang B, Chang B, Yan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao Z. Transcriptome profiling of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the peel of 'Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestica) after bag removal. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:353. [PMID: 31072309 PMCID: PMC6507055 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bagging is commonly used to enhance red pigmentation and thereby improve fruit quality of apples (Malus domestica). The green-skinned apple cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ develops red pigmentation after bagging removal, but the signal transduction pathways mediating light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple peel are yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms underpinning red pigmentation in ‘Granny Smith’ after bag removal based on transcriptome sequencing. Results The anthocyanin content in apple peel increased considerably after bag removal, while only trace amounts of anthocyanins were present in the peel of unbagged and bagged fruits. RNA sequencing identified 18,152 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among unbagged, bagged, and bag-removed fruits at 0, 4, and 10 days after bag removal. The DEGs were implicated in light signal perception and transduction, plant hormone signal transduction, and antioxidant systems. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of DEGs generated a module of 23 genes highly correlated with anthocyanin content. The deletion of − 2026 to − 1870 bp and − 1062 to − 964 bp regions of the MdMYB1 (LOC103444202) promoter induced a significant decrease in glucuronidase activity and anthocyanin accumulation in apple peel. Conclusions Bagging treatment can induce red pigmentation in ‘Granny Smith’ via altering the expression patterns of genes involved in crucial signal transduction and biochemical metabolic pathways. The − 2026 to − 1870 bp and − 1062 to − 964 bp regions of the MdMYB1 promoter are essential for MdMYB1-mediated regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in the ‘Granny Smith’ apple cultivar. The findings presented here provide insight into the mechanisms of coloration in the peel of ‘Granny Smith’ and other non-red apple cultivars. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5730-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiuying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Wu GZ, Meyer EH, Richter AS, Schuster M, Ling Q, Schöttler MA, Walther D, Zoschke R, Grimm B, Jarvis RP, Bock R. Control of retrograde signalling by protein import and cytosolic folding stress. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:525-538. [PMID: 31061535 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival. Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene expression. GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1), a protein of unknown function, has emerged as a central integrator, participating in multiple retrograde signalling pathways that collectively regulate the nuclear transcriptome. Here, we show that GUN1 regulates chloroplast protein import through interaction with the import-related chaperone cpHSC70-1. We demonstrated that overaccumulation of unimported precursor proteins (preproteins) in the cytosol causes a GUN phenotype in the wild-type background and enhances the GUN phenotype of the gun1 mutant. Furthermore, we identified the cytosolic HSP90 chaperone complex, induced by overaccumulated preproteins, as a central regulator of photosynthetic gene expression that determines the expression of the GUN phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which protein import capacity, folding stress and the cytosolic HSP90 complex control retrograde communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Plant Physiology, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Schuster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Schöttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany.
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11
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Stanfield R, Laur J. Aquaporins Respond to Chilling in the Phloem by Altering Protein and mRNA Expression. Cells 2019; 8:E202. [PMID: 30818743 PMCID: PMC6468725 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experiments using heat exchangers (liquid cooled blocks) to chill a portion of plant stem have shown a transient stoppage in phloem translocation and an increase in measured phloem pressure. Although a chilled-induced stoppage of phloem transport has been known for over 100 years, the mechanism of this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Recently, work has highlighted that aquaporins occur within the plasma membrane of the sieve tubes along the entire source-to-sink pathway, and that isoforms of these water channel proteins may change dynamically. Aquaporins show regulatory roles in controlling tissue and cellular water status in response to environmental hardships. Thus, we tested if protein localization and mRNA transcript abundance changes occur in response to chilling in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) using immunohistochemistry and qrtPCR. The results of the immunolocalization experiments show that the labeling intensity of the sieve elements treated for only 2 min of chill time significantly increased for PIP2. After 10 min of chilling, this signal declined significantly to lower than that of the pre-chilled sieve elements. Overall, the abundance of mRNA transcript increased for the tested PIP2s following cold application. We discuss the implication that aquaporins are responsible for the alleviation of sieve tube pressure and the resumption of flow following a cold-induced blockage event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Stanfield
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Joan Laur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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12
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Giorgetti L, Spanò C, Muccifora S, Bellani L, Tassi E, Bottega S, Di Gregorio S, Siracusa G, Sanità di Toppi L, Ruffini Castiglione M. An integrated approach to highlight biological responses of Pisum sativum root to nano-TiO 2 exposure in a biosolid-amended agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2705-2716. [PMID: 30373051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on crop plant response to a simultaneous exposure to biosolid and TiO2 at micro- and nano-scale, being biosolid one of the major sink of TiO2 nanoparticles released into the soil environment. We settled an experimental design as much as possible realistic, at microcosm scale, using the crop Pisum sativum. This experimental design supported the hypotheses that the presence of biosolid in the farming soil might influence plant growth and metabolism and that, after TiO2 spiking, the different dimension and crystal forms of TiO2 might be otherwise bioavailable and differently interacting with the plant system. To test these hypotheses, we have considered different aspects of the response elicited by TiO2 and biosolid at cellular and organism level, focusing on the root system, with an integrative approach. In our experimental conditions, the presence of biosolid disturbed plant growth of P. sativum, causing cellular damages at root level, probably through mechanisms not only oxidative stress-dependent but also involving altered signalling processes. These disturbances could depend on non-humified compounds and/or on the presence of toxic elements and of nanoparticles in the biosolid-amended soil. The addition of TiO2 particles in the sludge-amended soil, further altered plant growth and induced oxidative and ultrastructural damages. Although non typical dose-effect response was detected, the most responsiveness treatments were found for the anatase crystal form, alone or mixed with rutile. Based on ultrastructural observations, we could hypothesise that the toxicity level of TiO2 nanoparticles may depend on the cell ability to isolate nanoparticles in subcellular compartments, avoiding their interaction with organelles and/or metabolic processes. The results of the present work suggest reflections on the promising practice of soil amendments and on the use of nanomaterials and their safety for food plants and living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giorgetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelina Spanò
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Muccifora
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Eliana Tassi
- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, National Research Council (ISE-CNR), via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Bottega
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Di Gregorio
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Siracusa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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13
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Harun-Or-Rashid M, Kim HJ, Yeom SI, Yu HA, Manir MM, Moon SS, Kang YJ, Chung YR. Bacillus velezensis YC7010 Enhances Plant Defenses Against Brown Planthopper Through Transcriptomic and Metabolic Changes in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1904. [PMID: 30622550 PMCID: PMC6308211 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is one of the most serious insect pests, which reduce rice yield remarkably in many rice-growing areas. A few plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria induce systemic resistance against herbivorous insects. Here we show that root drenching of rice seedlings with an endophytic strain Bacillus velezensis YC7010 enhanced defenses against BPH. Based on high-throughput transcriptome analysis, systemic resistance against BPH was induced by B. velezensis YC7010 via salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent pathways. Increased leaf contents of secondary metabolites, tricin and C-glycosyl flavone and cell-wall contents of lignin and cellulose were the key defense mechanisms inducing resistance against BPH during the three-way interaction. This study shows for the first time that chemical changes and strengthening of physical barriers play important roles simultaneously in plant defense against BPH in rice by the endophytic bacteria. This defense was induced by lipopeptides including a novel bacillopeptin X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Harun-Or-Rashid
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biologyand Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Rangpur, Bangladesh
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seon-In Yeom
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | | | | | - Surk-Sik Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biologyand Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Young Ryun Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biologyand Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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14
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Zhang X, Li X, Yang H, Cui Z. Biochemical mechanism of phytoremediation process of lead and cadmium pollution with Mucor circinelloides and Trichoderma asperellum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:21-28. [PMID: 29605641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the bioremediation mechanisms of lead (0, 100, 500, 1000 mg kg-1) and cadmium (0,10,50,100 mg kg-1) contaminated soil using two indigenous fungi selected from mine tailings as the phytostimulation of Arabidopsis thaliana. The two fungal strains were characterized as Mucor circinelloides (MC) and Trichoderma asperellum (TA) by internal transcribed spacer sequencing at the genetic levels. Our research revealed that Cadmium was more toxic to plant growth than lead and meanwhile, MC and TA can strengthen A. thaliana tolerance to cadmium and lead with 40.19-117.50% higher root length and 58.31-154.14% shoot fresh weight of plant compared to non-inoculation. In this study, TA exhibited a higher potential to the inactivation of cadmium; however, MC was more effective in lead passivation. There was a direct correlation between the type of fungi, heavy metal content, heavy metal type and oxidative damage in plant. Both lead and cadmium induced oxidative damage as indicated by increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, while the antioxidant levels were significantly higher in fungal inoculated plants compared with those non-inoculated. The analysis of soil enzyme activity and taxonomic richness uncovered that the dominant structures of soil microbial community were altered by exogenous microbial agents. MC enhanced higher microbial diversity and soil enzyme activity than TA. The two indigenous fungi lessened several limiting factors with respect to phytoremediation technology, such as soil chemistry, contamination level and transformation, and metal solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
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15
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Pahlow S, Ostendorp A, Krüßel L, Kehr J. Phloem Sap Sampling from Brassica napus for 3D-PAGE of Protein and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29364282 PMCID: PMC5908547 DOI: 10.3791/57097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sampling the phloem of higher plants is often laborious and significantly dependent on the plant species. However, proteome studies under denaturing conditions could be achieved in different plant species. Native protein:protein and protein:nucleic acid complexes from phloem samples have as yet scarcely been analyzed, although they might play important roles in maintenance of this specialized compartment or in long-distance signaling. Large molecular assemblies can be isolated using a blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). Their protein components can be separated by a subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE (SDS-PAGE). However, proteins with similar molecular weights co-migrate, what can hinder protein identification by mass spectrometry. Combining BN-PAGE with two different denaturing gel electrophoresis steps, namely Tris-Tricine-urea and SDS-PAGE, enables the additional separation of proteins according to their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and thus increases resolution and the success of protein identification. It even allows distinguishing proteins that only differ in their posttranslational modifications. In addition, blue native northern blotting can be applied to identify the RNA components in macromolecular complexes. We show that our protocol is suitable to unravel the protein and RNA components of native protein:protein and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes occurring in phloem samples. Combining a blue native PAGE with two different denaturing PAGE steps can help to separate different kinds of large protein complexes, and also enables an increased identification rate of their components by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the protocol is robust enough to simultaneously detect potentially bound nucleic acids within single protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lena Krüßel
- Molecular Plant Genetics, Universität Hamburg
| | - Julia Kehr
- Molecular Plant Genetics, Universität Hamburg;
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16
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Rashid MHO, Chung YR. Induction of Systemic Resistance against Insect Herbivores in Plants by Beneficial Soil Microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1816. [PMID: 29104585 PMCID: PMC5654954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil microorganisms with growth-promoting activities in plants, including rhizobacteria and rhizofungi, can improve plant health in a variety of different ways. These beneficial microbes may confer broad-spectrum resistance to insect herbivores. Here, we provide evidence that beneficial microbes modulate plant defenses against insect herbivores. Beneficial soil microorganisms can regulate hormone signaling including the jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid pathways, thereby leading to gene expression, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant defensive proteins and different enzymes and volatile compounds, that may induce defenses against leaf-chewing as well as phloem-feeding insects. In this review, we discuss how beneficial microbes trigger induced systemic resistance against insects by promoting plant growth and highlight changes in plant molecular mechanisms and biochemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young R. Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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17
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Ostendorp A, Pahlow S, Krüßel L, Hanhart P, Garbe MY, Deke J, Giavalisco P, Kehr J. Functional analysis of Brassica napus phloem protein and ribonucleoprotein complexes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1188-1197. [PMID: 28052459 PMCID: PMC6079638 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phloem sap contains a large number of macromolecules, including proteins and RNAs from different classes. Proteome analyses of phloem samples from different plant species under denaturing conditions identified hundreds of proteins potentially involved in diverse processes. Surprisingly, these studies also found a significant number of ribosomal and proteasomal proteins. This led to the suggestion that active ribosome and proteasome complexes might be present in the phloem, challenging the paradigm that protein synthesis and turnover are absent from the enucleate sieve elements of angiosperms. However, the existence of such complexes has as yet not been demonstrated. In this study we used three-dimensional gel electrophoresis to separate several protein complexes from native phloem sap from Brassica napus. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight MS analyses identified more than 100 proteins in the three major protein-containing complexes. All three complexes contained proteins belonging to different ribosomal fragments and blue native northern blot confirmed the existence of ribonucleoprotein complexes. In addition, one complex contained proteasome components and further functional analyses confirmed activity of a proteasomal degradation pathway and showed a large number of ubiquitinated phloem proteins. Our results suggest specialized roles for ubiquitin modification and proteasome-mediated degradation in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ostendorp
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Steffen Pahlow
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Lena Krüßel
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Patrizia Hanhart
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Marcel Y. Garbe
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Jennifer Deke
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiologyam Mühlenberg 1Potsdam14476Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Molecular Plant GeneticsUniversity HamburgBiocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18Hamburg22609Germany
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18
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Nawrot R, Barylski J, Lippmann R, Altschmied L, Mock HP. Combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches helps to unravel the protein composition of Chelidonium majus L. milky sap. PLANTA 2016; 244:1055-1064. [PMID: 27401454 PMCID: PMC5052312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel annotated Chelidonium majus L. transcriptome database composed of 23,004 unique coding sequences allowed to significantly improve the sensitivity of proteomic C. majus assessments, which showed novel defense-related proteins characteristic to its latex. To date, the composition of Chelidonium majus L. milky sap and biosynthesis of its components are poorly characterized. We, therefore, performed de novo sequencing and assembly of C. majus transcriptome using Illumina technology. Approximately, 119 Mb of raw sequence data was obtained. Assembly resulted in 107,088 contigs, with N50 of 1913 bp and N90 of 450 bp. Among 34,965 unique coding sequences (CDS), 23,004 obtained CDS database served as a basis for further proteomic analyses. The database was then used for the identification of proteins from C. majus milky sap, and whole plant extracts analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) approach. Of about 334 different putative proteins were identified in C. majus milky sap and 1155 in C. majus whole plant extract. The quantitative comparative analysis confirmed that C. majus latex contains proteins connected with response to stress conditions and generation of precursor metabolites and energy. Notable proteins characteristic to latex include major latex protein (MLP, presumably belonging to Bet v1-like superfamily), polyphenol oxidase (PPO, which could be responsible for browning of the sap after exposure to air), and enzymes responsible for anthocyanidin, phenylpropanoid, and alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rico Lippmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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19
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Carella P, Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Cameron RK. Vascular Sap Proteomics: Providing Insight into Long-Distance Signaling during Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:651. [PMID: 27242852 PMCID: PMC4863880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular system, composed of the xylem and phloem, is important for the transport of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthate throughout the plant body. The vasculature is also the primary means by which developmental and stress signals move from one organ to another. Due to practical and technological limitations, proteomics analysis of xylem and phloem sap has been understudied in comparison to accessible sample types such as leaves and roots. However, recent advances in sample collection techniques and mass spectrometry technology are making it possible to comprehensively analyze vascular sap proteomes. In this mini-review, we discuss the emerging field of vascular sap proteomics, with a focus on recent comparative studies to identify vascular proteins that may play roles in long-distance signaling and other processes during stress responses in plants.
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20
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Srivastava VK, Raikwar S, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Ectopic expression of phloem motor protein pea forisome PsSEO-F1 enhances salinity stress tolerance in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1021-41. [PMID: 26825595 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PsSEOF-1 binds to calcium and its expression is upregulated by salinity treatment. PsSEOF - 1 -overexpressing transgenic tobacco showed enhanced salinity stress tolerance by maintaining cellular ion homeostasis and modulating ROS-scavenging pathway. Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays important role in growth, development and stress tolerance in plants. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis is achieved by the collective action of channels, pumps, antiporters and by Ca(2+) chelators present in the cell like calcium-binding proteins. Forisomes are ATP-independent mechanically active motor proteins known to function in wound sealing of injured sieve elements of phloem tissue. The Ca(2+)-binding activity of forisome and its role in abiotic stress signaling were largely unknown. Here we report the Ca(2+)-binding activity of pea forisome (PsSEO-F1) and its novel function in promoting salinity tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Native PsSEO-F1 promoter positively responded in salinity stress as confirmed using GUS reporter. Overexpression of PsSEO-F1 tobacco plants confers salinity tolerance by alleviating ionic toxicity and increased ROS scavenging activity which probably results in reduced membrane damage and improved yield under salinity stress. Evaluation of several physiological indices shows an increase in relative water content, electrolyte leakage, proline accumulation and chlorophyll content in transgenic lines as compared with null-segregant control. Expression of several genes involved in cellular homeostasis is perturbed by PsSEO-F1 overexpression. These findings suggest that PsSEO-F1 provides salinity tolerance through cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis which in turn modulates ROS machinery providing indirect link between Ca(2+) and ROS signaling under salinity-induced perturbation. PsSEO-F1 most likely functions in salinity stress tolerance by improving antioxidant machinery and mitigating ion toxicity in transgenic lines. This finding should make an important contribution in our better understanding of the significance of calcium signaling in phloem tissue leading to salinity stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Srivastava
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shailendra Raikwar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Renu Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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21
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Mofatto LS, Carneiro FDA, Vieira NG, Duarte KE, Vidal RO, Alekcevetch JC, Cotta MG, Verdeil JL, Lapeyre-Montes F, Lartaud M, Leroy T, De Bellis F, Pot D, Rodrigues GC, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Andrade AC, Marraccini P. Identification of candidate genes for drought tolerance in coffee by high-throughput sequencing in the shoot apex of different Coffea arabica cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:94. [PMID: 27095276 PMCID: PMC4837521 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a widespread limiting factor in coffee plants. It affects plant development, fruit production, bean development and consequently beverage quality. Genetic diversity for drought tolerance exists within the coffee genus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of coffee plants to drought are largely unknown. In this study, we compared the molecular responses to drought in two commercial cultivars (IAPAR59, drought-tolerant and Rubi, drought-susceptible) of Coffea arabica grown in the field under control (irrigation) and drought conditions using the pyrosequencing of RNA extracted from shoot apices and analysing the expression of 38 candidate genes. RESULTS Pyrosequencing from shoot apices generated a total of 34.7 Mbp and 535,544 reads enabling the identification of 43,087 clusters (41,512 contigs and 1,575 singletons). These data included 17,719 clusters (16,238 contigs and 1,575 singletons) exclusively from 454 sequencing reads, along with 25,368 hybrid clusters assembled with 454 sequences. The comparison of DNA libraries identified new candidate genes (n = 20) presenting differential expression between IAPAR59 and Rubi and/or drought conditions. Their expression was monitored in plagiotropic buds, together with those of other (n = 18) candidates genes. Under drought conditions, up-regulated expression was observed in IAPAR59 but not in Rubi for CaSTK1 (protein kinase), CaSAMT1 (SAM-dependent methyltransferase), CaSLP1 (plant development) and CaMAS1 (ABA biosynthesis). Interestingly, the expression of lipid-transfer protein (nsLTP) genes was also highly up-regulated under drought conditions in IAPAR59. This may have been related to the thicker cuticle observed on the abaxial leaf surface in IAPAR59 compared to Rubi. CONCLUSIONS The full transcriptome assembly of C. arabica, followed by functional annotation, enabled us to identify differentially expressed genes related to drought conditions. Using these data, candidate genes were selected and their differential expression profiles were confirmed by qPCR experiments in plagiotropic buds of IAPAR59 and Rubi under drought conditions. As regards the genes up-regulated under drought conditions, specifically in the drought-tolerant IAPAR59, several corresponded to orphan genes but also to genes coding proteins involved in signal transduction pathways, as well as ABA and lipid metabolism, for example. The identification of these genes should help advance our understanding of the genetic determinism of drought tolerance in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Souto Mofatto
- />Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia/UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Araújo Carneiro
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Natalia Gomes Vieira
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Karoline Estefani Duarte
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- />Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia/UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Jean Carlos Alekcevetch
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | - Michelle Guitton Cotta
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Pot
- />CIRAD UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Gustavo Costa Rodrigues
- />Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, UNICAMP, Av. André Tosello n° 209, CP 6041, 13083-886 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- />Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia/UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- />Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia/UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Alan Carvalho Andrade
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- />present address: Embrapa Café, INOVACAFÉ, Campus UFLA, 37200-000 Lavras, MG Brazil
| | - Pierre Marraccini
- />Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (LGM-NTBio), Parque Estação Biológica, CP 02372, 70770-917, Brasilia, DF Brazil
- />CIRAD UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Gaupels F, Furch ACU, Zimmermann MR, Chen F, Kaever V, Buhtz A, Kehr J, Sarioglu H, Kogel KH, Durner J. Systemic Induction of NO-, Redox-, and cGMP Signaling in the Pumpkin Extrafascicular Phloem upon Local Leaf Wounding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 26904092 PMCID: PMC4751408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbits developed the unique extrafascicular phloem (EFP) as a defensive structure against herbivorous animals. Mechanical leaf injury was previously shown to induce a systemic wound response in the EFP of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). Here, we demonstrate that the phloem antioxidant system and protein modifications by NO are strongly regulated during this process. Activities of the central antioxidant enzymes dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate reductase were rapidly down-regulated at 30 min with a second minimum at 24 h after wounding. As a consequence levels of total ascorbate and glutathione also decreased with similar bi-phasic kinetics. These results hint toward a wound-induced shift in the redox status of the EFP. Nitric oxide (NO) is another important player in stress-induced redox signaling in plants. Therefore, we analyzed NO-dependent protein modifications in the EFP. Six to forty eight hours after leaf damage total S-nitrosothiol content and protein S-nitrosylation were clearly reduced, which was contrasted by a pronounced increase in protein tyrosine nitration. Collectively, these findings suggest that NO-dependent S-nitrosylation turned into peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration upon a stress-induced redox shift probably involving the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the EFP. Using the biotin switch assay and anti-nitrotyrosine antibodies we identified 9 candidate S-nitrosylated and 6 candidate tyrosine-nitrated phloem proteins. The wound-responsive Phloem Protein 16-1 (PP16-1) and Cyclophilin 18 (CYP18) as well as the 26.5 kD isoform of Phloem Protein 2 (PP2) were amenable to both NO modifications and could represent important redox-sensors within the cucurbit EFP. We also found that leaf injury triggered the systemic accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the EFP and discuss the possible function of this second messenger in systemic NO and redox signaling within the EFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gaupels
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Matthias R. Zimmermann
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversityJena, Germany
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Anja Buhtz
- Department Lothar Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Hakan Sarioglu
- Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
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van Bel AJE, Will T. Functional Evaluation of Proteins in Watery and Gel Saliva of Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1840. [PMID: 28018380 PMCID: PMC5156713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gel and watery saliva are regarded as key players in aphid-pIant interactions. The salivary composition seems to be influenced by the variable environment encountered by the stylet tip. Milieu sensing has been postulated to provide information needed for proper stylet navigation and for the required switches between gel and watery saliva secretion during stylet progress. Both the chemical and physical factors involved in sensing of the stylet's environment are discussed. To investigate the salivary proteome, proteins were collected from dissected gland extracts or artificial diets in a range of studies. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of either collection method. Several proteins were identified by functional assays or by use of proteomic tools, while most of their functions still remain unknown. These studies disclosed the presence of at least two proteins carrying numerous sulfhydryl groups that may act as the structural backbone of the salivary sheath. Furthermore, cell-wall degrading proteins such a pectinases, pectin methylesterases, polygalacturonases, and cellulases as well as diverse Ca2+-binding proteins (e.g., regucalcin, ARMET proteins) were detected. Suppression of the plant defense may be a common goal of salivary proteins. Salivary proteases are likely involved in the breakdown of sieve-element proteins to invalidate plant defense or to increase the availability of organic N compounds. Salivary polyphenoloxidases, peroxidases and oxidoreductases were suggested to detoxify, e.g., plant phenols. During the last years, an increasing number of salivary proteins have been categorized under the term 'effector'. Effectors may act in the suppression (C002 or MIF cytokine) or the induction (e.g., Mp10 or Mp 42) of plant defense, respectively. A remarkable component of watery saliva seems the protein GroEL that originates from Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate symbiont of aphids and probably reflects an excretory product that induces plant defense responses. Furthermore, chitin fragments in the saliva may trigger defense reactions (e.g., callose deposition). The functions of identified proteins and protein classes are discussed with regard to physical and chemical characteristics of apoplasmic and symplasmic plant compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Aart J. E. van Bel,
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius-Kühn InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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Du B, Wei Z, Wang Z, Wang X, Peng X, Du B, Chen R, Zhu L, He G. Phloem-exudate proteome analysis of response to insect brown plant-hopper in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 183:13-22. [PMID: 26072143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brown plant-hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH), one of the most devastating agricultural insect pests of rice throughout Asia, ingests nutrients from rice sieve tubes and causes a dramatic yield loss. Planting resistant variety is an efficient and economical way to control this pest. Understanding the mechanisms of host resistance is extremely valuable for molecular design of resistant rice variety. Here, we used an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach to perform analysis of protein expression profiles in the phloem exudates of BPH-resistant and susceptible rice plants following BPH infestation. A total of 238 proteins were identified, most of which were previously described to be present in the phloem of rice and other plants. The expression of genes for selected proteins was confirmed using a laser capture micro-dissection method and RT-PCR. The mRNAs for three proteins, RGAP, TCTP, and TRXH, were further analyzed by using in situ mRNA hybridization and localized in the phloem cells. Our results showed that BPH feeding induced significant changes in the abundance of proteins in phloem sap of rice involved in multiple pathways, including defense signal transduction, redox regulation, and carbohydrate and protein metabolism, as well as cell structural proteins. The results presented provide new insights into rice resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the breeding of novel elite BPH-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Serra-Soriano M, Navarro JA, Genoves A, Pallás V. Comparative proteomic analysis of melon phloem exudates in response to viral infection. J Proteomics 2015; 124:11-24. [PMID: 25892132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phloem vasculature is the route that most plant viruses use to spread widely around the plant. In addition, phloem sap transports signals that trigger systemic defense responses to infection. We investigated the proteome-level changes that occur in phloem sap during virus infection using the 2D-DIGE technique. Total proteins were extracted from phloem exudates of healthy and Melon necrotic spot virus infected melon plants and analyzed by 2D-DIGE. A total of 1046 spots were detected but only 25 had significant changes in abundance. After mass spectrometry, 19 different proteins corresponding to 22 spots were further identified (13 of them up-accumulated and 9 down-accumulated). Most of them were involved in controlling redox balance and cell death. Only two of the differentially altered proteins had never been described to be present in the phloem before: a carboxylesterase and the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase 1, both considered negative regulators of cell death. RT-PCR analysis of phloem sap RNAs revealed that the transcripts corresponding to some of the identified protein could be also loaded into the sieve elements. The impact of these proteins in the host response against viral infections and the potential involvement in regulating development, growth and stress response in melon plants is discussed. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite the importance of phloem as an integrative pathway for resource distribution, signaling and plant virus transport little is known about the modifications induced by these pathogens in phloem sap proteome. Only one previous study has actually examined the phloem sap proteome during viral infection using conventional two-dimensional electrophoresis. Since the major limitation of this technique has been its low sensitivity, the authors only identified five phloem proteins with altered abundance. To circumvent this issue we use two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) technique, which combined with DeCyder Differential Analysis Software allows a more accurate and sensitive quantitative analysis than with conventional 2D PAGE. We identified 19 different proteins which accumulation in phloem sap was altered during a compatible plant virus infection including redox and hypersensitivity response-related proteins. Therefore, this work would help to understand the basic processes that occur in phloem during plant-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serra-Soriano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP (Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avenida Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP (Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avenida Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ainhoa Genoves
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP (Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avenida Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP (Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) Avenida Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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26
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Cayla T, Batailler B, Le Hir R, Revers F, Anstead JA, Thompson GA, Grandjean O, Dinant S. Live imaging of companion cells and sieve elements in Arabidopsis leaves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118122. [PMID: 25714357 PMCID: PMC4340910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phloem is a complex tissue composed of highly specialized cells with unique subcellular structures and a compact organization that is challenging to study in vivo at cellular resolution. We used confocal scanning laser microscopy and subcellular fluorescent markers in companion cells and sieve elements, for live imaging of the phloem in Arabidopsis leaves. This approach provided a simple framework for identifying phloem cell types unambiguously. It highlighted the compactness of the meshed network of organelles within companion cells. By contrast, within the sieve elements, unknown bodies were observed in association with the PP2-A1:GFP, GFP:RTM1 and RTM2:GFP markers at the cell periphery. The phloem lectin PP2-A1:GFP marker was found in the parietal ground matrix. Its location differed from that of the P-protein filaments, which were visualized with SEOR1:GFP and SEOR2:GFP. PP2-A1:GFP surrounded two types of bodies, one of which was identified as mitochondria. This location suggested that it was embedded within the sieve element clamps, specific structures that may fix the organelles to each another or to the plasma membrane in the sieve tubes. GFP:RTM1 was associated with a class of larger bodies, potentially corresponding to plastids. PP2-A1:GFP was soluble in the cytosol of immature sieve elements. The changes in its subcellular localization during differentiation provide an in vivo blueprint for monitoring this process. The subcellular features obtained with these companion cell and sieve element markers can be used as landmarks for exploring the organization and dynamics of phloem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Cayla
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Brigitte Batailler
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - James A. Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Olivier Grandjean
- Plateforme de Cytologie et Imagerie Végétale, UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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Furch ACU, van Bel AJE, Will T. Aphid salivary proteases are capable of degrading sieve-tube proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:533-9. [PMID: 25540441 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sieve tubes serve as transport conduits for photo-assimilates and other resources in angiosperms and are profitable targets for piercing-sucking insects such as aphids. Sieve-tube sap also contains significant amounts of proteins with diverse functions, for example in signalling, metabolism, and defence. The identification of salivary proteases in Acyrthosiphon pisum led to the hypothesis that aphids might be able to digest these proteins and by doing so suppress plant defence and access additional nitrogen sources. Here, the scarce knowledge of proteases in aphid saliva is briefly reviewed. In order to provide a better platform for discussion, we conducted a few tests on in vitro protease activity and degradation of sieve-tube sap proteins of Cucurbita maxima by watery saliva. Inhibition of protein degradation by EDTA indicates the presence of different types of proteases (e.g. metalloproteses) in saliva of A. pisum. Proteases in the watery saliva from Macrosiphum euphorbiae and A. pisum were able to degrade the most abundant phloem protein, which is phloem protein 1. Our results provide support for the breakdown of sieve-element proteins by aphid saliva in order to suppress/neutralize the defence responses of the plant and to make proteins of sieve-tube sap accessible as a nitrogen source, as is discussed in detail. Finally, we discuss whether glycosylation of sieve-element proteins and the presence of protease inhibitors may confer partial protection against the proteolytic activity of aphid saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C U Furch
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Aart J E van Bel
- Department of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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28
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Shen W, Chen G, Xu J, Zhen X, Ma J, Zhang X, Lv C, Gao Z. High light acclimation of Oryza sativa L. leaves involves specific photosynthetic-sourced changes of NADPH/NADP⁺ in the midvein. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:77-87. [PMID: 24888399 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to high light (HL) causes a systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) response in the vasculature. It has been postulated that C₄-like photosynthesis in the leaf veins triggers this response via the Mehler reaction. To investigate this proposed connection and extend SAA to other plants, we examined the redox state of NADPH, ascorbate (ASA), and glutathione (GSH) pools; levels and histochemical localization of O₂- and H₂O₂ signals; and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the midvein and leaf lamina of rice, when they were subjected to HL and low light. The results showed that (1) high NADPH/NADP(+) was generated by C₄-like photosynthesis under HL in the midvein and (2) SAA was colocally induced by HL, as indicated by the combined signaling network, including the decrease in redox status of ASA and GSH pools, accumulation of H₂O₂ and O₂- signals, and high superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The high correlations between these occurrences suggest that the enhanced NADPH/NADP(+) in HL-treated midveins might alter redox status of ASA and GSH pools and trigger H₂O₂ and O₂- signals during SAA via the Mehler reaction. These changes in turn upregulate SOD and APX activities in the midvein. In conclusion, SAA may be a common regulatory mechanism for the adaptation of angiosperms to HL. Manipulation of NADPH/NADP(+) levels by C₄-like photosynthesis promotes SAA under HL stress in the midvein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Singh SP, Vogel-Mikuš K, Vavpetič P, Jeromel L, Pelicon P, Kumar J, Tuli R. Spatial X-ray fluorescence micro-imaging of minerals in grain tissues of wheat and related genotypes. PLANTA 2014; 240:277-289. [PMID: 24817589 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and its related genotypes show distinct distribution patterns for mineral nutrients in maternal and filial tissues in grains. X-ray-based imaging techniques are very informative to identify genotypes with contrasting tissue-specific localization of different elements. This can help in the selection of suitable genotypes for nutritional improvement of food grain crops. Understanding mineral localization in cereal grains is important for their nutritional improvement. Spatial distribution of mineral nutrients (Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) was investigated between and within the maternal and filial tissues in grains of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Cv. WH291 and WL711), a landrace (T. aestivum L. IITR26) and a related wild species Aegilops kotschyi, using micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (µ-PIXE) and micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF). Aleurone and scutellum were major storage tissues for macro (P, K, Ca and Mg) as well as micro (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) nutrients. Distinct elemental distribution patterns were observed in each of the four genotypes. A. kotschyi, the wild relative of wheat and the landrace, T. aestivum L. IITR26, accumulated more Zn and Fe in scutellum and aleurone than the cultivated wheat varieties, WH291 and WL711. The landrace IITR26, accumulated far more S in grains, Mn in scutellum, aleurone and embryo region, Ca and Cu in aleurone and scutellum, and Mg, K and P in scutellum than the other genotypes. Unlike wheat, lower Mn and higher Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations were noticed in the pigment strand of A. kotschyi. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed on mineral distribution in major grain tissues (aleurone, scutellum, endosperm and embryo region) resolved the four genotypes into distinct clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir P Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), C-127, Industrial Area, Phase VIII, Mohali, 160071, India,
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Nawrot R, Zauber H, Schulze WX. Global proteomic analysis of Chelidonium majus and Corydalis cava (Papaveraceae) extracts revealed similar defense-related protein compositions. Fitoterapia 2014; 94:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Anstead JA, Hartson SD, Thompson GA. The broccoli (Brassica oleracea) phloem tissue proteome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:764. [PMID: 24195484 PMCID: PMC3833381 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transport of sugars, hormones, amino acids, proteins, sugar alcohols, and other organic compounds from the sites of synthesis to the sites of use or storage occurs through the conducting cells of the phloem. To better understand these processes a comprehensive understanding of the proteins involved is required. While a considerable amount of data has been obtained from proteomic analyses of phloem sap, this has mainly served to identify the soluble proteins that are translocated through the phloem network. RESULTS In order to obtain more comprehensive proteomic data from phloem tissue we developed a simple dissection procedure to isolate phloem tissue from Brassica oleracea. The presence of a high density of phloem sieve elements was confirmed using light microscopy and fluorescently labeled sieve element-specific antibodies. To increase the depth of the proteomic analysis for membrane bound and associated proteins, soluble proteins were extracted first and subsequent extractions were carried out using two different detergents (SDS and CHAPSO). Across all three extractions almost four hundred proteins were identified and each extraction method added to the analysis demonstrating the utility of an approach combining several extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS The phloem was found to be enriched in proteins associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses and structural proteins. Subsequent expression analysis identified a number of genes that appear to be expressed exclusively or at very high levels in phloem tissue, including genes that are known to express specifically in the phloem as well as novel phloem genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Tetyuk O, Benning UF, Hoffmann-Benning S. Collection and analysis of Arabidopsis phloem exudates using the EDTA-facilitated Method. J Vis Exp 2013:e51111. [PMID: 24192764 PMCID: PMC3960974 DOI: 10.3791/51111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant phloem is essential for the long-distance transport of (photo-) assimilates as well as of signals conveying biotic or abiotic stress. It contains sugars, amino acids, proteins, RNA, lipids and other metabolites. While there is a large interest in understanding the composition and function of the phloem, the role of many of these molecules and thus, their importance in plant development and stress response has yet to be determined. One barrier to phloem analysis lies in the fact that the phloem seals itself upon wounding. As a result, the number of plants from which phloem sap can be obtained is limited. One method that allows collection of phloem exudates from several plant species without added equipment is the EDTA-facilitated phloem exudate collection described here. While it is easy to use, it does lead to the wounding of cells and care has to be taken to remove contents of damaged cells. In addition, several controls to prove purity of the exudate are necessary. Because it is an exudation rather than a direct collection of the phloem sap (not possible in many species) only relative quantification of its contents can occur. The advantage of this method over others is that it can be used in many herbaceous or woody plant species (Perilla, Arabidopsis, poplar, etc.) and requires minimal equipment and training. It leads to reasonably large amounts of exudates that can be used for subsequent analysis of proteins, sugars, lipids, RNA, viruses and metabolites. It is simple enough that it can be used in both a research as well as in a teaching laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Tetyuk
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State Universtiy
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Srivastava VK, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Calcium-energized motor protein forisome controls damage in phloem: potential applications as biomimetic "smart" material. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:173-83. [PMID: 24020505 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Forisomes are ATP independent, mechanically active proteins from the Fabaceae family (also called Leguminosae). These proteins are located in sieve tubes of phloem and function to prevent loss of nutrient-rich photoassimilates, upon mechanical injury/wounding. Forisomes are SEO (sieve element occlusion) gene family proteins that have recently been shown to be involved in wound sealing mechanism. Recent findings suggest that forisomes could act as an ideal model to study self assembly mechanism for the development of nanotechnological devices like microinstruments, the microfluidic system frequently used in space exploration missions. Technology enabling improvement in micro instruments has been identified as a key technology by NASA in future space exploration missions. Forisomes are designated as biomimetic smart materials which are calcium-energized motor proteins. Since forisomes are biomolecules from plant systems it can be doctored through genetic engineering. In contrast, "smart" materials which are not derived from plants are difficult to modify in their properties. Current levels of understanding about forisomes conformational shifts with respect to calcium ions and pH changes requires supplement of future advances with relation to its 3D structure to understand self assembly processes. In plant systems it forms blood clots in the form of occlusions to prevent nutrient fluid leakage and thus proves to be a unique damage control system of phloem tissue.
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Profiling antioxidant activity of two primocane fruiting red raspberry cultivars (Autumn bliss and Polka). J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lattanzio G, Andaluz S, Matros A, Calvete JJ, Kehr J, Abadía A, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Protein profile of Lupinus texensis phloem sap exudates: searching for Fe- and Zn-containing proteins. Proteomics 2013; 13:2283-96. [PMID: 23712964 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain a comprehensive overview of the phloem sap protein profile of Lupinus texensis, with a special focus on proteins binding Fe and Zn. L. texensis was chosen as model plant given the simplicity to obtain exudates from sieve elements. Protein profiling by 2DE revealed 249 spots, and 54 of them were unambiguously identified by MALDI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. The largest number of identified protein species belongs to protein modification/turnover and general metabolism (19-21%), followed by redox homeostasis (9%) and defense and cell structural components (7%). This protein profile is similar to that reported in other plant species, suggesting that the phloem sap proteome is quite conserved. Staining of 2DE gels for Fe-containing proteins and affinity chromatography experiments revealed the presence of two low molecular weight Fe-binding proteins in phloem sap: a metallothionein-like protein type 2B identified in the Fe-affinity chromatography, and a second protein identified with both Fe staining methods. This protein species had a molecular weight of 13.5 kDa, a pI of 5.6 and 51% homology to a phloem-specific protein from Medicago truncatula. Zinc affinity chromatography revealed four Zn-binding proteins in phloem sap, one belonging to the dehydrin family and three Zn finger proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lattanzio
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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36
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Maksimović JJD, Zivanović BD. Quantification of the antioxidant activity in salt-stressed tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 913:237-50. [PMID: 22895764 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical methods available for the measurement of antioxidant activity in salt-stressed tissues are reviewed, outlining the most important advantages and shortcomings of the methods. Here we consider commonly used methods for measuring total antioxidant capacity and phenolic content, ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu's procedure, respectively. Moreover, we presented assays for determination of antioxidant enzymes activities: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. This choice of methods enables us to elucidate a full profile of antioxidant activities, evaluating their effectiveness against various reactive oxygen species produced during salt stress.
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Lucas WJ, Groover A, Lichtenberger R, Furuta K, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y, He XQ, Fukuda H, Kang J, Brady SM, Patrick JW, Sperry J, Yoshida A, López-Millán AF, Grusak MA, Kachroo P. The plant vascular system: evolution, development and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:294-388. [PMID: 23462277 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essential functions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources (water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids) to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Dinant S, Kehr J. Sampling and analysis of phloem sap. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2013; 953:185-94. [PMID: 23073884 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-152-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The transport tubes of the phloem are essential for higher plants. They not only provide the route for the distribution of assimilates produced during photosynthesis from source to sink organs but also (re-) distribute mineral nutrients. Additionally, the phloem is essential for sending information between distant plant organs and steering developmental and defense processes. For example, flowering and tuberization time are controlled by phloem-mobile signals and important defense reactions on the whole plant level, like systemic acquired resistance or systemic gene silencing, are spread through the phloem. In addition, recent results demonstrate that also the allocation of mineral nutrients is coordinated by phloem mobile signaling molecules. However, in many studies the important analysis of phloem sap is neglected, probably because the content of sieve tubes is not easy to access. This chapter will describe the current methods for sampling and analysis of phloem sap in order to encourage researchers to include the analysis of this crucial compartment in their relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA-AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
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Zimmermann MR, Hafke JB, van Bel AJE, Furch ACU. Interaction of xylem and phloem during exudation and wound occlusion in Cucurbita maxima. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:237-47. [PMID: 22765252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Collection of cucurbit exudates from cut petioles has been a powerful tool for gaining knowledge on phloem sap composition without full notion of the complex exudation mechanism. Only few publications explicitly mentioned that exudates were collected from the basal side of the cut, which exudes more copiously than the apical side. This is surprising since only exudation from the apical side is supposedly driven by phloem pressure gradients. Composition of carbohydrates and pH values at both wounding sides are equal, whereas protein concentration is higher at the basal side. Apparently, exudation is far more complex than just the delivery of phloem sap. Xylem involvement is indicated by lower protein concentrations after elimination of root pressure. Moreover, dye was sucked into xylem vessels owing to relaxation of negative pressure after cutting. The lateral water efflux from the vessels increases turgor of surrounding cells including sieve elements. Simultaneously, detached parietal proteins (PP1/PP2) induce occlusion of sieve plates and cover wound surface. If root pressure is strong enough, pure xylem sap can be collected after removal of the occlusion plug at the wound surface. The present findings provide a mechanism of sap exudation in Cucurbita maxima, in which the contribution of xylem water is integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Zimmermann
- Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Gießen, Germany.
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40
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Tschiersch H, Liebsch G, Borisjuk L, Stangelmayer A, Rolletschek H. An imaging method for oxygen distribution, respiration and photosynthesis at a microscopic level of resolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:926-936. [PMID: 22985120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological samples are far from homogeneous, with complex compartmentation being the norm. Major physiological processes such as respiration do not therefore occur in a uniform manner within most tissues, and it is currently not possible to image its gradients in living plant tissues. A compact fluorescence ratiometric-based device is presented here, consisting of an oxygen-sensitive foil and a USB (universal serial bus) microscope. The sensor foil is placed on the sample surface and, based on the localized change in fluorescence signal over time, information about the oxygen consumption (respiration) or evolution (photosynthesis) can be obtained. Using this imaging technique, it was possible to demonstrate the spatial pattern of oxygen production and consumption at a c. 20-μm level of resolution, and their visualization in the rhizosphere, stem and leaf, and within the developing seed. The oxygen mapping highlighted the vascular tissues as the major stem sink for oxygen. In the leaf, the level of spatial resolution was sufficient to visualize the gas exchange in individual stomata. We conclude that the novel sensor set-up can visualize gradients in oxygen-consuming and producing processes, thereby facilitating the study of the spatial dynamics of respiration and photosynthesis in heterogeneous plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Tschiersch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gregor Liebsch
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Strasse 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Achim Stangelmayer
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Strasse 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Roux SJ. Evolutionary adaptation of plant annexins has diversified their molecular structures, interactions and functional roles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:695-712. [PMID: 22994944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Annexins are an homologous, structurally related superfamily of proteins known to associate with membrane lipid and cytoskeletal components. Their involvement in membrane organization, vesicle trafficking and signaling is fundamental to cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, secretion and repair. Annexins exist in some prokaryotes and all eukaryotic phyla within which plant annexins represent a monophyletic clade of homologs descended from green algae. Genomic, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches have provided data on the diversity, cellular localization and expression patterns of different plant annexins. The availability of 35 complete plant genomes has enabled systematic comparative analysis to determine phylogenetic relationships, characterize structures and observe functional specificity between and within individual subfamilies. Short amino termini and selective erosion of the canonical type 2 calcium coordinating sites in domains 2 and 3 are typical of plant annexins. The convergent evolution of alternate functional motifs such as 'KGD', redox-sensitive Cys and hydrophobic Trp/Phe residues argues for their functional relevance and contribution to mechanistic diversity in plant annexins. This review examines recent findings and advances in plant annexin research with special focus on their structural diversity, cellular and molecular interactions and their potential integrated functions in the broader context of physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78713, USA
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Batailler B, Lemaître T, Vilaine F, Sanchez C, Renard D, Cayla T, Beneteau J, Dinant S. Soluble and filamentous proteins in Arabidopsis sieve elements. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1258-73. [PMID: 22292537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phloem sieve elements are highly differentiated cells involved in the long-distance transport of photoassimilates. These cells contain both aggregated phloem-proteins (P-proteins) and soluble proteins, which are also translocated by mass flow. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to carry out a proteomic survey of the phloem exudate of Arabidopsis thaliana, collected by the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-facilitated method. We identified 287 proteins, a large proportion of which were enzymes involved in the metabolic precursor generation and amino acid synthesis, suggesting that sieve tubes display high levels of metabolic activity. RNA-binding proteins, defence proteins and lectins were also found. No putative P-proteins were detected in the EDTA-exudate fraction, indicating a lack of long-distance translocation of such proteins in Arabidopsis. In parallel, we investigated the organization of P-proteins, by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the localization of the phloem lectin PP2, a putative P-protein component, by immunolocalization with antibodies against PP2-A1. Transmission electron microscopy observations of P-proteins revealed bundles of filaments resembling strings of beads. PP2-A1 was found weakly associated with these structures in the sieve elements and bound to plastids. These observations suggest that PP2-A1 is anchored to P-proteins and organelles rather than being a structural component of P-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Batailler
- UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Guelette BS, Benning UF, Hoffmann-Benning S. Identification of lipids and lipid-binding proteins in phloem exudates from Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3603-16. [PMID: 22442409 PMCID: PMC3388829 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phloem plays a crucial role in assimilate and nutrient transport, pathogen response, and plant growth and development. Yet, few species have yielded pure phloem exudate and, if proteins need to be analysed, those species may not have sequenced genomes, making identification difficult. The enrichment of Arabidopsis thaliana phloem exudate in amounts large enough to allow for metabolite and protein analysis is described. Using this method, it was possible to identify 65 proteins present in the Arabidopsis phloem exudate. The majority of these proteins could be grouped by response to pathogens, stress, or hormones, carbon metabolism, protein interaction, modification, and turnover, and transcription factors. It was also possible to detect 11 proteins that play a role in lipid/fatty acid metabolism (aspartic protease, putative 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, UDP-sulphoquinovose synthase/SQD1, lipase, PIG-P-like protein: phosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase), storage (glycine-rich protein), binding (annexin, lipid-associated family protein, GRP17/oleosin), and/or signalling (annexin, putative lipase, PIG-P-like protein). Along with putative lipid-binding proteins, several lipids and fatty acids could be identified. Only a few examples exist of lipids (jasmonic acid, oxylipins) or lipid-binding proteins (DIR1, acyl-CoA-binding protein) in the phloem. Finding hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous environment is not without precedence in biological systems: human blood contains a variety of lipids, many of which play a significant role in human health. In blood, lipids are transported while bound to proteins. The present findings of lipids and lipid-binding proteins in phloem exudates suggest that a similar long-distance lipid signalling exists in plants and may play an important role in plant growth and development.
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Rodriguez-Medina C, Atkins CA, Mann AJ, Jordan ME, Smith PMC. Macromolecular composition of phloem exudate from white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:36. [PMID: 21342527 PMCID: PMC3055823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the legume genus Lupinus exude phloem 'spontaneously' from incisions made to the vasculature. This feature was exploited to document macromolecules present in exudate of white lupin (Lupinus albus [L.] cv Kiev mutant), in particular to identify proteins and RNA molecules, including microRNA (miRNA). RESULTS Proteomic analysis tentatively identified 86 proteins from 130 spots collected from 2D gels analysed by partial amino acid sequence determination using MS/MS. Analysis of a cDNA library constructed from exudate identified 609 unique transcripts. Both proteins and transcripts were classified into functional groups. The largest group of proteins comprised those involved in metabolism (24%), followed by protein modification/turnover (9%), redox regulation (8%), cell structural components (6%), stress and defence response (6%) with fewer in other groups. More prominent proteins were cyclophilin, ubiquitin, a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, a group of proteins that comprise a glutathione/ascorbate-based mechanism to scavenge oxygen radicals, enzymes of glycolysis and other metabolism including methionine and ethylene synthesis. Potential signalling macromolecules such as transcripts encoding proteins mediating calcium level and the Flowering locus T (FT) protein were also identified. From around 330 small RNA clones (18-25 nt) 12 were identified as probable miRNAs by homology with those from other species. miRNA composition of exudate varied with site of collection (e.g. upward versus downward translocation streams) and nutrition (e.g. phosphorus level). CONCLUSIONS This is the first inventory of macromolecule composition of phloem exudate from a species in the Fabaceae, providing a basis to identify systemic signalling macromolecules with potential roles in regulating development, growth and stress response of legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Rodriguez-Medina
- INRA Center Colmar. France
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley. WA 6009. Australia
- School of Biological Science, The University of Sydney. NSW 2006. Australia
| | - Craig A Atkins
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley. WA 6009. Australia
| | - Anthea J Mann
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley. WA 6009. Australia
| | - Megan E Jordan
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley. WA 6009. Australia
| | - Penelope MC Smith
- School of Biological Science, The University of Sydney. NSW 2006. Australia
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Atkins CA, Smith PMC, Rodriguez-Medina C. Macromolecules in phloem exudates--a review. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:165-72. [PMID: 21057827 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses using the growing resources of genomic information have been applied to identification of macromolecules in exudates collected from phloem. Most of the analyses rely on collection of exudate following incisions made to the vasculature, but some limited data are available for exudates collected from excised aphid stylets. Species examined, to date, include a number of cereals (rice, barley, and wheat), a number of cucurbits, castor bean, members of the genus Lupinus, brassicas, and Arabidopsis. As many as 1,100 proteins, some hundreds of transcripts, and a growing number of small ribonucleic acids (RNAs), including micro-RNAs, have been identified across the species with a high degree of commonality. Questions relating to the nature and extent of contamination of sieve element contents with those of surrounding companion cells and nonvascular cells are addressed together with likely functions of identified macromolecules. The review considers likely translocation and systemic signaling functions among the macromolecular inventory of phloem exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Atkins
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Malter D, Wolf S. Melon phloem-sap proteome: developmental control and response to viral infection. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:217-224. [PMID: 20924770 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In addition to small molecules such as sugars and amino acids, phloem sap contains macromolecules, including mRNA and proteins. It is generally assumed that all molecules in the phloem sap are on the move from source to sink, but recent evidence suggests that the macromolecules' direction of movement can be controlled by endogenous plant mechanisms. To test the hypothesis that the phloem-sap protein profile is affected by local metabolic activities, we analyzed the phloem-sap proteome in young and mature tissues of melon plants. We also examined the effect of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection and expression of CMV movement protein in transgenic melon plants on the phloem protein profile. Sap collected from cut sections of young stems or petioles contained specific proteins that were absent from sap collected from mature stems or petioles. Most of these proteins were involved in defense response and protection from oxidative stress, suggesting that they play a role in maintaining safe activity of the sieve tubes in young tissues. Phloem sap collected from CMV-infected plants and transgenic plants expressing the CMV movement protein contained only a few additional proteins with molecular masses of 18 to 75 kDa. Here again, most of the additional proteins were associated with stress responses. Our study indicated that the proteome of phloem sap is dynamic and under developmental control. Entry and exit of proteins from the sieve tube can be regulated at the tissue level. Moreover, the plant can maintain regulation of protein trafficking from companion cells to sieve elements under viral infection or other perturbations in plasmodesmal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Malter
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Ben Thabet I, Francis F, de Pauw E, Besbes S, Attia H, Deroanne C, Blecker C. Characterisation of proteins from date palm sap (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by a proteomic approach. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baythavong BS, Stanton ML. CHARACTERIZING SELECTION ON PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY. Evolution 2010; 64:2904-20. [PMID: 20649815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S Baythavong
- Center for Population Biology and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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