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Shen Z, Xiang M, Chen C, Ding F, Wang Y, Shang C, Xin L, Zhang Y, Cui X. Glutamate excitotoxicity: Potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113125. [PMID: 35609367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is an important mechanism leading to post ischemic stroke damage. After acute stroke, the sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow is most initially followed by ion transport protein dysfunction and disruption of ion homeostasis, which in turn leads to impaired glutamate release, reuptake, and excessive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, promoting neuronal death. Despite extensive evidence from preclinical studies suggesting that excessive NMDAR stimulation during ischemic stroke is a central step in post-stroke damage, NMDAR blockers have failed to translate into clinical stroke treatment. Current treatment options for stroke are very limited, and there is therefore a great need to develop new targets for neuroprotective therapeutic agents in ischemic stroke to extend the therapeutic time window. In this review, we highlight recent findings on glutamate release, reuptake mechanisms, NMDAR and its downstream cellular signaling pathways in post-ischemic stroke damage, and review the pathological changes in each link to help develop viable new therapeutic targets. We then also summarize potential neuroprotective drugs and therapeutic approaches for these new targets in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Laiyun Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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2
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Fronza MG, Baldinotti R, Fetter J, Rosa SG, Sacramento M, Nogueira CW, Alves D, Praticò D, Savegnago L. Beneficial effects of QTC-4-MeOBnE in an LPS-induced mouse model of depression and cognitive impairments: The role of blood-brain barrier permeability, NF-κB signaling, and microglial activation. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:177-191. [PMID: 34624485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical investigations have suggested a possible biological link betweenmajor depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, a pharmacologic approach to treating MDD could be envisioned as a preventative therapy for some AD cases. In line with this, 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxamide (QTC-4-MeOBnE) is characterized as an inhibitor of β-secretase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and acetylcholinesterase and has also shown secondary effects underlying the modulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity pathways. Therefore, we investigated the effects of QTC-4-MeOBnE treatment (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) on depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairments elicited by repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 μg/kg) in mice. Injections of LPS for seven days led to memory impairments and depressive-like behavior, as evidenced in the Y-maze/object recognition test and forced swimming/splash tests, respectively. However, these impairments were prevented in mice that, after the last LPS injection, were also treated with QTC-4-MeOBnE (1 mg/kg). This effect was associated with restoring blood-brain barrier permeability, reducing oxidative/nitrosative biomarkers, and decreasing neuroinflammation mediated NF-κB signaling in the hippocampus and cortex of the mice. To further investigate the involvement with NF-κB signaling, we evaluated the effects of QTC-4-MeOBnE on microglial cell activation through canonical and non-canonical pathways and the modulation of the involved components. Together, our findings highlight the pharmacological benefits of QTC-4-MeOBnE in a mouse model of sickness behavior and memory impairments, supporting the novel concept that since this molecule produces anti-depressant activity, it could also be beneficial for preventing AD onset and related dementias in subjects suffering from MDD through inflammatory pathway modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Baldinotti
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Fetter
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity and Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organocalcogens, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoela Sacramento
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), UFPel, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity and Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organocalcogens, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), UFPel, RS, Brazil
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple - ACT, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Centre for Technology Development CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Kalotra S, Kaur G. PSA mimetic 5-nonyloxytryptamine protects cerebellar neurons against glutamate induced excitotoxicity: An in vitro perspective. Neurotoxicology 2020; 82:69-81. [PMID: 33197482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PSA-NCAM is a molecule of therapeutic interest for its key role in promoting neuritogenesis and synaptic plasticity. The current study was aimed to investigate the neuroregenerative potential of 5-nonyloxytryptamine (5-NOT) as PSA mimetic compound against glutamate induced excitotoxicity. 2D and 3D cultures of cerebellar neurons challenged with glutamate were used to ascertain the effect of 5-NOT on neurite outgrowth, migration and expression of neuronal plasticity markers. Glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the major underlying pathological factor responsible for neurodegeneration in various neurological disorders such as trauma, stroke, ischemia, epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases.5-NOT treatment was observed to promote axonal growth and defasiculation in glutamate challenged neurons as well as promoted the migration of cerebellar neurons in both wound scratched area and cerebellar explant cultures. Further, 5-NOT treatment upregulated the expression of synaptic plasticity and cell survival pathway proteins which showed reduced expression after glutamate induced excitotoxicity. Thus, this preliminary data reveals thatPSA-mimetic,5-NOT may prove to be a potential neuroprotective candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kalotra
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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4
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Yang X, Zhang H, Wu J, Yin L, Yan LJ, Zhang C. Humanin Attenuates NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity by Inhibiting ROS-dependent JNK/p38 MAPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102982. [PMID: 30274308 PMCID: PMC6213259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a novel 24-amino acid peptide that protects neurons against N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced toxicity. However, the contribution of the different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signals to HN neuroprotection against NMDA neurotoxicity remains unclear. The present study was therefore aimed to investigate neuroprotective mechanisms of HN. We analyzed intracellular Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the MAPKs signal transduction cascade using an in vitro NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity of cortical neurons model. Results showed that: (1) HN attenuated NMDA-induced neuronal insults by increasing cell viability, decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and increasing cell survival; (2) HN reversed NMDA-induced increase in intracellular calcium; (3) pretreatment by HN or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM), an intracellular calcium chelator, decreased ROS generation after NMDA exposure; (4) administration of HN or N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, inhibited NMDA-induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation. These results indicated that HN reduced intracellular elevation of Ca2+ levels, which, in turn, inhibited ROS generation and subsequent JNK and p38 MAPK activation that are involved in promoting cell survival in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Therefore, the present study suggests that inhibition of ROS-dependent JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway serves an effective strategy for HN neuroprotection against certain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Litian Yin
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Ce Zhang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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5
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Capture of Dense Core Vesicles at Synapses by JNK-Dependent Phosphorylation of Synaptotagmin-4. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2118-2133. [PMID: 29166604 PMCID: PMC5714612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of neurotrophins and neuropeptides via long-range trafficking of dense core vesicles (DCVs) from the cell soma to nerve terminals is essential for synapse modulation and circuit function. But the mechanism by which transiting DCVs are captured at specific sites is unknown. Here, we discovered that Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) regulates the capture and spatial distribution of DCVs in hippocampal neurons. We found that DCVs are highly mobile and undergo long-range translocation but switch directions only at the distal ends of axons, revealing a circular trafficking pattern. Phosphorylation of serine 135 of Syt4 by JNK steers DCV trafficking by destabilizing Syt4-Kif1A interaction, leading to a transition from microtubule-dependent DCV trafficking to capture at en passant presynaptic boutons by actin. Furthermore, neuronal activity increased DCV capture via JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the S135 site of Syt4. Our data reveal a mechanism that ensures rapid, site-specific delivery of DCVs to synapses. Syt4-bearing dense core vesicles in axons traffic continually in a circular pattern Phosphorylation of S135 of Syt4 by JNK destabilizes Syt4-Kif1A binding Destabilized Syt4-Kif1A binding promotes capture of vesicles at synapses by actin Neuronal activity increases vesicle capture via S135-dependent JNK phosphorylation
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6
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Pose-Utrilla J, García-Guerra L, Del Puerto A, Martín A, Jurado-Arjona J, De León-Reyes NS, Gamir-Morralla A, Sebastián-Serrano Á, García-Gallo M, Kremer L, Fielitz J, Ireson C, Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Ferrer I, Hernández F, Ávila J, Lasa M, Campanero MR, Iglesias T. Excitotoxic inactivation of constitutive oxidative stress detoxification pathway in neurons can be rescued by PKD1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2275. [PMID: 29273751 PMCID: PMC5741635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, a critical process in neurodegeneration, induces oxidative stress and neuronal death through mechanisms largely unknown. Since oxidative stress activates protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in tumor cells, we investigated the effect of excitotoxicity on neuronal PKD1 activity. Unexpectedly, we find that excitotoxicity provokes an early inactivation of PKD1 through a dephosphorylation-dependent mechanism mediated by protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and dual specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1). This step turns off the IKK/NF-κB/SOD2 antioxidant pathway. Neuronal PKD1 inactivation by pharmacological inhibition or lentiviral silencing in vitro, or by genetic inactivation in neurons in vivo, strongly enhances excitotoxic neuronal death. In contrast, expression of an active dephosphorylation-resistant PKD1 mutant potentiates the IKK/NF-κB/SOD2 oxidative stress detoxification pathway and confers neuroprotection from in vitro and in vivo excitotoxicity. Our results indicate that PKD1 inactivation underlies excitotoxicity-induced neuronal death and suggest that PKD1 inactivation may be critical for the accumulation of oxidation-induced neuronal damage during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Excitotoxicity due to excessive glutamate release causes oxidative stress and neuronal death, and is a feature of many brain diseases. Here the authors show that protein kinase D1 is inactivated by excitotoxicity in a model of stroke and that its activation can be neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pose-Utrilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía García-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Del Puerto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham Martín
- Experimental Molecular Imaging (Molecular Imaging Unit), CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon, 182, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Jurado-Arjona
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Noelia S De León-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gamir-Morralla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Gallo
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens Fielitz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Brandenburg and Medical University Brandenburg (MHB), Bernau, 16321, Germany
| | - Christofer Ireson
- Cancer Research Technology, London, EC1V 4AD, UK.,Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services, 14 Hanover Street, London, W1S 1YH, UK
| | - Mª José Pérez-Álvarez
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Unidad Docente Fisiología Animal), UAM, C/ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Neuropatología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, C/ Feixa LLarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolas Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Lasa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel R Campanero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERCV, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Teresa Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor downregulates immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein expression after repeated cocaine administration in the rat dorsal striatum. Neurosci Lett 2017; 644:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Lee HK, Kim ID, Kim SW, Lee H, Park JY, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Anti-inflammatory and anti-excitoxic effects of diethyl oxopropanamide, an ethyl pyruvate bioisoster, exert robust neuroprotective effects in the postischemic brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42891. [PMID: 28220827 PMCID: PMC5318887 DOI: 10.1038/srep42891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a simple aliphatic ester of pyruvic acid and has been shown to have robust neuroprotective effects via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic functions. In an effort to develop novel EP derivatives with greater protective potencies than EP, we generated four EP isosteres, among them the neuroprotective potency of N,N-diethyl-2-oxopropanamide (DEOPA), in which the ethoxy group of EP was replaced with diethylamine, was far greater than that of EP. When DEOPA was administered intravenously (5 mg/kg) to rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model at 6 hrs post-surgery, it suppressed infarct formation, ameliorated neurological and sensory/motor deficits, and inhibited microglial activation and neutrophil infiltrations in the postischemic brain more effectively than EP. In particular, DEOPA markedly suppressed LPS-induced nitrite production and cytokine/chemokine inductions in microglia, neutrophils, and endothelial cells and these effects are attributable to inhibition of the activity of NF-κB by suppressing IκB-α degradation and p65 to DNA binding. In addition, DEOPA suppressed NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in primary cortical neuron cultures by NAD replenishment and suppression of NF-κB activity. Together, these results indicate DEOPA has multi-modal protective effects against ischemic brain damage targeting numerous cell types in the brain and also against other inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kim SW, Choi KJ, Park JY, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Neuroprotective effect of triflusal and its main metabolite, 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB), in the postischemic brain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:59-64. [PMID: 28189746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB) is a metabolite of triflusal (TF), and has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the authors investigated whether HTB has a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain injuries. We showed that intravenous administration of HTB (5mg/kg) 30min before or 1, 3, or 6h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduced brain infarct to 10.4±3.3%, 16.9±2.3%, 22.2±1.5% and 40.7±7.5%, respectively, of that of treatment-naive MCAO controls, and the therapeutic time window extended to 9h after MCAO (40.7±7.5%). Furthermore, HTB suppressed infarct formation, protected motor activities, and ameliorated neurological deficits more effectively than by TF or salicylic acid (SA). HTB markedly suppressed microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines expressions in the postischemic brain and in BV2 cells and suppressed LPS-induced nitrite production by inhibiting IkB degradation. In addition, HTB suppressed NMDA-induced neuronal cell death more effectively than TF or SA in primary cortical neuron cultures. Together, these results indicate that HTB has multi-modal protective effects against ischemic brain damage that encompass anti-inflammatory, anti-excitotoxicity, and anti-Zn2+-toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Jin Choi
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Snow WM, Albensi BC. Neuronal Gene Targets of NF-κB and Their Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:118. [PMID: 27881951 PMCID: PMC5101203 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, better known for its role in inflammation, the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has more recently been implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. This has been, in part, to the discovery of its localization not just in glia, cells that are integral to mediating the inflammatory process in the brain, but also neurons. Several effectors of neuronal NF-κB have been identified, including calcium, inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha), and the induction of experimental paradigms thought to reflect learning and memory at the cellular level (i.e., long-term potentiation). NF-κB is also activated after learning and memory formation in vivo. In turn, activation of NF-κB can elicit either suppression or activation of other genes. Studies are only beginning to elucidate the multitude of neuronal gene targets of NF-κB in the normal brain, but research to date has confirmed targets involved in a wide array of cellular processes, including cell signaling and growth, neurotransmission, redox signaling, and gene regulation. Further, several lines of research confirm dysregulation of NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disorder characterized clinically by a profound deficit in the ability to form new memories. AD-related neuropathology includes the characteristic amyloid beta plaque formation and neurofibrillary tangles. Although, such neuropathological findings have been hypothesized to contribute to memory deficits in AD, research has identified perturbations at the cellular and synaptic level that occur even prior to more gross pathologies, including transcriptional dysregulation. Indeed, synaptic disturbances appear to be a significant correlate of cognitive deficits in AD. Given the more recently identified role for NF-κB in memory and synaptic transmission in the normal brain, the expansive network of gene targets of NF-κB, and its dysregulation in AD, a thorough understanding of NF-κB-related signaling in AD is warranted and may have important implications for uncovering treatments for the disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of our current understanding of the gene targets of this transcription factor in neurons in the intact brain and provide an overview of studies investigating NF-κB signaling, including its downstream targets, in the AD brain as a means of uncovering the basic physiological mechanisms by which memory becomes fragile in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital ResearchWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital ResearchWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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11
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Jaeger HM, Pehlke JR, Kaltwasser B, Kilic E, Bähr M, Hermann DM, Doeppner TR. The indirect NMDAR inhibitor flupirtine induces sustained post-ischemic recovery, neuroprotection and angioneurogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14033-44. [PMID: 26050199 PMCID: PMC4546449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation induces excitotoxicity, contributing to post-stroke brain injury. Hitherto, NMDAR deactivation failed in clinical trials due to insufficient pre-clinical study designs and drug toxicity. Flupirtine is an indirect NMDAR antagonist being used as analgesic in patients. Taking into account its tolerability profile, we evaluated effects of flupirtine on post-stroke tissue survival, neurological recovery and brain remodeling. Mice were exposed to stroke and intraperitoneally treated with saline (control) or flupirtine at various doses (1-10 mg/kg) and time-points (0-12 hours). Tissue survival and cell signaling were studied on day 2, whereas neurological recovery and tissue remodeling were analyzed until day 84. Flupirtine induced sustained neuroprotection, when delivered up to 9 hours. The latter yielded enhanced neurological recovery that persisted over three months and which was accompanied by enhanced angioneurogenesis. On the molecular level, inhibition of calpain activation was noted, which was associated with increased signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription-6 (STAT6) abundance, reduced N-terminal-Jun-kinase and NF-κB activation, as well as reduced proteasomal activity. Consequently, blood-brain-barrier integrity was stabilized, oxidative stress was reduced and brain leukocyte infiltration was diminished. In view of its excellent tolerability, considering its sustained effects on neurological recovery, brain tissue survival and remodeling, flupirtine is an attractive candidate for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Jaeger
- University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens R Pehlke
- LWL-Klinik Muenster, Department of Addiction Disorders, Muenster, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Essen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mathias Bähr
- University of Goettingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Essen, Germany.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Nakano N, Ikeda HO, Hasegawa T, Muraoka Y, Iwai S, Tsuruyama T, Nakano M, Fuchigami T, Shudo T, Kakizuka A, Yoshimura N. Neuroprotective effects of VCP modulators in mouse models of glaucoma. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00096. [PMID: 27441270 PMCID: PMC4946081 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a major cause of adult blindness due to gradual death of retinal ganglion cells. Currently, no therapeutics are available for the protection of these cells from the cell death. We have recently succeeded in synthesizing novel compounds, KUSs (Kyoto University Substances), which can reduce cellular ATP consumption by specifically inhibiting the ATPase activities of VCP, a major ATPase in the cell, and we have shown that KUSs could mitigate the disease progression of rd10, a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, without any apparent side effects. Here we show that KUSs (e.g. KUS121 and KUS187) can prevent antimycin- and oligomycin-induced ATP depletion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and cell death in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Furthermore, KUSs manifest significant efficacies on several mouse models of glaucoma. KUS administration prevented or mitigated ER stress and subsequent apoptotic cell death of retinal ganglion cells in an acute injury mouse model of retinal ganglion cell loss, which was induced with N-methyl-D-aspartate. In a mouse model of glaucoma with high intraocular pressure, KUSs prevented the typical glaucoma pathologies, i.e. enlargement of optic disc cupping and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. KUSs also preserved visual functions in GLAST knockout mice, a mouse model for chronic retinal ganglion cell loss. We propose “ATP maintenance” via inhibition of ATPase activities of VCP as a promising new neuroprotective strategy for currently incurable eye diseases, such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hanako Ohashi Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Muraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iwai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Tsuruyama
- Center for Anatomical Studies, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakano
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Shudo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Daito Chemix, Ishibashi-cho Fukui-city Fukui 910-3137, Japan
| | - Akira Kakizuka
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
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Pereira RB, Andrade PB, Valentão P. A Comprehensive View of the Neurotoxicity Mechanisms of Cocaine and Ethanol. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:253-67. [PMID: 26105693 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorder is an emerging problem concerning to human health, causing severe side effects, including neurotoxicity. The use of illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs are growing in this century, being one of the major public health problems. Ethanol and cocaine are one of the most frequently used drugs and, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, their concurrent consumption is one of the major causes for emergency hospital room visits. These molecules act in the brain through different mechanisms, altering the nervous system function. Researchers have focused the attention not just in the mechanism of action of these drugs, but also in the mechanism by which they damage the nervous tissue (neurotoxicity). Therefore, the goal of the present review is to provide a global perspective about the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of cocaine and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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14
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McNeill MS, Robinson GE. Voxel-based analysis of the immediate early gene, c-jun, in the honey bee brain after a sucrose stimulus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:377-390. [PMID: 25773289 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immediate early genes (IEGs) have served as useful markers of brain neuronal activity in mammals, and more recently in insects. The mammalian canonical IEG, c-jun, is part of regulatory pathways conserved in insects and has been shown to be responsive to alarm pheromone in honey bees. We tested whether c-jun was responsive in honey bees to another behaviourally relevant stimulus, sucrose, in order to further identify the brain regions involved in sucrose processing. To identify responsive regions, we developed a new method of voxel-based analysis of c-jun mRNA expression. We found that c-jun is expressed in somata throughout the brain. It was rapidly induced in response to sucrose stimuli, and it responded in somata near the antennal and mechanosensory motor centre, mushroom body calices and lateral protocerebrum, which are known to be involved in sucrose processing. c-jun also responded to sucrose in somata near the lateral suboesophageal ganglion, dorsal optic lobe, ventral optic lobe and dorsal posterior protocerebrum, which had not been previously identified by other methods. These results demonstrate the utility of voxel-based analysis of mRNA expression in the insect brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S McNeill
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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15
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Han N, Yu L, Song Z, Luo L, Wu Y. Agmatine protects Müller cells from high-concentration glucose-induced cell damage via N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor inhibition. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1098-106. [PMID: 25816073 PMCID: PMC4438955 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injury is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Müller cells provide structural and metabolic support for retinal neurons. High glucose concentrations are known to induce Müller cell activity. Agmatine is an endogenous polyamine, which is enzymatically formed in the mammalian brain and has exhibited neuroprotective effects in a number of experimental models. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether agmatine protects Müller cells from glucose-induced damage and to explore the mechanisms underlying this process. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression were significantly reduced in Müller cells exposed to a high glucose concentration, following agmatine treatment, compared with cells not treated with agmatine. In addition, agmatine treatment inhibited glucose-induced Müller cell apoptosis, which was associated with the regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Agmatine treatment suppressed glucose-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein in Müller cells. The present study demonstrated that the protective effects of agmatine on Müller cells were inhibited by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA). The results of the present study suggested that agmatine treatment protects Müller cells from high-concentration glucose-induced cell damage. The underlying mechanisms may relate to the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of agmatine, as well as to the inhibition of the MAPK pathway, via NMDA receptor suppression. Agmatine may be of use in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhidu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Lifu Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yazhen Wu
- Department of Ocular Fundus Disease, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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16
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Rumora L, Domijan AM, Žanić Grubišić T, Šegvić Klarić M. Differential activation of MAPKs by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Toxicon 2014; 90:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Ryu IS, Choe ES. Cocaine challenge increases the expression of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Lett 2014; 577:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Winchester CL, Ohzeki H, Vouyiouklis DA, Thompson R, Penninger JM, Yamagami K, Norrie JD, Hunter R, Pratt JA, Morris BJ. Converging evidence that sequence variations in the novel candidate gene MAP2K7 (MKK7) are functionally associated with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4910-21. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Induction of neuronal death by microglial AGE-albumin: implications for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37917. [PMID: 22662249 PMCID: PMC3360664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have long been considered as potent molecules promoting neuronal cell death and contributing to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we demonstrate that AGE-albumin, the most abundant AGE product in human AD brains, is synthesized in activated microglial cells and secreted into the extracellular space. The rate of AGE-albumin synthesis in human microglial cells is markedly increased by amyloid-β exposure and oxidative stress. Exogenous AGE-albumin upregulates the receptor protein for AGE (RAGE) and augments calcium influx, leading to apoptosis of human primary neurons. In animal experiments, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), pyridoxamine or ALT-711 prevented Aβ-induced neuronal death in rat brains. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a new mechanism by which microglial cells promote death of neuronal cells through synthesis and secretion of AGE-albumin, thereby likely contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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20
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Byun K, Bayarsaikhan E, Kim D, Son M, Hong J, Jeong GB, Paek SH, Won MH, Lee B. Activated microglial cells synthesize and secrete AGE-albumin. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:47-52. [PMID: 22536551 PMCID: PMC3328740 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A holy grail of curing neurodegenerative diseases is to identify the main causes and mechanisms underlying neuronal death. Many studies have sought to identify these targets in a wide variety of ways, but a more important task is to identify critical molecular targets and their origins. Potential molecular targets include advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that can promote neuronal cell death, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease or Parkinson disease. In this study, we showed that AGE-albumin (glycated albumin) is synthesized in microglial cells and secreted in the human brain. Our results provide new insight into which microglial cells can promote the receptor for AGE-mediated neuronal cell death, eventually leading to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Byun
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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21
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Choe ES, Ahn SM, Yang JH, Go BS, Wang JQ. Linking cocaine to endoplasmic reticulum in striatal neurons: role of glutamate receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:59-63. [PMID: 21808746 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls protein folding. Accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER triggers an ER stress response to accelerate normal protein folding or if failed to cause apoptosis. The ER stress response is a conserved cellular response in mammalian cells and is sensitive to various physiological or pathophysiological stimuli. Recent studies unravel that this response in striatal neurons is subject to the tight modulation by psychostimulants. Cocaine and amphetamines markedly increased expression of multiple ER stress reporter proteins in the dorsal striatum (caudate putamen) and other basal ganglia sites. This evoked ER stress response is mediated by activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Converging Ca(2+) signals derived from activation of these receptors activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway to evoke ER stress responses. The discovery of robust ER stress responses to stimulant exposure establishes a previously unrecognized stimulant-ER coupling. This inducible coupling seems to contribute to neurotoxicity of stimulants related to various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses. Elucidating cellular mechanisms linking cocaine and other stimulants to ER is therefore important for the development of therapeutic agents for treating neurological disorders resulted from stimulant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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22
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Namwat N, Puetkasichonpasutha J, Loilome W, Yongvanit P, Techasen A, Puapairoj A, Sripa B, Tassaneeyakul W, Khuntikeo N, Wongkham S. Downregulation of reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is associated with enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and cholangiocarcinoma metastases. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:664-75. [PMID: 21076843 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) has been implicated in the attenuation of tumor metastasis by negatively regulating metalloproteinase (MMP) levels. RECK gene expression is downregulated in many solid tumors, with this downregulation being associated with poor prognosis. This study evaluated the role of RECK in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). METHODS The expression of RECK, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in paraffin sections of hamster and human CCA specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Functional analysis of RECK was performed in RECK small interfering (si) RNA knockdown CCA cell lines. The effect of aspirin on RECK status and function was evaluated using Western blotting, gelatin zymography, invasion and proliferation assays, and PhosphoELISArray analysis of Ras downstream mediators. RESULTS Hamster tissues showed high RECK expression in hyperplastic biliary duct epithelia, low RECK expression in precancerous lesions, and no RECK expression in CCA. In human specimens, RECK was highly expressed in normal biliary cells, whereas intrahepatic CCA showed low levels of expression. Downregulation of RECK was correlated with tumor metastasis (P < 0.01) and shorter patient survival (P < 0.02). RECK expression levels were inversely correlated with MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression (P < 0.05). SiRNA RECK-depleted M139 CCA cells exhibited increased MMP-2/-9 gelatinase activities and invasiveness. Aspirin (500 μM) demonstrated myriad effects in human CCA cell lines, including growth suppression, reduced phosphorylation of Akt/Erk/c-Jun, elevation of RECK expression, inhibition of MMP-2/MMP-9 activity, and enhanced invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS RECK functions as a metastasis suppressor in CCA; upregulation of RECK expression could provide a potential therapy to improve the prognosis of this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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McEwen ML, Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG, Springer JE. Targeting mitochondrial function for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:168-79. [PMID: 21360236 PMCID: PMC3101832 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the mammalian spinal cord is a highly dynamic process characterized by a complex pattern of pervasive and destructive biochemical and pathophysiological events that limit the potential for functional recovery. Currently, there are no effective therapies for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) and this is due, in part, to the widespread impact of the secondary injury cascades, including edema, ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative damage, and activation of necrotic and apoptotic cell death signaling events. In addition, many of the signaling pathways associated with these cascades intersect and initiate other secondary injury events. Therefore, it can be argued that therapeutic strategies targeting a specific biochemical cascade may not provide the best approach for promoting functional recovery. A "systems approach" at the subcellular level may provide a better strategy for promoting cell survival and function and, as a consequence, improve functional outcomes following SCI. One such approach is to study the impact of SCI on the biology and function of mitochondria, which serve a major role in cellular bioenergetics, function, and survival. In this review, we will briefly describe the importance and unique properties of mitochondria in the spinal cord, and what is known about the response of mitochondria to SCI. We will also discuss a number of strategies with the potential to promote mitochondrial function following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. McEwen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
| | - Alexander G. Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
| | - Joe E. Springer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536–0509 USA
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Secalonic acid A reduced colchicine cytotoxicity through suppression of JNK, p38 MAPKs and calcium influx. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Kim SW, Kim HJ, Shin JH, Kim ID, Lee JE, Han PL, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Robust protective effects of a novel multimodal neuroprotectant oxopropanoyloxy benzoic acid (a salicylic acid/pyruvate ester) in the postischemic brain. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:220-8. [PMID: 21036874 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.067520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to brain injury via a complex series of pathophysiological events. Therefore, multidrug treatments or multitargeting drug treatments are attractive options in efficiently limiting brain damage. Here, we report a novel multifunctional compound oxopropanoyloxy benzoic acid (OBA-09), a simple ester of pyruvate and salicylic acid. This protective effect was manifested by recoveries from neurological and behavioral deficits. OBA-09 exhibited antioxidative effects in the postischemic brain, which was evidenced by remarkable reduction of lipid peroxidation and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal staining in OBA-09-administered animals. Reactive oxygen species generation was markedly suppressed in primary cortical cultures under oxygen-glucose deprivation. More interestingly, OBA-09 was capable of scavenging hydroxyl radical in cell-free assays. High-performance liquid chromatography results demonstrated that OBA-09 was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid and pyruvate with t(1/2) = 43 min in serum and 4.2 h in brain parenchyma, indicating that antioxidative function of OBA-09 is executed by itself and also by salicylic acid after the hydrolysis. In addition to antioxidative function, OBA-09 exerts anti-excitotoxic and anti-Zn(2+)-toxic functions, which might be attributed to attenuation of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion and to the suppression of nuclear factor-κB activity induction. Together these results indicate that OBA-09 has a potent therapeutic potential as a multimodal neuroprotectant in the postischemic brain and these effects were conferred by OBA-09 itself and subsequently its hydrolyzed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Advanced Medical Education (BK21 Project), Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
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Vieira M, Fernandes J, Burgeiro A, Thomas GM, Huganir RL, Duarte CB, Carvalho AL, Santos AE. Excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors requires Ca2+-dependent JNK activation. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:645-55. [PMID: 20708684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluA4-containing Ca(2+)-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptors (Ca-AMPARs) were previously shown to mediate excitotoxicity through mechanisms involving the activator protein-1 (AP-1), a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) substrate. To further investigate JNK involvement in excitotoxic pathways coupled to Ca-AMPARs we used HEK293 cells expressing GluA4-containing Ca-AMPARs (HEK-GluA4). Cell death induced by overstimulation of Ca-AMPARs was mediated, at least in part, by JNK. Importantly, JNK activation downstream of these receptors was dependent on the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration. In our quest for a molecular link between Ca-AMPARs and the JNK pathway we found that the JNK interacting protein-1 (JIP-1) interacts with the GluA4 subunit of AMPARs through the N-terminal domain. In vivo, the excitotoxin kainate promoted the association between GluA4 and JIP-1 in the rat hippocampus. Taken together, our results show that the JNK pathway is activated by Ca-AMPARs upon excitotoxic stimulation and suggest that JIP-1 may contribute to the propagation of the excitotoxic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vieira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Springer JE, Rao RR, Lim HR, Cho SI, Moon GJ, Lee HY, Park EJ, Noh JS, Gwag BJ. The functional and neuroprotective actions of Neu2000, a dual-acting pharmacological agent, in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:139-49. [PMID: 19772458 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective and functional significance of targeting both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and oxidative stress using a dual-acting compound, Neu2000, in rat model of moderate spinal cord injury (SCI). An initial set of experiments was conducted in uninjured rats to study the pharmacokinetic profile of Neu2000 following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. A second experiment measured free radical production in mitochondria isolated from sham or injured spinal cords of animals receiving vehicle or Neu2000 treatment. A third set of animals was divided into three treatment groups consisting of vehicle treatment, a single dose of Neu2000 (50 mg/kg) administered at 10 min following injury, or a repeated treatment paradigm consisting of a single bolus of Neu2000 at 10 min following injury (50 mg/kg) plus a maintenance dose (25 mg/kg) administered every 24 h for an additional 6 days. Animals were tested once a week for a period of 6 weeks for evidence of locomotor recovery in an open field and kinematic analysis of fine motor control using the DigiGait Image Analysis System. At the end of the testing period, spinal cord reconstruction was performed to obtain nonbiased stereological measures of tissue sparing. The results of this study demonstrate that Neu2000 treatment significantly reduced the production of mitochondrial free radicals and improved locomotor outcomes that were associated with a significant increase in the volume of spared spinal cord tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Springer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA.
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Go BS, Ahn SM, Shim I, Choe ES. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the rat dorsal striatum following repeated cocaine administration. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:100-6. [PMID: 20399218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to cocaine upregulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation is associated with the ER stress response in neurons. In this study, we investigated the involvement of JNK in the regulation of the ER stress response following repeated cocaine administration in the dorsal striatum in vivo. The results showed that systemic injections of cocaine (20 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days increased the induction of p46 JNK (JNK) phosphorylation, immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP), the ER stress-associated protein caspase-12, and behavioral locomotor activity. This enhancement of BiP and caspase-12 expression and locomotor response was reduced by inhibiting JNK. Similar reduction of elevated JNK phosphorylation was induced by blocking dopamine D1 receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). These data suggest that JNK activation following repeated cocaine administration is required for the regulation of the ER stress protein expression and behavioral alteration in the dorsal striatum. Stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors, NMDA receptors or group I mGluRs participates in the regulation of JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Soon Go
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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HAMED SHERIFAA. THE RATIONALE FOR NEUROPROTECTION IN EPILEPSY: STEPS FORWARD FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES. J Integr Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635210002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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30
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Combination Treatment with Ethyl Pyruvate and Aspirin Enhances Neuroprotection in the Postischemic Brain. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:39-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Izumi Y, Yamamoto N, Matsuo T, Wakita S, Takeuchi H, Kume T, Katsuki H, Sawada H, Akaike A. Vulnerability to glutamate toxicity of dopaminergic neurons is dependent on endogenous dopamine and MAPK activation. J Neurochem 2009; 110:745-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fan W, Cooper NGF. Glutamate-induced NFkappaB activation in the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:917-25. [PMID: 18836176 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution and glutamate-mediated activation of nuclear factor (NF) kappaB members in the retina and pan-purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and to characterize steps in the signal transduction events that lead to NFkappaB activation. METHODS Retinal expression patterns and RGCs were evaluated for five NFkappaB proteins with the aid of immunohistochemistry. Retinal explants or RGCs were treated with glutamate with or without the presence of the NDMA receptor antagonist memantine, the calcium chelator EGTA, or a specific inhibitor for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII). Characterizations of NFkappaB activation were performed with the aid of electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift assays. RESULTS All five NFkappaB proteins were present in the retina and in the pan-purified RGCs. In response to a glutamate stimulus, all NFkappaB proteins except c-Rel were activated. P65 was unique in that it was not constitutively active but showed a glutamate-inducible activation in the retina and in the cultured RGCs. Memantine, EGTA, or autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIP) inhibited NFkappaB activation in the retina. Furthermore, AIP significantly reduced the level of glutamate-induced degradation of IkappaBs. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that glutamate activates distinct NFkappaB proteins in the retina. P65 activation may be especially important with regard to RGC responses to glutamate given that its activity is induced by conditions known to lead to the death of these cells. The NMDA receptor-Ca(2+)-CaMKII signaling pathway is involved in glutamate-induced NFkappaB activation. Because AIP blocks the degradation of IkappaB, its regulation is clearly downstream of CaMKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Li JL, Cui B, Qi L, Li XY, Deng LF, Ning G, Liu JM. NMDA enhances stretching-induced differentiation of osteoblasts through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Bone 2008; 43:469-75. [PMID: 18573356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the excitatory neurotransmitter N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and stretching both increase Ca(2+) influx in osteoblastic cells. We postulated that NMDA would enhance the osteoblastic cell's response to stretching. The goal of this study was to investigate, in the presence of the neurotransmitter NMDA, the effect of mechanical loading on osteoblast's stage of differentiation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway associated with it. Rat primary osteoblastic cells were subjected to cyclic, equibiaxial stretch for 48 h in the presence or absence of NMDA. Pretreatment with 0.5 mM NMDA significantly enhanced the stretching magnitude-dependent increase in osteogenesis markers. MK801, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, abolished those responses. To further study the mechanism of this response, osteoblastic cells were stretched for 5, 15, or 60 min in the absence of NMDA. Cyclic stretch induced a rapid increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2 phosphorylation with the peak at 15 min, but no changes were noted in p38 and JNK pathway signaling. NMDA could enhance ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated by stretching. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the increase in osteogenesis markers. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that there is a synergistic effect between mechanical stimulation and NMDA in osteoblasts. ERK1/2 signaling may be the common pathway in the increased response to stretching in the presence of NMDA in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Li Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Olofsson MH, Havelka AM, Brnjic S, Shoshan MC, Linder S. Charting calcium-regulated apoptosis pathways using chemical biology: role of calmodulin kinase II. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:2. [PMID: 18673549 PMCID: PMC2518916 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is a key element in apoptotic signaling and a number of calcium-dependent apoptosis pathways have been described. We here used a chemical biology strategy to elucidate the relative importance of such different pathways. RESULTS A set of 40 agents ("bioprobes") that induce apoptosis was first identified by screening of a chemical library. Using p53, AP-1, NFAT and NF-kappaB reporter cell lines, these bioprobes were verified to induce different patterns of signaling. Experiments using the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM showed that Ca2+ was involved in induction of apoptosis by the majority of the bioprobes and that Ca2+ was in general required several hours into the apoptosis process. Further studies showed that the calmodulin pathway was an important mediator of the apoptotic response. Inhibition of calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) resulted in more effective inhibition of apoptosis compared to inhibition of calpain, calcineurin/PP2B or DAP kinase. We used one of the bioprobes, the plant alkaloid helenalin, to study the role of CaMKII in apoptosis. Helenalin induced CaMKII, ASK1 and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity, and inhibition of these kinases inhibited apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our study shows that calcium signaling is generally not an early event during the apoptosis process and suggests that a CaMKII/ASK1 signaling mechanism is important for sustained JNK activation and apoptosis by some types of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hägg Olofsson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Mandic Havelka
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Slavica Brnjic
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria C Shoshan
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cooper NGF, Laabich A, Fan W, Wang X. The relationship between neurotrophic factors and CaMKII in the death and survival of retinal ganglion cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:521-40. [PMID: 18929132 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The scientific discourse relating to the causes and treatments for glaucoma are becoming reflective of the need to protect and preserve retinal neurons from degenerative changes, which result from the injurious environment associated with this disease. Knowledge, in particular, of the signal transduction pathways which affect death and survival of the retinal ganglion cells is critical to this discourse and to the development of a suitable neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. The goal of this chapter is to review what is known of the chief suspects involved in initiating the cell death/survival pathways in these cells, and what still remains to be uncovered. The least controversial aspect of the subject relates to the potential role of neurotrophic factors in the protection of the retinal ganglion cells. On the other hand, the postulated triggers for signaling cell death in glaucoma remain controversial. Certainly, the restricted flow of neurotrophic factors has been cited as one possible trigger. However, the connections between glaucoma and other factors present in the retina, such as glutamate, long held to be a prospective culprit in retinal ganglion cell death are still being questioned. Whatever the outcome of this particular debate, it is clear that the downstream intersections between the cell death and survival pathways should provide important foci for future studies whose goal is to protect retinal neurons, situated as they are, in the stressful environment of a cell destroying disease. The evidence for CaMKII being one of these intersecting points is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G F Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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36
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Hamed SA. Neuronal plasticity: implications in epilepsy progression and management. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Takahashi Y, Katai N, Murata T, Taniguchi SI, Hayashi T. Development of spontaneous optic neuropathy in NF-kappaBetap50-deficient mice: requirement for NF-kappaBetap50 in ganglion cell survival. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:692-705. [PMID: 17931357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the transcription factor NF-kappaBeta is known to regulate cell death and survival, its precise role in cell death within the central nervous system remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of NF-kappaBetap50 in the age-related survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Eyes of mice with a deleted NF-kappaBetap50 gene and its wild-type mice at each of age were studied by histopathological studies. The number of RGCs was counted using retrograde labelling methods. Mice were subjected to intravitreous injection of N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) to induce RGC death. In p50-deficient mice, the number of RGCs significantly decreased with age in total independence of intraocular pressure measurement. Optic nerves of p50-deficient mice showed hypertrophy astrocytes and enlargement of the axons, together with a decreased number of axons. Immunohistochemistry showed a strong expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. The histological results show obvious excavation of the optic nerve head in p50-deficient mice at 10 months of age. Intravitreal injection of NMDA in young p50-deficient mice damaged RGCs more intensively than in control animals. We further noticed that autoantibodies against RGCs were produced in p50-deficient mice. Our results show that p50 deficiency induced age-related RGC death, indicating a new insight into the role of p50 in the pathophysiology of neuropathy, and further experiments with p50-deficient mice may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention for human glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Angiology, Research Center on Ageing and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto-city, Nagano, Japan
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Gwag BJ, Lee YA, Ko SY, Lee MJ, Im DS, Yun BS, Lim HR, Park SM, Byun HY, Son SJ, Kwon HJ, Lee JY, Cho JY, Won SJ, Kim KW, Ahn YM, Moon HS, Lee HU, Yoon SH, Noh JH, Chung JM, Cho SI. Marked prevention of ischemic brain injury by Neu2000, an NMDA antagonist and antioxidant derived from aspirin and sulfasalazine. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1142-51. [PMID: 17106444 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity and oxidative stress mediate neuronal death after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We examined the possibility that targeting both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and oxidative stress would result in enhanced neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemia. 2-Hydroxy-5-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzylamino)-benzoic acid (Neu2000) was derived from aspirin and sulfasalazine to prevent both NMDA neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. In cortical cell cultures, Neu2000 was shown to be an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist and completely blocked free radical toxicity at doses as low as 0.3 micromol/L. Neu2000 showed marked neuroprotection in a masked fashion using histology and behavioral testing in two rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia without causing neurotoxic side effects. Neu2000 protected against the effects of middle cerebral artery occlusion, even when delivered 8 h after reperfusion. Single bolus administration of the drug prevented gray and white matter degeneration and spared neurologic function for over 28 days after MACO. Neu2000 may be a novel therapy for combating both NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, the two major routes of neuronal death in ischemia, offering profound neuroprotection and an extended therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Joo Gwag
- Neurotech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggido, South Korea.
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Slikker W, Paule MG, Wright LKM, Patterson TA, Wang C. Systems biology approaches for toxicology. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:201-17. [PMID: 17265419 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology/toxicology involves the iterative and integrative study of perturbations by chemicals and other stressors of gene and protein expression that are linked firmly to toxicological outcome. In this review, the value of systems biology to enhance the understanding of complex biological processes such as neurodegeneration in the developing brain is explored. Exposure of the developing mammal to NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonists perturbs the endogenous NMDA receptor system and results in enhanced neuronal cell death. It is proposed that continuous blockade of NMDA receptors in the developing brain by NMDA antagonists such as ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic) causes a compensatory up-regulation of NMDA receptors, which makes the neurons bearing these receptors subsequently more vulnerable (e.g. after ketamine washout), to the excitotoxic effects of endogenous glutamate: the up-regulation of NMDA receptors allows for the accumulation of toxic levels of intracellular Ca(2+) under normal physiological conditions. Systems biology, as applied to toxicology, provides a framework in which information can be arranged in the form of a biological model. In our ketamine model, for example, blockade of NMDA receptor up-regulation by the co-administration of antisense oligonucleotides that specifically target NMDA receptor NR1 subunit mRNA, dramatically diminishes ketamine-induced cell death. Preliminary gene expression data support the role of apoptosis as a mode of action of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, ketamine-induced cell death is also prevented by the inhibition of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus. This process is known to respond to changes in the redox state of the cytoplasm and has been shown to respond to NMDA-induced cellular stress. Although comprehensive gene expression/proteomic studies and mathematical modeling remain to be carried out, biological models have been established in an iterative manner to allow for the confirmation of biological pathways underlying NMDA antagonist-induced cell death in the developing nonhuman primate and rodent. Published in 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA.
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Kaphzan H, O'Riordan KJ, Mangan KP, Levenson JM, Rosenblum K. NMDA and dopamine converge on the NMDA-receptor to induce ERK activation and synaptic depression in mature hippocampus. PLoS One 2006; 1:e138. [PMID: 17205142 PMCID: PMC1762427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of enduring internal representation of sensory information demands, in many cases, convergence in time and space of two different stimuli. The first conveys the sensory input, mediated via fast neurotransmission. The second conveys the meaning of the input, hypothesized to be mediated via slow neurotransmission. We tested the biochemical conditions and feasibility for fast (NMDA) and slow (dopamine) neurotransmission to converge on the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase signaling pathways, crucial in several forms of synaptic plasticity, and recorded its effects upon synaptic transmission. We detected differing kinetics of ERK2 activation and synaptic strength changes in the CA1 for low and high doses of neurotransmitters in hippocampal slices. Moreover, when weak fast and slow inputs are given together, they converge on ERK2, but not on p38 or JNK, and induce strong short-term synaptic depression. Surprisingly, pharmacological analysis revealed that a probable site of such convergence is the NMDA receptor itself, suggesting it serves as a detector and integrator of fast and slow neurotransmission in the mature mammalian brain, as revealed by ERK2 activation and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanoch Kaphzan
- Center for Brain and Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Ethology, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kenneth J. O'Riordan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kile P. Mangan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Levenson
- Department of Pharmacology and the Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Center for Brain and Behavior, Department of Neurobiology and Ethology, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Glutamate receptors regulate gene expression in neurons by activating intracellular signaling cascades that phosphorylate transcription factors within the nucleus. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is one of the best characterized cascades in this regulatory process. The Ca(2+)-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptor, mainly the NMDA receptor subtype, activates MAPKs through a biochemical route involving the Ca(2+)-sensitive Ras-guanine nucleotide releasing factor, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), however, activates MAPKs primarily through a Ca(2+)-insensitve pathway involving the transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases. The adaptor protein Homer also plays a role in this process. As an information superhighway between surface glutamate receptors and transcription factors in the nucleus, active MAPKs phosphorylate specific transcription factors (Elk-1 and CREB), and thereby regulate distinct programs of gene expression. The regulated gene expression contributes to the development of multiple forms of synaptic plasticity related to long-lasting changes in memory function and addictive properties of drugs of abuse. This review, by focusing on new data from recent years, discusses the signaling mechanisms by which different types of glutamate receptors activate MAPKs, features of each MAPK cascade in regulating gene expression, and the importance of glutamate/MAPK-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Wang C, Sadovova N, Hotchkiss C, Fu X, Scallet AC, Patterson TA, Hanig J, Paule MG, Slikker W. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by ketamine produces loss of postnatal day 3 monkey frontal cortical neurons in culture. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:192-201. [PMID: 16500925 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is used as a general pediatric anesthetic. Recent data suggest that anesthetic drugs may cause neurodegeneration during development. The purpose of this study was to determine the robustness of ketamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity using rhesus monkey frontal cortical cultures and also to determine if dysregulation of NMDA receptor subunits promotes ketamine-induced cell death. Frontal cortical cells collected from the neonatal monkey were incubated for 24 h with 1, 10, or 20 microM ketamine alone or with ketamine plus either NR1 antisense oligonucleotides or the nuclear factor kB translocation inhibitor, SN-50. Ketamine caused a marked reduction in the neuronal marker polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule and mitochondrial metabolism, as well as an increase in DNA fragmentation and release of lactate dehydrogenase. Ketamine-induced effects were blocked by NR1 antisenses and SN-50. These data suggest that NR1 antisenses and SN-50 offer neuroprotection from the enhanced degeneration induced by ketamine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-0502, USA.
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Repici M, Borsello T. JNK pathway as therapeutic target to prevent degeneration in the central nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 588:145-55. [PMID: 17089886 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-34817-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
JNKs (c-Jun N- terminal kinases) are important transducing enzymes involved in many faces of cellular regulation such as gene expression, cell proliferation and programmed cell death. The activation of JNK pathway is critical for naturally occurring neuronal death during development as well as for pathological death of adult brain following different insults. In particular, JNKs play an important role in excitotoxicity and all related phenomena. Initial research concentrated on defining the components and organization of JNK signalling cascades, but more recent studies have begun to see JNK as the appropriate target for prevent cell loss. We used a specific JNK inhibitor, the cell permeable peptide D-JNKI1, to block JNK action in neuronal death following excitotoxicity in vitro and cerebral ischemia in vivo. Here we review our recent findings and we discuss the possibility of using D-JNKI1 as a therapeutic agent to prevent cell loss in the central nervous system.
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Nguyen MP, Bittner GD, Fishman HM. Critical interval of somal calcium transient after neurite transection determines B 104 cell survival. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:805-16. [PMID: 16049977 PMCID: PMC1237108 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nerve cells may survive or die after axonal or dendritic transection. After neurite transection near (<50 mum) the cell body of Fura-2-loaded B 104 neuroblastoma (rat brain-derived) cells, the somal calcium concentration (SCC) undergoes a three-phase transient change: a rapid (0-0.15-min post-transection [PT]) rise phase, followed by an early (0.15--1.5-min PT) rapid decay phase, and succeeded by a late (1.5-60-min PT) slower decay phase that restores SCC to preinjury levels. The SCC in a critical interval (1.5-12.5 min PT) of the third transient phase correlates with cell fate, i.e., most transected cells that exclude dye (restore a barrier) and die have a significantly higher (P<0.005) SCC in this critical interval than do transected cells that exclude dye and survive at 24-hr PT. Loading BAPTA (chelation of somal Ca(2+)) before, but not after, the critical interval increases the percentage of cells that survive compared to that of cells transected without BAPTA loading. Furthermore, most transected cells that die despite successful barrier restoration exhibit characteristics consistent with apoptosis initiated during the critical interval of the SCC, including caspase activation and plasmalemmal phosphatidylserine translocation. These data suggest that decreased cell survival for injuries near the soma is due to Ca(2+)-initiated apoptosis during the critical interval of the third phase of the SCC transient. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0641
| | - George D. Bittner
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0641
- Neurobiology Section, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Harvey M. Fishman
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0641
- * Correspondence to: Harvey M. Fishman, Tel: 409-772-2975, Fax: 409-772-6442,
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Abstract
Three routes have been identified triggering neuronal death under physiological and pathological conditions. Excess activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors cause influx and accumulation of Ca2+ and Na+ that result in rapid swelling and subsequent neuronal death within a few hours. The second route is caused by oxidative stress due to accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Apoptosis or programmed cell death that often occurs during developmental process has been coined as additional route to pathological neuronal death in the mature nervous system. Evidence is being accumulated that excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis propagate through distinctive and mutually exclusive signal transduction pathway and contribute to neuronal loss following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Thus, the therapeutic intervention of hypoxic-ischemic neuronal injury should be aimed to prevent excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in a concerted way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Center for the Interventional Therapy of Stroke and Alzheimers Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchondong, Paldalgu, Suwon, Kyungkido 442-749, South Korea
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Slikker W, Xu Z, Wang C. Application of a systems biology approach to developmental neurotoxicology. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 19:305-19. [PMID: 15686866 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology can be applied to enhance the understanding of complex biological processes such as apoptosis in the developing brain. Systems biology, as applied to toxicology, provides a structure to arrange information in the form of a biological model. The approach allows for the subsequent and iterative perturbation of the initial model with the use of toxicants, and the comparison of the resulting data against the proposed biological model. It is postulated that the exposure of the developing rat to NMDA antagonists, e.g., ketamine or phencyclidine (PCP), causes a compensatory up-regulation of NMDA receptors, thereby making cells bearing these receptors more vulnerable to excitotoxic effects of endogenous glutamate. Although comprehensive gene expression/proteomic studies and mathematical modeling remain to be accomplished, a biological model has been established and perturbed in an iterative manner to allow confirmation of the biological pathway for NMDA antagonist-induced brain cell death in the developing rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Slikker
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.
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Munemasa Y, Ohtani-Kaneko R, Kitaoka Y, Kuribayashi K, Isenoumi K, Kogo J, Yamashita K, Kumai T, Kobayashi S, Hirata K, Ueno S. Contribution of mitogen-activated protein kinases to NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina. Brain Res 2005; 1044:227-40. [PMID: 15885221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the contributions of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 kinase (p38), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)] to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina. Detection of apoptotic cell death in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining began 6 h after intravitreal NMDA (100 nmol) injection and continued to increase thereafter. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylated MAPKs (p-MAPKs) were expressed in the retina following a temporal manner: maximal expression of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) at 1 h, maximal expression of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) at 6 h, and beginning of phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) significant increase at 6 h after injection. An immunohistochemical/TUNEL co-localization study showed that p-JNK- and p-p38-positive cells in the RGCL were frequently TUNEL-positive, whereas few p-ERK-positive cells were TUNEL-positive. Moreover, co-injection of inhibitors for JNK (0.2 nmol SP600125) and/or p38 (2.0 nmol SB203580) with NMDA was effective in ameliorating NMDA-induced apoptotic cell loss in the RGCL 12 h after injection, as shown by TUNEL-positive cell counts. These inhibitors also protected the inner retina as shown by morphometric studies such as cell counts in the RGCL and measurement of the IPL thickness 7 days after injection. On the other hand, an ERK inhibitor (2.0 nmol U0126) did not suppress NMDA-induced cell death in the RGCL nor thinning of the IPL. These findings suggest that JNK and p38 are proapoptotic in NMDA-induced cell death in the RGCL, but not ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Munemasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Kitaoka Y, Kumai T, Kitaoka Y, Lam TT, Munemasa Y, Isenoumi K, Motoki M, Kuribayashi K, Kogo J, Kobayashi S, Ueno S. Nuclear factor-kappa B p65 in NMDA-induced retinal neurotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 131:8-16. [PMID: 15530647 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)/Rel family may be involved in neuronal cell death or survival. We examined the role of NF-kappaB p65 in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina. Western blot analysis showed that elevated levels of retinal NF-kappaB p65 protein at days 1 and 5 after intravitreal NMDA injection. Immunohistochemistry localized increased NF-kappaB p65 immunoreactivity in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the inner nuclear layer (INL) after NMDA injection especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), displaced amacrine cells, and amacrine cells. Concomitant with the early increase in NF-kappaB p65 protein levels, there was an increase in NF-kappaB DNA binding activity after NMDA injection as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). These increases in NF-kappaB p65 protein levels and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity were totally abolished by simultaneous injection of NF-kappaB p65 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN). A partial but significant protective effect on the inner retina was noted when the AS ODN was given together with NMDA as shown by morphological analysis, morphometry of cells in the GCL and morphometry of inner plexiform layer thickness as well as quantitative real-time PCR of Thy-1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that activated NF-kappaB p65 may participate in NMDA-induced retinal neuronal cell death and that inhibition of NF-kappaB activation such as the use of AS ODN may be a viable neuroprotective strategy for protective RGCs and other inner retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Huang W, Batra S, Atkins BA, Mishra V, Mehta KD. Increases in intracellular calcium dephosphorylate histone H3 at serine 10 in human hepatoma cells: Potential role of protein phosphatase 2A-protein kinase CβII complex. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:37-46. [PMID: 15880462 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence that increases in intracellular calcium, induced by treatment with calcium ionophore A23187 or the endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, dephosphorylated histone H3 at serine10 (histone H3-Ser10) in a dose-dependent manner in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Inhibition of p42/44MAPK, pp90RSK, or p38MAPK did not affect the ability of A23187 to dephosphorylate histone H3-Ser10. This response is significantly blocked by okadaic acid, indicating a requirement for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). A23187 increased the activity of PP2A towards phosphorylated histone H3-Ser10. Furthermore, pretreatment with calphostin C, a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, blocked A23187-dependent dephosphorylation of histone H3-Ser10, and coimmunoprecipitation analysis showed PP2A association with the PKCbetaII isoform. Unlike untreated cells, coimmunoprecipitated complex from A23187-treated cells showed greater dephosphorylation of histone H3-Ser10 in a PP2A-dependent manner. Inhibition of PP2A increased phosphorylation at Ser660 that determines calcium sensitivity and activity of PKCbetaII isoform, thus supporting a role for intracomplex regulation. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays following exposure to A23187 and okadaic acid revealed regulatory role of histone H3-Ser10 phosphorylation in selective gene induction. Altogether, our findings suggest a novel role for calcium in modulating histone H3-Ser10 phosphorylation level and led us to propose a model emphasizing PP2A activation, occurring downstream following perturbations in calcium homeostasis, as key event in dephosphorylating histone H3-Ser10 in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Merle B, Itzstein C, Delmas PD, Chenu C. NMDA glutamate receptors are expressed by osteoclast precursors and involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2004; 90:424-36. [PMID: 14505357 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified functional N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in mature osteoclasts and demonstrated that they are involved in bone resorption in vitro. In the present work, we studied the expression of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) by osteoclast precursors and their role in osteoclastogenesis using two in vitro models, the murine myelomonocytic RAW 264.7 cell line and mouse bone marrow cells, both of which differentiate into osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and Rank ligand (RankL). Using RT-PCR analysis with specific probes, we showed that RAW 264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow cells express mRNA of NMDAR subunits NMDA receptor 1 (NR1) and NMDA receptor 2 (NR2) A, B, and D. These subunits are expressed all along the differentiation sequence from undifferentiated precursors to mature resorbing osteoclasts. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis showed no regulation of the expression of these subunits during the differentiation process. Two specific non competitive antagonists of NMDAR, MK801 and DEP, dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast formation in both models, indicating that osteoclastogenesis requires the activation of NMDAR expressed by osteoclast precursors. MK801 had no effect when added only during the first 2 days of culture, suggesting that NMDAR are rather involved in the late stages of osteoclast formation. Finally, we demonstrated using Western-blotting and immunofluorescence that activation of NMDAR in RAW 264.7 cells by specific agonists induces nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B, a factor required for osteoclast formation. Altogether, our results indicate that osteoclast precursors express NMDAR that are involved in the osteoclast differentiation process through activation of the NF-kappa B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Merle
- INSERM Unit 403, Hôpital E. Herriot, Pavillon F, 69437 LYON Cedex 03, France.
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