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Cui X, Li J, Wang C, Ishaq HM, Zhang R, Yang F. Relationship between sphingolipids-mediated neuroinflammation and alcohol use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 235:173695. [PMID: 38128765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is a chronic recurrent encephalopathy, and its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Among possible explanations, neuroinflammation caused by the disorders of brain central immune signaling has been identified as one possible mechanism of alcohol use disorder. As the basic components of cells and important bioactive molecules, sphingolipids are essential in regulating many cellular activities. Recent studies have shown that sphingolipids-mediated neuroinflammation may be involved in the development of alcohol use disorder. METHODS PubMed databases were searched for literature on sphingolipids and alcohol use disorder (alcohol abuse, alcohol addiction, alcohol dependence, and alcohol misuse) including evidence of the relationship between sphingolipids-mediated neuroinflammation and alcohol use disorder (formation, withdrawal, treatment). RESULTS Disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, including the different types of sphingolipids and regulatory enzyme activity, have been found in patients with alcohol use disorder as well as animal models, which in turn cause neuro-inflammation in the central nervous system. Thus, these disorders may also be an important mechanism in the development of alcohol use disorder in patients. In addition, different sphingolipids may have different or even reverse effects on alcohol use disorder. CONCLUSIONS The sphingolipids-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of alcohol use disorder. This review proposes a potential approach to prevent and treat alcohol use disorders by manipulating sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJian Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - JiaZhen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - ChuanSheng Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - RuiLin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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Pauletto PJT, Delgado CP, da Rocha JBT. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and COVID-19: A review of the potential use of ASM inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:284-295. [PMID: 36929117 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last 2 years, different pharmacological agents have been indicated as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Specifically, drugs termed as functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs) have proved to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication using different types of cells. Those therapeutic agents share several chemical structure characteristics and some well-known representatives are fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, and others. Most of the FIASMAs are primarily used as effective therapeutic agents to treat different pathologies, therefore, they are natural drug candidates for repositioning strategy. In this review, we summarize the two main proposed mechanisms mediating acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) inhibition and how they can explain the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by FIASMAs. The first mechanism implies a disruption in the lysosomal pH fall as the endosome-lysosome moves toward the interior of the cell. In fact, changes in cholesterol levels in endosome-lysosome membranes, which are associated with ASM inhibition is thought to be mediated by lysosomal proton pump (ATP-ase) inactivation. The second mechanism involves the formation of an extracellular ceramide-rich domain, which is blocked by FIASMAs. The ceramide-rich domains are believed to facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entrance into the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Tronco Pauletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassia Pereira Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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3
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Lim JR, Chae CW, Park JY, Jung YH, Yoon JH, Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Choi GE, Han HJ. Ethanol-induced ceramide production causes neuronal apoptosis by increasing MCL-1S-mediated ER-mitochondria contacts. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:106009. [PMID: 36689912 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy alcohol consumption causes neuronal cell death and cognitive impairment. Neuronal cell death induced by ethanol may result from increased production of the sphingolipid metabolite ceramide. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuronal cell death caused by ethanol-induced ceramide production have not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism through which ethanol-induced ceramide production causes neuronal cell apoptosis using human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and SH-SY5Y cells and identified the effects of ceramide on memory deficits in C57BL/6 mice. First, we found that ethanol-induced ceramide production was decreased by inhibition of the de novo synthesis pathway, mediated by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The associated alterations of the molecules related to the ceramide pathway suggest that the elevated level of ceramide activated protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which inhibited the nuclear translocation of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1). This led to aberrant splicing of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) pre-mRNA, which upregulated MCL-1S expression. Our results demonstrated that the interaction of MCL-1S with the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) increases calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then activated ER-bound inverted formin 2 (INF2). In addition, we discovered that F-actin polymerization through INF2 activation promoted ER-mitochondria contacts, which induced mitochondrial calcium influx and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production. Markedly, MCL-1S silencing decreased mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) formation and prevented mitochondrial calcium influx and mtROS accumulation, by inhibiting INF2-dependent actin polymerization interacting with mitochondria. Furthermore, the inhibition of ceramide production in ethanol-fed mice reduced MCL-1S expression, neuronal cell death, and cognitive impairment. In conclusion, we suggest that ethanol-induced ceramide production may lead to mitochondrial calcium overload through MCL-1S-mediated INF2 activation-dependent MAM formation, which promotes neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Park
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyeon Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee Euhn Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Wang Y, Feltham BA, Louis XL, Eskin MNA, Suh M. Maternal diets affected ceramides and fatty acids in brain regions of neonatal rats with prenatal ethanol exposure. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:60-71. [PMID: 34957933 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.2017661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Ceramide (Cer), known as apoptotic markers, increases with prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure, resulting in neuroapoptosis. Whether maternal nutrition can impact Cer concentrations in brain, via altering plasma and brain fatty acid compositions have not been examined. This study compared a standard chow with a formulated semi-purified energy dense (E-dense) diet on fatty acid composition, Cer concentrations, and apoptosis in plasma and brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus) of pups exposed to EtOH during gestation. Methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: chow (n = 6), chow + EtOH (20% v/v) (n = 7), E-dense (n = 6), and E-dense + EtOH (n = 8). At postnatal day 7, representing the peak brain growth spurt in rats, lipids, and apoptosis were analyzed by gas chromatography and a fluorometric caspase-3 assay kit, respectively. Results: Maternal E-dense diet increased total fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.0001), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p < 0.0001) in plasma, whereas DHA concentrations were decreased in the cerebellum (p < 0.03) of pups than those from chow-fed dams. EtOH-induced Cer elevations in the hippocampus of pups born to dams fed chow were reduced by an E-dense diet (p < 0.02). No significant effects of maternal diet quality and EtOH were observed on caspase-3 activity. No significant correlations existed between plasma/brain fatty acids and Cer concentrations. Discussions: Maternal diet quality affected fatty acid compositions and Cer concentrations of pups with prenatal EtOH exposure, differently. Maternal nutrition has the potential to prevent or alleviate some of the adverse effects of prenatal EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Wang
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley A Feltham
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xavier L Louis
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael N A Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Ibáñez F, Montesinos J, Area-Gomez E, Guerri C, Pascual M. Ethanol Induces Extracellular Vesicle Secretion by Altering Lipid Metabolism through the Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes and Sphingomyelinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168438. [PMID: 34445139 PMCID: PMC8395151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence pinpoints extracellular vesicles (EVs) as key players in intercellular communication. Given the importance of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in EV biology, and the relevance of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) in cholesterol/sphingomyelin homeostasis, we evaluated if MAMs and sphingomyelinases (SMases) could participate in ethanol-induced EV release. EVs were isolated from the extracellular medium of BV2 microglia treated or not with ethanol (50 and 100 mM). Radioactive metabolic tracers combined with thin layer chromatography were used as quantitative methods to assay phospholipid transfer, SMase activity and cholesterol uptake/esterification. Inhibitors of SMase (desipramine and GW4869) and MAM (cyclosporin A) activities were also utilized. Our data show that ethanol increases the secretion and inflammatory molecule concentration of EVs. Ethanol also upregulates MAM activity and alters lipid metabolism by increasing cholesterol uptake, cholesterol esterification and SMase activity in microglia. Notably, the inhibition of either SMase or MAM activity prevented the ethanol-induced increase in EV secretion. Collectively, these results strongly support a lipid-driven mechanism, specifically via SMases and MAM, to explain the effect of ethanol on EV secretion in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
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6
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Rao X, Thapa KS, Chen AB, Lin H, Gao H, Reiter JL, Hargreaves KA, Ipe J, Lai D, Xuei X, Wang Y, Gu H, Kapoor M, Farris SP, Tischfield J, Foroud T, Goate AM, Skaar TC, Mayfield RD, Edenberg HJ, Liu Y. Allele-specific expression and high-throughput reporter assay reveal functional genetic variants associated with alcohol use disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1142-1151. [PMID: 31477794 PMCID: PMC7050407 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits, such as alcohol use disorders (AUD), usually identify variants in non-coding regions and cannot by themselves distinguish whether the associated variants are functional or in linkage disequilibrium with the functional variants. Transcriptome studies can identify genes whose expression differs between alcoholics and controls. To test which variants associated with AUD may cause expression differences, we integrated data from deep RNA-seq and GWAS of four postmortem brain regions from 30 subjects with AUD and 30 controls to analyze allele-specific expression (ASE). We identified 88 genes with differential ASE in subjects with AUD compared to controls. Next, to test one potential mechanism contributing to the differential ASE, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTR) of these genes. Of the 88 genes with differential ASE, 61 genes contained 437 SNPs in the 3'UTR with at least one heterozygote among the subjects studied. Using a modified PASSPORT-seq (parallel assessment of polymorphisms in miRNA target-sites by sequencing) assay, we identified 25 SNPs that affected RNA levels in a consistent manner in two neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2). Many of these SNPs are in binding sites of miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins, indicating that these SNPs are likely causal variants of AUD-associated differential ASE. In sum, we demonstrate that a combination of computational and experimental approaches provides a powerful strategy to uncover functionally relevant variants associated with the risk for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Rao
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kriti S Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andy B Chen
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jill L Reiter
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine A Hargreaves
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph Ipe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hongmei Gu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean P Farris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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7
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Yang M, Barrios J, Yan J, Zhao W, Yuan S, Dong E, Ai X. Causal roles of stress kinase JNK2 in DNA methylation and binge alcohol withdrawal-evoked behavioral deficits. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105375. [PMID: 33316384 PMCID: PMC7867628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive binge alcohol intake is a common drinking pattern in humans, especially during holidays. Cessation of the binge drinking often leads to aberrant withdrawal behaviors, as well as serious heart rhythm abnormalities (clinically diagnosed as Holiday Heart Syndrome (HHS)). In our HHS mouse model with well-characterized binge alcohol withdrawal (BAW)-induced heart phenotypes, BAW leads to anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. We have previously reported that stress-activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a causal role in BAW-induced heart phenotypes. In the HHS brain, we found that activation of JNK2 (but not JNK1 and JNK3) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but not hippocampus and amygdala, led to anxiety-like behaviors and impaired cognition. DNA methylation mediated by a crucial DNA methylation enzyme, DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1), is known to be critical in alcohol-associated behavioral deficits. In HHS mice, JNK2 in the PFC (but not hippocampus and amygdala) causally enhanced total genomic DNA methylation via increased DNMT1 expression, which was regulated by enhanced binding of JNK downstream transcriptional factor c-JUN to the DNMT1 promoter. JNK2-specific inhibition either by an inhibitor JNK2I or JNK2 knockout completely offset c-JUN-regulated DNMT1 upregulation and restored the level of DNA methylation in HHS PFC to the baseline levels seen in sham controls. Strikingly, either JNK2-specific inhibition or genetic JNK2 depletion or DNMT1 inhibition (by an inhibitor 5-Azacytidine) completely abolished BAW-evoked behavioral deficits. In conclusion, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which JNK2 drives BAW-evoked behavioral deficits through a DNMT1-regulated DNA hypermethylation. JNK2 could be a novel therapeutic target for alcohol withdrawal treatment and/or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jasson Barrios
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jiajie Yan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Erbo Dong
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Xun Ai
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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8
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Ahmed SH, Badiani A, Miczek KA, Müller CP. Non-pharmacological factors that determine drug use and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:3-27. [PMID: 30179633 PMCID: PMC6395570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption. However, psychoactive drugs are not used in an arbitrary way as pure pharmacological reinforcement would suggest, but rather in a highly specific manner depending on non-pharmacological factors. While pharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs are well studied, neurobiological mechanisms of non-pharmacological factors are less well understood. Here we review the emerging neurobiological mechanisms beyond pharmacological reinforcement which determine drug effects and use frequency. Important progress was made on the understanding of how the character of an environment and social stress determine drug self-administration. This is expanded by new evidence on how behavioral alternatives and opportunities for drug instrumentalization generate different patterns of drug choice. Emerging evidence suggests that the neurobiology of non-pharmacological factors strongly determines pharmacological and behavioral drug action and may, thus, give rise for an expanded system's approach of psychoactive drug use and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH Brighton, UK
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Mühle C, Weinland C, Gulbins E, Lenz B, Kornhuber J. Peripheral Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity Is Associated with Biomarkers and Phenotypes of Alcohol Use and Dependence in Patients and Healthy Controls. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124028. [PMID: 30551571 PMCID: PMC6320816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By catalyzing the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) changes the local composition of the plasma membrane with effects on receptor-mediated signaling. Altered enzyme activities have been noted in common human diseases, including alcohol dependence. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unresolved. Blood samples were collected from early-abstinent alcohol-dependent in-patients (n[♂] = 113, n[♀] = 87) and matched healthy controls (n[♂] = 133, n[♀] = 107), and analyzed for routine blood parameters and serum ASM activity. We confirmed increased secretory ASM activities in alcohol-dependent patients compared to healthy control subjects, which decreased slightly during detoxification. ASM activity correlated positively with blood alcohol concentration, withdrawal severity, biomarkers of alcohol dependence (liver enzyme activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase; homocysteine, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin; mean corpuscular volume, and creatine kinase). ASM activity correlated negatively with leukocyte and thrombocyte counts. ASM and gamma-glutamyl transferase were also associated in healthy subjects. Most effects were similar for males and females with different strengths. We describe previously unreported associations between ASM activity and markers of liver damage and myelosuppression. Further research should investigate whether this relationship is causal, or whether these parameters are part of a common pathway in order to gain insights into underlying mechanisms and develop clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christian Weinland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45259 Essen, Germany.
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA.
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Gómez GI, Falcon RV, Maturana CJ, Labra VC, Salgado N, Rojas CA, Oyarzun JE, Cerpa W, Quintanilla RA, Orellana JA. Heavy Alcohol Exposure Activates Astroglial Hemichannels and Pannexons in the Hippocampus of Adolescent Rats: Effects on Neuroinflammation and Astrocyte Arborization. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:472. [PMID: 30564103 PMCID: PMC6288256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A mounting body of evidence indicates that adolescents are specially more susceptible to alcohol influence than adults. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Astrocyte-mediated gliotransmission is crucial for hippocampal plasticity and recently, the opening of hemichannels and pannexons has been found to participate in both processes. Here, we evaluated whether adolescent rats exposed to ethanol exhibit changes in the activity of astrocyte hemichannels and pannexons in the hippocampus, as well as alterations in astrocyte arborization and cytokine levels. Adolescent rats were subjected to ethanol (3.0 g/kg) for two successive days at 48-h periods over 14 days. The opening of hemichannels and pannexons was examined in hippocampal slices by dye uptake, whereas hippocampal cytokine levels and astroglial arborization were determined by ELISA and Sholl analysis, respectively. We found that adolescent ethanol exposure increased the opening of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels and pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels in astrocytes. Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenases (COXs), as well as chelation of intracellular Ca2+, drastically reduced the ethanol-induced channel opening in astrocytes. Importantly, ethanol-induced Cx43 hemichannel and Panx1 channel activity was correlated with increased levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 in the hippocampus, as well as with profound alterations in astrocyte arbor complexity. Thus, we propose that uncontrolled opening of astrocyte hemichannels and pannexons may contribute not only to the glial dysfunction and neurotoxicity caused by adolescent alcohol consumption, but also to the pathogenesis of alcohol use disorders in the adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo I Gómez
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina V Falcon
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola J Maturana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria C Labra
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Salgado
- Unidad de Microscopía Avanzada Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo A Rojas
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E Oyarzun
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
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11
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Li H, Xu W, Jiang L, Gu H, Li M, Zhang J, Guo W, Deng P, Long H, Bu Q, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. Lipidomic signature of serum from the rats exposed to alcohol for one year. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:166-176. [PMID: 29758358 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and its related diseases are the major risk factors for human health. Although the mechanism of alcohol-related disorders has been widely investigated, serum metabolites associated with long-term alcohol intake have not been well explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the profiles of serum metabolites and lipid species of rats chronically exposed to alcohol, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated disease. An 1H NMR-based metabolomics and Q-TOF/MS-based lipidomics approach were applied to investigate the profile of serum metabolites and lipid species of rats administrated daily with alcohol (12% vol/vol, 10 ml/kg per day, i.g.) for one year continuously. The rats administered with sterile water (10 ml/kg per day, i.g.) were used as control. We found that alcohol affected mostly the lipid species rather than small molecule metabolites in the serum of both female and male rats. Among the modified lipids, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid and glycerolipids metabolism pathways were profoundly altered. The prominent changes in lipid profiles included diacylglycerol (DG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerol (TG). Moreover, fatty-acyl profile of lipids and total degree of unsaturation of fatty acid were also significantly altered by alcohol. The modified lipidomic profile may help to understand the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated diseases and also be of value for clinical evaluation of alcohol abuse, alcohol-associated disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Gu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Menglu Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Guo
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hailei Long
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Yantai University, State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Rutkowsky JM, Lee LL, Puchowicz M, Golub MS, Befroy DE, Wilson DW, Anderson S, Cline G, Bini J, Borkowski K, Knotts TA, Rutledge JC. Reduced cognitive function, increased blood-brain-barrier transport and inflammatory responses, and altered brain metabolites in LDLr -/-and C57BL/6 mice fed a western diet. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191909. [PMID: 29444171 PMCID: PMC5812615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests that diet affects brain metabolism thereby impacting cognitive function. Our objective was to determine if a western diet altered brain metabolism, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport and inflammation, and induced cognitive impairment in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and low-density lipoprotein receptor null (LDLr -/-) mice, a model of hyperlipidemia and cognitive decline. We show that a western diet and LDLr -/- moderately influence cognitive processes as assessed by Y-maze and radial arm water maze. Also, western diet significantly increased BBB transport, as well as microvessel factor VIII in LDLr -/- and microglia IBA1 staining in WT, both indicators of activation and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, LDLr -/- mice had a significant increase in 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose uptake irrespective of diet and brain 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed increased lactate and lipid moieties. Metabolic assessments of whole mouse brain by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS showed that a western diet altered brain TCA cycle and β-oxidation intermediates, levels of amino acids, and complex lipid levels and elevated proinflammatory lipid mediators. Our study reveals that the western diet has multiple impacts on brain metabolism, physiology, and altered cognitive function that likely manifest via multiple cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda L. Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mari S. Golub
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Befroy
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dennis W. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Anderson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gary Cline
- Department of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Trina A. Knotts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Rutledge
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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13
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Brodowicz J, Przegaliński E, Müller CP, Filip M. Ceramide and Its Related Neurochemical Networks as Targets for Some Brain Disorder Therapies. Neurotox Res 2018; 33:474-484. [PMID: 28842833 PMCID: PMC5766709 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Correlational and causal comparative research link ceramide (Cer), the precursor of complex sphingolipids, to some psychiatric (e.g., depression, schizophrenia (SZ), alcohol use disorder, and morphine antinociceptive tolerance) and neurological (e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD)) disorders. Cer generation can occur through the de novo synthesis pathway, the sphingomyelinase pathways, and the salvage pathway. The discoveries that plasma Cer concentration increase during depressive episodes in patients and that tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants functionally inhibit acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), the enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of sphingomyelin to Cer, have initiated a series of studies on the role of the ASM-Cer system in depressive disorder. Disturbances in the metabolism of Cer or SM are associated with the occurrence of SZ and PD. In both PD and SZ patients, the elevated levels of Cer or SM in the brain regions were associated with the disease. AD patients showed also an abnormal metabolism of brain Cer at early stages of the disease which may suggest Cer as an AD biomarker. In plasma of AD patients and in AD transgenic mice, ASM activity was increased. In contrast, partial ASM inhibition of Aβ deposition improved memory deficits. Furthermore, in clinical and preclinical research, ethanol enhanced activation of ASM followed by Cer production. Limited data have shown that Cer plays an important role in the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. In summary, clinical and preclinical findings provide evidence that targeting the Cer system should be considered as an innovative translational strategy for some brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Brodowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edmund Przegaliński
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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14
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The role of sphingolipids in psychoactive drug use and addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:651-672. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Lipids in psychiatric disorders and preventive medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:336-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Goodlett CR, Horn KH, Zhou FC. Alcohol Teratogenesis: Mechanisms of Damage and Strategies for Intervention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:394-406. [PMID: 15956769 DOI: 10.1177/15353702-0323006-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are multiple mechanisms by which alcohol can damage the developing brain, but the type of damage induced will depend on the amount and developmental timing of exposure, along with other maternal and genetic factors. This article reviews current perspectives on how ethanol can produce neuroteratogenic effects by its interactions with molecular regulators of brain development. The current evidence suggests that alcohol produces many of its damaging effects by exerting specific actions on molecules that regulate key developmental processes (e.g., L1 cell adhesion molecule, alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase), interfering with the early development of midline serotonergic neurons and disrupting their regulatory-signaling function for other target brain structures, interfering with trophic factors that regulate neurogenesis and cell survival, or inducing excessive cell death via oxidative stress or activation of caspase-3 proteases. The current understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms suggests several strategic approaches to develop rational molecular prevention. However, the development of behavioral and biologic treatments for alcohol-affected children is crucial because it is unlikely that effective delivery of preventative interventions can realistically be achieved in ways to prevent prenatal damage in at-risk pregnancies. Toward that end, behavioral training that promotes experience-dependent neuroplasticity has been effective in a rat model of cerebellar damage induced by alcohol exposure during the period of brain development that is comparable to that of the human third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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17
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Adada M, Luberto C, Canals D. Inhibitors of the sphingomyelin cycle: Sphingomyelin synthases and sphingomyelinases. Chem Phys Lipids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
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19
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Reichel M, Hönig S, Liebisch G, Lüth A, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Schmitz G, Kornhuber J. Alterations of plasma glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species in male alcohol-dependent patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1501-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Shamseddine AA, Airola MV, Hannun YA. Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:24-41. [PMID: 25465297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of ceramide signaling has advanced tremendously over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid ceramide through the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. A large body of work has now implicated nSMase2 in a diverse set of cellular functions, physiological processes, and disease pathologies. We discuss different aspects of this enzyme's regulation from transcriptional, post-translational, and biochemical. Furthermore, we highlight nSMase2 involvement in cellular processes including inflammatory signaling, exosome generation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which in turn play important roles in pathologies such as cancer metastasis, Alzheimer's disease, and other organ systems disorders. Lastly, we examine avenues where targeted nSMase2-inhibition may be clinically beneficial in disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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21
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Bae M, Bandaru VVR, Patel N, Haughey NJ. Ceramide metabolism analysis in a model of binge drinking reveals both neuroprotective and toxic effects of ethanol. J Neurochem 2014; 131:645-54. [PMID: 25060779 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common form of alcohol abuse that involves repeated rounds of intoxication followed by withdrawal. The episodic effects of binge drinking and withdrawal on brain resident cells are thought to contribute to neural remodeling and neurological damage. However, the molecular mechanisms for these neurodegenerative effects are not understood. Ethanol (EtOH) regulates the metabolism of ceramide, a highly bioactive lipid that is enriched in brain. We used a mouse model of binge drinking to determine the effects of EtOH intoxication and withdrawal on brain ceramide metabolism. Intoxication and acute alcohol withdrawal were each associated with distinct changes in ceramide regulatory genes and metabolic products. EtOH intoxication was accompanied by decreased concentrations of multiple ceramides, coincident with reductions in the expression of enzymes involved in the production of ceramides, and increased expression of ceramide-degrading enzymes. EtOH withdrawal was associated with specific increases in ceramide C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0 and increased expression of enzymes involved with ceramide production. These data suggest that EtOH intoxication may evoke a ceramide phenotype that is neuroprotective, whereas EtOH withdrawal results in a metabolic shift that increases the production of potentially toxic ceramide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Bae
- Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Chokroborty-Hoque A, Alberry B, Singh SM. Exploring the complexity of intellectual disability in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:90. [PMID: 25207264 PMCID: PMC4143882 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development in mammals is long lasting. It begins early during embryonic growth and is finalized in early adulthood. This progression represents a delicate choreography of molecular, cellular, and physiological processes initiated and directed by the fetal genotype in close interaction with environment. Not surprisingly, most aberrations in brain functioning including intellectual disability (ID) are attributed to either gene(s), or environment or the interaction of the two. The ensuing complexity has made the assessment of this choreography, ever challenging. A model to assess this complexity has used a mouse model (C57BL/6J or B6) that is subjected to prenatal alcohol exposure. The resulting pups show learning and memory deficits similar to patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which is associated with life-long changes in gene expression. Interestingly, this change in gene expression underlies epigenetic processes including DNA methylation and miRNAs. This paradigm is applicable to ethanol exposure at different developmental times (binge at trimesters 1, 2, and 3 as well as continuous preference drinking (70%) of 10% alcohol by B6 females during pregnancy). The exposure leads to life-long changes in neural epigenetic marks, gene expression, and a variety of defects in neurodevelopment and CNS function. We argue that this cascade may be reversed postnatally via drugs, chemicals, and environment including maternal care. Such conclusions are supported by two sets of results. First, antipsychotic drugs that are used to treat ID including psychosis function via changes in DNA methylation, a major epigenetic mark. Second, post-natal environment may improve (with enriched environments) or worsen (with negative and maternal separation stress) the cognitive ability of pups that were prenatally exposed to ethanol as well as their matched controls. In this review, we will discuss operational epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development of intellectual ability/disability in response to alcohol during prenatal or post-natal development. In doing so, we will explore the potential of epigenetic manipulation in the treatment of FASD and related disorders implicated in ID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonnie Alberry
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
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23
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Cheng P, Alberts I, Li X. The role of ERK1/2 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of astrocytes in developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:783-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ian Alberts
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia CCCity University of New YorkNY11101USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of NeurochemistryNY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesNew YorkNY10314USA
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24
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Jaremek M, Yu Z, Mangino M, Mittelstrass K, Prehn C, Singmann P, Xu T, Dahmen N, Weinberger KM, Suhre K, Peters A, Döring A, Hauner H, Adamski J, Illig T, Spector TD, Wang-Sattler R. Alcohol-induced metabolomic differences in humans. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e276. [PMID: 23820610 PMCID: PMC3731787 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is one of the world's major risk factors for disease development. But underlying mechanisms by which moderate-to-heavy alcohol intake causes damage are poorly understood and biomarkers are sub-optimal. Here, we investigated metabolite concentration differences in relation to alcohol intake in 2090 individuals of the KORA F4 and replicated results in 261 KORA F3 and up to 629 females of the TwinsUK adult bioresource. Using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, we identified 40/18 significant metabolites in males/females with P-values <3.8E-04 (Bonferroni corrected) that differed in concentrations between moderate-to-heavy drinkers (MHD) and light drinkers (LD) in the KORA F4 study. We further identified specific profiles of the 10/5 metabolites in males/females that clearly separated LD from MHD in the KORA F4 cohort. For those metabolites, the respective area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.812/0.679, respectively, thus providing moderate-to-high sensitivity and specificity for the discrimination of LD to MHD. A number of alcohol-related metabolites could be replicated in the KORA F3 and TwinsUK studies. Our data suggests that metabolomic profiles based on diacylphosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, ether lipids and sphingolipids form a new class of biomarkers for excess alcohol intake and have potential for future epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaremek
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Z Yu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Mittelstrass
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - P Singmann
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - T Xu
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - N Dahmen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - K M Weinberger
- Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, Austria,Institute for Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Eduard Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, Tirol, Austria
| | - K Suhre
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - A Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H Hauner
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - J Adamski
- Biocrates Life Sciences AG, Innrain 66, Innsbruck, Austria,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, München, Germany,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany or Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - T Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. To binge or not to binge: binge drinking disrupts glucose homeostasis by impairing hypothalamic but not liver insulin signaling. Hepatology 2013; 57:2535-8. [PMID: 23533008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
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Saito M, Saito M. Involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Brain Sci 2013; 3:670-703. [PMID: 24961420 PMCID: PMC4061845 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol-induced neuronal death during a sensitive period of brain development is considered one of the significant causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In rodent models, ethanol triggers robust apoptotic neurodegeneration during a period of active synaptogenesis that occurs around the first two postnatal weeks, equivalent to the third trimester in human fetuses. The ethanol-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent, involving Bax and caspase-3 activation. Such apoptotic pathways are often mediated by sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cellular membranes. While the central role of lipids in ethanol liver toxicity is well recognized, the involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol neurotoxicity is less explored despite mounting evidence of their importance in neuronal apoptosis. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis in animal models of FASD is mediated or regulated by cellular sphingolipids, including via the pro-apoptotic action of ceramide and through the neuroprotective action of GM1 ganglioside. Such sphingolipid involvement in ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing brain may provide unique targets for therapeutic applications against FASD. Here we summarize findings describing the involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol-induced apoptosis and discuss the possibility that the combined action of various sphingolipids in mitochondria may control neuronal cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Mitsuo Saito
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Mühle C, Reichel M, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J. Sphingolipids in psychiatric disorders and pain syndromes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:431-456. [PMID: 23563670 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1511-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and devastating impact of psychiatric disorders, little is known about their etiopathology. In this review, we provide an overview on the participation of sphingolipids and enzymes responsible for their metabolism in mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. We focus on the pathway from sphingomyelin to proapoptotic ceramide and the subsequent metabolism of ceramide to sphingosine, which is in turn phosphorylated to yield anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system has been linked to effects of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system as well as to synaptic transmission. Compared to ubiquitously expressed acid sphingomyelinase, acid and neutral ceramidase and neutral sphingomyelinase are highly active in brain regions. Depressed patients show elevated plasma ceramide levels and increased activities of acid sphingomyelinase which is functionally inhibited by many anti-depressive drugs. Exposure to alcohol is associated with an activation of acid and neutral sphingomyelinase observed in cell culture, mouse models and in alcohol-dependent patients and with increased concentrations of ceramide in various organs.Levels of sphingomyelin and ceramide are altered in erythrocytes and post-mortem brain tissues of schizophrenic patients in addition to changes in expression patterns for serine palmitoyltransferase and acid ceramidase leading to impaired myelination. After induction of anxiety-like behavior in animal models, higher serum levels of S1P were reported to lead to neurodegeneration. Correspondingly, S1P infusion appeared to increase anxiety-like behavior. Significantly upregulated levels of the endogenous ceramide catabolite N,N-dimethylsphingosine were observed in rat models of allodynia. Conversely, rats injected intrathecally with N,N-dimethylsphingosine developed mechanical allodynia. Moreover, S1P has been implicated in spinal nociceptive processing.The increasing interest in lipidomics and improved analytical methods led to growing insight into the connection between psychiatric and neurological disorders and sphingolipid metabolism and may once provide new targets and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Kapfhamer D, King I, Zou ME, Lim JP, Heberlein U, Wolf FW. JNK pathway activation is controlled by Tao/TAOK3 to modulate ethanol sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50594. [PMID: 23227189 PMCID: PMC3515618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signal transduction by the JNK MAP kinase pathway is altered by a broad array of stimuli including exposure to the widely abused drug ethanol, but the behavioral relevance and the regulation of JNK signaling is unclear. Here we demonstrate that JNK signaling functions downstream of the Sterile20 kinase family gene tao/Taok3 to regulate the behavioral effects of acute ethanol exposure in both the fruit fly Drosophila and mice. In flies tao is required in neurons to promote sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of acute ethanol exposure and to establish specific brain structures. Reduced expression of key JNK pathway genes substantially rescued the structural and behavioral phenotypes of tao mutants. Decreasing and increasing JNK pathway activity resulted in increased and decreased sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant properties of acute ethanol exposure, respectively. Further, JNK expression in a limited pattern of neurons that included brain regions implicated in ethanol responses was sufficient to restore normal behavior. Mice heterozygous for a disrupted allele of the homologous Taok3 gene (Taok3Gt) were resistant to the acute sedative effects of ethanol. JNK activity was constitutively increased in brains of Taok3Gt/+ mice, and acute induction of phospho-JNK in brain tissue by ethanol was occluded in Taok3Gt/+ mice. Finally, acute administration of a JNK inhibitor conferred resistance to the sedative effects of ethanol in wild-type but not Taok3Gt/+ mice. Taken together, these data support a role of a TAO/TAOK3-JNK neuronal signaling pathway in regulating sensitivity to acute ethanol exposure in flies and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kapfhamer
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (FWW)
| | - Ian King
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mimi E. Zou
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jana P. Lim
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fred W. Wolf
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (FWW)
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29
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An in vitro model for studying the effects of continuous ethanol exposure on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function. Alcohol 2012; 46:3-16. [PMID: 21925827 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term ethanol exposure has deleterious effects on both glial and neuronal function. We assessed alterations in both astrocytic and neuronal viability, and alterations in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function, in cocultures of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and astrocytes after continuous ethanol exposure (CEE). Treatment of cells with 100 mM EtOH once every 24 h for 4 days resulted in a mean ethanol concentration of 57.3 ± 2.1 mM. Comparisons between control and post-ethanol-treated cells were made 4 days after the last ethanol treatment. CEE did not alter glial cell viability, as indicated by the absence of either changes in astrocytic morphology, actin depolymerization, or disruption of astrocytic intracellular mitochondrial distribution at any day postethanol treatment. The CGCs were healthy and viable after CEE, as indicated by phase-contrast microscopy and the trypan-blue exclusion method. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments indicated that NMDA-induced currents (I(NMDA)) were altered by CEE treatment. Similar to previous results obtained during the withdrawal phase from chronic ethanol exposure, I(NMDA) from CEE-treated cells were significantly larger than I(NMDA) from NMDARs in control CGCs, but returned to control values by the fourth day post-CEE. However, after the last ethanol dosing and during a time when ethanol concentrations remained high, I(NMDA) were significantly smaller than control values. Identical results were observed in CGCs expressing the NR2A or NR2B subunit. In summary, both neurons and astrocytes remained healthy following exposure to CEE with no signs of neurotoxicity at the cellular level, and modulation of NMDAR function is consistent with findings from prior experiments. Thus, we conclude that the CEE paradigm in glial-neuronal cocultures readily lends itself to long-term in vitro studies of ethanol effects that include glial-neuronal interactions and the ability to study ethanol withdrawal-induced neurotoxicity.
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30
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Dou X, Wang Z, Yao T, Song Z. Cysteine aggravates palmitate-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Life Sci 2011; 89:878-85. [PMID: 22008477 PMCID: PMC5370560 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Lipotoxicity, defined as cell death induced by excessive fatty acids, especially saturated fatty acids, is critically involved in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent studies report that plasma cysteine concentrations is elevated in the subjects with either alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) or NASH than normal subjects. The present study was conducted to determine if elevation of cysteine could be a deleterious factor in palmitate-induced hepatocyte cell death. MAIN METHODS HepG2 and Hep3B cells were treated with palmitate with/without the inclusion of cysteine in the media for 24h. The effects of cysteine inclusion on palmitate induced cell death were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and MTT assay. Oxidative stress was evaluated by intracellular glutathione (GSH) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and DCFH-DA assay. Western blotting was performed to detect the changes of endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress markers: C/EBP homologous transcription factor (CHOP), GRP-78, and phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). KEY FINDINGS Elevated intracellular cysteine aggravates hepatocytes to palmitate-induced cell death. Enhancement of ER stress, specifically increased activation of JNK pathway, contributed to this cell death process. SIGNIFICANCE Increase of plasma cysteine levels, as observed in both ASH and NASH patients, may play a pathological role in the development of the liver diseases. Manipulation of dietary amino acid supplementation could be a therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China. 310053
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. 150081
| | - Tong Yao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China. 310053
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. 150081
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Alfonso-Loeches S, Guerri C. Molecular and behavioral aspects of the actions of alcohol on the adult and developing brain. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 48:19-47. [PMID: 21657944 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.580567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is one of the major target organs of alcohol actions. Alcohol abuse can lead to alterations in brain structure and functions and, in some cases, to neurodegeneration. Cognitive deficits and alcohol dependence are highly damaging consequences of alcohol abuse. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to alcohol, and that drinking during gestation can lead to a range of physical, learning and behavioral defects (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), with the most dramatic presentation corresponding to fetal alcohol syndrome. Recent findings also indicate that adolescence is a stage of brain maturation and that heavy drinking at this stage can have a negative impact on brain structure and functions causing important short- and long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences. The effects of alcohol on the brain are not uniform; some brain areas or cell populations are more vulnerable than others. The prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the white matter and glial cells are particularly susceptible to the effects of ethanol. The molecular actions of alcohol on the brain are complex and involve numerous mechanisms and signaling pathways. Some of the mechanisms involved are common for the adult brain and for the developing brain, while others depend on the developmental stage. During brain ontogeny, alcohol causes irreversible alterations to the brain structure. It also impairs several molecular, neurochemical and cellular events taking place during normal brain development, including alterations in both gene expression regulation and the molecules involved in cell-cell interactions, interference with the mitogenic and growth factor response, enhancement of free radical formation and derangements of glial cell functions. However, in both adult and adolescent brains, alcohol damages specific brain areas through mechanisms involving excitotoxicity, free radical formation and neuroinflammatory damage resulting from activation of the innate immune system mediated by TLR4 receptors. Alcohol also acts on specific membrane proteins, such as neurotransmitter receptors (e.g. NMDA, GABA-A), ion channels (e.g. L-type Ca²⁺ channels, GIRKs), and signaling pathways (e.g. PKA and PKC signaling). These effects might underlie the wide variety of behavioral effects induced by ethanol drinking. The neuroadaptive changes affecting neurotransmission systems which are more sensitive to the acute effects of alcohol occur after long-term alcohol consumption. Alcohol-induced maladaptations in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, abnormal plastic changes in the reward-related brain areas and genetic and epigenetic factors may all contribute to alcohol reinforcement and alcohol addiction. This manuscript reviews the mechanisms by which ethanol impacts the adult and the developing brain, and causes both neural impairments and cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. The identification and the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ethanol toxicity might contribute to the development of treatments and/or therapeutic agents that could reduce or eliminate the deleterious effects of alcohol on the brain.
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Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, Mühle C, Terfloth L, Groemer TW, Spitzer GM, Liedl KR, Gulbins E, Tripal P. Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23852. [PMID: 21909365 PMCID: PMC3166082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a hitherto unknown feature for 27 small drug-like molecules, namely functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). These entities named FIASMAs (Functional Inhibitors of Acid SphingoMyelinAse), therefore, can be potentially used to treat diseases associated with enhanced activity of ASM, such as Alzheimer's disease, major depression, radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and endotoxic shock syndrome. Residual activity of ASM measured in the presence of 10 µM drug concentration shows a bimodal distribution; thus the tested drugs can be classified into two groups with lower and higher inhibitory activity. All FIASMAs share distinct physicochemical properties in showing lipophilic and weakly basic properties. Hierarchical clustering of Tanimoto coefficients revealed that FIASMAs occur among drugs of various chemical scaffolds. Moreover, FIASMAs more frequently violate Lipinski's Rule-of-Five than compounds without effect on ASM. Inhibition of ASM appears to be associated with good permeability across the blood-brain barrier. In the present investigation, we developed a novel structure-property-activity relationship by using a random forest-based binary classification learner. Virtual screening revealed that only six out of 768 (0.78%) compounds of natural products functionally inhibit ASM, whereas this inhibitory activity occurs in 135 out of 2028 (6.66%) drugs licensed for medical use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Reichel M, Beck J, Mühle C, Rotter A, Bleich S, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J. Activity of Secretory Sphingomyelinase Is Increased in Plasma of Alcohol-Dependent Patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1852-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sphingolipid Turnover in the Hippocampus and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alcoholized Rats: Correction with the Help of Alimentary n-3 Fatty Acids. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-010-9147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Liu L, Cao JX, Sun B, Li HL, Xia Y, Wu Z, Tang CL, Hu J. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibition of chronic ethanol-induced oxidative damage via upregulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in PC12 cells and neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1115-24. [PMID: 20153405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that chronic ethanol consumption damages CNS through oxidative stress which results in many dysfunctions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that as a promising strategy to treat several neurological diseases, transplanted bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can secrete lots of protective factors that in turn promote function recovery. In the present study, we assessed the potential effects of MSCs conditioned medium (MSC-CM) against chronic ethanol-associated damage on PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. We found that pretreatment with MSC-CM notably improved cell survival, prevented chronic ethanol-associated apoptosis and abolished the robust deterioration in oxidative status. In addition, we also discovered that chronic ethanol exposure induced an inactivation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and a lasting activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in both PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons which were able to be reversed by MSC-CM. The PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) was able to reduce the antioxidative and cytoprotective effects conferred by MSC-CM, in part, and the ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) was able to elicit significant protection from chronic ethanol cytotoxicity but not rescue the deterioration in oxidative status induced by chronic ethanol. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence that MSCs might have potent antioxidant action to shield the apoptotic impairment from chronic ethanol exposure in PC12 cells and neurons, which is involved in upregulation of PI3K/Akt and modulation of ERK1/2 activation, at least partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Marín MP, Esteban-Pretel G, Ponsoda X, Romero AM, Ballestín R, López C, Megías L, Timoneda J, Molowny A, Canales JJ, Renau-Piqueras J. Endocytosis in Cultured Neurons Is Altered by Chronic Alcohol Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:202-13. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kornhuber J, Reichel M, Tripal P, Groemer TW, Henkel AW, Mühle C, Gulbins E. The role of ceramide in major depressive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259 Suppl 2:S199-204. [PMID: 19876679 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a severe mood disorder with a lifetime prevalence of more than 10%. The pharmacokinetic hypothesis claims that a slow accumulation of antidepressant drugs by acid trapping mainly into lysosomes is responsible for the therapeutic latency and that a lysosomal target mediates the antidepressant effects. The lysosomal lipid metabolizing enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) cleaves sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. In a pilot study, the activity of this enzyme was increased in peripheral blood cells of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), making the ASM an interesting molecular target of antidepressant drugs. Indeed, several antidepressant drugs functionally inhibit ASM. The ASM/ceramide pathway might be a missing link unifying independent findings in neurobiology and the treatment of MDD such as therapeutic latency, oxidative stress, immune activation and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Reichel M, Greiner E, Richter-Schmidinger T, Yedibela O, Tripal P, Jacobi A, Bleich S, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J. Increased acid sphingomyelinase activity in peripheral blood cells of acutely intoxicated patients with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:46-50. [PMID: 19860808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM; EC 3.1.4.12) hydrolyses membrane sphingomyelin into the bioactive lipid ceramide and is thus involved in different cellular processes such as differentiation, immunity, or cell death. Activation of ASM has been reported in particular in conjunction with the cellular stress response to several external stimuli, and increased ASM activity was observed in a variety of human diseases. Ethanol-induced activation of ASM has been observed in different cell culture systems, thus raising the question about the effect of alcohol intoxication in human subjects on ASM activity in vivo. METHODS We determined ASM activity in peripheral blood mononucleated cells of 27 patients suffering from alcohol dependence. Patients were classified according to their blood alcohol concentration at admission, and ASM activity was determined repeatedly from all patients during alcohol withdrawal. RESULTS Acutely intoxicated patients displayed significantly higher ASM activity than patients in early abstinence (Mann-Whitney U test: Z = - 2.6, p = 0.009). ASM activity declined in acutely intoxicated patients to normal values with the transition from the intoxicated state to early abstinence (Wilcoxon test: Z = -2.7, p = 0.007). At the end of withdrawal, ASM activity was significantly increased again compared to the early phase of abstinence in both patient groups (Wilcoxon test: Z = -2.691, p = 0.007 and Z = -2.275, p = 0.023, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-induced activation of ASM occurs in human subjects and might be responsible for deleterious effects of ethanol intoxication. Chronic alcohol abuse may induce deregulation of sphingomyelin metabolism in general, and this impairment may cause side effects during withdrawal from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Guerri C, Bazinet A, Riley EP. Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and alterations in brain and behaviour. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:108-14. [PMID: 19147799 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)' refers to the range of disabilities that may result from prenatal alcohol exposure. This article reviews the effects of ethanol on the developing brain and its long-term structural and neurobehavioural consequences. Brain imaging, neurobehavioural and experimental studies demonstrate the devastating consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing central nervous system (CNS), identifying specific brain regions affected, the range of severity of effects and mechanisms involved. In particular, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated overall and regional volumetric and surface area reductions, abnormalities in the shape of particular brain regions, and reduced and increased densities for white and grey matter, respectively. Neurobehaviourally, FASD consists of a continuum of long-lasting deficits affecting multiple aspects of cognition and behaviour. Experimental studies have also provided evidence of the vulnerability of the CNS to the teratogenic effects of ethanol and have provided new insight on the influence of risk factors in the type and severity of observed brain abnormalities. Finally, the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neuroteratological effects of alcohol are discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of glial cells in long-term neurodevelopmental liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Cell Pathology, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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Denmark DL, Buck KJ. Molecular analyses and identification of promising candidate genes for loci on mouse chromosome 1 affecting alcohol physical dependence and associated withdrawal. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:599-608. [PMID: 18363851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects on predisposition to physical dependence and associated withdrawal severity following chronic and acute alcohol exposure (Alcdp1/Alcw1) to a 1.1-Mb interval of mouse chromosome 1 syntenic with human chromosome 1q23.2-23.3. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the genes within this interval and show that it contains 40 coding genes, 17 of which show validated genotype-dependent transcript expression and/or non-synonymous coding sequence variation that may underlie the influence of Alcdp1/Alcw1 on ethanol dependence and associated withdrawal. These high priority candidates are involved in diverse cellular functions including intracellular trafficking, oxidative homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, and extracellular matrix dynamics, and indicate both established and novel aspects of the neurobiological response to ethanol. This work represents a substantial advancement toward identification of the gene(s) that underlies the phenotypic effects of Alcdp1/Alcw1. Additionally, a multitude of QTLs for a variety of complex traits, including diverse behavioral responses to ethanol, have been mapped in the vicinity of Alcdp1/Alcw1, and as many as four QTLs on human chromosome 1q have been implicated in human mapping studies for alcoholism and associated endophenotypes. Thus, our results will be primary to further efforts to identify genes involved in a wide variety of behavioral responses to alcohol and may directly facilitate progress in human alcoholism genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Denmark
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Marín MP, Tomas M, Esteban-Pretel G, Megías L, López-Iglesias C, Egea G, Renau-Piqueras J. Chronic ethanol exposure induces alterations in the nucleocytoplasmic transport in growing astrocytes. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1914-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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42
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Babenko NA, Shakhova EG. Effects of flavonoids on sphingolipid turnover in the toxin-damaged liver and liver cells. Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7:1. [PMID: 18226198 PMCID: PMC2265705 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ceramide generation is an early event in the apoptotic response to numerous stimuli including the oxidative stress and ceramide analogs mimic the stress effect and induce apoptosis. Flavonoids of German chamomile are reported to exhibit the hepatoprotective effect. Flavonoids affect sphingolipid metabolism and reduce the elevated ceramide level in the aged liver. In the present paper, the ceramide content and production in the CCl4- and ethanol-treated liver and hepatocytes as well as the correction of sphingolipid metabolism in the damaged liver using the mixture of German chamomile flavonoids (chamiloflan) or apigenin-7-glucoside (AP7Glu) have been investigated. RESULTS The experiments were performed in either the rat liver or hepatocytes of normal, CCl4- and ethanol-treated or flavonoid- and toxin plus flavonoid-treated animals. [14C]palmitic acid and [methyl-14C-phosphorylcholine]sphingomyelin were used to investigate the sphingolipid turnover. Addition of the CCl4 or ethanol to isolated hepatocyte suspensions caused loss of cell viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase release from the cells into supernatant and ceramide level in the cells. CCl4 administration to the rats enlarged ceramide mass as well as neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity and reduced ceramide degradation by the neutral ceramidase. Pretreatment of isolated hepatocytes with flavonoids abrogated the CCl4 effects on the cell membrane integrity and normalized the ceramide content. Flavonoid administration to the rats normalized the elevated ceramide content in the damaged liver via neutral SMase inhibition and ceramidase activation. CONCLUSION The data obtained have demonstrated that flavonoids affect sphingolipid metabolism in the CCl4- and ethanol-damaged liver and liver cells. Flavonoids normalized activities of key enzymes of sphingolipid turnover (neutral SMase and ceramidase) and ceramide contents in the damaged liver and liver cells, and stabilized the hepatocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A Babenko
- Department of Physiology of Ontogenesis, Institute of Biology, Kharkov Karazin National University, 4, Svobody pl., Kharkov, 61077, Ukraine
| | - Elena G Shakhova
- Department of Physiology of Ontogenesis, Institute of Biology, Kharkov Karazin National University, 4, Svobody pl., Kharkov, 61077, Ukraine
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Saito M, Chakraborty G, Mao RF, Wang R, Cooper TB, Vadasz C, Saito M. Ethanol alters lipid profiles and phosphorylation status of AMP-activated protein kinase in the neonatal mouse brain. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1208-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Byts N, Samoylenko A, Woldt H, Ehrenreich H, Sirén AL. Cell type specific signalling by hematopoietic growth factors in neural cells. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1219-30. [PMID: 17021950 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Correct timing and spatial location of growth factor expression is critical for undisturbed brain development and functioning. In terminally differentiated cells distinct biological responses to growth factors may depend on cell type specific activation of signalling cascades. We show that the hematopoietic growth factors thrombopoietin (TPO) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) exert cell type specific effects on survival, proliferation and the degree of phosphorylation of Akt1, ERK1/2 and STAT3 in rat hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes. In neurons, TPO induced cell death and selectively activated ERK1/2. GCSF protected neurons from TPO- and hypoxia-induced cell death via selective activation of Akt1. In astrocytes, neither TPO nor GCSF had any effect on cell viability but inhibited proliferation. This effect was accompanied by activation of ERK1/2 and inhibition of STAT3 activity. A balance between growth factors, their receptors and signalling proteins may play an important role in regulation of neural cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Byts
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
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Villegas SN, Njaine B, Linden R, Carri NG. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) prevents ethanol (EtOH) induced B92 glial cell death by both PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:116-26. [PMID: 17113937 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuroprotective effect of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) upon alcohol-exposed B92 cultures, as well as the role of the cytoskeleton and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in this effect. Ethanol (EtOH) was added to cultures, either alone or in combination with 30 ng/ml GDNF. Exposure to EtOH (86 and 172 mM; 60 and 120 min) increased the frequency of apoptotic cells identified by nuclear DNA staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Cultures treated with GDNF showed a decrease in ethanol-induced apoptosis. A jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is activated by EtOH and their pharmacological inhibition (by SP600125) neutralized ethanol-induced apoptosis, suggesting a role for JNK in EtOH neurotoxicity. Immunocytochemically detected phospho-JNK (p-JNK) showed an unusual filamental expression, and localized together with actin stress fibers. Examination of the cytoskeleton showed that EtOH depolymerized actin filaments, inducing p-JNK dissociation and translocation to the nucleus, which suggests that released p-JNK may contribute to glial cell death after EtOH exposure. Treatment with GDNF, in turn, may neutralize the ethanol-induced cell death pathway. Either a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway inhibitor (LY294002) or an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1, 2 pathways (UO126) failed to neutralize GDNF protective effects. However, the simultaneous use of both inhibitors blocked the protective effect of GDNF, suggesting a role for both signaling cascades in the GDNF protection. These findings provide further insight into the mechanism involved in ethanol-induced apoptosis and the neurotrophic protection of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nahuel Villegas
- Molecular Biology, IMBICE, Camino Belgrano y 526, CC 403, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, CCS, Bloco G, Cidade Universitaria, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rubert G, Miñana R, Pascual M, Guerri C. Ethanol exposure during embryogenesis decreases the radial glial progenitorpool and affects the generation of neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:483-96. [PMID: 16770775 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure induces functional abnormalities during brain development affecting neurogenesis and gliogenesis. We have previously reported that alcohol exposure during embryogenesis disrupts radial glia (RG) and gliogenesis. Taking into account the new role of RG as neural progenitors, we have investigated whether ethanol affects RG as a neural stem cell. We found that in utero ethanol exposure impairs cell proliferation and decreases neurons and astrocytes generated in cultured RG and in embryonic cerebral cortex. Telencephalic cultures obtained at E12 from ethanol-treated rats displayed a reduction in the proportion of actively dividing RG progenitors, as demonstrated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, and in the percentage of brain lipid binding protein-positive RG. Consistently, neurosphere formation assay from E12 telencephalon showed a reduced number of multipotent progenitor cells in cultures isolated from ethanol-treated rats in comparison with pair-fed control group. Moreover, levels of activated Notch1 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, which regulate the maintenance of the progenitor state of RG, are decreased by prenatal ethanol exposure. These findings demonstrate that ethanol reduces the telencephalic RG progenitor pool and its transformation into neurons and astrocytes, which may contribute to an explanation of the defects in brain function often observed in fetal alcohol syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/physiopathology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/physiology
- Brain/abnormalities
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiopathology
- Bromodeoxyuridine
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System Depressants/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Ethanol/adverse effects
- Female
- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/physiopathology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/drug effects
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1/drug effects
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Telencephalon/abnormalities
- Telencephalon/drug effects
- Telencephalon/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Rubert
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Chen S, Lee JM, Zeng C, Chen H, Hsu CY, Xu J. Amyloid beta peptide increases DP5 expression via activation of neutral sphingomyelinase and JNK in oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 2006; 97:631-40. [PMID: 16524368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that white matter pathology is a common feature in Alzheimer's disease. We have previously reported that the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) induces apoptosis in oligodendrocytes (OLG), via activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and resultant generation of ceramide. In the current study, we report that both Abeta and ceramide increased expression of the proapoptotic protein DP5/Hrk (DP5), and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm in OLGs. We provide evidence that the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway mediates Abeta- and ceramide-induced apoptosis: Both Abeta and ceramide activated JNK phosphorylation, and subsequent AP-1 DNA binding activity; JNK siRNA decreased AP-1 DNA binding, DP5 expression and reduced cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of nSMase attenuated Abeta-induced JNK phosphorylation, AP-1 DNA binding activity, DP5 expression, and cytochrome C release. Collectively, these results suggest that Abeta-induced apoptosis involves the sequential activation of nSMase with ceramide generation, JNK activation, AP-1 DNA binding, and DP5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawei Chen
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Miñambres R, Guasch RM, Perez-Aragó A, Guerri C. The RhoA/ROCK-I/MLC pathway is involved in the ethanol-induced apoptosis by anoikis in astrocytes. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:271-82. [PMID: 16390872 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced by loss of anchorage that is involved in tissue homeostasis and disease. Ethanol is an important teratogen that induces marked central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions. Here we show that astrocytes exposed to ethanol undergo morphological changes associated with anoikis, including the peripheral reorganization of both focal adhesions and actin-myosin system, cell contraction, membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation. We found that either the small GTPase RhoA or its effector ROCK-I (Rho kinase), promotes membrane blebbing in astrocytes. Ethanol induces a ROCK-I activation that is mediated by RhoA, rather than by caspase-3 cleavage. Accordingly, the RhoA inhibitor C3, completely abolishes the ethanol-induced ROCK-I activation. Furthermore, inhibition of both RhoA and ROCK prevents the membrane blebbing induced by ethanol. Ethanol also promotes myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which might be involved in the actin-myosin contraction. All of these findings strongly support that ethanol-exposed astrocytes undergo apoptosis by anoikis and also that the RhoA/ROCK-I/MLC pathway participates in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Miñambres
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, c/EP Autopista del Saler 16-3, 46013-Valencia, Spain
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Blanco AM, Vallés SL, Pascual M, Guerri C. Involvement of TLR4/type I IL-1 receptor signaling in the induction of inflammatory mediators and cell death induced by ethanol in cultured astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6893-9. [PMID: 16272348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated astroglial cells are implicated in neuropathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain. A number of inflammatory mediators and cytokines have been proposed to play a key role in glial cell-related brain damage. Cytokine production seems to be initiated by signaling through TLR4/type I IL-1R (IL-1RI) in response to their ligands, LPS and IL-1beta, playing vital roles in innate host defense against infections, inflammation, injury, and stress. We have shown that glial cells are stimulated by ethanol, up-regulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators associated with TLR4 and IL-1RI signaling pathways in brain, suggesting that ethanol may contribute to brain damage via inflammation. We explore the possibility that ethanol, in the absence of LPS or IL-1beta, triggers signaling pathways and inflammatory mediators through TLR4 and/or IL-1RI activation in astrocytes. We show in this study that ethanol, at physiologically relevant concentrations, is capable of inducing rapid phosphorylation within 10 min of IL-1R-associated kinase, ERK1/2, stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, and p38 MAPK in astrocytes. Then an activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 occurs after 30 min of ethanol treatment along with an up-regulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Finally, we note an increase in cell death after 3 h of treatment. Furthermore, by using either anti-TLR4- or anti-IL-1RI-neutralizing Abs, before and during ethanol treatment, we inhibit ethanol-induced signaling events, including NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation and astrocyte death. In summary, these findings indicate that both TLR4 and IL-1RI activation occur upon ethanol treatment, and suggest that signaling through these receptors mediates ethanol-induced inflammatory events in astrocytes and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blanco
- Unidad de Patología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Hirata H, Machado LS, Okuno CS, Brasolin A, Lopes GS, Smaili SS. Apoptotic effect of ethanol is potentiated by caffeine-induced calcium release in rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2006; 393:136-40. [PMID: 16257121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated agents that increased intracellular calcium levels and their correlation with apoptotic cell death induction. We used rat astrocytes to investigate the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca(c)2+) and apoptosis induction by drugs that mobilize Ca2+ from different sources. We observed that thapsigargin (Thap), caffeine (Caff) and FCCP which caused similar increases in Ca(c)2+ levels (30-40%), also induced similar apoptotic rates (30-35%). On the other hand, antimycin (Anti), staurosporine (STS) and ethanol (Eth) promoted higher increases in Ca(c)2+ (55-65 %) and higher apoptotic rates (55-85%). Eth induced cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with Eth plus Caff for 6, 12 and 24 h, these effects were strongly potentiated. Results suggest that there might be a correlation between Ca(c)2+ increase and the rate of apoptosis. It is possible that Eth induces cell death by activation of more than one pathway and Ca2+ might be one of the elements involved. The present work indicates that Ca2+ can potentiate death by ethanol in rat astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo SP 04044-020, Brazil
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