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Fidelis EM, Savall ASP, Mello JD, Quines CB, Comis-Neto AA, Sampaio TB, Denardin CC, de Ávila DS, Rosa SG, Pinton S. Purple pitanga extract (Eugenia uniflora) attenuates oxidative stress induced by MPTP. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2615-2625. [PMID: 37921949 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been widely used due to its specific and reproducible neurotoxic effect on the nigrostriatal system, being considered a convenient model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration to study interventions therapeutics. The purple pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) is a polyphenol-rich fruit with antioxidant and antidepressant properties, among others. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of purple pitanga extract (PPE) on acute early oxidative stress induced by intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration in rats. Male Wistar rats were pre-treated orally with PPE (1000 mg/kg) or vehicle. After 24 h, MPTP (0.1 mg/10µL/nostril) or vehicle was administered bilaterally into the animal's nostrils, and 6 h later, the olfactory bulb (OB), striatum (ST), and substantia nigra (SN) were collected to evaluate the oxidative stress parameters. Our findings revealed that OB and SN were the most affected areas after 6 h of MPTP infusion; an early increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was observed, while pretreatment with a single dose of PPE prevented this increment. No differences in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) formation were observed, although 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) levels increased, which is the most toxic form of lipid peroxidation, in the MPTP group. The PPE pretreatment could prevent this increase by increasing the NPSH levels previously decreased by MPTP. Furthermore, PPE prevents the Na+/K + ATPase strongly inhibited by MPTP, showing the neuroprotective capacity of the PPE by inhibiting the MPTP-generated oxidation. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of PPE against the early MPTP neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Suely P Savall
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Jhuly Dornelles Mello
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão Quines
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
- Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Campus Ijuí, Ijuí, CEP 98700-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daiana Silva de Ávila
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
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Sharma R, Neupane C, Pham TL, Lee M, Lee S, Lee SY, Nam MH, Kim CS, Park JB. Tonic Activation of NR2D-Containing NMDARs Exacerbates Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in MPTP-Injected Parkinsonian Mice. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7730-7744. [PMID: 37726169 PMCID: PMC10648527 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1955-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NR2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) gradually disappear during brain maturation but can be recruited by pathophysiological stimuli in the adult brain. Here, we report that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication recruited NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs that generated an Mg2+-resistant tonic NMDA current (INMDA) in dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain of mature male mice. MPTP selectively generated an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Consistently, MPTP increased NR2D but not NR2B expression in the midbrain regions. Pharmacological or genetic NR2D interventions abolished the generation of Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in SNpc DA neurons, and thus attenuated subsequent DA neuronal loss and gait deficits in MPTP-treated mice. These results show that extrasynaptic NR2D recruitment generates Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA and exacerbates DA neuronal loss, thus contributing to MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. The state-dependent NR2D recruitment could be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating cell type-specific neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT NR2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are widely expressed in the brain during late embryonic and early postnatal development, and then downregulated during brain maturation and preserved at low levels in a few regions of the adult brain. Certain stimuli can recruit NR2D subunits to generate tonic persistent NMDAR currents in nondepolarized neurons in the mature brain. Our results show that MPTP intoxication recruits NR2D subunits in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, which leads to tonic NMDAR current-promoting dopaminergic neuronal death and consequent abnormal gait behavior in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). This is the first study to indicate that extrasynaptic NR2D recruitment could be a target for preventing neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Biomedicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Physiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08852, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjivi Neupane
- Department of Biomedicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Physiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08852, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Linh Pham
- Department of Biomedicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Physiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Miae Lee
- Physiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08852, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08852, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Physiology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08852, Republic of Korea
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Dysregulation of AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Intracellular Vesicular Sorting in the Prefrontal Cortex of Dopamine Transporter Knock-Out Rats. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030516. [PMID: 36979451 PMCID: PMC10046215 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and glutamate interact, influencing neural excitability and promoting synaptic plasticity. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. Since perturbation of DA-AMPA receptor interaction might sustain pathological conditions, the major aim of our work was to evaluate the effect of the hyperactive DA system on the AMPA subunit composition, trafficking, and membrane localization in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Taking advantage of dopamine transporter knock-out (DAT−/−) rats, we found that DA overactivity reduced the translation of cortical AMPA receptors and their localization at both synaptic and extra-synaptic sites through, at least in part, altered intracellular vesicular sorting. Moreover, the reduced expression of AMPA receptor-specific anchoring proteins and structural markers, such as Neuroligin-1 and nCadherin, likely indicate a pattern of synaptic instability. Overall, these data reveal that a condition of hyperdopaminergia markedly alters the homeostatic plasticity of AMPA receptors, suggesting a general destabilization and depotentiation of the AMPA-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PFC. This effect might be functionally relevant for disorders characterized by elevated dopaminergic activity.
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Kolacheva A, Bannikova A, Pavlova E, Bogdanov V, Ugrumov M. Modeling of the Progressive Degradation of the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System in Mice to Study the Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010683. [PMID: 36614126 PMCID: PMC9820573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fight against neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), is among the global challenges of the 21st century. The low efficiency of therapy is due to the late diagnosis and treatment of PD, which take place when there is already significant degradation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, a key link in the regulation of motor function. We have developed a subchronic mouse model of PD by repeatedly administering 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at gradually increasing doses with a 24 h interval between injections, a period comparable to the time of MPTP metabolism and elimination from the body. This model reproduces the main hallmarks of PD: progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; the appearance of motor disorders with a 70-80% decrease in the level of dopamine in the striatum; an increase in dopamine turnover in the striatum to compensate for dopamine deficiency. When comparing the degradation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and motor disorders in mice in the acute and subchronic models of PD, it has turned out that the resistance of dopaminergic neurons to MPTP increases with its repeated administration. Our subchronic model of PD opens up broad prospects for studying the molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis and developing technologies for early diagnosis and preventive treatment.
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Wan F, Yu T, Hu J, Yin S, Li Y, Kou L, Chi X, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhou Q, Zou W, Zhang Z, Wang T. The pyrethroids metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid induces dopaminergic degeneration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156027. [PMID: 35605864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pyrethroids, a significant class of the most widely used agricultural chemicals, has been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, although many different pyrethroids induce roughly the same symptoms of Parkinsonism, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To find the shared key features among these mechanisms, we focused on 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a common and prominent metabolite of most pyrethroids produced via hydrolysis by CEs in mammals. To determine the contribution of 3-PBA to the initiation and progression of PD, we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments, respectively, and found that 3-PBA not only accumulates in murine brain tissues over time but also further induces PD-like pathologies (increased α-syn and phospho-S129, decreased TH) to the same or even greater extent than the precursor pyrethroid. A before-after study of PET-DAT in the same mice revealed that low concentrations of 3-PBA (0.5 mg/kg) could paradoxically cause DAT to increase (22.46% higher than pre-drug test). The intervention of DAT inhibitors and activators respectively alleviated and enhanced the dopaminergic toxicity of 3-PBA, indicating that 3-PBA interacts with DAT. In particular, low concentrations of 3-PBA increase the DAT, which in turn induces 3-PBA to enter the dopaminergic neurons to exert toxic effects. Finally, we described a mechanism underlying this potential role of 3-PBA in the pathological aggregation of α-syn. Specifically, 3-PBA was found to dysregulate C/EBP β levels and further anomalously activate AEP in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by increased accumulation of pathologically cleaved α-syn (N103 fragments) and accelerated α-syn aggregation. All these results suggest that 3-PBA exposure could mimic the pathological and pathogenetic features of PD, showing that this metabolite is a key pathogenic compound in pyrethroid-related pathological effects and a possible dopamine neurotoxin. Additionally, our findings provide a crucial reference for the primary prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunna Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosa Chi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenkai Zou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Goiran T, Eldeeb MA, Zorca CE, Fon EA. Hallmarks and Molecular Tools for the Study of Mitophagy in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132097. [PMID: 35805181 PMCID: PMC9265644 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The best-known hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the motor deficits that result from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopaminergic neurons are thought to be particularly susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. As such, for their survival, they rely on the elaborate quality control mechanisms that have evolved in mammalian cells to monitor mitochondrial function and eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy is a specialized type of autophagy that mediates the selective removal of damaged mitochondria from cells, with the net effect of dampening the toxicity arising from these dysfunctional organelles. Despite an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the removal of damaged mitochondria, the detailed molecular link to PD pathophysiology is still not entirely clear. Herein, we review the fundamental molecular pathways involved in PINK1/Parkin-mediated and receptor-mediated mitophagy, the evidence for the dysfunction of these pathways in PD, and recently-developed state-of-the art assays for measuring mitophagy in vitro and in vivo.
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Changes in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Dopamine Synthesis in the Nigrostriatal System of Mice in an Acute Model of Parkinson's Disease as a Manifestation of Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060779. [PMID: 35741664 PMCID: PMC9221104 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive degradation of the nigrostriatal system leads to the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The synthesis of dopamine, the neurotransmitter of the nigrostriatal system, depends on the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In this study, we evaluated the synthesis of dopamine during periods of neurodegradation and neuroplasticity in the nigrostriatal system on a model of the early clinical stage of PD. It was shown that the concentration of dopamine correlated with activity of TH, while TH activity did not depend on total protein content either in the SN or in the striatum. Both during the period of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, TH activity in SN was determined by the content of P19-TH, and in the striatum it was determined by P31-TH and P40-TH (to a lesser extent). The data obtained indicate a difference in the regulation of dopamine synthesis between DA-neuron bodies and their axons, which must be considered for the further development of symptomatic pharmacotherapy aimed at increasing TH activity.
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Yuan X, Tian Y, Liu C, Zhang Z. Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease: New insights into the molecular mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2021; 356:1-10. [PMID: 34864130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 2-3% of the population ≥65 years. It has long been characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychological and cognitive changes. The pathological hallmarks are intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein aggregates and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a combination of various pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and lifestyles. Although much research has focused on the genetic causes of PD, environmental risk factors also play a crucial role in the development of the disease. Here, we summarize the environmental risk factors that may increase the occurrence of PD, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Ninkina N, Millership SJ, Peters OM, Connor-Robson N, Chaprov K, Kopylov AT, Montoya A, Kramer H, Withers DJ, Buchman VL. β-synuclein potentiates synaptic vesicle dopamine uptake and rescues dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced death in the absence of other synucleins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101375. [PMID: 34736896 PMCID: PMC8633583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleins, a family of three proteins highly expressed in neurons, are predominantly known for the direct involvement of α-synuclein in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's and certain other neurodegenerative diseases, but their precise physiological functions are still not fully understood. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of α-synuclein as a modulator of various mechanisms implicated in chemical neurotransmission, but information concerning the involvement of other synuclein family members, β-synuclein and γ-synuclein, in molecular processes within presynaptic terminals is limited. Here, we demonstrated that the vesicular monoamine transporter 2-dependent dopamine uptake by synaptic vesicles isolated from the striatum of mice lacking β-synuclein is significantly reduced. Reciprocally, reintroduction, either in vivo or in vitro, of β-synuclein but not α-synuclein or γ-synuclein improves uptake by triple α/β/γ-synuclein-deficient striatal vesicles. We also showed that the resistance of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta to subchronic administration of the Parkinson's disease-inducing prodrug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine depends on the presence of β-synuclein but only when one or both other synucleins are absent. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of synuclein-deficient synaptic vesicles versus those containing only β-synuclein revealed differences in their protein compositions. We suggest that the observed potentiation of dopamine uptake by β-synuclein might be caused by different protein architecture of the synaptic vesicles. It is also feasible that such structural changes improve synaptic vesicle sequestration of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, a toxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, which would explain why dopaminergic neurons expressing β-synuclein and lacking α-synuclein and/or γ-synuclein are resistant to this neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Steven J Millership
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen M Peters
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kirill Chaprov
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
| | - Arthur T Kopylov
- Department of Proteomic Research and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alex Montoya
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Kramer
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation.
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Mustafa R, Rawas C, Mannal N, Kreiner G, Spittau B, Kamińska K, Yilmaz R, Pötschke C, Kirsch J, Liss B, Tucker KL, Parlato R. Targeted Ablation of Primary Cilia in Differentiated Dopaminergic Neurons Reduces Striatal Dopamine and Responsiveness to Metabolic Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081284. [PMID: 34439532 PMCID: PMC8389284 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based protrusions of the cell membrane transducing molecular signals during brain development. Here, we report that PC are required for maintenance of Substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons highly vulnerable in Parkinson's disease (PD). Targeted blockage of ciliogenesis in differentiated DA neurons impaired striato-nigral integrity in adult mice. The relative number of SN DA neurons displaying a typical auto-inhibition of spontaneous activity in response to dopamine was elevated under control metabolic conditions, but not under metabolic stress. Strikingly, in the absence of PC, the remaining SN DA neurons were less vulnerable to the PD neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP). Our data indicate conserved PC-dependent neuroadaptive responses to DA lesions in the striatum. Moreover, PC control the integrity and dopamine response of a subtype of SN DA neurons. These results reinforce the critical role of PC as sensors of metabolic stress in PD and other disorders of the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasem Mustafa
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.M.); (J.K.); (K.L.T.)
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Chahinaz Rawas
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Nadja Mannal
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rüstem Yilmaz
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Christina Pötschke
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.M.); (J.K.); (K.L.T.)
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
- Linacre College and New College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Kerry L. Tucker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.M.); (J.K.); (K.L.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
- Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.M.); (J.K.); (K.L.T.)
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.R.); (N.M.); (C.P.); (B.L.)
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-3835-611
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Bradner JM, Kalia V, Lau FK, Sharma M, Bucher ML, Johnson M, Chen M, Walker DI, Jones DP, Miller GW. Genetic or Toxicant-Induced Disruption of Vesicular Monoamine Storage and Global Metabolic Profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:313-324. [PMID: 33538833 PMCID: PMC8041460 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper storage and release of monoamines contributes to a wide range of neuronal activity. Here, we examine the effects of altered vesicular monoamine transport in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The gene cat-1 is responsible for the encoding of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) in C. elegans and is analogous to the mammalian vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Our laboratory has previously shown that reduced VMAT2 activity confers vulnerability on catecholamine neurons in mice. The purpose of this article was to determine whether this function is conserved and to determine the impact of reduced VMAT activity in C. elegans. Here we show that deletion of cat-1/VMAT increases sensitivity to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as measured by enhanced degeneration of dopamine neurons. Reduced cat-1/VMAT also induces changes in dopamine-mediated behaviors. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the whole organism reveals changes in amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine metabolism in the cat-1/VMAT mutants. Treatment with MPP+ disrupted tryptophan metabolism. Both conditions altered glycerophospholipid metabolism, suggesting a convergent pathway of neuronal dysfunction. Our results demonstrate the evolutionarily conserved nature of monoamine function in C. elegans and further suggest that high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics can be used in this model to study environmental and genetic contributors to complex human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Fion K Lau
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Merry Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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12
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Subrahmanian N, LaVoie MJ. Is there a special relationship between complex I activity and nigral neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease? A critical reappraisal. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147434. [PMID: 33745923 PMCID: PMC9520341 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease manifesting both motor and non-motor symptoms. The motor features are generally ascribed to the selective loss of dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. While the precise etiology of PD remains elusive, multiple genetic and environmental elements have emerged as contributing factors. The discovery of MPTP-induced parkinsonism directed intense inquiry towards mitochondrial pathways, with a specific focus on mitochondrial complex I. Consisting of more than 40 subunits, complex I is the first enzyme of the electron transport chain that is required for mitochondrial ATP production. In this review, we present a critical analysis of studies assessing the prevalence and specificity of mitochondrial complex I deficiency in PD. In addition, we take the novel view of incorporating the features of genetically-defined bona fide complex I disorders and the prevalence of nigral involvement in such cases. Through this innovative bi-directional view, we consider both complex I changes in a disease of the substantia nigra and nigral changes in diseases of complex I. We assess the strength of association between nigral cell loss and complex I deficits, as well as the oft under-appreciated heterogeneity of complex I deficiency disorders and the variability of the PD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Subrahmanian
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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13
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Zheng M, Chen M, Liu C, Fan Y, Shi D. Alkaloids extracted from Uncaria rhynchophylla demonstrate neuroprotective effects in MPTP-induced experimental parkinsonism by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113451. [PMID: 33049346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alkaloids isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. (Rubiaceae), alkaloids (URA) have been used to treat diseases related to the central nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the potential mechanisms underlying their neuroprotective effects are not well-understood. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the neuroprotective effects of URAs in a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) and the possible involvement of a molecular signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two typical experiments for animal behavior despair, the spontaneous motor activity and the rotarod experiments, were employed to evaluate the efficacy of URAs in mice with PD symptoms. Dopamine (DA) neurons and their metabolism were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mechanism of action of the alkaloids was investigated by analyzing their effects on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway using western blotting. RESULTS URA treatment effectively improved the behaviors of the mice during the "spontaneous motor activity and latency to fall off the rotarod test". Moreover, URAs demonstrated a protective role in dopaminergic neurons by increasing the expression of the dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase, which were supposed to be reduced by MPTP, inhibiting dopamine turnover, and changing dopamine and relevant metabolites. In addition to its association with the increase in the Bcl-2/Bad ratio, URA treatment also attenuated the cleaved caspase-3 level and enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that URA can effectively protect neurons from the neurotoxicity caused by MPTP in mouse models of PD by up-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhu Zheng
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Minghui Chen
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Chunming Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yajun Fan
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Dongfang Shi
- The Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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14
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Lickteig B, Wimalasena VK, Wimalasena K. N-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium Scaffold-Containing Lipophilic Compounds Are Potent Complex I Inhibitors and Selective Dopaminergic Toxins. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2977-2988. [PMID: 30929447 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact cause or causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood, it is believed that environmental factors play a major role. The discovery that a synthetic chemical, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-derived N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), recapitulates major pathophysiological characteristics of PD in humans has provided the strongest support for this possibility. While the mechanism of the selective dopaminergic toxicity of MPP+ has been extensively studied and is, in most respects, well accepted, several key aspects of the mechanism are still debatable. In the present study, we use a series of structurally related, novel, and lipophilic MPP+ derivatives [ N-(2-phenyl-1-propene)-4-phenylpyridinium] to probe the mechanism of action of MPP+ using dopaminergic MN9D and non-neuronal HepG2 cells in vitro. Here we show that effective mitochondrial complex I inhibition is necessary and that the specific uptake through plasma membrane dopamine transporter is not essential for dopaminergic toxicity of MPP+ and related toxins. We also provide strong evidence to support our previous proposal that the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic cells to MPP+ and similar toxins is likely due to the high inherent propensity of these cells to produce excessive reactive oxygen species as a downstream effect of complex I inhibition. Based on the current and previous findings, we propose that MPP+ is the simplest of a larger group of unidentified environmental dopaminergic toxins, a possibility that may have major public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lickteig
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | | | - Kandatege Wimalasena
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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15
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Nuñez MT, Chana-Cuevas P. New Perspectives in Iron Chelation Therapy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040109. [PMID: 30347635 PMCID: PMC6316457 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelation has been introduced as a new therapeutic concept for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with features of iron overload. At difference with iron chelators used in systemic diseases, effective chelators for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases must cross the blood–brain barrier. Given the promissory but still inconclusive results obtained in clinical trials of iron chelation therapy, it is reasonable to postulate that new compounds with properties that extend beyond chelation should significantly improve these results. Desirable properties of a new generation of chelators include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, and the ability to quench free radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. In addition, these chelators should have moderate iron binding affinity, sufficient to chelate excessive increments of the labile iron pool, estimated in the micromolar range, but not high enough to disrupt physiological iron homeostasis. Moreover, candidate chelators should have selectivity for the targeted neuronal type, to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment. Here, on the basis of a number of clinical trials, we discuss critically the current situation of iron chelation therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with an iron accumulation component. The list includes Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Huntington disease and Alzheimer’s disease. We also review the upsurge of new multifunctional iron chelators that in the future may replace the conventional types as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Nuñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Center for the Treatment of Movement Disorders, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Belisario Prat 1597, Santiago 83800000, Chile.
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16
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Hovde MJ, Larson GH, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Model systems for analysis of dopamine transporter function and regulation. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:13-21. [PMID: 30179648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a critical role in dopamine (DA) homeostasis by clearing transmitter from the extraneuronal space after vesicular release. DAT serves as a site of action for a variety of addictive and therapeutic reuptake inhibitors, and transport dysfunction is associated with transmitter imbalances in disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson disease. In this review, we describe some of the model systems that have been used for in vitro analyses of DAT structure, function and regulation, and discuss a potential relationship between transporter kinetic values and membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J Hovde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Garret H Larson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Roxanne A Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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17
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Mapa MST, Le VQ, Wimalasena K. Characteristics of the mitochondrial and cellular uptake of MPP+, as probed by the fluorescent mimic, 4'I-MPP. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197946. [PMID: 30138351 PMCID: PMC6107127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons and causes Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms in mammals has strengthened the environmental hypothesis of PD. The current model for the dopaminergic toxicity of MPP+ is centered on its uptake into dopaminergic neurons, accumulation into the mitochondria, inhibition of the complex-I leading to ATP depletion, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptotic cell death. However, some aspects of this mechanism and the details of the cellular and mitochondrial accumulation of MPP+ are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize a structural and functional MPP+ mimic which is suitable to study the cellular distribution and mitochondrial uptake of MPP+ in live cells and use it to identify the molecular details of these processes to advance the understanding of the mechanism of the selective dopaminergic toxicity of MPP+. Here we report the characterization of the fluorescent MPP+ derivative, 1-methyl-4-(4'-iodophenyl)pyridinium (4'I-MPP+), as a suitable candidate for this purpose. Using this novel probe, we show that cytosolic/mitochondrial Ca2+ play a critical role through the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) in the mitochondrial and cellular accumulation of MPP+ suggesting for the first time that MPP+ and related mitochondrial toxins may also exert their toxic effects through the perturbation of Ca2+ homeostasis in dopaminergic cells. We also found that the specific mitochondrial NCX (mNCX) inhibitors protect dopaminergic cells from the MPP+ and 4'I-MPP+ toxicity, most likely through the inhibition of the mitochondrial uptake, which could potentially be exploited for the development of pharmacological agents to protect the central nervous system (CNS) dopaminergic neurons from PD-causing environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mapa S T Mapa
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Viet Q Le
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kandatege Wimalasena
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, United States of America
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18
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Montgomery K, Corona C, Frye R, Barnett R, Bailey A, Fitsanakis VA. Transport of a manganese/zinc ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide may involve pre-synaptic dopaminergic transporters. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 68:66-71. [PMID: 29807111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mancozeb (MZ), an organic-metal fungicide used predominantly on vegetables and fruits, has been linked to neurodegeneration and behavioral disruptions in a variety of organisms, including humans. Both γ-aminobutyric acid and dopamine neurons appear to be more vulnerable to MZ exposure than other neuronal populations. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that MZ may be differentially transported into these cells through their presynaptic neurotransmitter transporters. To test this, we pretreated Caenorhabditis elegans with transporter antagonists followed by exposure to various concentrations of MZ. Potential neuroprotection was monitored via green fluorescence associated with various neuron populations in transgenic worm strains. Neurodegeneration associated with subacute MZ treatment (30 min) was not altered by transporter antagonist pretreatment. On the other hand, pretreatment with a dopamine transporter antagonist (GBR12909) appeared to protect dopaminergic neurons from chronic (24 h) MZ treatment. These results are consistent with other reports that dopamine transporter levels or activity may modulate toxicity for neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Montgomery
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Caleb Corona
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Rebekah Frye
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Reid Barnett
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Andrew Bailey
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
| | - Vanessa A Fitsanakis
- King University, Department of Biology, 1350 King College Road, Bristol, TN 37620, USA.
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19
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Henke A, Kovalyova Y, Dunn M, Dreier D, Gubernator NG, Dincheva I, Hwu C, Šebej P, Ansorge MS, Sulzer D, Sames D. Toward Serotonin Fluorescent False Neurotransmitters: Development of Fluorescent Dual Serotonin and Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Substrates for Visualizing Serotonin Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:925-934. [PMID: 29281252 PMCID: PMC6342556 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing efforts in our laboratories focus on design of optical reporters known as fluorescent false neurotransmitters (FFNs) that enable the visualization of uptake into, packaging within, and release from individual monoaminergic neurons and presynaptic sites in the brain. Here, we introduce the molecular probe FFN246 as an expansion of the FFN platform to the serotonergic system. Combining the acridone fluorophore with the ethylamine recognition element of serotonin, we identified FFN54 and FFN246 as substrates for both the serotonin transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). A systematic structure-activity study revealed the basic structural chemotype of aminoalkyl acridones required for serotonin transporter (SERT) activity and enabled lowering the background labeling of these probes while maintaining SERT activity, which proved essential for obtaining sufficient signal in the brain tissue (FFN246). We demonstrate the utility of FFN246 for direct examination of SERT activity and SERT inhibitors in 96-well cell culture assays, as well as specific labeling of serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the living tissue of acute mouse brain slices. While we found only minor FFN246 accumulation in serotonergic axons in murine brain tissue, FFN246 effectively traces serotonin uptake and packaging in the soma of serotonergic neurons with improved photophysical properties and loading parameters compared to known serotonin-based fluorescent tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Henke
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Yekaterina Kovalyova
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Dominik Dreier
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Niko G Gubernator
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Iva Dincheva
- Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - Christopher Hwu
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Peter Šebej
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Mark S Ansorge
- Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
- Department of Neurology , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
- Department of Pharmacology , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry and Neuro Technology Center at Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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20
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Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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21
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Herlinger AL, Almeida AR, Presti-Silva SM, Pereira EV, Andrich F, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C. Behavioral, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Using the Neurotoxin 2'-CH 3-MPTP: A Novel Approach. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:73-82. [PMID: 29332269 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin MPTP has long been used to create a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, several MPTP analogues have been developed, including 2'-CH3-MPTP, which was shown to induce nigrostriatal DA neuronal depletion more potently than MPTP. However, no study on behavioral and molecular alterations in response to 2'-CH3-MPTP has been carried out so far. In the present work, 2'-CH3-MPTP was administered to mice (2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg per injection, once a day, 5 days) and histological, biochemical, molecular and behavioral alterations were evaluated. We show that, despite a dose-dependent-like pattern observed for nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal death and dopamine depletion, dose-specific alterations in dopamine metabolism and in the expression of dopaminergic neurotransmission-associated genes could be related to specific motor deficits elicited by the different doses tested. Interestingly, 2'-CH3-MPTP leads to increased DAT and MAO-B transcription, which could explain, respectively, its higher potency and the requirement of higher doses of MAO inhibitors to prevent nigrostriatal neuronal death when compared to MPTP. Also, perturbations in dopamine metabolism as well as possible alterations in dopamine bioavailability in the synaptic cleft were also identified and correlated with strength and ambulation deficits in response to specific doses. Overall, the present work brings new evidence supporting the distinct effects of 2'-CH3-MPTP when compared to its analogue MPTP. Moreover, our data highlight the utmost importance of a precise experimental design, as different administration regimens and doses yield different biochemical, molecular and behavioral alterations, which can be explored to study specific aspects of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil. .,Department of Genetics, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Agihane Rodrigues Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Sarah Martins Presti-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Vitor Pereira
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Filipe Andrich
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Rita Gomes Wanderley Pires
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Cristina Martins-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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22
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Winner BM, Zhang H, Farthing MM, Karchalla LM, Lookingland KJ, Goudreau JL. Metabolism of Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens Astrocytes Is Preserved in Aged Mice Exposed to MPTP. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:410. [PMID: 29311899 PMCID: PMC5732926 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is prevalent in elderly individuals and is characterized by selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine (NSDA) neurons. Interestingly, not all dopamine (DA) neurons are affected equally by PD and aging, particularly mesolimbic (ML) DA neurons. Here, effects of aging were examined on presynaptic DA synthesis, reuptake, metabolism and neurotoxicant susceptibility of NSDA and mesolimbic dopamine (MLDA) neurons and astrocyte DA metabolism. There were no differences in phenotypic markers of DA synthesis, reuptake or metabolism in NSDA or MLDA neurons in aged mice, but MLDA neurons displayed lower DA stores. Astrocyte metabolism of DA to 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the striatum was decreased in aged mice, but was maintained in the nucleus accumbens. Despite diminished DA vesicular storage capacity in MLDA neurons, susceptibility to acute neurotoxicant exposure was similar in young and aged mice. These results reveal an age- and neurotoxicant-induced impairment of DA metabolic activity in astrocytes surrounding susceptible NSDA neurons as opposed to maintenance of DA metabolism in astrocytes surrounding resistant MLDA neurons, and suggest a possible therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Winner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Harue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - McKenzie M Farthing
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lalitha M Karchalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Keith J Lookingland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - John L Goudreau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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23
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Helley MP, Pinnell J, Sportelli C, Tieu K. Mitochondria: A Common Target for Genetic Mutations and Environmental Toxicants in Parkinson's Disease. Front Genet 2017; 8:177. [PMID: 29204154 PMCID: PMC5698285 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating neurological movement disorder. Since its first discovery 200 years ago, genetic and environmental factors have been identified to play a role in PD development and progression. Although genetic studies have been the predominant driving force in PD research over the last few decades, currently only a small fraction of PD cases can be directly linked to monogenic mutations. The remaining cases have been attributed to other risk associated genes, environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions, making PD a multifactorial disorder with a complex etiology. However, enormous efforts from global research have yielded significant insights into pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for PD. This review will highlight mitochondrial dysfunction as a common pathway involved in both genetic mutations and environmental toxicants linked to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Helley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Pinnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Sportelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the study was to discuss the main mechanisms associated with environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). RECENT FINDINGS Novel genetic contributors to PD are being identified at a rapid pace in addition to novel environmental factors. The discovery of mutations in alpha-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 causing inherited forms of PD along with epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies identifying herbicides, pesticides, and metals as risk factors have dramatically improved our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of PD. However, at the same time, these discoveries have also added layers of complexity to the disease. Within the last several years, the genetics associated with PD has dominated the field in many ways; however, the majority of PD cases are likely due to different combinations of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility. The most common toxicants used to model PD including rotenone, paraquat, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine have been shown to interact with many of the genes linked with PD such as alpha-synuclein. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms common between genetic and environmental factors is essential for early detection and successful translation of potential therapies, which is the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, RGE, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
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25
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Zhang S, Chen S, Liu A, Wan J, Tang L, Zheng N, Xiong Y. Inhibition of BDNF production by MPP + through up-regulation of miR-210-3p contributes to dopaminergic neuron damage in MPTP model. Neurosci Lett 2017; 675:133-139. [PMID: 29030221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been involved in supporting of neuron survival. The observation of reduced level of BDNF in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suggests its important role in neuron protection in PD pathogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the down-regulation of BDNF in PD was largely unknown. In this study, we found that miR-210-3p is involved in the regulation of BDNF production by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+ inhibits the BDNF production in SH-SY5Y cells through a transcription independent manner. Moreover, miR-210-3p, which targets BDNF mRNA, is up-regulated by MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cells. Importantly, inhibition of miR-210-3p prevents the reduction of BDNF production by MPP+ and improves the DA neuron survival in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra hydropyridine (MPTP) model. Together, we demonstrated up-regulation of miR-210-3p by MPP+ reduces the BDNF production and contributes to the DA neuron damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Anmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, SunYat-sen Memorial Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jungang Wan
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingwen Tang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Niandong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, China.
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26
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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27
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE, Vayndorf EM. Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models. Front Genet 2017; 8:77. [PMID: 28659967 PMCID: PMC5468440 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen with age. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells of the substantia nigra in the brain and loss of dopaminergic neurons. This pathology is associated with impaired movement and reduced cognitive function. The etiology of PD can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A popular animal model, the nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used to study the role of genetic and environmental factors in the molecular pathology and behavioral phenotypes associated with PD. The current review summarizes cellular markers and behavioral phenotypes in transgenic and toxin-induced PD models of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long BeachLong Beach, CA, United States
| | - Elena M Vayndorf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AK, United States
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28
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He Q, Wang Q, Yuan C, Wang Y. Downregulation of miR-7116-5p in microglia by MPP+sensitizes TNF-α production to induce dopaminergic neuron damage. Glia 2017; 65:1251-1263. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction; Institute of Neuroscience; Shanghai 200031 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Qing Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction; Institute of Neuroscience; Shanghai 200031 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Center of Cognition and Brain Science, Institute of Basic Medical Science; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Yizheng Wang
- Laboratory of Neural Signal Transduction; Institute of Neuroscience; Shanghai 200031 China
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29
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Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW. Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:20-33. [PMID: 27520881 PMCID: PMC5209277 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine was first identified as a neurotransmitter localized to the midbrain over 50 years ago. The dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) are regulators of dopamine homeostasis in the presynaptic neuron. DAT transports dopamine from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal. VMAT2 then packages this cytosolic dopamine into vesicular compartments for subsequent release upon neurotransmission. Thus, DAT and VMAT2 act in concert to move the transmitter efficiently throughout the neuron. Accumulation of dopamine in the neuronal cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, suggesting that the proper compartmentalization of dopamine is critical for neuron function and risk of disease. For decades, studies have examined the effects of reduced transporter function in mice (e.g. DAT-KO, VMAT2-KO, VMAT2-deficient). However, we have only recently been able to assess the effects of elevated transporter expression using BAC transgenic methods (DAT-tg, VMAT2-HI mice). Complemented with in vitro work and neurochemical techniques to assess dopamine compartmentalization, a new focus on the importance of transporter proteins as both models of human disease and potential drug targets has emerged. Here, we review the importance of DAT and VMAT2 function in the delicate balance of neuronal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Wimalasena K. Current Status, Gaps, and Weaknesses of the Mechanism of Selective Dopaminergic Toxicity of MPTP/MPP +. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812522-9.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Disease-Toxicant Interactions in Parkinson's Disease Neuropathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:1772-1786. [PMID: 27613618 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human disease commonly manifests as a result of complex genetic and environmental interactions. In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), understanding how environmental exposures collude with genetic polymorphisms in the central nervous system to cause dysfunction is critical in order to develop better treatment strategies, therapies, and a more cohesive paradigm for future research. The intersection of genetics and the environment in disease etiology is particularly relevant in the context of their shared pathophysiological mechanisms. This review offers an integrated view of disease-toxicant interactions in PD. Particular attention is dedicated to how mutations in the genes SNCA, parkin, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and DJ-1, as well as dysfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome system, may contribute to PD and how exposure to heavy metals, pesticides and illicit drugs may further the consequences of these mutations to exacerbate PD and PD-like disorders. Although the toxic effects induced by exposure to these environmental factors may not be the primary causes of PD, their mechanisms of action are critical for our current understanding of the neuropathologies driving PD. Elucidating how environment and genetics collude to cause pathogenesis of PD will facilitate the development of more effective treatments for the disease. Additionally, we discuss the neuroprotection exerted by estrogen and other compounds that may prevent PD and provide an overview of current treatment strategies and therapies.
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32
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Pittman JT, Dodd CA, Klein BG. Immunohistochemical Changes in the Mouse Striatum Induced by the Pyrethroid Insecticide Permethrin. Int J Toxicol 2016; 22:359-70. [PMID: 14555407 DOI: 10.1177/109158180302200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked insecticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. In addition, some insecticides produce damage or physiological disruption within the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway of non-humans. This study employed immunohistochemical analysis in striatum of the C57BL/6 mouse to clarify tissue changes suggested by previous pharmacological studies of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivities were examined in caudate-putamen to distinguish changes in amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein from degeneration or other damage to dopaminergic neuropil. Weight-matched pairs of pesticide-treated and vehicle-control mice were dosed and sacrificed on the same days. Permethrin at 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg were the low doses and at 200 mg/kg the high dose. Brains from matched pairs of mice were processed on the same slides using the avidin-biotin technique. Four fields were morphometrically located in each of the serial sections of caudateputamen, digitally photographed, and immunopositive image pixels were counted and compared between members of matched pairs of permethrin-treated and vehicle-control mice. For low doses, only 3.0 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in dopamine transporter immunostaining. The high dose of permethrin did not produce a significant change in dopamine transporter or tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, but resulted in a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining. These data suggest that a low dose of permethrin can reduce the amount of dopamine transporter immunoreactive protein in the caudate-putamen. They also suggest that previously reported reductions in dopamine uptake of striatal synaptosomes of high-dose mice may be due to nondegenerative tissue damage within this region as opposed to reductions of dopamine transporter protein or death of nigrostriatal terminals. These data provide further evidence that insecticides can affect the primary neurodegenerative substrate of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Pittman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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33
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Nandipati S, Litvan I. Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090881. [PMID: 27598189 PMCID: PMC5036714 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects millions around the world. The Braak hypothesis proposes that in PD a pathologic agent may penetrate the nervous system via the olfactory bulb, gut, or both and spreads throughout the nervous system. The agent is unknown, but several environmental exposures have been associated with PD. Here, we summarize and examine the evidence for such environmental exposures. We completed a comprehensive review of human epidemiologic studies of pesticides, selected industrial compounds, and metals and their association with PD in PubMed and Google Scholar until April 2016. Most studies show that rotenone and paraquat are linked to increased PD risk and PD-like neuropathology. Organochlorines have also been linked to PD in human and laboratory studies. Organophosphates and pyrethroids have limited but suggestive human and animal data linked to PD. Iron has been found to be elevated in PD brain tissue but the pathophysiological link is unclear. PD due to manganese has not been demonstrated, though a parkinsonian syndrome associated with manganese is well-documented. Overall, the evidence linking paraquat, rotenone, and organochlorines with PD appears strong; however, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and polychlorinated biphenyls require further study. The studies related to metals do not support an association with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Nandipati
- Department of Neurosciences Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences Movement Disorders Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Kadigamuwa CC, Mapa MST, Wimalasena K. Lipophilic Cationic Cyanines Are Potent Complex I Inhibitors and Specific in Vitro Dopaminergic Toxins with Mechanistic Similarities to Both Rotenone and MPP(.). Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1468-79. [PMID: 27510327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that simple lipophilic cationic cyanines are specific and potent dopaminergic toxins with a mechanism of toxicity similar to that of the Parkinsonian toxin MPP(+). In the present study, a group of fluorescent lipophilic cyanines have been used to further exploit the structure-activity relationship of the specific dopaminergic toxicity of cyanines. Here, we report that all cyanines tested were highly toxic to dopaminergic MN9D cells with IC50s in the range of 60-100 nM and not toxic to non-neuronal HepG2 cells parallel to that previously reported for 2,2'- and 4,4'-cyanines. All cyanines nonspecifically accumulate in the mitochondria of both MN9D and HepG2 cells at high concentrations, inhibit the mitochondrial complex I with the inhibition potencies similar to the potent complex I inhibitor, rotenone. They increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production specifically in dopaminergic cells causing apoptotic cell death. These and other findings suggest that the complex I inhibition, the expression of low levels of antioxidant enzymes, and presence of high levels of oxidatively labile radical propagator, dopamine, could be responsible for the specific increase in ROS production in dopaminergic cells. Thus, the predisposition of dopaminergic cells to produce high levels of ROS in response to mitochondrial toxins together with their inherent greater demand for energy may contribute to their specific vulnerability toward these toxins. The novel findings that cyanines are an unusual class of potent mitochondrial toxins with specific dopaminergic toxicity suggest that their presence in the environment could contribute to the etiology of PD similar to that of MPP(+) and rotenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamila C Kadigamuwa
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University , Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Mapa S T Mapa
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University , Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Kandatege Wimalasena
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University , Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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35
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Schubert KO, Weiland F, Baune BT, Hoffmann P. The use of MALDI-MSI in the investigation of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: A review. Proteomics 2016; 16:1747-58. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Weiland
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS); The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS); The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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36
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Tracer Flux Measurements to Study Outward Transport by Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters. NEUROMETHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3765-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Verma V. Classic Studies on the Interaction of Cocaine and the Dopamine Transporter. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 13:227-38. [PMID: 26598579 PMCID: PMC4662164 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter is responsible for recycling dopamine after release. Inhibitors of the dopamine transporter, such as cocaine, will stop the reuptake of dopamine and allow it to stay extracellularly, causing prominent changes at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. There is much left to be known about the mechanism and site(s) of binding, as well as the effect that cocaine administration does to dopamine transporter-cocaine binding sites and gene expression which also plays a strong role in cocaine abusers and their behavioral characteristics. Thus, if more light is shed on the dopamine transporter-cocaine interaction, treatments for addiction and even other diseases of the dopaminergic system may not be too far ahead. As today's ongoing research expands on the shoulders of classic research done in the 1990s and 2000s, the foundation of core research done in that time period will be reviewed, which forms the basis of today's work and tomorrow's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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39
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Liu K, Xu H, Xiang H, Sun P, Xie J. Protective effects of Ndfip1 on MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in MES23.5 cells and its underlying mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:215-24. [PMID: 26300475 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been implicated as one of the important mechanisms involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing evidence suggests that Ndfip1 is a neuroprotective protein, and Ndfip1-mediated protein ubiquitination might be a possible survival strategy in neuronal injury. The aim of the present study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Ndfip1 on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-treated MES23.5 cells and the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that overexpression of Ndfip1 could significantly attenuate MPP(+)-induced cell loss and nuclear condensation. Further experiments demonstrated that Ndfip1 could increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio, suppress cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to cytoplasm and decrease caspase-3 activation induced by MPP(+). These results suggested that Ndfip1 protected MES23.5 cells against MPP(+) by its anti-apoptotic effect. In addition, we found that Ndfip1 overexpression could decrease the protein level of dopamine transporter (DAT). In parallel, proteasome inhibitor MG132 could markedly reverse Ndfip1-induced degradation of DAT. These data suggest that Ndfip1 exerts its inhibitory effect on DAT by modulating DAT degradation, in which ubiquitin-proteasome system activation might be involved. Collectively, our study indicated that the ability to decrease the DAT of Ndfip1 might be one of the mechanisms underlying its protective effect on MPP(+)-induced cell damage in MES23.5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huamin Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hengwei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Kadigamuwa CC, Le VQ, Wimalasena K. 2, 2'- and 4, 4'-Cyanines are transporter-independent in vitro dopaminergic toxins with the specificity and mechanism of toxicity similar to MPP⁺. J Neurochem 2015; 135:755-67. [PMID: 26094622 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specific uptake through dopamine transporter followed by the inhibition of the mitochondrial complex-I have been accepted as the cause of the specific dopaminergic toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ). However, MPP(+) is taken up into many cell types through other transporters, suggesting that, in addition to the efficient uptake, intrinsic vulnerability of dopaminergic cells may also contribute to their high sensitivity to MPP(+) and similar toxins. To test this possibility, two simple cyanines were employed in a comparative study based on their unique characteristics and structural similarity to MPP(+) . Here, we show that they freely accumulate in dopaminergic (MN9D and SH-SY5Y) as well as in liver (HepG2) cells, but are specifically and highly toxic to dopaminergic cells with IC50s in the range of 50-100 nM, demonstrating that they are about 1000-fold more toxic than MPP(+) under similar experimental conditions. They cause mitochondrial depolarization non-specifically, but increase the reactive oxygen species specifically in dopaminergic cells leading to the apoptotic cell death parallel to MPP(+) . These and other findings suggest that the specific dopaminergic toxicity of these cyanines is due to the inherent vulnerability of dopaminergic cells toward mitochondrial toxins that lead to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the specific dopaminergic toxicity of MPP(+) must also be, at least partly, due to the specific vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, these cyanines could be stronger in vivo dopaminergic toxins than MPP(+) and their in vivo toxicities must be evaluated. Here, we show that cationic lipophilic cyanines with structural similarity to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) freely accumulate non-specifically, but only toxic to dopaminergic cells. They are 1000-fold more toxic than MPP(+) under similar conditions. They cause mitochondrial depolarization non-specifically, but increase the ROS specifically in dopaminergic cells leading to the apoptotic cell death parallel to MPP(+) . Thus, the specific dopaminergic toxicity of MPP(+) and related toxins could be due to the intrinsic vulnerability of dopaminergic cells toward mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viet Q Le
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
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Abstract
Striatal GABAergic interneurons that express the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) have been identified previously by several methods. Although generally assumed to be dopaminergic, possibly serving as a compensatory source of dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease, this assumption has never been tested directly. In TH-Cre mice whose nigrostriatal pathway had been eliminated unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine, we injected a Cre-dependent virus coding for channelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein unilaterally into the unlesioned midbrain or bilaterally into the striatum. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in striatal slices revealed that both optical and electrical stimulation readily elicited DA release in control striata but not from contralateral striata when nigrostriatal neurons were transduced. In contrast, neither optical nor electrical stimulation could elicit striatal DA release in either the control or lesioned striata when the virus was injected directly into the striatum transducing only striatal TH interneurons. This demonstrates that striatal TH interneurons do not release DA. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-TH mice revealed colocalization of DA, l-amino acid decarboxylase, the DA transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 with EGFP in midbrain dopaminergic neurons but not in any of the striatal EGFP-TH interneurons. Optogenetic activation of striatal EGFP-TH interneurons produced strong GABAergic inhibition in all spiny neurons tested. These results indicate that striatal TH interneurons are not dopaminergic but rather are a type of GABAergic interneuron that expresses TH but none of the other enzymes or transporters necessary to operate as dopaminergic neurons and exert widespread GABAergic inhibition onto direct and indirect spiny neurons.
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Richardson JR, Taylor MM, Shalat SL, Guillot TS, Caudle WM, Hossain MM, Mathews TA, Jones SR, Cory-Slechta DA, Miller GW. Developmental pesticide exposure reproduces features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. FASEB J 2015; 29:1960-72. [PMID: 25630971 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect 8-12% of school-age children worldwide. ADHD is a complex disorder with significant genetic contributions. However, no single gene has been linked to a significant percentage of cases, suggesting that environmental factors may contribute to ADHD. Here, we used behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical techniques to characterize the effects of developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin. We also used epidemiologic methods to determine whether there is an association between pyrethroid exposure and diagnosis of ADHD. Mice exposed to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin during development exhibit several features reminiscent of ADHD, including elevated dopamine transporter (DAT) levels, hyperactivity, working memory and attention deficits, and impulsive-like behavior. Increased DAT and D1 dopamine receptor levels appear to be responsible for the behavioral deficits. Epidemiologic data reveal that children aged 6-15 with detectable levels of pyrethroid metabolites in their urine were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. Our epidemiologic finding, combined with the recapitulation of ADHD behavior in pesticide-treated mice, provides a mechanistic basis to suggest that developmental pyrethroid exposure is a risk factor for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michele M Taylor
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stuart L Shalat
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas S Guillot
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - W Michael Caudle
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany A Mathews
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sara R Jones
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- *Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Jackson-Lewis V, Lester D, Kozina E, Przedborski S, Smeyne RJ. From Man to Mouse. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Lebel M, Robinson P, Cyr M. Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: The Role of Dopamine Receptor Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 34:18-29. [PMID: 17352343 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100005746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptors, which are heavily expressed in the caudate/putamen of the brain, represent the molecular target of several drugs used in the treatment of various neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Although most of the drugs are very effective in alleviating the symptoms associated with these conditions, their long-term utilization could lead to the development of severe side-effects. In addition to uncovering novel mediators of physiological DA receptor functions, recent research advances are suggesting a role of these receptors in toxic effects on neurons. For instance, accumulating evidence indicates that DA receptors, particularly D1 receptors, are central in the neuronal toxicity induced by elevated synaptic levels of DA. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on DA receptors as regulators of long term neuronal dysfunction and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lebel
- Neuroscience Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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45
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Streifel KM, Gonzales AL, De Miranda B, Mouneimne R, Earley S, Tjalkens R. Dopaminergic neurotoxicants cause biphasic inhibition of purinergic calcium signaling in astrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110996. [PMID: 25365260 PMCID: PMC4217743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic nuclei in the basal ganglia are highly sensitive to damage from oxidative stress, inflammation, and environmental neurotoxins. Disruption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent calcium (Ca2+) transients in astrocytes may represent an important target of such stressors that contributes to neuronal injury by disrupting critical Ca2+-dependent trophic functions. We therefore postulated that plasma membrane cation channels might be a common site of inhibition by structurally distinct cationic neurotoxicants that could modulate ATP-induced Ca2+ signals in astrocytes. To test this, we examined the capacity of two dopaminergic neurotoxicants to alter ATP-dependent Ca2+ waves and transients in primary murine striatal astrocytes: MPP+, the active metabolite of 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Both compounds acutely decreased ATP-induced Ca2+ transients and waves in astrocytes and blocked OAG-induced Ca2+ influx at micromolar concentrations, suggesting the transient receptor potential channel, TRPC3, as an acute target. MPP+ inhibited 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG)-induced Ca2+ transients similarly to the TRPC3 antagonist, pyrazole-3, whereas 6-OHDA only partly suppressed OAG-induced transients. RNAi directed against TRPC3 inhibited the ATP-induced transient as well as entry of extracellular Ca2+, which was augmented by MPP+. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments in primary astrocytes and TRPC3-overexpressing cells demonstrated that acute application of MPP+ completely blocked OAG-induced TRPC3 currents, whereas 6-OHDA only partially inhibited OAG currents. These findings indicate that MPP+ and 6-OHDA inhibit ATP-induced Ca2+ signals in astrocytes in part by interfering with purinergic receptor mediated activation of TRPC3, suggesting a novel pathway in glia that could contribute to neurotoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Streifel
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Albert L. Gonzales
- Vascular Physiology Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Briana De Miranda
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rola Mouneimne
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott Earley
- Vascular Physiology Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald Tjalkens
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Masoud ST, Vecchio LM, Bergeron Y, Hossain MM, Nguyen LT, Bermejo MK, Kile B, Sotnikova TD, Siesser WB, Gainetdinov RR, Wightman RM, Caron MG, Richardson JR, Miller GW, Ramsey AJ, Cyr M, Salahpour A. Increased expression of the dopamine transporter leads to loss of dopamine neurons, oxidative stress and l-DOPA reversible motor deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:66-75. [PMID: 25447236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter is a key protein responsible for regulating dopamine homeostasis. Its function is to transport dopamine from the extracellular space into the presynaptic neuron. Studies have suggested that accumulation of dopamine in the cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Previously, ectopic expression of the dopamine transporter was shown to cause damage in non-dopaminergic neurons due to their inability to handle cytosolic dopamine. However, it is unknown whether increasing dopamine transporter activity will be detrimental to dopamine neurons that are inherently capable of storing and degrading dopamine. To address this issue, we characterized transgenic mice that over-express the dopamine transporter selectively in dopamine neurons. We report that dopamine transporter over-expressing (DAT-tg) mice display spontaneous loss of midbrain dopamine neurons that is accompanied by increases in oxidative stress markers, 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine and 5-S-cysteinyl-DOPAC. In addition, metabolite-to-dopamine ratios are increased and VMAT2 protein expression is decreased in the striatum of these animals. Furthermore, DAT-tg mice also show fine motor deficits on challenging beam traversal that are reversed with l-DOPA treatment. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that even in neurons that routinely handle dopamine, increased uptake of this neurotransmitter through the dopamine transporter results in oxidative damage, neuronal loss and l-DOPA reversible motor deficits. In addition, DAT over-expressing animals are highly sensitive to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. The effects of increased dopamine uptake in these transgenic mice could shed light on the unique vulnerability of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - L M Vecchio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Y Bergeron
- Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada.
| | - M M Hossain
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, EOHSI 340, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - L T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - M K Bermejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - B Kile
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - T D Sotnikova
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy; Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - W B Siesser
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - R R Gainetdinov
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy; Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025 Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - R M Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - M G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - J R Richardson
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, EOHSI 340, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - G W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - A J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - M Cyr
- Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada.
| | - A Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle - Rm 4302, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Raineri M, González B, Rivero-Echeto C, Muñiz JA, Gutiérrez ML, Ghanem CI, Cadet JL, García-Rill E, Urbano FJ, Bisagno V. Differential effects of environment-induced changes in body temperature on modafinil's actions against methamphetamine-induced striatal toxicity in mice. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:71-83. [PMID: 25261212 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure can produce hyperthermia that might lead to toxicity and death. Modafinil is a wake-promoting compound that is also been prescribed off-label to treat METH dependence. Modafinil has shown neuroprotective properties against METH harmful effects in animal models. The goal of the present study was to test if the prevention of hyperthermia might play a role on the neuroprotective actions of modafinil against METH toxicity using various ambient temperatures. METH was administered to female C57BL/6 mice in a binge regimen: 4 × 5 mg/kg, 2 h apart; modafinil (90 mg/kg) was injected twice, 1 h before first and fourth METH injections. Drugs were given at cold ambient temperature (14 °C) or hot ambient temperature (29 °C). Body temperature was measured during treatments. Brains were dissected out 6 days after treatments and processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), GFAP and c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Exposure to hot ambient temperature exacerbated METH toxicity evidenced by striatal reductions in TH and DAT and increased GFAP immmunoreactivity. Modafinil counteracted reductions in TH and DAT, but failed to block astroglial activation. At both ambient temperatures tested modafinil did induce increments in GFAP, but the magnitude was significantly lower than the one induced by METH. Both drugs induced increases in c-Fos positive nuclei; modafinil did not block this effect. Our results suggest that protective effects of modafinil against METH-induced neurotoxicity may be dependent, in part, to its hypothermic effects. Nevertheless, modafinil maintained some protective properties on METH-induced alterations in the striatum at different ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Raineri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, piso 5, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men. This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by biological sex differences in the NSDA system which, in turn, arise from hormonal, genetic and environmental influences. Current therapies for PD rely on dopamine replacement strategies to treat symptoms, and there is an urgent, unmet need for disease modifying agents. As a significant degree of neuroprotection against the early stages of clinical or experimental PD is seen, respectively, in human and rodent females compared with males, a better understanding of brain sex dimorphisms in the intact and injured NSDA system will shed light on mechanisms which have the potential to delay, or even halt, the progression of PD. Available evidence suggests that sex-specific, hormone-based therapeutic agents hold particular promise for developing treatments with optimal efficacy in men and women.
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49
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Meredith GE, Rademacher DJ. MPTP mouse models of Parkinson's disease: an update. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 1:19-33. [PMID: 23275799 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-2011-11023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the most widely used models of Parkinson's disease (PD) are those that employ toxins, especially 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Depending on the protocol used, MPTP yields large variations in nigral cell loss, striatal dopamine loss and behavioral deficits. Motor deficits do not fully replicate those seen in PD. Nonetheless, MPTP mouse models mimic many aspects of the disease and are therefore important tools for understanding PD. In this review, we will discuss the ability of MPTP mouse models to replicate the pathophysiology of PD, the mechanisms of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, strain differences in susceptibility to MPTP, and the models' roles in testing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria E Meredith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.
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50
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Zhou Y, Michelhaugh SK, Schmidt CJ, Liu JS, Bannon MJ, Lin Z. Ventral midbrain correlation between genetic variation and expression of the dopamine transporter gene in cocaine-abusing versus non-abusing subjects. Addict Biol 2014; 19:122-31. [PMID: 22026501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Altered activity of the human dopamine transporter gene (hDAT) is associated with several common and severe brain disorders, including cocaine abuse. However, there is little a priori information on whether such alterations are due to nature (genetic variation) or nurture (human behaviors such as cocaine abuse). This study investigated the correlation between seven markers throughout hDAT and its mRNA levels in postmortem ventral midbrain tissues from 18 cocaine abusers and 18 strictly matched drug-free controls in the African-American population. Here, we show that one major haplotype with the same frequency in cocaine abusers versus drug-free controls displays a 37.1% reduction of expression levels in cocaine abusers compared with matched controls (P=0.0057). The most studied genetic marker, variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) located in Exon 15 (3'VNTR), is not correlated with hDAT mRNA levels. A 5' upstream VNTR (rs70957367) has repeat numbers that are positively correlated with expression levels in controls (r(2)=0.9536, P=0.0235), but this positive correlation disappears in cocaine abusers. The findings suggest that varying hDAT activity is attributable to both genetics and cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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