1
|
Lawrence S, Scofield RH. Post traumatic stress disorder associated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation and physical illness. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 41:100849. [PMID: 39280087 PMCID: PMC11401111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional human stress responses are mediated by the sympathetic adrenal medullar (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The SAM axis mediates the immediate response to stress through norepinephrine and epinephrine while the HPA axis mediates the slow response through corticosteroids, primarily cortisol, to effect systemic changes. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a psychiatric disorder that develops in a small subset of people exposed to a traumatic event, may dysregulate these systems and result in increased risk of various clinical conditions. These conditions include but are not limited to cardiovascular disease, metabolic conditions, autoimmune diseases, neurocognitive disorders, and women's health complications such as preterm birth, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometriosis to name a few. This review focuses on how PTSD dysregulates the HPA axis, and further, how these alterations affect the immune system and physical health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lawrence
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takeuchi E, Hatanaka T, Iijima T, Kimura M, Katoh A. The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on motor learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17056. [PMID: 39048594 PMCID: PMC11269602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is mainly secreted from the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei and plays a crucial role in stress-related responses. Recent studies have reported that CRF is a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. In the cerebellum, CRF is essential for the induction of long-term depression (LTD) at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. Given that LTD is thought to be one of the fundamental mechanisms of motor learning, CRF may affect motor learning. However, the role of CRF in motor learning in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of CRF in motor learning. This was achieved through a series of behavioral experiments involving the in vivo administration of CRF and its antagonists. Rats injected with CRF directly into the cerebellum exhibited superior performance on the rotarod test, especially during initial training phases, compared to control subjects. Conversely, rats receiving a CRF receptor antagonist demonstrated reduced endurance on the rotating rod compared to controls. Notably, CRF mRNA expression levels in the cerebellum did not show significant variance between the CRF-injected and control groups. These findings imply a critical role of endogenous CRF in cerebellar motor learning and suggest that exogenous CRF can augment this process. (199 words).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takeuchi
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hatanaka
- Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Course of Pharmacy, Graduated School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Iijima
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Katoh
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lalonde R. Anxiolytic-like effects of milk proteins. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 240:173789. [PMID: 38735399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Milk varieties and specific proteins exhibit anxiolytic-like actions in mice and rats exposed to several tests, the most prominent being the elevated plus-maze. Administrations of αs1-casein, its 91-100 (α-casozepine), 91-97, 91-93, and 91-92 fragments, the 60-69 fragment of β-casein, lactoferrin, β-lactotensin, wheylin-1, wheylin-2, and α-lactalbumin have been reported to increase open arm exploration relative to enclosed arm exploration. Anxiolytic-like actions have also been described for 91-93 and 91-92 fragments of αs1-casein, wheylin-1, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin in the open-field. Some effects appear to be mediated by the GABAA receptor complex, since antagonists mitigated the anxiolytic-like actions of αs1-casein, the 91-92 fragment of αs1-casein, and wheylin-1. Other neurotransmitters purported to affect such behaviors include 5HT, dopamine, and neurotensin. Further research is needed to identify their neuropharmacological actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (UR SIMPA), Campus Santé, Bât A/B, 9, avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Braine A, Georges F. Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105475. [PMID: 37996047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Braine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kurilova E, Sidorova M, Tuchina O. Single Prolonged Stress Decreases the Level of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in C57BL/6, but Not in House Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:524-537. [PMID: 36661521 PMCID: PMC9857367 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many people experience traumatic events during their lives, but not all of them develop severe mental pathologies, characterized by high levels of anxiety that persists for more than a month after psychological trauma, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We used a single prolonged stress protocol in order to model PTSD in long-inbred C57BL/6 and wild-derived (house) female mice. The susceptibility of mice to single prolonged stress was assessed by behavior phenotyping in the Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze, the level of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus was estimated by real-time PCR to TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, Iba1 and GFAP, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of microglial morphology and mean fluorescence intensity for GFAP+ cells. The level of neurogenesis was analyzed by real-time PCR to Ki67, Sox2 and DCX as well as immunohistochemistry to Ki67. We showed that long-inbread C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to a single prolonged stress protocol compared to wild-derived (house) mice. Stressed C57BL/6 mice demonstrated elevated expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampus, while in house mice no differences in cytokine expression were detected. Expression levels of Iba1 in the hippocampus did not change significantly after single prolonged stress, however GFAP expression increased substantially in stressed C57BL/6 mice. The number of Iba+ cells in the dentate gyrus also did not change after stress, but the morphology of Iba+ microglia in C57BL/6 animals allowed us to suggest that it was activated; house mice also had significantly more microglia than C57BL/6 animals. We suppose that decreased microglia levels in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 compared to house mice might be one of the reasons for their sensitivity to a single prolonged stress. Single prolonged stress reduced the number of Ki67+ proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus but only in C57BL/6 mice, not in house mice, with the majority of cells detected in the dorsal (septal) hippocampus in both. The increase in the expression level of DCX might be a compensatory reaction to stress; however, it does not necessarily mean that these immature neurons will be functionally integrated, and this issue needs to be investigated further.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The Hole-Board Test in Mutant Mice. Behav Genet 2022; 52:158-169. [PMID: 35482162 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
First described by Boissier and Simon in (Ther Recreat J 17:1225-1232, 1962), the hole-board has become a recognized test of anxiety and spatial memory. Benzodiazepines acting at the GABAA-BZD site increase hole-pokes in rats and mice, indicating a loss in behavioral inhibition concordant with the behavior of mutant mice deficient in the GABA transporter. Hole-poking also depends on arousal mechanisms dependent on dopaminergic transmission, as indicated by drug and null mutant studies. In addition, the behavior is modified in natural and null mutants affecting the cerebellum as well as null mutants affecting neuropeptides, growth factors, cell adhesion, and inflammation. Further research is required to determine convergences between genetic and pharmacological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. .,CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sukhareva EV. The role of the corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors in the regulation of stress response. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:216-223. [PMID: 34901719 PMCID: PMC8627883 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is an essential part of everyday life. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, also
called CRF and corticoliberin) plays a key role in the integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral
responses to stress. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions. In addition to the
hypothalamus, CRH is widespread in extrahypothalamic brain structures, where it functions as a neuromodulator
for coordination and interaction between the humoral and behavioral aspects of a stress response. The axons of
neurons expressing CRH are directed to various structures of the brain, where the neuropeptide interacts with
specific receptors (CRHR1, CRHR2) and can affect various mediator systems that work together to transmit signals
to different brain regions to cause many reactions to stress. Moreover, the effect of stress on brain functions varies
from behavioral adaptation to increased survival and increased risk of developing mental disorders. Disturbances
of the CRH system regulation are directly related to such disorders: mental pathologies (depression, anxiety, addictions), deviations of neuroendocrinological functions, inflammation, as well as the onset and development of
neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the role of CRH as a regulator of the neurons
structure in the areas of the developing and mature brain has been established. To date, studies have been conducted in which CRHR1 is a target for antidepressants, which are, in fact, antagonists of this receptor. In this regard,
the study of the participation of the CRH system and its receptors in negative effects on hormone-dependent
systems, as well as the possibility of preventing them, is a promising task of modern physiological genetics. In this
review, attention will be paid to the role of CRH in the regulation of response to stress, as well as to the involvement
of extrahypothalamic CRH in pathophysiology and the correction of mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Sukhareva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Creutzberg KC, Sanson A, Viola TW, Marchisella F, Begni V, Grassi-Oliveira R, Riva MA. Long-lasting effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis and inflammation: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis in rodent studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:270-283. [PMID: 33951412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to prenatal stress (PNS) can lead to long-lasting neurobiological and behavioral consequences for the offspring, which may enhance the susceptibility for mental disorders. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system are two major factors involved in the stress response. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent studies that investigated the effects of PNS exposure on the HPA axis and inflammatory cytokines in adult offspring. Our analysis shows that animals exposed to PNS display a consistent increase in peripheral corticosterone (CORT) levels and central corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), while decreased levels of its receptor 2 (CRHR2). Meta-regression revealed that sex and duration of PNS protocol are covariates that moderate these results. There was no significant effect of PNS in glucocorticoid receptor (GR), CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that PNS exposure elicits long-lasting effects on the HPA axis function, providing an important tool to investigate in preclinical settings key pathological aspects related to early-life stress exposure. Furthermore, researchers should be aware of the mixed outcomes of PNS on inflammatory markers in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Camile Creutzberg
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Sanson
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francesca Marchisella
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Veronica Begni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Becker M, Pinhasov A, Ornoy A. Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33466814 PMCID: PMC7830961 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression are still poorly understood. Hence, as for most human diseases, animal models can help us understand the pathogenesis of depression and, more importantly, may facilitate the search for therapy. In this review we first describe the more common tests used for the evaluation of depressive-like symptoms in rodents. Then we describe different models of depression and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. These models can be divided into several categories: genetic models, models induced by mental acute and chronic stressful situations caused by environmental manipulations (i.e., learned helplessness in rats/mice), models induced by changes in brain neuro-transmitters or by specific brain injuries and models induced by pharmacological tools. In spite of the fact that none of the models completely resembles human depression, most animal models are relevant since they mimic many of the features observed in the human situation and may serve as a powerful tool for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of depression, especially since only few patients respond to acute treatment. Relevance increases by the fact that human depression also has different facets and many possible etiologies and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zou H, Shi M, He F, Guan C, Lu W. Expression of corticotropin releasing hormone in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and its transcriptional regulation by c-Fos and the methylation of promoter. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 251:110523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
11
|
Silberstein S, Liberman AC, Dos Santos Claro PA, Ugo MB, Deussing JM, Arzt E. Stress-Related Brain Neuroinflammation Impact in Depression: Role of the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone System and P2X7 Receptor. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:52-60. [PMID: 33845478 DOI: 10.1159/000515130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and other psychiatric stress-related disorders are leading causes of disability worldwide. Up to date, treatments of mood disorders have limited success, most likely due to the multifactorial etiology of these conditions. Alterations in inflammatory processes have been identified as possible pathophysiological mechanisms in psychiatric conditions. Here, we review the main features of 2 systems involved in the control of these inflammatory pathways: the CRH system as a key regulator of the stress response and the ATP-gated ion-channel P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) involved in the control of immune functions. The pathophysiology of depression as a stress-related psychiatric disorder is depicted in terms of the impact of CRH and P2X7R function on inflammatory pathways in the brain. Understanding pathogenesis of affective disorders will lead to the development of therapies for treatment of depression and other stress-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Silberstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Ayelén Dos Santos Claro
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Belén Ugo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- DFBMC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Orso R, Creutzberg KC, Kestering-Ferreira E, Wearick-Silva LE, Tractenberg SG, Grassi-Oliveira R. Maternal Separation Combined With Limited Bedding Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function of Male BALB/cJ Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:600766. [PMID: 33304248 PMCID: PMC7693708 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.600766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is considered a risk factor for the development of psychiatric conditions, including depression and anxiety disorder. Individuals that live in adverse environments are usually exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, such as maternal neglect, maltreatment, and limited resources. Nevertheless, most pre-clinical ELS models are designed to explore the impact of these events separately. For this reason, this study aims to investigate the effects of a combined model of ELS on anxiety-like behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis related targets. From PND 2 to PND 15 BALB/cJ mice were exposed simultaneously to maternal separation (MS; 3 h per day) and limited bedding (LB; ELS group) or left undisturbed (CT group). Maternal behavior was recorded in intercalated days, from PND 1 to PND 9. Male offspring were tested for anxiety-like behavior from PND 53 to PND 55 in the open field test (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and light/dark test (LD). After behavioral testing, animals were euthanized, and glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh), and its receptor type 1 (Crhr1) gene expression in the hypothalamus were measured. Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were analyzed. We observed that ELS dams presented altered quality of maternal care, characterized by a decrease in arched-back nursing, and an increase in passive nursing. Stressed dams also showed an increase in the number of exits from the nest when compared to CT dams. Furthermore, ELS animals showed increased anxiety-like behavior in the OF, EPM, and LD. Regarding gene expression, we identified an increase in hypothalamus Crh levels of ELS group when compared to CT animals, while no differences in Nr3c1 and Crhr1 expression were observed. Finally, stressed animals showed decreased levels of plasma corticosterone when compared to the CT group. In conclusion, we observed an alteration in maternal behavior in ELS dams. Later in life, animals exposed to the combined model of ELS showed increased levels of anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, the central and peripheral HPA measures observed could indicate a dysregulation in HPA function provoked by ELS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Orso
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Kestering-Ferreira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gantes Tractenberg
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo Q, Wang L, Yuan W, Li L, Zhang J, Hou W, Yang Y, Zhang X, Cai W, Ma H, Xun Y, Jia R, He Z, Tai F. Different effects of chronic social defeat on social behavior and the brain CRF system in adult male C57 mice with different susceptibilities. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112553. [PMID: 32057826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) has been found to produce different impacts on anxiety-like behaviors, spatial cognitive function and memory in rodents with different susceptibilities. However, the impacts of chronic social defeat on social behaviors in adult male mice with different susceptibilities to social defeat and the underlying mechanisms in the brain remain unclear. In the present study, we found that ten days of social defeat reduced the tendency of susceptible adult male C57 mice to approach an unfamiliar individual and increased their avoidance of an unfamiliar CD-1 mouse but had no effects on resilient individuals. In addition, CSDS enhanced anxiety-like behavior in susceptible animals, but produced no effects in the resilient group. Meanwhile, CSDS increased the number of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and CRF-R2-positive neurons in the accumbens nucleus shell in both resilient and susceptible animals. CSDS increased the number of CRF-R1-positive neurons and CRF-R1 mRNA expression in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and the number of CRF-R2-positive neurons in the basolateral amygdala, but reduced the number of CRF-R2-positive neurons and mRNA expression in the PrL in susceptible animals. Therefore, the different effects of CSDS on sociability and anxiety-like behavior in mice with different susceptibilities may be associated with region- and type-specific alterations in CRF receptor levels. These findings help us understand the underlying mechanism by which social stress affects emotion and social behavior and provides an important basis for the treatment of disorders of social and emotional behavior caused by social stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Laifu Li
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wenjuan Hou
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xueni Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - YuFeng Xun
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Fadao Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China; Cognition Neuroscience and Learning Division, Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dedic N, Kühne C, Gomes KS, Hartmann J, Ressler KJ, Schmidt MV, Deussing JM. Deletion of CRH From GABAergic Forebrain Neurons Promotes Stress Resilience and Dampens Stress-Induced Changes in Neuronal Activity. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:986. [PMID: 31619956 PMCID: PMC6763571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. Although most studies have linked CRH/CRH receptor 1 signaling to aversive, stress-like behavior, recent work has revealed a crucial role for distinct CRH circuits in maintaining positive emotional valence and appetitive responses under baseline conditions. Here we addressed whether deletion of CRH, specifically from GABAergic forebrain neurons (Crh CKO-GABA mice) differentially affects general behavior under baseline and chronic stress conditions. Expression mapping in Crh CK O-GABA mice revealed absence of Crh in GABAergic neurons of the cortex and limbic regions including the hippocampus, central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Consequently, conditional CRH knockout animals exhibited no alterations in circadian and stress-induced corticosterone release compared to controls. Under baseline conditions, absence of Crh from forebrain GABAergic neurons resulted in social interaction deficits but had no effect on other behavioral measures including locomotion, anxiety, immobility in the forced swim test, acoustic startle response and fear conditioning. Interestingly, following exposure to chronic social defeat stress, Crh CKO-GABA mice displayed a resilient phenotype, which was accompanied by a dampened, stress-induced expression of immediate early genes c-fos and zif268 in several brain regions. Collectively our data reveals the requirement of GABAergic CRH circuits in maintaining appropriate social behavior in naïve animals and further supports the ability of CRH to promote divergent behavioral states under baseline and severe stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Kühne
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina S Gomes
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Paulista State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Segklia K, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F, Lavdas AA, Matsas R. Increased Anxiety-Related Behavior, Impaired Cognitive Function and Cellular Alterations in the Brain of Cend1-deficient Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:497. [PMID: 30760981 PMCID: PMC6361865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cend1 is a neuronal-lineage specific modulator involved in coordination of cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. We have previously shown that Cend1-/- mice show altered cerebellar layering caused by increased proliferation of granule cell precursors, delayed radial granule cell migration and compromised Purkinje cell differentiation, leading to ataxic gait and deficits in motor coordination. To further characterize the effects of Cend1 genetic ablation we determined herein a range of behaviors, including anxiety and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM), associative learning in fear conditioning, and spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM). We observed significant deficits in all tests, suggesting structural and/or functional alterations in brain regions such as the cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus. In agreement with these findings, immunohistochemistry revealed reduced numbers of γ amino butyric acid (GABA) GABAergic interneurons, but not of glutamatergic projection neurons, in the adult cerebral cortex. Reduced GABAergic interneurons were also observed in the amygdala, most notably in the basolateral nucleus. The paucity in GABAergic interneurons in adult Cend1-/- mice correlated with increased proliferation and apoptosis as well as reduced migration of neuronal progenitors from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the origin of these cells. Further we noted reduced GABAergic neurons and aberrant neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, which has been previously shown to confer spatial learning and memory deficits. Our data highlight the necessity of Cend1 expression in the formation of a structurally and functionally normal brain phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Segklia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros A Lavdas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM. The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:4-31. [PMID: 28260504 PMCID: PMC5930453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170302104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated stress neurocircuits, caused by genetic and/or environmental changes, underlie the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and conse-quently a primary regulator of the mammalian stress response. Together with its three family members, urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3, CRF integrates the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and behavioral responses to stress by activating its cognate receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Objective: Here we review the past and current state of the CRF/CRFR field, ranging from pharmacologi-cal studies to genetic mouse models and virus-mediated manipulations. Results: Although it is well established that CRF/CRFR1 signaling mediates aversive responses, includ-ing anxiety and depression-like behaviors, a number of recent studies have challenged this viewpoint by revealing anxiolytic and appetitive properties of specific CRF/CRFR1 circuits. In contrast, the UCN/CRFR2 system is less well understood and may possibly also exert divergent functions on physiol-ogy and behavior depending on the brain region, underlying circuit, and/or experienced stress conditions. Conclusion: A plethora of available genetic tools, including conventional and conditional mouse mutants targeting CRF system components, has greatly advanced our understanding about the endogenous mecha-nisms underlying HPA system regulation and CRF/UCN-related neuronal circuits involved in stress-related behaviors. Yet, the detailed pathways and molecular mechanisms by which the CRF/UCN-system translates negative or positive stimuli into the final, integrated biological response are not completely un-derstood. The utilization of future complementary methodologies, such as cell-type specific Cre-driver lines, viral and optogenetic tools will help to further dissect the function of genetically defined CRF/UCN neurocircuits in the context of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Neuroanatomical pathways underlying the effects of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal hormones on exploratory activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:617-648. [PMID: 28609296 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When injected via the intracerebroventricular route, corticosterone-releasing hormone (CRH) reduced exploration in the elevated plus-maze, the center region of the open-field, and the large chamber in the defensive withdrawal test. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the elevated plus-maze also occurred when infused in the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal grey, and medial frontal cortex. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the defensive withdrawal test was reproduced when injected in the locus coeruleus, while the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus contribute to center zone exploration in the open-field. In addition to elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the amygdala appears as a target region for CRH-mediated anxiety in the elevated T-maze. Thus, the amygdala is the principal brain region identified with these three tests, and further research must identify the neural circuits underlying this form of anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- , Laboratoire 'Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes' EA 7300 and Service de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reshetnikov V, Studenikina A, Ryabushkina J, Merkulova T, Bondar N. The impact of early-life stress on the expression of HPA-associated genes in the adult murine brain. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Early life is an important period for the development of the nervous system and for the programming of behavioural phenotypes in adulthood. In our study, two types of early-life stress were used: prolonged separation of pups from their mothers (for 3 h/day, maternal separation (MS)) and brief separation (for 15 min/day, handling (HD)). We analysed the effects of early-life stress on behaviour and the expression of HPA-associated genes in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of male mice. Adult mice in the MS group demonstrated reduced locomotor activity and deficiencies in spatial long-term memory, while the HD showed no significant changes. Additionally, early-life MS resulted in reduced hippocampal Crhr1 mRNA, increased MR/GR mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Both groups, HD and MS, showed increased Avp mRNA in the hypothalamus. Thus, prolonged maternal separation but not brief leads to adverse behavioural changes and influences the expression of HPA-associated genes in a brain region-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V.V. Reshetnikov
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.A. Studenikina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- bNovosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J.A. Ryabushkina
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T.I. Merkulova
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N.P. Bondar
- aLaboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- cNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Romero A, García-Carmona JA, Laorden ML, Puig MM. Role of CRF1 receptor in post-incisional plasma extravasation and nociceptive responses in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
21
|
Inda C, Armando NG, Dos Santos Claro PA, Silberstein S. Endocrinology and the brain: corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R99-R120. [PMID: 28710078 PMCID: PMC5551434 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key player of basal and stress-activated responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and in extrahypothalamic circuits, where it functions as a neuromodulator to orchestrate humoral and behavioral adaptive responses to stress. This review describes molecular components and cellular mechanisms involved in CRH signaling downstream of its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CRHR1 and CRHR2 and summarizes recent findings that challenge the classical view of GPCR signaling and impact on our understanding of CRHRs function. Special emphasis is placed on recent studies of CRH signaling that revealed new mechanistic aspects of cAMP generation and ERK1/2 activation in physiologically relevant contexts of the neurohormone action. In addition, we present an overview of the pathophysiological role of the CRH system, which highlights the need for a precise definition of CRHRs signaling at molecular level to identify novel targets for pharmacological intervention in neuroendocrine tissues and specific brain areas involved in CRH-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Inda
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- DFBMCFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia G Armando
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Dos Santos Claro
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Silberstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- DFBMCFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang R, Asai M, Mahoney CE, Joachim M, Shen Y, Gunner G, Majzoub JA. Loss of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone markedly reduces anxiety behaviors in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:733-744. [PMID: 27595593 PMCID: PMC5339066 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing paradigm posits that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulates neuroendocrine functions such as adrenal glucocorticoid release, whereas extra-hypothalamic CRH has a key role in stressor-triggered behaviors. Here we report that hypothalamus-specific Crh knockout mice (Sim1CrhKO mice, created by crossing Crhflox with Sim1Cre mice) have absent Crh mRNA and peptide mainly in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) but preserved Crh expression in other brain regions including amygdala and cerebral cortex. As expected, Sim1CrhKO mice exhibit adrenal atrophy as well as decreased basal, diurnal and stressor-stimulated plasma corticosterone secretion and basal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, but surprisingly, have a profound anxiolytic phenotype when evaluated using multiple stressors including open-field, elevated plus maze, holeboard, light-dark box and novel object recognition task. Restoring plasma corticosterone did not reverse the anxiolytic phenotype of Sim1CrhKO mice. Crh-Cre driver mice revealed that PVHCrh fibers project abundantly to cingulate cortex and the nucleus accumbens shell, and moderately to medial amygdala, locus coeruleus and solitary tract, consistent with the existence of PVHCrh-dependent behavioral pathways. Although previous, nonselective attenuation of CRH production or action, genetically in mice and pharmacologically in humans, respectively, has not produced the anticipated anxiolytic effects, our data show that targeted interference specifically with hypothalamic Crh expression results in anxiolysis. Our data identify neurons that express both Sim1 and Crh as a cellular entry point into the study of CRH-mediated, anxiety-like behaviors and their therapeutic attenuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Key laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710069, China,Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| | - Masato Asai
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Carrie E Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Joachim
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgia Gunner
- Neurodevelopmental Behavior Core, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph A Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harlé G, Lalonde R, Fonte C, Ropars A, Frippiat JP, Strazielle C. Repeated corticosterone injections in adult mice alter stress hormonal receptor expression in the cerebellum and motor coordination without affecting spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Mohammadi SA, Burton TJ, Christie MJ. α9-nAChR knockout mice exhibit dysregulation of stress responses, affect and reward-related behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2017; 328:105-114. [PMID: 28408300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The α9α10-subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has recently garnered interest in biomedicine and is being pursued as an analgesic target. However, the receptor exhibits diverse tissue distribution, the function of which is known to varying degrees, and targeting this receptor for clinical treatments without a broad understanding of its function may have adverse consequences. The α9α10-nAChR is expressed in the adrenal and pituitary glands, suggesting a potential role in the stress response, but little is known about its function in this tissue. Here we determined a role for the α9α10-nAChR in behavioural and physiological stress responses, by comparing the stress- and affect-related phenotypes of wildtype and α9-nAChR knockout mice. Naïve knockout mice exhibited largely normal behaviour on standard tests of affective behaviour. However, after sub-chronic restraint stress knockout mice showed significantly decreased stress-induced arousal and increased anxiety-like behaviour when compared to wildtype animals. Physiologically, corticosterone responses were muted in knockout mice after an acute stressor, but exaggerated in response to the same stressor after undergoing sub-chronic stress. Behavioural profiling of the α9-nAChR knockout mice in the home-cage revealed that circadian patterns of activity were altered when compared to wildtype controls. Furthermore, knockout mice showed altered responses to a period of reward discounting, resulting in anhedonia-like behaviour in a sucrose preference test where WT mice continued to seek reward. These experiments uncover a novel role for the α9α10-nAChR in mounting a normal stress response and in the regulation of affective- and reward-related behaviour, and suggest that pursuing the receptor for clinical treatments may not be as straightforward as has been suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarasa A Mohammadi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Thomas J Burton
- Animal Behavioural Facility, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - MacDonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang L, Goebel-Stengel M, Yuan PQ, Stengel A, Taché Y. Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression in mice abrogates sex differences in body weight, visceral fat, and food intake response to a fast and alters levels of feeding regulatory hormones. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28101317 PMCID: PMC5237138 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpressing (CRF-OE) male mice showed an inhibited feeding response to a fast, and lower plasma acyl ghrelin and Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We investigated whether hormones and hypothalamic feeding signals are impaired in CRF-OE mice and the influence of sex. METHODS Male and female CRF-OE mice and WT littermates (4-6 months old) fed ad libitum or overnight fasted were assessed for body, adrenal glands and perigonadal fat weights, food intake, plasma hormones, blood glucose, and mRNA hypothalamic signals. RESULTS Under fed conditions, compared to WT, CRF-OE mice have increased adrenal glands and perigonadal fat weight, plasma corticosterone, leptin and insulin, and hypothalamic leptin receptor and decreased plasma acyl ghrelin. Compared to male, female WT mice have lower body and perigonadal fat and plasma leptin but higher adrenal glands weights. CRF-OE mice lost these sex differences except for the adrenals. Male CRF-OE and WT mice did not differ in hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), while female CRF-OE compared to female WT and male CRF-OE had higher NPY mRNA levels. After fasting, female WT mice lost more body weight and ate more food than male WT, while CRF-OE mice had reduced body weight loss and inhibited food intake without sex difference. In male WT mice, fasting reduced plasma insulin and leptin and increased acyl ghrelin and corticosterone while female WT showed only a rise in corticosterone. In CRF-OE mice, fasting reduced insulin while leptin, acyl ghrelin and corticosterone were unchanged with no sex difference. Fasting blood glucose was higher in CRF-OE with female > male. In WT mice, fasting increased hypothalamic NPY expression in both sexes and decreased POMC only in males, while in CRF-OE mice, NPY did not change, and POMC decreased in males and increased in females. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that CRF-OE mice have abnormal basal and fasting circulating hormones and hypothalamic feeding-related signals. CRF-OE also abolishes the sex difference in body weight, abdominal fat, and fasting-induced feeding and changes in plasma levels of leptin and acyl ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California USA ; Present address: Department for Internal Medicine, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Caspar-Theyß-Str. 27-31, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California USA ; Present address: Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Packard AEB, Egan AE, Ulrich-Lai YM. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1897-1934. [PMID: 27783863 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these behaviors is regulated to a significant extent by an individual's hormonal milieu. For example, glucocorticoid hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and influence most aspects of behavior. In turn, many behaviors can influence HPA axis activity. These bidirectional interactions not only coordinate an individual's physiological and behavioral states to each other, but can also tune them to environmental conditions thereby optimizing survival. The present review details the influence of the HPA axis on many types of behavior, including appetitively-motivated behaviors (e.g., food intake and drug use), aversively-motivated behaviors (e.g., anxiety-related and depressive-like) and cognitive behaviors (e.g., learning and memory). Conversely, the manuscript also describes how engaging in various behaviors influences HPA axis activity. Our current understanding of the neuronal and/or hormonal mechanisms that underlie these interactions is also summarized. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1897-1934, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Henckens MJAG, Deussing JM, Chen A. Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:636-51. [PMID: 27586075 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-urocortin (UCN) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been proposed that CRF-CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) signalling promotes the stress response and anxiety-like behaviour, whereas UCNs and CRFR2 activation mediate stress recovery and the restoration of homeostasis. Recent findings, however, provide clear evidence that this view is overly simplistic. Instead, a more complex picture has emerged that suggests that there are brain region- and cell type-specific effects of CRFR signalling that are influenced by the individual's prior experience and that shape molecular, cellular and ultimately behavioural responses to stressful challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang L, Hiller H, Smith JA, de Kloet AD, Krause EG. Angiotensin type 1a receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus control cardiovascular reactivity and anxiety-like behavior in male mice. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:667-76. [PMID: 27468749 PMCID: PMC5111882 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00029.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that deletion of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1a) from the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) attenuates anxiety-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and cardiovascular reactivity. We used the Cre/LoxP system to generate male mice with AT1a specifically deleted from the PVN. Deletion of the AT1a from the PVN reduced anxiety-like behavior as indicated by increased time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. In contrast, PVN AT1a deletion had no effect on HPA axis activation subsequent to an acute restraint challenge but did reduce hypothalamic mRNA expression for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). To determine whether PVN AT1a deletion inhibits cardiovascular reactivity, we measured systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) using telemetry and found that PVN AT1a deletion attenuated restraint-induced elevations in systolic blood pressure and elicited changes in HRV indicative of reduced sympathetic nervous activity. Consistent with the decreased HRV, PVN AT1a deletion also decreased adrenal weight, suggestive of decreased adrenal sympathetic outflow. Interestingly, the altered stress responsivity of mice with AT1a deleted from the PVN was associated with decreased hypothalamic microglia and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Collectively, these results suggest that deletion of AT1a from the PVN attenuates anxiety, CRH gene transcription, and cardiovascular reactivity and reduced brain inflammation may contribute to these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Helmut Hiller
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Justin A Smith
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dezsi G, Ozturk E, Salzberg MR, Morris M, O'Brien TJ, Jones NC. Environmental enrichment imparts disease-modifying and transgenerational effects on genetically-determined epilepsy and anxiety. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:129-36. [PMID: 27185593 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The absence epilepsies are presumed to be caused by genetic factors, but the influence of environmental exposures on epilepsy development and severity, and whether this influence is transmitted to subsequent generations, is not well known. We assessed the effects of environmental enrichment on epilepsy and anxiety outcomes in multiple generations of GAERS - a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy that manifests comorbid elevated anxiety-like behaviour. METHODS GAERS were exposed to environmental enrichment or standard housing beginning either prior to, or after epilepsy onset, and underwent EEG recordings and anxiety testing. Then, we exposed male GAERS to early enrichment or standard housing and generated F1 progeny, which also underwent EEG recordings. Hippocampal CRH mRNA expression and DNA methylation were assessed using RT-PCR and pyrosequencing, respectively. RESULTS Early environmental enrichment delayed the onset of epilepsy in GAERS, and resulted in fewer seizures in adulthood, compared with standard housed GAERS. Enrichment also reduced the frequency of seizures when initiated in adulthood. Anxiety levels were reduced by enrichment, and these anti-epileptogenic and anxiolytic effects were heritable into the next generation. We also found reduced expression of CRH mRNA in GAERS exposed to enrichment, but this was not due to changes in DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Environmental enrichment produces disease-modifying effects on genetically determined absence epilepsy and anxiety, and these beneficial effects are transferable to the subsequent generation. Reduced CRH expression was associated with these phenotypic improvements. Environmental stimulation holds promise as a naturalistic therapy for genetically determined epilepsy which may benefit subsequent generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Dezsi
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R Salzberg
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Castro-Vale I, van Rossum EF, Machado JC, Mota-Cardoso R, Carvalho D. Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder—What do we know? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:143-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
31
|
Chen A. Genetic Dissection of the Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses to Stressful Challenges. STEM CELLS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41603-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
32
|
Bangasser DA, Kawasumi Y. Cognitive disruptions in stress-related psychiatric disorders: A role for corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Horm Behav 2015; 76:125-35. [PMID: 25888454 PMCID: PMC4605842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Stress is a potential etiology contributor to both post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and major depression. One stress-related neuropeptide that is hypersecreted in these disorders is corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Dysregulation of CRF has long been linked to the emotion and mood symptoms that characterize PTSD and depression. However, the idea that CRF also mediates the cognitive disruptions observed in patients with these disorders has received less attention. Here we review literature indicating that CRF can alter cognitive functions. Detailed are anatomical studies revealing that CRF is poised to modulate regions required for learning and memory. We also describe preclinical behavioral studies that demonstrate CRF's ability to alter fear conditioning, impair memory consolidation, and alter a number of executive functions, including attention and cognitive flexibility. The implications of these findings for the etiology and treatment of the cognitive impairments observed in stress-related psychiatric disorders are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yushi Kawasumi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Larson AA, Nunez MG, Kissel CL, Kovács KJ. Intrathecal urocortin I in the spinal cord as a murine model of stress hormone-induced musculoskeletal and tactile hyperalgesia. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2772-82. [PMID: 26332847 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stress is antinociceptive in some models of pain, but enhances musculoskeletal nociceptive responses in mice and muscle pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. To test the hypothesis that urocortins are stress hormones that are sufficient to enhance tactile and musculoskeletal hyperalgesia, von Frey fibre sensitivity and grip force after injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urocortin I and urocortin II were measured in mice. Urocortin I (a CRF1 and CRF2 receptor ligand) produced hyperalgesia in both assays when injected intrathecally (i.t.) but not intracerebroventricularly, and only at a large dose when injected peripherally, suggesting a spinal action. Morphine inhibited urocortin I-induced changes in nociceptive responses in a dose-related fashion, confirming that changes in behaviour reflect hyperalgesia rather than weakness. No tolerance developed to the effect of urocortin I (i.t.) when injected repeatedly, consistent with a potential to enhance pain chronically. Tactile hyperalgesia was inhibited by NBI-35965, a CRF1 receptor antagonist, but not astressin 2B, a CRF2 receptor antagonist. However, while urocortin I-induced decreases in grip force were not observed when co-administered i.t. with either NBI-35965 or astressin 2B, they were even more sensitive to inhibition by astressin, a non-selective CRF receptor antagonist. Together these data indicate that urocortin I acts at CRF receptors in the mouse spinal cord to elicit a reproducible and persistent tactile (von Frey) and musculoskeletal (grip force) hyperalgesia. Urocortin I-induced hyperalgesia may serve as a screen for drugs that alleviate painful conditions that are exacerbated by stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice A Larson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue Room 295, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Myra G Nunez
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue Room 295, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Casey L Kissel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue Room 295, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Katalin J Kovács
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue Room 295, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Treatment-resistant depression: are animal models of depression fit for purpose? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3473-95. [PMID: 26289353 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antidepressant drug treatment remains a major health problem. Animal models of depression are efficient in detecting effective treatments but have done little to increase the reach of antidepressant drugs. This may be because most animal models of depression target the reversal of stress-induced behavioural change, whereas treatment-resistant depression is typically associated with risk factors that predispose to the precipitation of depressive episodes by relatively low levels of stress. Therefore, the search for treatments for resistant depression may require models that incorporate predisposing factors leading to heightened stress responsiveness. METHOD Using a diathesis-stress framework, we review developmental, genetic and genomic models against four criteria: (i) increased sensitivity to stress precipitation of a depressive behavioural phenotype, (ii) resistance to chronic treatment with conventional antidepressants, (iii) a good response to novel modes of antidepressant treatment (e.g. ketamine; deep brain stimulation) that are reported to be effective in treatment-resistant depression and (iv) a parallel to a known clinical risk factor. RESULTS We identify 18 models that may have some potential. All require further validation. Currently, the most promising are the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and congenital learned helplessness (cLH) rat strains, the high anxiety behaviour (HAB) mouse strain and the CB1 receptor knockout and OCT2 null mutant mouse strains. CONCLUSION Further development is needed to validate models of antidepressant resistance that are fit for purpose. The criteria used in this review may provide a helpful framework to guide research in this area.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen YF, Brody GH. Family Economic Hardship, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Polymorphisms, and Depressive Symptoms in Rural African-American Youths. J Adolesc Health 2015. [PMID: 26206446 PMCID: PMC4514916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use pooled data from two independent studies of rural African-American youths to test the moderation effect of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) on the link between family economic hardship and trajectories of depressive symptoms. METHODS Two longitudinal studies were conducted involving African-Americans, aged 16 (N = 474) and 18 (N = 419) years, who were randomly recruited in rural Georgia. Family economic hardship and youths' depressive symptoms were assessed four times across 2.5 years. Genetic data also were collected. Haplotype analysis was performed on single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CRHR1; two haplotypes were aggregated to form a CRHR1 index. Growth curve models were executed to determine whether CRHR1 moderated the link between Wave 1 family economic hardship and youths' development of depression. RESULTS CRHR1 × family economic hardship interactions significantly predicted youths' depressive symptoms. When exposed to family economic hardship 1 standard deviation above the mean at Wave 1, youths who scored 0 on the CRHR1 index showed high and increasing depressive symptoms across time, whereas those who scored 2 on the index showed a decrease in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The CRHR1 gene reduces the risk for depressive symptoms among youths living in families undergoing high levels of economic hardship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-fu Chen
- Department of Sociology, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Gene H. Brody
- University of Georgia, Center for Family Research, 1095 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602-4527, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu L, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang P, Li Y, Li B. Herbal Medicine for Anxiety, Depression and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:481-93. [PMID: 26412068 PMCID: PMC4790408 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and insomnia are very common. These well-known forms of psychiatric disorders have been affecting many people from all around the world. Herb alone, as well as herbal formula, is commonly prescribed for the therapies of mental illnesses. Since various adverse events of western medication exist, the number of people who use herbs to benefit their health is increasing. Over the past decades, the exploration in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has received much attention. Literatures showed a variety of herbal mechanisms of action used for the therapy of depression, anxiety and insomnia, involving reuptake of monoamines, affecting neuroreceptor binding and channel transporter activity, modulating neuronal communication or hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) etc. Nonetheless, a systematic review on herbal pharmacology in depression, anxiety and insomnia is still lacking. This review has been performed to further identify modes of action of different herbal medicine, and thus provides useful information for the application of herbal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Changhong Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Pu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Yuxin Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kreiner G, Chmielarz P, Roman A, Nalepa I. Gender differences in genetic mouse models evaluated for depressive-like and antidepressant behavior. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1580-90. [PMID: 24553006 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a mental disease that affects complex cognitive and emotional functions. It is believed that depression is twice as prevalent in women as in men. This phenomenon may influence the response to various antidepressant therapies, and these differences are still underestimated in clinical treatment. Nevertheless, most of the current findings are based on studies on male animal models, and relatively few of these studies take possible gender differences into consideration. Advancements in genetic engineering over the last two decades have introduced many transgenic lines that have been screened to study the pathomechanisms of depression. In this mini-review, we provide a compendious list of genetically altered mice that underwent tests for depressive-like or antidepressant behavior and determine if and how the gender factor was analyzed in their evaluation. Furthermore, we compile the gender differences in response to antidepressant treatment. On the basis of these analyses, we conclude that in many cases, gender variability is neglected or not taken into consideration in the presented results. We note the necessity of discussing this issue in the phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice, which seems to be particularly important while modeling mental diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lifelong, central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) overexpression is associated with individual differences in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:151-7. [PMID: 25094033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress, through corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), influences all aspects of cocaine addiction. Earlier studies suggest that individual differences in responsivity to stress affect susceptibility to develop addiction. We have previously found that CRF over-expression alters individual differences in behavioural responses to novelty stress in mice. Therefore, we hypothesised that post-natal, long-term over-expression of brain CRF may alter the rewarding effects of cocaine in a manner that is sensitive to individual differences. In this study we specifically investigated cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in transgenic mice over-expressing CRF (CRF-OE) and in wild-type (WT) littermates after determining their individual locomotor and emotional responsivity to inescapable novelty. CRF-OE mice showed decreased overall locomotor activity and increased anxiety-like behaviour in response to novelty compared to WT mice. Low behavioural reactivity to novelty (LR) was associated with heightened anxiety-like behaviour in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. WT and CRF-OE mice developed CPP equally to both low (5mg/kg) and high (20mg/kg) doses of cocaine. However, LR CRF-OE mice expressed significantly stronger cocaine CPP than transgenic mice with high locomotor response to novelty (HR). In WT mice, on the other hand, stronger CPP induced by 20mg/kg of cocaine was found in the HR animals. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between locomotor reactivity to novelty and CPP in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. Collectively, these results suggest that long-term, post-natal CRF over-expression increases the rewarding effects of cocaine in individuals with high emotional response to stress.
Collapse
|
39
|
Beurel E, Nemeroff CB. Interaction of stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin and behaviour. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:67-80. [PMID: 24659554 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress mediates the activation of a variety of systems ranging from inflammatory to behavioral responses. In this review we focus on two neuropeptide systems, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), and their roles in regulating stress responses. Both peptides have been demonstrated to be involved in anxiogenic and depressive effects, actions mediated in part through their regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Because of the depressive effects of CRF and AVP, drugs modifying the stress-associated detrimental actions of CRF and AVP are under development, particularly drugs antagonizing CRF and AVP receptors for therapy in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wolf EJ, Mitchell KS, Logue MW, Baldwin CT, Reardon AF, Humphries DE, Miller MW. Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR-2) gene is associated with decreased risk and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:1161-9. [PMID: 24123648 PMCID: PMC3855198 DOI: 10.1002/da.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) system has been implicated in a variety of anxiety and mood-based symptoms and disorders. CRH receptor-2 (CRHR-2) plays a role in attenuating biological responses to stressful life events and trauma, making the CRHR-2 gene a strong candidate to study in relationship to PTSD. METHODS The sample was 491 trauma-exposed white non-Hispanic veterans and their cohabitating intimate partners assessed via structured interview for lifetime DSM-IV PTSD; just over 60% met criteria for the disorder. Thirty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and near CRHR-2, obtained from an array of 2.5 million markers, were tested for association with PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in the whole sample and in men and women separately. RESULTS Ten SNPs showed nominally significant evidence of association with PTSD in the full sample and two SNPs (rs8192496 and rs2190242) were significant after permutation-based multiple testing correction (uncorrected ps = .0004 and .0005, odds ratios = .60 and .58, respectively). Analyses stratified by sex revealed that the effect was specific to women, who comprised 35% of the sample (uncorrected ps = .0003 and .0002, odds ratios = .41 and .35, respectively). Two additional SNPs (rs2267715 and rs2284218) also showed significant association with PTSD in women (both uncorrected ps = .001, both odds ratios = .48). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CRHR-2 variants may affect risk for PTSD in women by attenuating the stress response and reducing symptoms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Karen S. Mitchell
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Mark W. Logue
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Clinton T. Baldwin
- Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine,Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Donald E. Humphries
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kar AN, Sun CY, Reichard K, Gervasi NM, Pickel J, Nakazawa K, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. Dysregulation of the axonal trafficking of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNA alters neuronal mitochondrial activity and mouse behavior. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:333-50. [PMID: 24151253 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Local translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs is essential for mitochondrial activity, yet there is little insight into the role that axonal trafficking of these transcripts play in neuronal function and behavior. Previously, we identified a 38 nucleotide stem-loop structure (zipcode) in the 3' untranslated region of the Cytochrome C oxidase IV (COXIV) mRNA that directs the transport of a reporter mRNA to the axon of superior cervical ganglion neurons (SCG). Overexpression of a chimeric reporter mRNA with the COXIV zipcode competed with the axonal trafficking of endogenous COXIV mRNA, and led to attenuated axon growth in SCG neurons. Here, we show that exogenous expression of the COXIV zipcode in cultured SCG neurons also results in the reduction of local ATP levels and increases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the axon. We took advantage of this "competition" phenotype to investigate the in vivo significance of axonal transport of COXIV mRNA. Toward this end, we generated transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent reporter fused to COXIV zipcode under a forebrain-specific promoter. Immunohistological analyses and RT-PCR analyses of RNA from the transgenic mouse brain showed expression of the reporter in the deep layer neurons in the pre-frontal and frontal cortex. Consistent with the in vitro studies, we observed increased ROS levels in neurons of these transgenic animals. A battery of behavioral tests on transgenic mice expressing the COXIV zipcode revealed an "anxiety-like" behavioral phenotype, suggesting an important role for axonal trafficking of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs in neuronal physiology and animal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar N Kar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Griebel G, Holmes A. 50 years of hurdles and hope in anxiolytic drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:667-87. [PMID: 23989795 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent group of psychiatric diseases, and have high personal and societal costs. The search for novel pharmacological treatments for these conditions is driven by the growing medical need to improve on the effectiveness and the side effect profile of existing drugs. A huge volume of data has been generated by anxiolytic drug discovery studies, which has led to the progression of numerous new molecules into clinical trials. However, the clinical outcome of these efforts has been disappointing, as promising results with novel agents in rodent studies have very rarely translated into effectiveness in humans. Here, we analyse the major trends from preclinical studies over the past 50 years conducted in the search for new drugs beyond those that target the prototypical anxiety-associated GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-benzodiazepine system, which have focused most intensively on the serotonin, neuropeptide, glutamate and endocannabinoid systems. We highlight various key issues that may have hampered progress in the field, and offer recommendations for how anxiolytic drug discovery can be more effective in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi, Exploratory Unit, Chilly-Mazarin 91385, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
White S, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Koenen KC, Kilpatrick DG, Galea S, Gelernter J, Williamson V, McMichael O, Vladimirov VI, Amstadter AB. Association of CRHR1 variants and posttraumatic stress symptoms in hurricane exposed adults. J Anxiety Disord 2013; 27:678-83. [PMID: 24077033 PMCID: PMC4182958 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a moderately heritable anxiety disorder that may develop after exposure to trauma. However, only few genetic variants that relate to PTSD have been studied. This study examined the relationship between 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) and post-disaster PTSD symptoms and diagnosis in adults exposed to 2004 Florida hurricanes. CRHR1 regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; dysregulation of the HPA axis is characteristic of stress phenotypes. Final analyses were conducted in the European-American (EA) subsample (n=564) due to population stratification. After correction for multiple testing, rs12938031 and rs4792887 remained associated with post-hurricane PTSD symptoms. Additionally, rs12938031 was associated with post-hurricane diagnosis of PTSD. This study is the first to examine CRHR1 in relation to PTSD in adults, and provides evidence for the importance of CRHR1 variation in the etiology of PTSD. Although results are preliminary and require replication, they justify follow-up efforts to characterize how this gene relates to PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone White
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Ron Acierno
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Ruggiero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Dean G. Kilpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics in Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
,VA National Center for PTSD Research
| | - Vernell Williamson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Omari McMichael
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vladimir I. Vladimirov
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Van't Veer A, Carlezon WA. Role of kappa-opioid receptors in stress and anxiety-related behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:435-52. [PMID: 23836029 PMCID: PMC3770816 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and dynorphin, the endogenous ligand that binds at these receptors, are involved in regulating states of motivation and emotion. These findings have stimulated interest in the development of KOR-targeted ligands as therapeutic agents. As one example, it has been suggested that KOR antagonists might have a wide range of indications, including the treatment of depressive, anxiety, and addictive disorders, as well as conditions characterized by co-morbidity of these disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) A general effect of reducing the impact of stress may explain how KOR antagonists can have efficacy in such a variety of animal models that would appear to represent different disease states. OBJECTIVE Here, we review evidence that disruption of KOR function attenuates prominent effects of stress. We will describe behavioral and molecular endpoints including those from studies that characterize the effects of KOR antagonists and KOR ablation on the effects of stress itself, as well as on the effects of exogenously delivered corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain peptide that mediates key effects of stress. CONCLUSION Collectively, available data suggest that KOR disruption produces anti-stress effects and under some conditions can prevent the development of stress-induced adaptations. As such, KOR antagonists may have unique potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and even prevention of stress-related psychiatric illness, a therapeutic niche that is currently unfilled.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use
- Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy
- Anxiety Disorders/metabolism
- Anxiety Disorders/psychology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Dynorphins/genetics
- Dynorphins/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fox JH, Lowry CA. Corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides, serotonergic systems, and emotional behavior. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:169. [PMID: 24065880 PMCID: PMC3778254 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide that is involved in stress-related physiology and behavior, including control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Members of the CRF family of neuropeptides, including urocortin 1 (UCN 1), UCN 2, and UCN 3, bind to the G protein-coupled receptors, CRF type 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 receptors. In addition, CRF binding protein (CRFBP) binds both CRF and UCN 1 and can modulate their activities. There are multiple mechanisms through which CRF-related peptides may influence emotional behavior, one of which is through altering the activity of brainstem neuromodulatory systems, including serotonergic systems. CRF and CRF-related peptides act within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), the major source for serotonin (5-HT) in the brain, to alter the neuronal activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons and to influence stress-related behavior. CRF-containing axonal fibers innervate the DR in a topographically organized manner, which may contribute to the ability of CRF to alter the activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons. CRF and CRF-related peptides can either increase or decrease serotonergic neuronal firing rates and serotonin release, depending on their concentrations and on the specific CRF receptor subtype(s) involved. This review aims to describe the interactions between CRF-related peptides and serotonergic systems, the consequences for stress-related behavior, and implications for vulnerability to anxiety and affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Fox
- Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Janssen D, Kozicz T. Is it really a matter of simple dualism? Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in body and mental health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23487366 PMCID: PMC3594922 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses to stress coordinated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis are concerned with maintaining homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. Regulators of this axis are corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and CRF related neuropeptides, including urocortins 1, 2, and 3. They mediate their actions by binding to CRF receptors (CRFR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. The prevailing theory has been that the initiation of and the recovery from an elicited stress response is coordinated by two elements, viz. the (mainly) opposing, but well balanced actions of CRFR1 and CRFR2. Such a dualistic view suggests that CRF/CRFR1 controls the initiation of, and urocortins/CRFR2 mediate the recovery from stress to maintain body and mental health. Consequently, failed adaptation to stress can lead to neuropathology, including anxiety and depression. Recent literature, however, challenges such dualistic and complementary actions of CRFR1 and CRFR2, and suggests that stress recruits CRF system components in a brain area and neuron specific manner to promote adaptation as conditions dictate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donny Janssen
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tamás Kozicz
- Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorNijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorNijmegen, Netherlands
- Human Genetics Center, Tulane UniversityNew Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Increased vulnerability of the brain norepinephrine system of females to corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:166-73. [PMID: 22508464 PMCID: PMC3402704 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in women than men. As hypersecretion of the stress neuromediator, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in these disorders, sex differences in CRF sensitivity could underlie this disparity. Hyperarousal is a core symptom that is shared by stress-related disorders and this has been attributed to CRF regulation of the locus ceruleus (LC)-norepinephrine arousal system. We recently identified sex differences in CRF(1) receptor (CRF(1)) signaling and trafficking that render LC neurons of female rats more sensitive to CRF and potentially less able to adapt to excess CRF compared with male rats. The present study used a genetic model of CRF overexpression to test the hypothesis that females would be more vulnerable to LC dysregulation by conditions of excess CRF. In both male and female CRF overexpressing (CRF-OE) mice, the LC was more densely innervated by CRF compared with wild-type controls. Despite the equally dense CRF innervation of the LC in male and female CRF-OE mice, LC discharge rates recorded in slices in vitro were selectively elevated in female CRF-OE mice. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that this sex difference resulted from differential CRF(1) trafficking. In male CRF-OE mice, CRF(1) immunolabeling was prominent in the cytoplasm of LC neurons, indicative of internalization, a process that would protect cells from excessive CRF. However, in female CRF-OE mice, CRF(1) labeling was more prominent on the plasma membrane, suggesting that the compensatory response of internalization was compromised. Together, the findings suggest that the LC-norepinephrine system of females will be particularly affected by conditions resulting in elevated CRF because of differences in receptor trafficking. As excessive LC activation has been implicated in the arousal components of stress-related psychiatric disorders, this may be a cellular mechanism that contributes to the increased incidence of these disorders in females.
Collapse
|
48
|
Bangasser DA. Sex differences in stress-related receptors: ″micro″ differences with ″macro″ implications for mood and anxiety disorders. Biol Sex Differ 2013; 4:2. [PMID: 23336736 PMCID: PMC3556142 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as unipolar depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), occur more frequently in women than in men. Emerging research suggests that sex differences in receptors for the stress hormones, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and glucocorticoids, contribute to this disparity. For example, sex differences in CRF receptor binding in the amygdala of rats may predispose females to greater anxiety following stressful events. Additionally, sex differences in CRF receptor signaling and trafficking in the locus coeruleus arousal center combine to make females more sensitive to low levels of CRF, and less adaptable to high levels. These receptor differences in females could lead to hyperarousal, a dysregulated state associated with symptoms of depression and PTSD. Similar to the sex differences observed in CRF receptors, sex differences in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function also appear to make females more susceptible to dysregulation after a stressful event. Following hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activation, GRs are critical to the negative feedback process that inhibits additional glucocorticoid release. Compared to males, female rats have fewer GRs and impaired GR translocation following chronic adolescent stress, effects linked to slower glucocorticoid negative feedback. Thus, under conditions of chronic stress, attenuated negative feedback in females would result in hypercortisolemia, an endocrine state thought to cause depression. Together, these studies suggest that sex differences in stress-related receptors shift females more easily into a dysregulated state of stress reactivity, linked to the development of mood and anxiety disorders. The implications of these receptor sex differences for the development of novel pharmacotherapies are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, 873 Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, 19122, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Paternal social enrichment effects on maternal behavior and offspring growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109 Suppl 2:17232-8. [PMID: 23045657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121083109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal environmental experiences are significant predictors of developmental outcomes in offspring and can occur even in the absence of paternal care. Although there has been a recent focus on the role of environmentally induced changes in the male germline in producing these effects, the potential mediating role of mothers has not been investigated. A role for mothers in the transmission of paternal effects has been well acknowledged in behavioral ecology, which predicts that females will dynamically adjust their reproductive investment in response to the qualities of their mate. In the present study, we show that a lifetime of socially enriched compared with impoverished housing conditions shifts anxiety-like behavior and gene expression of male mice. Females that mate with enriched-reared males exhibit increased levels of pup nursing and licking toward their offspring, which are associated with changes in gene expression within the maternal hypothalamus. Significantly, these changes in maternal behavior are correlated with the general levels of anxiety exhibited by their male mates. Further, we show that paternal environmental enrichment results in increased growth of their offspring. These results suggest that maternal-paternal interactions at mating may guide offspring development, with significant implications for the transgenerational transmission of paternal environmental experiences.
Collapse
|
50
|
O'Keane V, Frodl T, Dinan TG. A review of Atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in HPA axis organization. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1589-99. [PMID: 22497986 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a clinically heterogenous condition defined by sub-types that can have diametrically opposed features, such as sleep and appetite. Within the same individual these features may change over time, and different symptom clusters may respond selectively to different treatments. It has been hypothesized that different pathophysiological processes may be operating in the different sub-types of depression and specifically that Melancholic depression may be associated with relative overactivity, and Atypical depression with relative hypoactivity, of the hypothalamic drive of the HPA axis. A consistent finding that emerges from the literature is that the experience of depression alters over the course of the illness with the features of Atypical depression dominating a more chronic clinical picture. This suggests that different stress states characterize the different profiles of depression as the illness becomes more chronic. There is evidence that the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) control of HPA axis output is reduced in Atypical, compared to Melancholic, sub-types, but there is no convincing evidence that overall HPA activity, i.e., cortisol output, reduces. We suggest that there is a "switch" in the regulation of the HPA system from CRH to arginine vasopressin (AVP) control as stress becomes more sustained or repeated; resulting in an altered homeostasis within the HPA system. Cortisol, and the neuropeptides CRH and AVP, have different neurobiological, behavioural and experiental effects. The "switch" process should result in different neuropeptide/cortisol combinations and ratios and may explain the changing profile of depression over time. The heuristic merit in making a distinction between the different clinical states of depression will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica O'Keane
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, AMNCH (Tallaght) Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|