1
|
Nussinov R, Yavuz BR, Jang H. Single cell spatial biology over developmental time can decipher pediatric brain pathologies. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106597. [PMID: 38992777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low grade brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders share proteins, signaling pathways, and networks. They also share germline mutations and an impaired prenatal differentiation origin. They may differ in the timing of the events and proliferation. We suggest that their pivotal distinct, albeit partially overlapping, outcomes relate to the cell states, which depend on their spatial location, and timing of gene expression during brain development. These attributes are crucial as the brain develops sequentially, and single-cell spatial organization influences cell state, thus function. Our underlying premise is that the root cause in neurodevelopmental disorders and pediatric tumors is impaired prenatal differentiation. Data related to pediatric brain tumors, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain cell (sub)types, locations, and timing of expression in the developing brain are scant. However, emerging single cell technologies, including transcriptomic, spatial biology, spatial high-resolution imaging performed over the brain developmental time, could be transformational in deciphering brain pathologies thereby pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Bengi Ruken Yavuz
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Li X, Cao C, Ding H, Shi X, Zhang J, Li H. Critical role of Slc22a8 in maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity after experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241264401. [PMID: 39068534 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241264401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage significantly affects the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. This project employed multi-omics analysis to identify key factors regulating BBB disruption during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. An integrated analysis of three transcriptome sequencing datasets from mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) models identified eight downregulated genes in endothelial cells. Additionally, transcriptome analysis of BBB (cortex) and non-BBB (lung) endothelium of E13.5 mice revealed 2,102 upregulated genes potentially associated with BBB integrity. The eight downregulated genes were intersected with the 2,102 BBB-related genes and mapped using single-cell RNA sequencing data, revealing that solute carrier family 22 member 8 (Slc22a8) is specifically expressed in endothelial cells and pericytes and significantly decreases after MCAO/R. This finding was validated in the mouse MCAO/R model at both protein and mRNA levels in this study. External overexpression of Slc22a8 using a lentivirus carrying Tie2 improved Slc22a8 and tight junction protein levels and reduced BBB leakage after MCAO/R, accompanied by Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. In conclusion, this study suggested that MCAO/R-induced downregulation of Slc22a8 expression may be a crucial mechanism underlying BBB disruption. Interventions that promote Slc22a8 expression or enhance its function hold promise for improving the prognosis of patients with cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haojie Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juyi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gatti M, Campoli C, Latrofa ME, Ramirez S, Sasso T, Mancini R, Caramelli F, Viale P, Pea F. Relationship Between Real-time TDM-guided Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Continuous Infusion Beta-lactam Monotherapy and Microbiologic Outcome in the Treatment of Critically Ill Children With Severe Documented Gram-negative Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:975-982. [PMID: 37523585 PMCID: PMC10569676 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between real-time therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided pharmacodynamic target attainment of continuous infusion (CI) beta-lactam monotherapy and microbiological outcome in the treatment of critically ill children with severe documented Gram-negative infections. METHODS Observational, monocentric, retrospective study of critically ill patients receiving CI piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or meropenem in monotherapy for documented Gram-negative infections optimized by means of a real-time TDM-guided strategy. Average steady-state beta-lactam concentrations (C ss ) were calculated for each patient, and the beta-lactam C ss /minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio was selected as a pharmacodynamic parameter of efficacy. The C ss /MIC ratio was defined as optimal if ≥4, quasi-optimal if between 1 and 4, and suboptimal if <1. The relationship between C ss /MIC and microbiological outcome was assessed. RESULTS Forty-six TDM assessments were carried out in 21 patients [median age 2 (interquartile range: 1-8) years]. C ss /MIC ratios were optimal in 76.2% of cases. Patients with optimal C ss /MIC ratios had both a significantly higher microbiological eradication rate (75.0% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.006) and lower resistance development rate (25.0% vs. 80.0%; P = 0.047) than those with quasi-optimal or suboptimal C ss /MIC ratios. Quasi-optimal/suboptimal C ss /MIC ratio occurred more frequently when patients had infections caused by pathogens with MIC values above the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing clinical breakpoint (100.0% vs. 6.3%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Real-time TDM-guided pharmacodynamic target attainment of CI beta-lactam monotherapy allowed to maximize treatment efficacy in most critically ill children with severe Gram-negative infections. Attaining early optimal C ss /MIC ratios of CI beta-lactams could be a key determinant associated with microbiologic eradication during the treatment of Gram-negative infections. Larger prospective studies are warranted for confirming our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gatti
- From the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Campoli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Latrofa
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Sasso
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- LUM Metropolitan Laboratory, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Caramelli
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- From the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- From the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Lv L, Li M. Research on knowledge construction and analysis of pesticide exposure to children based on bibliometrics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100325-100339. [PMID: 37648921 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is a major health problem that cannot be ignored, and children are particularly vulnerable and sensitive. As a result, the study of health damage in children caused by pesticide exposure has gradually developed into an important cross-disciplinary research topic. In this study, we reviewed the current state, characteristics, and trends of existing research findings and summarized them comprehensively and systematically through bibliometrics. We collected and examined a large number of studies using Citespace and Vosviewer, employing a clustering method to analyze the effects of pesticide exposure on children and to highlight the hot keywords in the research field. Through an analysis of the active time of high-frequency keywords, we found that the research field is in a hot spot, and the occurrence value of keywords was used to judge the innovation of the research results, thereby highlighting the frontier and key directions of future research in this field. We conclude that in addition to core pesticides, children, exposure, and other malaria and polychlorinated biphenyls also appear as high-frequency keywords in the research field of pesticide exposure effects on children. The core issues of concern in this field include occupational pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia, history of pesticide exposure during pregnancy and childhood leukemia, environmental factors and dietary intake and organophosphorus pesticide exposure in children, and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral development in children. Future research may focus on how to control the safe use of pesticides, quantitative research on pesticide hazards, and potential effects on children's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161000, China.
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China.
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010110, China.
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu F, Huang Y, Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Dziegielewska KM. Age dependent contribution of entry via the CSF to the overall brain entry of small and large hydrophilic markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:90. [PMCID: PMC9661750 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Apparent permeability of the blood brain barrier to hydrophilic markers has been shown to be higher in the developing brain. Apart from synthesis in situ, any substance detected in the brain parenchyma can originate from two sources: directly through blood vessels of brain vasculature and/or indirectly by entry from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after transfer across the choroid plexuses. The relative quantitative contribution of these two routes to the overall brain entry remains unclear.
Methods
In rats at embryonic day 16, 19 and postnatal day 4 and young adults, a small (sucrose, mw. 342 Da) or a large (dextran, mw. 70 kDa) radiolabelled hydrophilic marker was injected intravenously for very short periods of time (30 s to 5 min) before collection of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain samples. Results are presented as concentration ratios between radioactivity measured in CSF or brain and that in plasma (%).
Results
The dextran brain/plasma ratio five minutes post injection was similar (2–4%) from E16 to adulthood whereas the sucrose brain/plasma ratio was significantly higher in fetal brains, but was comparable to dextran values in the adult. Sucrose CSF/plasma ratios were also significantly higher in fetal animals and decreased with age. In very short experiments involving fetal animals, entry of sucrose into the CSF after only 30 s was similar to that of dextran and both markers showed similar brain/plasma ratios.
Conclusions
In the developing brain the apparent higher brain entry of a small hydrophilic marker such as sucrose can be attributed to its higher entry into the CSF and subsequent diffusion into the brain. By contrast, movement of a larger marker like 70 kDa dextran is restricted firstly by choroid plexus epithelial tight junctions and secondly by specialised junctions in the neuroependymal interface between the CSF and brain. Brain/plasma ratios of 70 kDa dextran were similar in fetal and adult rats. Therefore 70 kDa dextran should be considered an appropriate marker if brain residual vascular space is to be measured, especially in younger animals.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Y, Liu W, Xu Y, Zhang X, Miao Y, Wang A, Zhang Y. Effects of different doses of synthetic oxytocin on neonatal instinctive behaviors and breastfeeding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16434. [PMID: 36180494 PMCID: PMC9525660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oxytocin is the current domestic first-line agent of induced labor and labor augmentation, and its potential effects on neonatal neurobehavioral development is currently attracting increased attention. To explore the effect of different doses of synthetic oxytocin on neonatal instinctive breastfeeding behavior and breastfeeding by observing neonatal behaviors during skin-to-skin contact with mothers after delivery. Observations and comparisons of neonatal instinctive behaviors were conducted by using Widström's 9 Stages method. According to the total dosage of oxytocin administered during labor, participants were divided into a low dose group (≤ 2.5 U) of 39 pairs, a medium dose group (> 2.5 U) of 38 pairs, a high dose group (> 7.5 U) of 38 pairs and a control group (no synthetic oxytocin use) of 39 pairs. The occurrence time of newborns' instinctive movements and the duration of each behavior stage for the four groups were also analyzed. The number of exclusive breastfeeding sessions within 3 days after birth and the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months were collected and compared. There were significant differences among the four groups in the occurrence time of raising head or turning head (p = 0.004), eating hands (p = 0.011), moving body (p = 0.001), locating areola (p < 0.001), licking nipples (p = 0.002), containing nipple (p = 0.001), sucking (p < 0.001). There were significant differences among the four groups in the duration of activity (p = 0.004), clawing (p = 0.001), familiarization (p = 0.001), and sucking (p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the number of exclusive breastfeeding sessions of 24 h (p = 0.011), 48 h (p < 0.001), 72 h (p = 0.001) after birth among the four groups, but there was no statistical difference in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months after birth. The intrapartum administration of synthetic oxytocin was associated with the expression of neonatal instinctive breastfeeding. With increases in drug dose, the effect of breast seeking activity and breast attachment was more significant, and the association of synthetic oxytocin on sucking and breastfeeding was dose-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Nursing, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, 255300, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Delivery room, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261035, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiqun Miao
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tu Q, Cotta M, Raman S, Graham N, Schlapbach L, Roberts JA. Individualized precision dosing approaches to optimize antimicrobial therapy in pediatric populations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1383-1399. [PMID: 34313180 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1961578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Severe infections continue to impose a major burden on critically ill children and mortality rates remain stagnant. Outcomes rely on accurate and timely delivery of antimicrobials achieving target concentrations in infected tissue. Yet, developmental aspects, disease-related variables, and host factors may severely alter antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in pediatrics. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance increases the need for improved treatment approaches.Areas covered:This narrative review explores why optimization of antimicrobial therapy in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents is crucial and summarizes the possible dosing approaches to achieve antimicrobial individualization. Finally, we outline a roadmap toward scientific evidence informing the development and implementation of precision antimicrobial dosing in critically ill children.The literature search was conducted on PubMed using the following keywords: neonate, infant, child, adolescent, pediatrics, antimicrobial, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic target, Bayes dosing software, optimizing, individualizing, personalizing, precision dosing, drug monitoring, validation, attainment, and software implementation. Further articles were sought from the references of the above searched articles.Expert opinion:Recently, technological innovations have emerged that enabled the development of individualized antimicrobial dosing approaches in adults. More work is required in pediatrics to make individualized antimicrobial dosing approaches widely operationalized in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Tu
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Menino Cotta
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sainath Raman
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Children's Health Research (CCHR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicolette Graham
- Department of Pharmacy, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luregn Schlapbach
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, The University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Departments of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coll-Tané M, Gong NN, Belfer SJ, van Renssen LV, Kurtz-Nelson EC, Szuperak M, Eidhof I, van Reijmersdal B, Terwindt I, Durkin J, Verheij MMM, Kim CN, Hudac CM, Nowakowski TJ, Bernier RA, Pillen S, Earl RK, Eichler EE, Kleefstra T, Kayser MS, Schenck A. The CHD8/CHD7/Kismet family links blood-brain barrier glia and serotonin to ASD-associated sleep defects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabe2626. [PMID: 34088660 PMCID: PMC8177706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances in autism and neurodevelopmental disorders are common and adversely affect patient's quality of life, yet the underlying mechanisms are understudied. We found that individuals with mutations in CHD8, among the highest-confidence autism risk genes, or CHD7 suffer from disturbed sleep maintenance. These defects are recapitulated in Drosophila mutants affecting kismet, the sole CHD8/CHD7 ortholog. We show that Kismet is required in glia for early developmental and adult sleep architecture. This role localizes to subperineurial glia constituting the blood-brain barrier. We demonstrate that Kismet-related sleep disturbances are caused by high serotonin during development, paralleling a well-established but genetically unsolved autism endophenotype. Despite their developmental origin, Kismet's sleep architecture defects can be reversed in adulthood by a behavioral regime resembling human sleep restriction therapy. Our findings provide fundamental insights into glial regulation of sleep and propose a causal mechanistic link between the CHD8/CHD7/Kismet family, developmental hyperserotonemia, and autism-associated sleep disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Coll-Tané
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Naihua N Gong
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel J Belfer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lara V van Renssen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Milan Szuperak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ilse Eidhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Boyd van Reijmersdal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Isabel Terwindt
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaclyn Durkin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chang N Kim
- Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Caitlin M Hudac
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention and Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA
| | - Sigrid Pillen
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands
| | - Rachel K Earl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mortensen NP, Moreno Caffaro M, Patel PR, Snyder RW, Watson SL, Aravamudhan S, Montgomery SA, Lefever T, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Biodistribution, cardiac and neurobehavioral assessments, and neurotransmitter quantification in juvenile rats following oral administration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1316-1329. [PMID: 33269475 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the uptake, biodistribution, and biological responses of nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity in developing animals. Here, male and female juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg Al2 O3 NP (diameter: 24 nm [transmission electron microscope], hydrodynamic diameter: 148 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage between postnatal days (PNDs) 17-20. Basic neurobehavioral and cardiac assessments were performed on PND 20. Animals were sacrificed on PND 21, and selected tissues were collected, weighed, and processed for histopathology or neurotransmitter analysis. The biodistribution of Al2 O3 NP in tissue sections of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and lymph nodes were evaluated using enhanced dark-field microscopy (EDM) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Liver-to-body weight ratio was significantly increased for male pups administered Al2 O3 NP compared with control. HSI suggested that Al2 O3 NP was more abundant in the duodenum and ileum tissue of the female pups compared with the male pups, whereas the abundance of NP was similar for males and females in the other tissues. The abundance of NP was higher in the liver compared with spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney. Homovanillic acid and norepinephrine concentrations in brain were significantly decreased following Al2 O3 NP administration in female and male pups, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly increased in male pups. EDM/HSI indicates intestinal uptake of Al2 O3 NP following oral administration. Al2 O3 NP altered neurotransmitter/metabolite concentrations in juvenile rats' brain tissues. Together, these data suggest that orally administered Al2 O3 NP interferes with the brain biochemistry in both female and male pups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy Lefever
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang W, Zhu L, An C, Wang R, Yang L, Yu W, Li P, Gao Y. The blood brain barrier in cerebral ischemic injury – Disruption and repair. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
11
|
Fame RM, Cortés-Campos C, Sive HL. Brain Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Development and Function: Light at the End of the Tube: A Primer with Latest Insights. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900186. [PMID: 32078177 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system is a series of connected cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that forms within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The hollow neural tube is a hallmark of the chordate CNS, and a closed neural tube is essential for normal development. Development and function of the ventricular system is examined, emphasizing three interdigitating components that form a functional system: ventricle walls, CSF fluid properties, and activity of CSF constituent factors. The cellular lining of the ventricle both can produce and is responsive to CSF. Fluid properties and conserved CSF components contribute to normal CNS development. Anomalies of the CSF/ventricular system serve as diagnostics and may cause CNS disorders, further highlighting their importance. This review focuses on the evolution and development of the brain ventricular system, associated function, and connected pathologies. It is geared as an introduction for scholars with little background in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Hazel L Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schaffenrath J, Keller A. New Insights in the Complexity and Functionality of the Neurovascular Unit. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:33-57. [PMID: 33582883 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) encompasses all brain cells and underlines that neurons, glia and brain vasculature are in intimate physical and functional association. Brain function is dependent on blood flow and local increases in blood flow in response to neural activity - functional hyperaemia takes place at the NVU. Although this is a vital function of the NVU, many studies have demonstrated that the NVU also performs other tasks. Blood vessels in the brain, which are composed of multiple cell types, are essential for correct brain development. They constitute the niche for brain stem cells, sense the environment and communicate changes to neural tissue, and control the immune quiescence of the CNS. In this brief chapter we will discuss new insights into the biology of NVU, which have further revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of the vascular tree and its neurovascular associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hirayama T, Hiraoka Y, Kitamura E, Miyazaki S, Horie K, Fukuda T, Hidema S, Koike M, Itakura A, Takeda S, Nishimori K. Oxytocin induced labor causes region and sex-specific transient oligodendrocyte cell death in neonatal mouse brain. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 46:66-78. [PMID: 31746074 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous reports showed associations between oxytocin induced labor and mental disorders in offspring. However, those reports are restricted in epidemiological analyses and its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that induced labor directly causes brain damage in newborns and results in the development of mental disorders. Therefore we aimed to investigate this hypothesis with animal model. METHODS The animal model of induced labor was established by subcutaneous oxytocin administration to term-pregnant C57BL/6J mice. We investigated the neonatal brain damage with evaluating immediate early gene expression (c-Fos, c-Jun and JunB) by quantitative polymerase reaction and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. To investigate the injured brain cell types, we performed double-immunostaining with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining and each brain component specific protein, such as Oligo2, NeuN, GFAP and Iba1. RESULTS Brain damage during induced labor led to cell death in specific brain regions, which are implicated in mental disorders, in only male offspring at P0. Furthermore, oligodendrocyte precursors were selectively vulnerable compared to the other cell types. This oligodendrocyte-specific impairment during the perinatal period led to an increased numbers of Olig2-positive cells at P5. Expression levels of oxytocin and Oxtr in the fetal brain were not affected by the oxytocin administered to mothers during induced labor. CONCLUSION Oligodendrocyte cell death in specific brain regions, which was unrelated to the oxytocin itself, was caused by induced labor in only male offspring. This may be an underlying mechanism explaining the human epidemiological data suggesting an association between induced labor and mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Kitamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kengo Horie
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Iwate University Faculty of Science and Engineering, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shizu Hidema
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Itakura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stofkova A, Murakami M. Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex. Bioelectron Med 2019; 5:14. [PMID: 32232103 PMCID: PMC7098223 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-019-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain, spinal cord and retina are protected from blood-borne compounds by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) respectively, which create a physical interface that tightly controls molecular and cellular transport. The mechanical and functional integrity of these unique structures between blood vessels and nervous tissues is critical for maintaining organ homeostasis. To preserve the stability of these barriers, interplay between constituent barrier cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, glial cells and neurons, is required. When any of these cells are defective, the barrier can fail, allowing blood-borne compounds to encroach neural tissues and cause neuropathologies. Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and retina are characterized by barrier disruption and the infiltration of activated immune cells. Here we review our recent findings on the role of neural activity in the regulation of these barriers at the vascular endothelial cell level in the promotion of or protection against the development of autoimmune diseases. We suggest nervous system reflexes, which we named gateway reflexes, are fundamentally involved in these diseases. Although their reflex arcs are not completely understood, we identified the activation of specific sensory neurons or receptor cells to which barrier endothelial cells respond as effectors that regulate gateways for immune cells to enter the nervous tissue. We explain this novel mechanism and describe its role in neuroinflammatory conditions, including models of multiple sclerosis and posterior autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stofkova
- 1Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- 2Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- 2Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
López-Espíndola D, García-Aldea Á, Gómez de la Riva I, Rodríguez-García AM, Salvatore D, Visser TJ, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Thyroid hormone availability in the human fetal brain: novel entry pathways and role of radial glia. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2103-2119. [PMID: 31165302 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for brain development; their deficiency during neurodevelopment impairs neural cell differentiation and causes irreversible neurological alterations. Understanding TH action, and in particular the mechanisms regulating TH availability in the prenatal human brain is essential to design therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases due to impaired TH signaling during neurodevelopment. We aimed at the identification of cells involved in the regulation of TH availability in the human brain at fetal stages. To this end, we studied the distribution of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1), as well as the TH-metabolizing enzymes types 2 and 3 deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3). Paraffin-embedded human brain sections obtained from necropsies of thirteen fetuses from 14 to 38 gestational weeks were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We found these proteins localized along radial glial cells, in brain barriers, in Cajal-Retzius cells, in migrating fibers of the brainstem and in some neurons and glial cells with particular and complex spatiotemporal patterns. Our findings point to an important role of radial glia in controlling TH delivery and metabolism and suggest two additional novel pathways for TH availability in the prenatal human brain: the outer, and the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barriers. Based on our data we propose a model of TH availability for neural cells in the human prenatal brain in which several cell types have the ability to autonomously control the required TH content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ángel García-Aldea
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", 80133, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Bernal
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U708, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A transient window of hypothyroidism alters neural progenitor cells and results in abnormal brain development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4662. [PMID: 30874585 PMCID: PMC6420655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical heterotopias are clusters of ectopic neurons in the brain and are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders like epilepsy and learning disabilities. We have previously characterized the robust penetrance of a heterotopia in a rat model, induced by thyroid hormone (TH) disruption during gestation. However, the specific mechanism by which maternal TH insufficiency results in this birth defect remains unknown. Here we first determined the developmental window susceptible to endocrine disruption and describe a cellular mechanism responsible for heterotopia formation. We show that five days of maternal goitrogen treatment (10 ppm propylthiouracil) during the perinatal period (GD19-PN2) induces a periventricular heterotopia in 100% of the offspring. Beginning in the early postnatal brain, neurons begin to aggregate near the ventricles of treated animals. In parallel, transcriptional and architectural changes of this region were observed including decreased Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression, abnormal cell adhesion, and altered radial glia morphology. As the ventricular epithelium is juxtaposed to two sources of brain THs, the cerebrospinal fluid and vasculature, this progenitor niche may be especially susceptible to TH disruption. This work highlights the spatiotemporal vulnerabilities of the developing brain and demonstrates that a transient period of TH perturbation is sufficient to induce a congenital abnormality.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang C, Feng W, Li Y, Kürths J, Yu T, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Zhu D. Age differences in photodynamic therapy-mediated opening of the blood-brain barrier through the optical clearing skull window in mice. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:625-633. [PMID: 30811633 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive therapeutic tool, has been an important option for post-surgical treatment of malignant gliomas (MGs) in both adult and young patients. Recent studies have shown that PDT can also open the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, there are no optimized parameters of PDT for patients at different ages. To determine whether there are age differences in PDT effects on the BBB, we studied PDT-related BBB opening through the optical clearing skull window in healthy 4- and 8-week-old mice. METHODS In this work, we realized BBB opening by combining PDT with the optical clearing skull window by using different radiant exposures (635 nm, 10-20-30-40 J/cm2 ) and 5-aminole-vulinic acid (5-ALA, 20 mg/kg). Then, we evaluated BBB permeability by: (i) spectrofluorimetric measuring of Evans Blue dye (EBd) leakage; (ii) confocal imaging of 70 kDa FITC-dextran extravasation and the BBB integrity; and (iii) histological analysis of brain tissues. RESULTS Using the skull optical clearing method, we demonstrated PDT-induced BBB opening to EBd and FITC-dextran in a radiant exposure manner. The histological analysis revealed the different severities of vasogenic edema corresponding to radiant exposures. Besides, the PDT-related increase in the BBB permeability to high weight molecules (EBd and FITC-dextran) and solutes (vasogenic edema) was more pronounced in 4-week-old mice than in 8-week-old mice. CONCLUSIONS The more pronounced PDT-induced BBB disruption in juvenile mice compared with adult mice suggests age differences in PDT-related BBB opening. This might be an important informative platform for a new application of PDT as a method for brain drug delivery, especially for post-surgical treatment of MGs. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yusha Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jurgen Kürths
- Department of Physiology of Human and Animals, Saratov State University, Interdisciplinary Center of Critical Technologies in Medicine, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov, 410012, Russian Federation.,Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, Berlin, Germany.,Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tingting Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Physiology of Human and Animals, Saratov State University, Interdisciplinary Center of Critical Technologies in Medicine, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, Saratov, 410012, Russian Federation
| | - Dan Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ. Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 31440205 PMCID: PMC6694296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are ancient hormones that not only influence the growth, development and metabolism of vertebrates but also affect the metabolism of (at least some) bacteria. Synthesized in the thyroid gland (or follicular cells in fish not having a discrete thyroid gland), THs can act on target cells by genomic or non-genomic mechanisms. Either way, THs need to get from their site of synthesis to their target cells throughout the body. Despite being amphipathic in structure, THs are lipophilic and hence do not freely diffuse in the aqueous environments of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (in contrast to hydrophilic hormones). TH Distributor Proteins (THDPs) have evolved to enable the efficient distribution of THs in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. In humans, the THDPs are albumin, transthyretin (TTR), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). These three proteins have distinct patterns of regulation in both ontogeny and phylogeny. During development, an additional THDP with higher affinity than those in the adult, is present during the stage of peak TH concentrations in blood. Although TTR is the only THDP synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), all THDPs from blood are present in the CSF (for each species). However, the ratio of albumin to TTR differs in the CSF compared to the blood. Humans lacking albumin or TBG have been reported and can be asymptomatic, however a human lacking TTR has not been documented. Conversely, there are many diseases either caused by TTR or that have altered levels of TTR in the blood or CSF associated with them. The first world-wide RNAi therapy has just been approved for TTR amyloidosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD. Physiology and molecular biology of barrier mechanisms in the fetal and neonatal brain. J Physiol 2018; 596:5723-5756. [PMID: 29774535 PMCID: PMC6265560 DOI: 10.1113/jp275376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of the local internal environment of the adult brain are tightly controlled providing a stable milieu essential for its normal function. The mechanisms involved in this complex control are structural, molecular and physiological (influx and efflux transporters) frequently referred to as the 'blood-brain barrier'. These mechanisms include regulation of ion levels in brain interstitial fluid essential for normal neuronal function, supply of nutrients, removal of metabolic products, and prevention of entry or elimination of toxic agents. A key feature is cerebrospinal fluid secretion and turnover. This is much less during development, allowing greater accumulation of permeating molecules. The overall effect of these mechanisms is to tightly control the exchange of molecules into and out of the brain. This review presents experimental evidence currently available on the status of these mechanisms in developing brain. It has been frequently stated for over nearly a century that the blood-brain barrier is not present or at least is functionally deficient in the embryo, fetus and newborn. We suggest the alternative hypothesis that the barrier mechanisms in developing brain are likely to be appropriately matched to each stage of its development. The contributions of different barrier mechanisms, such as changes in constituents of cerebrospinal fluid in relation to specific features of brain development, for example neurogenesis, are only beginning to be studied. The evidence on this previously neglected aspect of brain barrier function is outlined. We also suggest future directions this field could follow with special emphasis on potential applications in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman R. Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mark D. Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3CopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bean SJ, Catania JA. Immunology beliefs as a factor in vaccine opposition among complementary and alternative medical providers. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118807625. [PMID: 30455945 PMCID: PMC6236863 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118807625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parental pediatric vaccine decisions are influenced by parents' health provider networks. Complementary and alternative medical providers may be key influences in the networks of those parents who do not vaccinate their children. METHODS From March to July 2013, we conducted semi-structured interviews of Oregon complementary and alternative medical providers (N = 36) in five disciplines likely to treat parents or children, or both, and whose practitioners are known to express opinions about vaccines and vaccination. We interviewed them concerning their immunology beliefs, vaccine positions, and what these providers recommend to their patients concerning vaccines. We conducted face-to-face interviews and analyzed the interview data using thematic analysis methodology. RESULTS This article identifies the range and type of immunological beliefs of complementary and alternative medical providers concerning pediatric vaccine recommendations. From repeated readings of the data, we identified three areas of alternative immunological beliefs among complementary and alternative medical providers (i.e. "natural is best," "innate intelligence," and "the fragile immune system"). In addition, complementary and alternative medical providers who embraced mainstream medicine were likely to be vaccine accepters and to mention vaccines as a positive health measure to their patients-these themes were "vaccines prevent illness" and "herd immunity." CONCLUSION Complementary and alternative medical providers influence their patients' vaccination decisions, particularly urging caution or complete vaccine avoidance, and may be a major influence in states like Oregon with high non-medical exemption rates. Complementary and alternative medical providers come to their anti-vaccine positions largely through post-graduation continuing education courses and seminars. In Oregon, such courses are unregulated and not vetted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Bean
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joseph A Catania
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang J, Jing Y, Zhang H, Bilkey DK, Liu P. Maternal immune activation altered microglial immunoreactivity in the brain of postnatal day 2 rat offspring. Synapse 2018; 73:e22072. [PMID: 30256454 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play critical roles in neurodevelopment, synaptic pruning, and neuronal wiring. Early in development, microglia migrate via the tangential and radial migration pathways to their final destinations and mature gradually, a process that includes morphological changes. Recent research has implicated microglial abnormality in the etiology of schizophrenia. Since prenatal exposure to viral or bacterial infections due to maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring during adulthood, the present study systematically investigated how MIA induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (a mimic of viral double-stranded RNA) affected microglial immunoreactivity along the migration and maturation trajectories in the brains of male and female rat offspring on postnatal day (PND) 2. The immunohistochemistry revealed significant changes in the density of IBA-1 immunoreactive cells in the corpus callosum, somatosensory cortex, striatum, and the subregions of the hippocampus of the MIA offspring. The male and female MIA offspring displayed markedly altered microglial immunoreactivity in both the tangential and radial migration, as well as maturation, pathways when compared to their sex- and age-matched controls as evidenced by morphology-based cell counting. Given the important roles of microglia in synaptic pruning and neuronal wiring and survival, these changes may lead to structural and functional neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and so contribute to the functional deficits observed in juvenile and adult MIA offspring. Future research is required to systematically determine how MIA affects microglial migration and maturation in rat offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David K Bilkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toxicology of Avermectins and Milbemycins (Macrocyclic Lactones) and the Role of P-Glycoprotein in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:991-1012. [PMID: 30139545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Overdoses of macrocyclic lactones in dogs and cats can result in such signs as tremors, ataxia, seizures, coma, and blindness. Dogs with the ABCB1-1Δ gene defect are predisposed to macrocyclic lactone toxicosis at lower dosages than dogs without the defect. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy has been suggested for treatment of macrocyclic lactone toxicosis but evidence of efficacy is limited. Initial decontamination and supportive care remain the mainstays of therapy for macrocyclic lactone toxicosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N, Catala M, Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F, Engelhardt B. Molecular anatomy and functions of the choroidal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:337-361. [PMID: 29368213 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The barrier between the blood and the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is located at the choroid plexuses. At the interface between two circulating fluids, these richly vascularized veil-like structures display a peculiar morphology explained by their developmental origin, and fulfill several functions essential for CNS homeostasis. They form a neuroprotective barrier preventing the accumulation of noxious compounds into the CSF and brain, and secrete CSF, which participates in the maintenance of a stable CNS internal environment. The CSF circulation plays an important role in volume transmission within the developing and adult brain, and CSF compartments are key to the immune surveillance of the CNS. In these contexts, the choroid plexuses are an important source of biologically active molecules involved in brain development, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and brain repair. By sensing both physiological changes in brain homeostasis and peripheral or central insults such as inflammation, they also act as sentinels for the CNS. Finally, their role in the control of immune cell traffic between the blood and the CSF confers on the choroid plexuses a function in neuroimmune regulation and implicates them in neuroinflammation. The choroid plexuses, therefore, deserve more attention while investigating the pathophysiology of CNS diseases and related comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France.
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France
- Brain-i, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28533743 PMCID: PMC5420571 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot J. Millar
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Patra A, Huang H, Bauer JA, Giannone PJ. Neurological consequences of systemic inflammation in the premature neonate. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:890-896. [PMID: 28761416 PMCID: PMC5514858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.208547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in neonatal care over the past two decades leading to improved survival of extremely premature infants, extreme prematurity continues to be associated with long term neurodevelopmental impairments. Cerebral white matter injury is the predominant form of insult in preterm brain leading to adverse neurological consequences. Such brain injury pattern and unfavorable neurologic sequelae is commonly encountered in premature infants exposed to systemic inflammatory states such as clinical or culture proven sepsis with or without evidence of meningitis, prolonged mechanical ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis and chorioamnionitis. Underlying mechanisms may include cytokine mediated processes without direct entry of pathogens into the brain, developmental differences in immune response and complex neurovascular barrier system that play a critical role in regulating the cerebral response to various systemic inflammatory insults in premature infants. Understanding of these pathologic mechanisms and clinical correlates of such injury based on serum biomarkers or brain imaging findings on magnetic resonance imaging will pave way for future research and translational therapeutic opportunities for the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Patra
- OMNI Academic Service Line and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hong Huang
- OMNI Academic Service Line and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John A Bauer
- OMNI Academic Service Line and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Giannone
- OMNI Academic Service Line and Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kentucky Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhong C, Zhang X. Age-associated expression of erythropoietin and its receptor in rat spiral ganglion neurons and its association with neuronal apoptosis and hearing alterations. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:228-234. [PMID: 27959434 PMCID: PMC5355685 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the expression of erythropoietin (EPO) and the EPO receptor (EPOR) in spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the inner ear of rats of various ages, and the associated neuronal apoptosis and hearing alterations. A total of 15 healthy rats (n=30 ears), were divided into three groups: i) A nominated infant group at post-natal day (PND) 12–14, ii) an adult group at PND 60 and iii) a 3-year postnatal aged group. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements were performed on all rats. EPO and EPOR expression in the inner ear was detected by immunohistochemistry. In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays were performed to detect the apoptosis of SGNs. The average hearing thresholds of the ABR (decibels above normal hearing level) were 5.625±4.955 in the infant, 15.000±8.498 in the adult and 23.500±13.134 in the aged groups. Hearing thresholds for aged and adult rats increased significantly compared with infant rats. However, the difference in latencies of peak I was not significant (P>0.05). EPO in SGNs was detected during different developmental periods without significant alterations, but were reduced compared with Corti's organ or the stria vascularis. EPOR expression increased significantly from infant to adult stage, and this increased expression was maintained in the aged group. An age-associated increase in the apoptosis of SGNs was detected in all three groups (P=0.0347). The potential neuroprotective effects of EPO in SGNs may not be revealed during the aging process under natural conditions, and may be associated with spontaneous neuronal apoptosis and consequently, hearing diminution. However, the age-associated increase in EPOR in SGNs may exert a role in neuroprotection when necessary, for example in presbycusis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The effect of aging on brain barriers and the consequences for Alzheimer’s disease development. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:407-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
28
|
Wiens D, DeWitt A, Kosar M, Underriner C, Finsand M, Freese M. Influence of Folic Acid on Neural Connectivity during Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:342-53. [PMID: 27160668 DOI: 10.1159/000444389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin folic acid (FA) is essential for DNA synthesis, repair and methylation, and for methionine synthesis. Although it is necessary for neural development, recent studies suggest a possible link between excess maternal supplemental FA intake and adverse interferences with single-carbon metabolism and neural development. Insufficient FA early in brain development can lead to failure of the neural tube closure, but the consequences of too much intake have not been fully investigated. Plasma FA concentrations can increase greatly with dietary supplementation. To model the development of neural connectivity, we cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) taken from 8-day-old chick embryos in a range of pteroylmonoglutamate (PteGlu, synthetic supplemental FA) concentrations. DRGs were cultured for 36 h, fixed and immunostained to reveal the locations of neural networks with synaptic vesicles. We found a concentration-dependent relationship with significant reduction in neurite length in PteGlu concentrations from 0.25 to 20 μM. The average total of stained synaptic areas surrounding each cultured DRG was significantly reduced as well. To further characterize the effects, we carried out time-lapse imaging of growth cones at terminals of extending neurites. We found that PteGlu reduced the area-changing activity of the growth cone, hindering its exploratory capabilities, along with a tendency to inhibit overall advancement, thus altering the ability to extend and form synapses. Our results show that PteGlu at 250 nM and higher reduces neurite extension and synapse formation in a dose-dependent manner during neurogenesis, and that its effect is mediated through inhibition of growth cone motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wiens
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tamborski S, Mintz EM, Caldwell HK. Sex Differences in the Embryonic Development of the Central Oxytocin System in Mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26763721 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that oxytocin (OXT) may be important for organising the neural circuitry that underlies adult social behaviour. Although most of the work exploring these effects has focused on early postnatal development, there is evidence that OXT may also be important during foetal development. However, without an understanding of how the OXT system develops, the ability to functionally link OXT in foetal life to adult behaviour is limited. To understand where and when OXT could be acting during embryonic development to affect the organisation of neural substrates, we examined the development of the mouse OXT system from embryonic day (E) 12.5 through postnatal day (PND) 2 using OXT receptor (OXTR) binding and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In both males and females, OXTR binding was observed by E16.5 in the ventricular and subventricular zones, as well as the developing amygdala. In males, OXT mRNA was not detectable until PND2, whereas it was detectable by E16.5 in females. OXTR mRNA was detected by E12.5 in both sexes, although females appear to have more OXTR mRNA during foetal development than males. The present study is significant because it is the first to reveal an unexpected sex difference in the development of the OXT system and supports the possibility that OXT during foetal development may contribute to sex differences in adult behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tamborski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - E M Mintz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - H K Caldwell
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Behavior, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
De Bock M, Van Haver V, Vandenbroucke RE, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L. Into rather unexplored terrain-transcellular transport across the blood-brain barrier. Glia 2016; 64:1097-123. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Haver
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Elke Decrock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Nan Wang
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Langley RJ, McFadzean J, McCormack J. The presumed central nervous system effects of rocuronium in a neonate and its reversal with sugammadex. Paediatr Anaesth 2016; 26:109-11. [PMID: 26456087 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 2-day-old male infant who received rocuronium as part of general anesthesia for a tracheal esophageal fistula repair. Postoperatively, he had prolonged central and peripheral neuromuscular blockade despite cessation of the rocuronium infusion several hours previously. This case discusses the presumed central nervous system effects of rocuronium in a neonate and its effective reversal with sugammadex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Langley
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jillian McFadzean
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jon McCormack
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
González-Valenzuela MJ, López-Montiel D, González-Mesa ES. Exposure to synthetic oxytocin during delivery and its effect on psychomotor development. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:908-20. [PMID: 26011378 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The main objective is to examine the influence of oxytocin administration during delivery on psychomotor development at age five years. This was a retrospective cohort study involving two groups: children of mothers exposed vs. not exposed to oxytocin during labor. Of the 7,465 newborns registered in our maternity service during 2006 we randomly selected an initial sample of 400 children. Of these, 146 children were assessed using the motor scale of the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Other predictor variables that could potentially act as confounders and/or interact with the main relationship were also examined. The data were subjected to bivariate analysis, estimates of measures of strength of association, stratified analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression. The results indicate that exposure to synthetic oxytocin during delivery is an independent risk factor for a delay in gross and fine motor development. This was the case after controlling for the variables duration of labor and sex of the newborn, none of which modified the effect of oxytocin on gross and fine motor development. However, sex of the newborn were shown to be confounding gross motor development. In light of these results, and with the aim of preventing possible psychomotor alterations, further studies are now needed to analyze the effect that the oxytocin dose and the duration of perfusion may have on children's subsequent development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-José González-Valenzuela
- Dpto Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, s/n Málaga, 29071, Spain.
| | - Dolores López-Montiel
- Dpto Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga Campus Universitario de Teatinos, s/n Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Ernesto Santiago González-Mesa
- Dpto Cirugía, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, s/n Málaga, 29071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Garg T, Bhandari S, Rath G, Goyal AK. Current strategies for targeted delivery of bio-active drug molecules in the treatment of brain tumor. J Drug Target 2015; 23:865-87. [PMID: 25835469 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1029930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumor is one of the most challenging diseases to treat. The major obstacle in the specific drug delivery to brain is blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mostly available anti-cancer drugs are large hydrophobic molecules which have limited permeability via BBB. Therefore, it is clear that the protective barriers confining the passage of the foreign particles into the brain are the main impediment for the brain drug delivery. Hence, the major challenge in drug development and delivery for the neurological diseases is to design non-invasive nanocarrier systems that can assist controlled and targeted drug delivery to the specific regions of the brain. In this review article, our major focus to treat brain tumor by study numerous strategies includes intracerebral implants, BBB disruption, intraventricular infusion, convection-enhanced delivery, intra-arterial drug delivery, intrathecal drug delivery, injection, catheters, pumps, microdialysis, RNA interference, antisense therapy, gene therapy, monoclonal/cationic antibodies conjugate, endogenous transporters, lipophilic analogues, prodrugs, efflux transporters, direct conjugation of antitumor drugs, direct targeting of liposomes, nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and albumin-based drug carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Bhandari
- b Department of Quality Assurance , ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Phan HC, Taylor JL, Hannon H, Howell R. Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy: Anticipating an imminent need. Semin Perinatol 2015; 39:217-29. [PMID: 25979781 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality. Children with type I SMA typically die by the age of 2 years. Recent progress in gene modification and other innovative therapies suggest that improved outcomes may soon be forthcoming. In animal models, therapeutic intervention initiated before the loss of motor neurons alters SMA phenotype and increases lifespan. Presently, supportive care including respiratory, nutritional, physiatry, and orthopedic management can ameliorate clinical symptoms and improve survival rates if SMA is diagnosed early in life. Newborn screening could help optimize these potential benefits. A recent report demonstrated that SMA detection can be multiplexed at minimal additional cost with the assay for severe combined immunodeficiency, already implemented by many newborn screening programs. The public health community should remain alert to the rapidly changing developments in early detection and treatment of SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han C Phan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
| | | | - Harry Hannon
- Newborn Screening Consensus Committee, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Wayne, PA
| | - Rodney Howell
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sugiyama A, Sun J, Ueda K, Furukawa S, Takeuchi T. Effect of methotrexate on cerebellar development in infant rats. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:789-97. [PMID: 25754651 PMCID: PMC4527500 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-day-old rats were treated intraperitoneal injections with methotrexate 1
mg/kg, and the cerebellum was examined. Both the length and width of the vermis decreased
in the methotrexate-treated group instead of the control from 4 day after treatment (DAT)
onward. A significant reduction in the width of the external granular layer was detected
on 2 and 3 DAT in the methotrexate group. By 4 DAT, the width of the external granular
layer of the methotrexate group was indistinguishable from the control, and by 8 DAT, it
was greater than that of the control. The molecular layer of methotrexate group on 8 and
15 DAT was thinner than that of the control. On 1 DAT, in the methotrexate group, there
were many TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3-positive granular cells throughout the external
granular layer, and they decreased time-dependently. On 1 DAT, in the methotrexate group,
phospho-histone H3-positive cells in the external granular layer were fewer than in the
control and tended to increase on 2–4 DAT. The p21-positive-rate of the external granule
cells in the MTX group was higher than in the control on 1–4 DAT. These results suggested
that methotrexate exposure on postnatal day 6 induces a delay, slowing in the migration of
external granular cells to the inner granular layer, attributed to decrease or inhibition
in the production of external granular cells that had arisen from apoptosis and the
decrease in cell proliferative activity, resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami 4-101 Koyama-cho, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Whish S, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Noor NM, Liddelow SA, Habgood MD, Richardson SJ, Saunders NR. The inner CSF-brain barrier: developmentally controlled access to the brain via intercellular junctions. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:16. [PMID: 25729345 PMCID: PMC4325900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain is lined by the ependymal cells, which are joined by gap junctions. These intercellular connections do not provide a diffusional restrain between the two compartments. However, during development this interface, initially consisting of neuroepithelial cells and later radial glial cells, is characterized by “strap” junctions, which limit the exchange of different sized molecules between cerebrospinal fluid and the brain parenchyma. Here we provide a systematic study of permeability properties of this inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during mouse development from embryonic day, E17 until adult. Results show that at fetal stages exchange across this barrier is restricted to the smallest molecules (286Da) and the diffusional restraint is progressively removed as the brain develops. By postnatal day P20, molecules the size of plasma proteins (70 kDa) diffuse freely. Transcriptomic analysis of junctional proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid-brain interface showed expression of adherens junctional proteins, actins, cadherins and catenins changing in a development manner consistent with the observed changes in the permeability studies. Gap junction proteins were only identified in the adult as was claudin-11. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize at the cellular level some of the adherens junctional proteins of genes identified from transcriptomic analysis. N-cadherin, β - and α-catenin immunoreactivity was detected outlining the inner CSF-brain interface from E16; most of these markers were not present in the adult ependyma. Claudin-5 was present in the apical-most part of radial glial cells and in endothelial cells in embryos, but only in endothelial cells including plexus endothelial cells in adults. Claudin-11 was only immunopositive in the adult, consistent with results obtained from transcriptomic analysis. These results provide information about physiological, molecular and morphological-related permeability changes occurring at the inner cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier during brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Whish
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natassya M Noor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huber AK, Duncker PC, Irani DN. Immune responses to non-tumor antigens in the central nervous system. Front Oncol 2014; 4:328. [PMID: 25431758 PMCID: PMC4230036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), once viewed as an immune-privileged site protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is now known to be a dynamic immunological environment through which immune cells migrate to prevent and respond to events such as localized infection. During these responses, endogenous glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, become highly reactive and may secrete inflammatory mediators that regulate BBB permeability and recruit additional circulating immune cells. Here, we discuss the various roles played by astrocytes, microglia, and infiltrating immune cells during host immunity to non-tumor antigens in the CNS, focusing first on bacterial and viral infections, and then turning to responses directed against self-antigens in the setting of CNS autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David N Irani
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kenkel WM, Yee JR, Carter CS. Is oxytocin a maternal-foetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:739-49. [PMID: 25059673 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin was first noted for its capacity to promote uterine contractions and facilitate delivery in mammals. The study of oxytocin has grown to include awareness that this peptide is a neuromodulator with broad effects throughout the body. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxytocin is a powerful signal to the foetus, helping to prepare the offspring for the extrauterine environment. Concurrently, the use of exogenous oxytocin or other drugs to manipulate labour has become common practice. The use of oxytocin to expedite labour and minimise blood loss improves both infant and maternal survival under some conditions. However, further investigations are needed to assess the developmental consequences of changes in oxytocin, such as those associated with pre-eclampsia or obstetric manipulations associated with birth. This review focuses on the role of endogenous and exogenous oxytocin as a neurochemical signal to the foetal nervous system. We also examine the possible developmental consequences, including those associated with autism spectrum disorder, that arise from exogenous oxytocin supplementation during labour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Kenkel
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Suen WW, Prow NA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Mechanism of West Nile virus neuroinvasion: a critical appraisal. Viruses 2014; 6:2796-825. [PMID: 25046180 PMCID: PMC4113794 DOI: 10.3390/v6072796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains poorly understood. Hypotheses of hematogenous and transneural entry have been proposed for WNV neuroinvasion, which revolve mainly around the concepts of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and retrograde axonal transport, respectively. However, an over‑representation of in vitro studies without adequate in vivo validation continues to obscure our understanding of the mechanism(s). Furthermore, WNV infection in the current rodent models does not generate a similar viremia and character of CNS infection, as seen in the common target hosts, humans and horses. These differences ultimately question the applicability of rodent models for pathogenesis investigations. Finally, the role of several barriers against CNS insults, such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CSF-brain and the blood-spinal cord barriers, remain largely unexplored, highlighting the infancy of this field. In this review, a systematic and critical appraisal of the current evidence relevant to the possible mechanism(s) of WNV neuroinvasion is conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
González-Valenzuela MJ, García-Fortea P, Delgado-Ríos M, Cazorla-Granados O, Blasco-Alonso M, González-Mesa E. Effects of oxytocin used during delivery on development: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:680-90. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.926864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
41
|
Mechanisms of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:921-32. [PMID: 24667913 PMCID: PMC4050239 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of perinatal stroke is high, similar to that in the elderly, and produces a significant morbidity and severe long-term neurologic and cognitive deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neuropsychological impairments, and behavioral disorders. Emerging clinical data and data from experimental models of cerebral ischemia in neonatal rodents have shown that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial. These studies have revealed that, far from just being a smaller version of the adult brain, the neonatal brain is unique with a very particular and age-dependent responsiveness to hypoxia-ischemia and focal arterial stroke. In this review, we discuss fundamental clinical aspects of perinatal stroke as well as some of the most recent and relevant findings regarding the susceptibility of specific brain cell populations to injury, the dynamics and the mechanisms of neuronal cell death in injured neonates, the responses of neonatal blood-brain barrier to stroke in relation to systemic and local inflammation, and the long-term effects of stroke on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Finally, we address translational strategies currently being considered for neonatal stroke as well as treatments that might effectively enhance repair later after injury.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bécourt C, Marguet C, Balguerie X, Joly P. Treatment of scabies with oral ivermectin in 15 infants: a retrospective study on tolerance and efficacy. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:931-3. [PMID: 23724970 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of scabies is increasing in Europe, and it often affects children and infants. Although numerous topical treatments have been approved for treatment of scabies in adults, they are often poorly tolerated in infants. One treatment, ivermectin, remains off label for infants weighing < 15 kg. OBJECTIVES To report our experience on the safety and efficacy of oral ivermectin in refractory scabies in infants. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in the dermatology and paediatrics departments of Rouen University Hospital between January 2009 and October 2012. Infants diagnosed with scabies were identified, and the data for those fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analysed. RESULTS Of 219 infants identified, 15 had received oral ivermectin and had been followed up for at least 3 months. All 15 patients were given two doses of ivermectin, 200 μg kg(-1), at baseline and 14 days later. Of 14 patients contacted 1 month after treatment, 12 had achieved healing. The other two were treated with ivermectin or benzyl benzoate; both healed. Overall, 3 months after the first ivermectin treatment, 13/14 patients had healed and only one had active disease. CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin is generally well tolerated in infants. The 80% rate of healing observed in infants who had failed to respond to at least two other topical treatments suggests that ivermectin could be considered for treatment of infants with recalcitrant or relapsing scabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bécourt
- Department of Dermatology, Rouen University Hospitals, 1 Rue de Germont, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Crowell CS, Malee KM, Yogev R, Muller WJ. Neurologic disease in HIV-infected children and the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:316-31. [PMID: 24806816 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in perinatally HIV-infected children has declined since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Early initiation of cART in infancy has been shown to positively impact neurodevelopment; however, children continue to be diagnosed with HIV outside of the early infancy period and can experience subtle to severe neurocognitive deficits despite cART. The causes of these neurocognitive deficits despite effective cART are multifactorial and likely include continued viral replication in the CNS, ongoing neuroinflammation, irreversible CNS injury prior to cART initiation, neurotoxic effects of cART, and socioeconomic and psychosocial effects. Many aspects of our understanding of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have emerged from research in adult patients, but perinatally HIV-infected children represent a very different population. These children were exposed to HIV during a period of rapid brain development and have lifelong infection and potential lifelong cART exposure. HIV is no longer a rapidly fatal disease, and most HIV-infected children in resource-rich countries are living into adulthood. It is therefore critical to optimize neurocognitive outcomes of these youth. This review summarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated CNS infection and the impact of cART on neurocognitive function in children and adolescents and discusses important areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Crowell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jiménez AJ, Domínguez-Pinos MD, Guerra MM, Fernández-Llebrez P, Pérez-Fígares JM. Structure and function of the ependymal barrier and diseases associated with ependyma disruption. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28426. [PMID: 25045600 PMCID: PMC4091052 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroepithelium is a germinal epithelium containing progenitor cells that produce almost all of the central nervous system cells, including the ependyma. The neuroepithelium and ependyma constitute barriers containing polarized cells covering the embryonic or mature brain ventricles, respectively; therefore, they separate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills cavities from the developing or mature brain parenchyma. As barriers, the neuroepithelium and ependyma play key roles in the central nervous system development processes and physiology. These roles depend on mechanisms related to cell polarity, sensory primary cilia, motile cilia, tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, machinery for endocytosis and molecule secretion, and water channels. Here, the role of both barriers related to the development of diseases, such as neural tube defects, ciliary dyskinesia, and hydrocephalus, is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology; University of Malaga; Malaga, Spain
| | | | - María M Guerra
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology; Austral University of Chile; Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
A new angle on blood-CNS interfaces: A role for connexins? FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Baello S, Iqbal M, Bloise E, Javam M, Gibb W, Matthews SG. TGF-β1 regulation of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein in the developing male blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology 2014; 155:475-84. [PMID: 24265456 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux transporter encoded by the abcb1 gene, protects the developing fetal brain. Levels of P-gp in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) increase dramatically during the period of peak brain growth. This is coincident with increased release of TGF-β1 by astrocytes and neurons. Although TGF-β1 has been shown to modulate P-gp activity in a number of cell types, little is known about how TGF-β1 regulates brain protection. In the present study, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 increases abcb1 expression and P-gp activity in fetal and postnatal BBB in an age-dependent manner. We found TGF-β1 to potently regulate abcb1 mRNA and P-gp function. TGF-β1 increased P-gp function in brain endothelial cells (BECs) derived from fetal and postnatal male guinea pigs. These effects were more pronounced earlier in gestation when compared with BECs derived postnatally. To investigate the signaling pathways involved, BECs derived at gestational day 50 and postnatal day 14 were exposed to ALK1 and ALK5 inhibitors and agonists. Through inhibition of ALK5, we demonstrated that ALK5 is required for the TGF-β1 effects on P-gp function. Activation of ALK1, by the agonist BMP-9, produced similar results to TGF-β1 on P-gp function. However, TGF-β1 signaling through the ALK1 pathway is age-dependent as dorsomorphin, an ALK1 inhibitor, attenuated TGF-β1-mediated effects in BECs derived at postnatal day 14 but not in those derived at gestational day 50. In conclusion, TGF-β1 regulates P-gp at the fetal and neonatal BBB and both ALK5 and ALK1 pathways are implicated in the regulation of P-gp function. Aberrations in TGF-β1 levels at the developing BBB may lead to substantial changes in fetal brain exposure to P-gp substrates, triggering consequences for brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Baello
- Department of Physiology (S.B., M.I., E.B., M.J., S.G.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.G.M.), and Medicine (S.G.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.G.), and Cellular and Molecular Medicine (W.G.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Polimeni M, Prato M. Host matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral malaria: new kids on the block against blood-brain barrier integrity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:1. [PMID: 24467887 PMCID: PMC3905658 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiology of CM remains elusive. Interestingly, although the Plasmodium parasite is sequestered in cerebral microvessels, it does not enter the brain parenchyma: so how does Plasmodium induce neuronal dysfunction? Several independent research groups have suggested a mechanism in which increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability might allow toxic molecules from the parasite or the host to enter the brain. However, the reported severity of BBB damage in CM is variable depending on the model system, ranging from mild impairment to full BBB breakdown. Moreover, the factors responsible for increased BBB permeability are still unknown. Here we review the prevailing theories on CM pathophysiology and discuss new evidence from animal and human CM models implicating BBB damage. Finally, we will review the newly-described role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and BBB integrity. MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in modulating inflammatory response, disrupting tight junctions, and degrading sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, MMPs represent potential innovative drug targets for CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, C,so Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
García-Fortea P, González-Mesa E, Blasco M, Cazorla O, Delgado-Ríos M, González-Valenzuela MJ. Oxytocin administered during labor and breast-feeding: a retrospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27:1598-603. [PMID: 24289796 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.871255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between labor physiology and the onset of lactation leads to assess the potential correlation between oxytocin administration during labor and duration of breast-feeding. METHODS This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study where patients given synthetic oxytocin during labor induction were considered as the exposed cohort, and patients not given oxytocin formed the non-exposed cohort. Four hundred of the 7465 children born at our maternity during 2006 were randomly selected. Information about breast-feeding was available for 316 of these children. Eventual confounding or adjustment factors were analyzed using stratified and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Oxytocin was used for delivery of 189 (59.8%) newborns, multiplying the risk of bottle-feeding by 1.451 (95% CI 1.28-1.63). The best-fit regression model of oxytocin use effect on bottle-feeding included sex and gestational age of the newborn. The use of oxytocin also multiplies the risk of breast-feeding withdrawal at 3 months by 2.29 (95% CI 1.41-3.74). This effect is confounded by maternal age, being higher for mothers under 27 years. CONCLUSION Oxytocin administration during labor had some impact on both onset and duration of breast-feeding, particularly in mothers under 27 years of age and newborns delivered at term. Clinical Study registered at U.S. NIH, ID NCT01951040.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro García-Fortea
- Obstetric and Gynecology Research Group at Malaga Regional and University Hospital (IBIMA) , Málaga , Spain and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jong G‘. Pediatric Development: Physiology. Enzymes, Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8011-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
50
|
Is M, Uzan M, Unal F, Kiris T, Tanriverdi T, Mengi M, Kilic N. Intraventricular albumin: an optional agent in experimental post-traumatic brain edema. Neurol Res 2013; 27:67-72. [PMID: 15829162 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x18296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Human albumin may be effective in the treatment of posttraumatic brain edema due to its hyperoncotic features. Therefore, the aim of the experimental study presented in this paper has two points: the first is to evaluate the efficacy of intraventricular hyperoncotic human albumin on post-traumatic brain edema and the second is to try to show the appropriate posttraumatic time window for albumin administration. METHOD Traumatic brain injury and subsequent edema was formed by a model of impact acceleration injury in rats. Human albumin was administered via intraventricular route by using a stereotactic head holder. All animals in each group were decapitated 24 hours after the procedure and the effect of albumin was evaluated by measurement of tissue specific gravity. RESULTS Tissue specific gravity decreased in edematous tissue (trauma indicator), increased after albumin administration at the 12th (p < 0.001), and both at the 1st and 12th hour of the trauma (edema treatment; p < 0.001). On the other hand, albumin administered at the 12th, and at both the 1st and 12th hours in the rats without trauma has caused the formation of the brain edema. CONCLUSION We conclude that human albumin is effective in cytotoxic, but not in vasogenic edema and exerts its best anti-edematous effect at the 12th hour of severe head trauma and this study may help future studies that will try to show the effects of albumin with different time modalities after severe head injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merih Is
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Duzce Izzet Baysal University, Duzce, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|