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Go GM, Oh HJ, Han K, Kim YH, Lee HJ, Lee JH. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Psoriasis Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e377. [PMID: 38111280 PMCID: PMC10727922 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to relieve menopause symptoms, but has been reported to be associated with coronary heart disease and cancers in women. However, a link between HRT and psoriasis has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the association between HRT and the risk of psoriasis. METHODS We executed a nationwide population-based study. A total of 1,130,741 post-menopause women were enrolled in the national health care insurance database based on the enrollment criteria. The study population was classified into four groups based on the duration of the HRT, and the risk of psoriasis was analyzed. RESULTS The incidence rates of psoriasis per 1,000 person-years were 3.36 and 4.09 in the no history of HRT and ≥ 5 years of HRT, respectively. After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol intake, regular exercise, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, the most prolonged duration of the HRT group (≥ 5 years) exhibited significantly increased risk of developing psoriasis (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.29). CONCLUSION We propose that HRT in post-menopausal women is associated with an increased likelihood of psoriasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Min Go
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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McCarty MF, Benzvi C, Vojdani A, Lerner A. Nutraceutical strategies for alleviation of UVB phototoxicity. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36811352 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B exposure to keratinocytes promotes carcinogenesis by inducing pyrimidine dimer lesions in DNA, suppressing the nucleotide excision repair mechanism required to fix them, inhibiting the apoptosis required for the elimination of initiated cells, and driving cellular proliferation. Certain nutraceuticals - most prominently spirulina, soy isoflavones, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, the green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Polypodium leucotomos extract - have been shown to oppose photocarcinogenesis, as well as sunburn and photoaging, in UVB-exposed hairless mice. It is proposed that spirulina provides protection in this regard via phycocyanobilin-mediated inhibition of Nox1-dependent NADPH oxidase; that soy isoflavones do so by opposing NF-κB transcriptional activity via oestrogen receptor-beta; that the benefit of eicosapentaenoic acid reflects decreased production of prostaglandin E2; and that EGCG counters UVB-mediated phototoxicity via inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The prospects for practical nutraceutical down-regulation of photocarcinogenesis, sunburn, and photoaging appear favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Adachi A, Honda T. Regulatory Roles of Estrogens in Psoriasis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164890. [PMID: 36013129 PMCID: PMC9409683 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. The severity of psoriasis has been reported as higher in men than in women. The immunoregulatory role of female sex hormones has been proposed to be one of the factors responsible for sex differences. Among female sex hormones, estrogens have been suggested to be significantly involved in the development of psoriasis by various epidemiological and in vitro studies. For example, the severity of psoriasis is inversely correlated with serum estrogen levels. In vitro, estrogens suppress the production of psoriasis-related cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-23 from neutrophils and dendritic cells, respectively. Furthermore, a recent study using a mouse psoriasis model indicated the inhibitory role of estrogens in psoriatic dermatitis by suppressing IL-1β production from neutrophils and macrophages. Understanding the role and molecular mechanisms of female sex hormones in psoriasis may lead to better control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Adachi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Adachi A, Honda T, Egawa G, Kanameishi S, Takimoto R, Miyake T, Hossain MR, Komine M, Ohtsuki M, Gunzer M, Ikuta K, Kabashima K. Estradiol suppresses psoriatic inflammation in mice by regulating neutrophil and macrophage functions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:909-919.e8. [PMID: 35589416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease resulting from dysregulation of the IL-23/TH17 immune axis. The prevalence and severity of psoriasis is higher in men than in women, although the underlying reasons for this are unclear. OBJECTIVE We studied whether estradiol, a female hormone, plays protective roles in imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation in mice by regulating neutrophil and macrophage functions. METHODS Wild-type mice and conditional knockout mice were ovariectomized, supplemented with placebo or estradiol pellets, and an imiquimod-containing cream applied. RESULTS Mice without endogenous ovarian hormones exhibited exacerbated psoriatic inflammation including increased production of IL-17A and IL-1β, which was reversed by exogenously added estradiol. The suppressive effect of estradiol on the production of IL-1β and IL-17A was abolished in mice lacking estrogen receptors in neutrophils and macrophages (Esr1f/fEsr2f/fLysM-Cre+ mice). IL-1β, which is required for production of IL-17A in the psoriasis model, was mainly produced by neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages. Estradiol suppressed IL-1β production from neutrophils and macrophages in mice both in vivo and in vitro and from human neutrophils in vitro. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a novel mechanism for sex-dependent differences in psoriasis clinical phenotypes that may shed new light on the pathology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Adachi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuto Kanameishi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Riko Takimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Miyake
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Md Razib Hossain
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mamitaro Ohtsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften ISAS-e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore.
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5
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Genital Wound Repair and Scarring. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10020023. [PMID: 35466231 PMCID: PMC9036227 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound repair has been the central focus of clinicians and scientists for almost a century. Insights into acute and chronic wound healing as well as scarring have influenced and ameliorated wound treatment. Our knowledge of normal skin notwithstanding, little is known of acute and chronic wound repair of genital skin. In contrast to extra-genital skin, hypertrophic scarring is uncommon in genital tissue. Chronic wound healing disorders of the genitals are mostly confined to mucosal tissue diseases. This article will provide insights into the differences between extra-genital and genital skin with regard to anatomy, physiology and aberrant wound repair. In light of fundamental differences between genital and normal skin, it is recommended that reconstructive and esthetic surgery should exclusively be performed by specialists with profound expertise in genital wound repair.
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Su W, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Zhang X, Ji J, Yang S. Exploring the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis Complicated With Atherosclerosis via Microarray Data Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667690. [PMID: 34122426 PMCID: PMC8190392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although more and more evidence has supported psoriasis is prone to atherosclerosis, the common mechanism of its occurrence is still not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study is to further explore the molecular mechanism of the occurrence of this complication. Methods The gene expression profiles of psoriasis (GSE30999) and atherosclerosis (GSE28829) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of psoriasis and atherosclerosis, three kinds of analyses were performed, namely functional annotation, protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network and module construction, and hub gene identification and co-expression analysis. Results A total of 94 common DEGs (24 downregulated genes and 70 upregulated genes) was selected for subsequent analyses. Functional analysis emphasizes the important role of chemokines and cytokines in these two diseases. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway is closely related to both. Finally, 16 important hub genes were identified using cytoHubba, including LYN, CSF2RB, IL1RN, RAC2, CCL5, IRF8, C1QB, MMP9, PLEK, PTPRC, FYB, BCL2A1, LCP2, CD53, NCF2 and TLR2. Conclusions Our study reveals the common pathogenesis of psoriasis and atherosclerosis. These common pathways and hub genes may provide new ideas for further mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Su
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Lauzon-Joset JF, Mincham KT, Abad AP, Short BP, Holt PG, Strickland DH, Leffler J. Oestrogen amplifies pre-existing atopy-associated Th2 bias in an experimental asthma model. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 50:391-400. [PMID: 31785105 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and severity of asthma, particularly the most common (atopic) form of the disease, increase amongst females but not males after puberty, and asthma activity also changes throughout the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The contribution of female sex hormones to asthma pathogenesis is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To obtain insight into the role of oestrogen (E2) in experimental atopic asthma, and guide future research on sex-related variations in atopic asthma susceptibility/intensity in humans. METHODS We utilized an experimental model comprising rat strains expressing dichotomous Th2-high vs Th2-low immunophenotypes exemplified by eosinophilia, mirroring differences between human atopics/non-atopics. We compared the efficiency of Th2-associated immunoinflammatory mechanisms, which differed markedly between the two strains, and between sexes in the Th2-high strain, and determined the effects of E2 administration on these differences. RESULTS Unique to the Th2-high strain, eosinophil: neutrophil ratios in the airways at baseline and following sensitization/aeroallergen challenge were logfold higher in females relative to males, and this was reflected by higher baseline blood eosinophil numbers in females. Pretreatment of Th2-high males with E2 abrogated this sex difference by selectively boosting Th2-associated genes in the airways and eosinophilia, but was without corresponding effect in the Th2-low strain. In contrast, parallel E2 effects on myeloid and lymphoid cell populations were relatively modest. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE E2 acts to amplify the eosinophilic component of pre-existing Th2-high immunophenotype, possibly acting at the level of the common eosinophil/neutrophil precursor in bone marrow to preferentially drive eosinophil differentiation. Constitutive granulocyte profiles in which the balance between eosinophils and neutrophils is skewed towards eosinophils have been identified in independent cohort studies as markers of asthma risk, and these findings suggest that more detailed studies on the role of E2 in this context, and in relation to asthma pathogenesis in post-pubertal females in particular, appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Francois Lauzon-Joset
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Kyle T Mincham
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ana P Abad
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Braden P Short
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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8
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Fteita D, Könönen E, Gürsoy M, Ma X, Sintim HO, Gürsoy UK. Quorum sensing molecules regulate epithelial cytokine response and biofilm-related virulence of three Prevotella species. Anaerobe 2018; 54:128-135. [PMID: 30189320 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) signaling regulates the motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation of bacteria, and at the same time activates immune response in eukaryotic organisms. We recently demonstrated that the QS molecule, dihydroxy-2, 3-pentanedione (DPD), and its analogs significantly inhibit estradiol-regulated virulence of Prevotella aurantiaca, one of the four species in the Prevotella intermedia group. Here, we examined the combined effects of estradiol and QS signaling on 1) cytokine response of human gingival keratinocytes (HMK) against whole cell extract (WCE) of P. intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella pallens, and 2) biofilm formation of these three Prevotella species. All experiments were performed in the presence or absence of estradiol, and with different QS molecules: DPD and its analogs (ethyl-DPD, butyl-DPD, and isobutyl-DPD). Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, and -8 were determined by the Luminex multiplex immunoassay, biofilm mass was quantitatively evaluated by measuring protein concentration via the Bradford method, and the microtopography of biofilms was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated when HMK cells were incubated with estradiol and WCE of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens, but decreased when incubated with estradiol and WCE of P. pallens. Butyl-DPD neutralized the estradiol- and WCE-induced regulation of HMK interleukin expression and, at the same time, inhibited the biofilm formation of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens. SEM micrographs revealed a decrease in biofilm mass after application of butyl-DPD, which was most detectable among the P. intermedia ATCC 25611 and P. nigrescens ATCC 33563 and AHN 8293 strains. In conclusion, butyl-DPD analog is able to neutralize the WCE-induced epithelial cytokine response and, at the same time, to inhibit the biofilm formation of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dareen Fteita
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland; Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, City of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Xiaochu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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Watanabe Y, Makino E, Tajiki-Nishino R, Koyama A, Tajima H, Ishimota M, Fukuyama T. Involvement of estrogen receptor α in pro-pruritic and pro-inflammatory responses in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:226-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Gier K, Preininger C, Sauer U. A Chip for Estrogen Receptor Action: Detection of Biomarkers Released by MCF-7 Cells through Estrogenic and Anti-Estrogenic Effects. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081760. [PMID: 28763032 PMCID: PMC5579769 DOI: 10.3390/s17081760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence-based multi-analyte chip platform for the analysis of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic substances is a new in vitro tool for the high throughput screening of environmental samples. In contrast to existing tools, the chip investigates the complex action of xenoestrogens in a human cell model by characterizing protein expression. It allows for the quantification of 10 proteins secreted by MCF-7 cells, representing various biological and pathological endpoints of endocrine action and distinguishing between estrogen- and anti-estrogen-dependent secretion of proteins. Distinct protein secretion patterns of the cancer cell line after exposure to known estrogen receptor agonists ß-estradiol, bisphenol A, genistein, and nonylphenol as well as antagonists fulvestrant and tamoxifen demonstrate the potential of the chip. Stimulation of cells with Interleukin-1ß shifts concentrations of low abundant biomarkers towards the working range of the chip. In the non-stimulated cell culture, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) show differences upon treatment with antagonists and agonists of the estrogen receptor. In stimulated MCF-7 cells challenged with receptor agonists secretion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Rantes, and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) significantly decreases. In parallel, the proliferating effect of endocrine-disrupting substances in MCF-7 cells is assessed in a proliferation assay based on resazurin. Using ethanol as a solvent for test substances increases the background of proliferation and secretion experiments, while using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) does not show any adverse effects. The role of the selected biomarkers in different physiological processes such as cell development, reproduction, cancer, and metabolic syndrome makes the chip an excellent tool for either indicating endocrine-disrupting effects in food and environmental samples, or for screening the effect of xenoestrogens on a cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Gier
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Str 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Claudia Preininger
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Str 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Str 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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11
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Seleit I, Bakry OA, El Repey HS, Ali R. Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Aging: A Histopathological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:178-89. [PMID: 27399919 DOI: 10.1159/000446662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a target organ of sex steroids which play important roles in skin health and disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and androgen receptor (AR) in human skin from different age groups for a better understanding of the hormonal regulation of skin aging. Using standard immunohistochemical techniques, biopsies of sun-unprotected and sun-protected skin were taken from 60 normal subjects. Sun-protected skin showed significantly higher immunoreactivity for ERβ and AR compared to sun-unprotected skin of all age groups. Significantly higher ERβ H score and percent of expression were associated with the 20-35 years age group compared to the groups that were 35-50 years and >50 years old (p < 0.02, p = 0.03, respectively) in sun-unprotected and sun-protected skin (p < 0.001, p = 0.01, respectively). AR H score showed a negative correlation with age (p = 0.04) with no significant difference in immunoreactivity in different age groups, either in sun-unprotected or sun-protected skin. There was also a significant correlation between ERβ H score and epidermal thickness in sun-unprotected (p = 0.04) and sun-protected skin (p = 0.04) in studied subjects regardless of age. The same relationships did not reach significance with AR expression. However, a significant positive correlation was detected between H scores and percent of expression of ERβ and AR in sun-unprotected (p = 0.01, p = 0.02, respectively) and sun-protected skin (p = 0.005, p = 0.02, respectively) regardless of age. In conclusion, both ERβ and AR decline gradually with intrinsic and extrinsic aging. This decline is more obvious with extrinsic aging. Further large-scaled studies are recommended to expand, validate and translate current findings to clinically significant, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Molecular studies to investigate the probable ligand-independent action of both receptors are warranted. In addition, their gene expression patterns and associated signaling and metabolic pathways can also be tackled to provide a basis for further interventions in pathological processes that involve their dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Seleit
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibin El Koom, Egypt
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12
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Lin X, Huang T. Impact of pregnancy and oestrogen on psoriasis and potential therapeutic use of selective oestrogen receptor modulators for psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:1085-91. [PMID: 27072912 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Lin
- Department of Dermatology First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
| | - T. Huang
- Department of Dermatology Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China
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13
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Shen Z, Patel MV. Regulation of mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of sex hormones in immune protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:236-58. [PMID: 24734774 PMCID: PMC4351777 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the FRT. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack viral, bacterial, and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus, has evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol (E2 ) and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, that protection varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle and as such, is dampened during the secretory stage of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Nakaya M, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Effect of Estrogens on the Interferon-γ Producing Cell Population of Mouse Splenocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:47-53. [PMID: 16428820 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the cytokine production by mouse splenocytes. The production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was enhanced by E2 stimulation. E2 increased the number of cells expressing IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma mRNA expression level in the cells. There were low- and high-level cells expressing IFN-gamma in the population. The natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells were the low-level cells expressing IFN-gamma, and the number of these cells was increased by E2 stimulation. In addition, it was suggested that the enhancing effect of IFN-gamma production by E2 was mediated through estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, and ERbeta agonist stimulated IFN-gamma production. ERs are expressed on plasma membrane as well as in nucleus. The ligand specific to plasma membrane-associated ER (mER) enhanced the IFN-gamma production. In conclusion, our results indicated that E2 up-regulated the IFN-gamma production by mediating ERalpha, ERbeta and mERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Nakaya
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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15
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Wang Y, Yan M, Yu Y, Wu J, Yu J, Fan Z. Estrogen deficiency inhibits the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via activation of the NF-κB pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:551-9. [PMID: 23532562 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various factors can affect the functions of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). However, little knowledge is available about the effects of estrogen deficiency on the differentiation of DPSCs. In this study, an estrogen-deficient rat model was constructed and multi-colony-derived DPSCs were obtained from the incisors of ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated rats. Odonto/osteogenic differentiation and the possible involvement of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the OVX-DPSCs/Sham-DPSCs of these rats were then investigated. OVX-DPSCs presented decreased odonto/osteogenic capacity and an activated NF-κB pathway, as compared with Sham-DPSCs. When the cellular NF-κB pathway was specifically inhibited by BMS345541, the odonto/osteogenic potential in OVX-DPSCs was significantly upregulated. Thus, estrogen deficiency down-regulated the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs by activating NF-κB signaling and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway effectively rescued the decreased differentiation potential of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
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16
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Sherman MH, Downes M, Evans RM. Nuclear receptors as modulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:3-10. [PMID: 22135047 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades of cancer research, the inherent complexity of tumors has become increasingly appreciated. In addition to acquired cell-intrinsic properties, tumor initiation and growth is supported by an abundance of parenchymal, inflammatory, and stromal cell types, which infiltrate and surround the tumor. Accumulating evidence shows that numerous components of this supportive milieu, referred to collectively as the tumor microenvironment, are indeed critical during the process of multistep tumorigenesis. These findings highlight the important interplay between neoplastic cells and tumor-associated cell types, and suggest that therapy should target both neoplastic cells and supportive stromal cells to effectively attenuate tumor growth. The nuclear receptor superfamily encompasses a druggable class of molecules expressed in numerous stromal and parenchymal cell types, whose established physiologic roles suggest their potential as therapeutic and preventive targets in the context of the reactive tumor microenvironment. In this minireview, we discuss recent evidence that tumor-associated inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis can be modulated at the transcriptional level by nuclear receptors and their ligands. As these processes have been widely implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to current therapy, nuclear receptor ligands targeting the tumor microenvironment may be potent antitumor agents in combination therapies, including for preventing cancer development within high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara H Sherman
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Arora MK, Yadav A, Saini V. Role of hormones in acne vulgaris. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1035-1040. [PMID: 21763298 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.06.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of endogenous hormones like testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, insulin-like growth factor, insulin and glucocorticoids in a common skin condition acne vulgaris. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature and abstracted the data for every published cut point. RESULTS We screened more than 1000 studies and found that serum testosterone, progesterone, glucocorticoids, insulin and insulin-like growth factors are increased in patients with acne vulgaris and serum estrogen levels are low in patients. CONCLUSIONS Various endogenous hormones play important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Thus, in the clinical practice it is important to evaluate serum levels of these hormones and patients must be treated accordingly to avoid serious endocrine disorders at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kataria Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amita Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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18
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Obarzanek-Fojt M, Favre B, Huber M, Ryser S, Moodycliffe A, Wipff PJ, Hinz B, Hohl D. Induction of p38, tumour necrosis factor-α and RANTES by mechanical stretching of keratinocytes expressing mutant keratin 10R156H. Br J Dermatol 2010; 164:125-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Phytoestrogen bavachin mediates anti-inflammation targeting IκB kinase-IκBα-NF-κB signaling pathway in chondrocytes in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 636:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M, Patel MV, Hickey DK, Ochiel DO. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:544-65. [PMID: 20367623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the female reproductive tract. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack many different viral, bacterial and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus have evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells and other immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate immune response is under hormonal control, varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle, and as such is suppressed at mid-cycle to optimize conditions for successful fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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21
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Song JY, Kim MJ, Jo HH, Hwang SJ, Chae B, Chung JE, Kwon DJ, Lew YO, Lim YT, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim MR. Antioxidant effect of estrogen on bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:74-80. [PMID: 19635556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study discussed the role of estrogen as an antioxidant in the damage of vascular endothelial cells. DESIGN We treated bovine aortic endothelial cells (bAEC) either with 1mM of H(2)O(2) alone or with 1 microM of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) for 24h followed by 1mM of H(2)O(2) for 3h. The cell survival was evaluated by MTT assay, cellular apoptosis by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and Hoechst 33342 staining, oxidative stress by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis after oxidative stress by western blotting for phospho-p38, p38, and Bcl-2. RESULTS MTT assay showed that bAEC viability was reduced to 55.7+/-3.0% and 39.1+/-3.7% after 30 and 60 min of H(2)O(2) treatment, respectively. E(2) and H(2)O(2) treated cells did not show significant decrease in the cell survival. Similarly the FACS analysis and Hoechst 33342 stain showed that the latter decreased cellular apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2). Intracellular ROS increased by 181.6+/-68.9% in the former and by 37.0+/-3.9% in the latter (P<0.05). The expression of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was higher in the latter. CONCLUSIONS E(2) mediates antioxidant effects on the oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2). This antioxidant effect on bAEC may elucidate the scientific basis of hormone therapy for maintaining cardiovascular integrity in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yen Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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22
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Antioxidant effects of equol on bovine aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:420-4. [PMID: 18708029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study is to examine the effects of equol on the H(2)O(2)-induced death of bovine aortic endothelial cells (bAECs) and the mechanism of its protective effects. MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] assay showed that in the control group, cell survival rate decreased significantly, each in proportion to the duration of the H(2)O(2) stimulation (P<0.05), but, in the equol-pretreated group, such decrease was not statistically significant. After Hoechst 33342 staining, in the equol-pretreated group the number of cells with apoptotic morphology decreased significantly. Equol pretreatment effectively inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced cell death by the reduction of intracellular ROS production (P<0.05). Incubation of bAECs with equol increased the expression of phospho-p38 MAPK and Bcl-2 after the H(2)O(2) exposure compared with their expression without the equol pretreatment. Furthermore, SB203580 inhibited phospho-p38 MAPK expression and increased apoptotic cell death. This study proves equol has a significant antioxidant effect on the bAECs that were exposed to H(2)O(2).
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Zhang M, Zhu L, Feng Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Ran Y. Effects of acitretin on proliferative inhibition and RANTES production of HaCaT cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:575-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Estradiol selectively regulates innate immune function by polarized human uterine epithelial cells in culture. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:317-25. [PMID: 19079193 PMCID: PMC4815904 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the role of E(2) in regulating innate immune protection by human uterine epithelial cells (UECs). Recognizing that UECs produce cytokines and chemokines to recruit and activate immune cells as well as viral and bacterial antimicrobials, we sought to examine the effect of E(2) on constitutive and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly (I:C))-induced immune responses. The secretion by polarized UECs in culture of interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) was examined as well as the mRNA expression of human beta-defensin-2 (HBD2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-8, and nuclear factor (NF)-kB. When incubated with E(2) for 24-48 h, we found that E(2) stimulated UEC secretion of SLPI (fourfold) and mRNA expression of HBD2 (fivefold). Moreover, when antibacterial activity in UEC secretions was measured using Staphylococcus aureus, E(2) increased the secretion of soluble factor(s) with antibacterial activity. In contrast, E(2) had no effect on constitutive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by UECs but completely inhibited LPS- and poly (I:C)-induced secretion of MIF, IL-6, and IL-8. Estradiol also reversed the stimulatory effects of IL-1beta on mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and NF-kB by 85, 95, and 70%, respectively. As SLPI is known to inhibit NF-kB expression, these findings suggest that E(2) inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines may be mediated through SLPI regulation of NF-kB. Overall, these findings indicate that the production of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobials by UECs are differentially regulated by E(2). Further, it suggests that with E(2) regulation, epithelial cells that line the uterine cavity have evolved immunologically to be sensitive to viral and bacterial infections as well as the constraints of procreation.
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25
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Liou JM, Lin JT, Huang SP, Wu CY, Wang HP, Lee YC, Chiu HM, Shun CT, Lin MT, Wu MS. RANTES-403 polymorphism is associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer in women. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:115-23. [PMID: 18306985 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men are more susceptible to gastric cancer (GC) than women. However, the genetic factors associated with the sex difference are not well understood. Chemokines have been shown to modulate tumor behavior, and the sex-specific effect of the chemokine polymorphisms on the host susceptibility to several diseases has been reported. We aimed to determine the role of chemokine polymorphisms on host susceptibility to GC, with special interest on their sex-specific effect. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study, including 177 patients with GC and 217 age-matched unaffected healthy controls, was performed in three major tertiary care hospitals. Genotyping for regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) -403 A/G and -28 C/G, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) deletion, and CCR2-V64I was performed using peripheral blood DNA. RESULTS The RANTES -403 GA and AA genotypes were independently associated with a 2.3-fold reduced risk of developing GC (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.22-0.90, P=0.025) compared with GG genotype in women, but not in men. The RANTES -28C/G and CCR2-V64I polymorphisms were not associated with different risk of developing GC. The tumor stage, histological features, and survival rate were not different when stratified by RANTES -403 and -28 and CCR2-V64I genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that women who inherit A allele at RANTES -403 may be at reduced risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Liou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Nalbandian G, Kovats S. Understanding sex biases in immunity: effects of estrogen on the differentiation and function of antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Res 2008; 31:91-106. [PMID: 15778508 DOI: 10.1385/ir:31:2:091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The initiation and perpetuation of innate and adaptive immunity is dependent on the ability of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to sense inflammatory stimuli; produce cytokines; and internalize, degrade, and present antigens via surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes express estrogen receptors, indicating that the steroid sex hormone estrogen might directly modulate the function of these cells during immune responses. Sex-specific parameters of immune function have been identified during autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of infectious disease, which show sex biases in their incidence and manifestation; female immunity also varies as estrogen levels change. In this article, we summarize studies that demonstrate effects of estrogen on the differentiation or function of APCs in model in vitro systems, or under circumstances of natural or imposed variation in estrogen levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Nalbandian
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, CA 91010, USA
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27
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Abstract
There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens. On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in several animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, we realize the immunosupportive role of estrogens in trauma/sepsis and the proinflammatory effects in some chronic autoimmune diseases in humans. This review examines possible causes for this paradox. This review delineates how the effects of estrogens are dependent on criteria such as: 1) the immune stimulus (foreign antigens or autoantigens) and subsequent antigen-specific immune responses (e.g., T cell inhibited by estrogens vs. activation of B cell); 2) the cell types involved during different phases of the disease; 3) the target organ with its specific microenvironment; 4) timing of 17beta-estradiol administration in relation to the disease course (and the reproductive status of a woman); 5) the concentration of estrogens; 6) the variability in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta depending on the microenvironment and the cell type; and 7) intracellular metabolism of estrogens leading to important biologically active metabolites with quite different anti- and proinflammatory function. Also mentioned are systemic supersystems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sensory nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system and how they are influenced by estrogens. This review reinforces the concept that estrogens have antiinflammatory but also proinflammatory roles depending on above-mentioned criteria. It also explains that a uniform concept as to the action of estrogens cannot be found for all inflammatory diseases due to the enormous variable responses of immune and repair systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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28
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Feldman I, Feldman GM, Mobarak C, Dunkelberg JC, Leslie KK. Identification of proteins within the nuclear factor-kappa B transcriptional complex including estrogen receptor-alpha. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:394.e1-11; discussion 394.e11-3. [PMID: 17403432 PMCID: PMC2175481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether cross-talk occurs between estrogen receptors (ERs) and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-kappaB), to assess the functional consequences of such an ER/NF-kappaB interaction, and to identify other unknown regulatory proteins that may participate in the NF-kappaB transcriptional complex. STUDY DESIGN Electromobility gel shifts, reporter gene assays, and mass spectrometry were used to identify proteins interacting with the NF-kappaB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) response element. RESULTS ER and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB colocalized on DNA. This interaction was inhibitory for ER transcriptional activity. Sequencing of proteins bound to the NF-kappaB/DNA complex identified DNA-modifying enzymes, scaffolding proteins, chaperones, and elements of the nuclear matrix. CONCLUSION These studies have identified an inhibitory interaction between estrogen receptors and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB with implications for estrogen action in pregnancy and cancer. New accessory proteins have also been identified that bind to protein complexes on the NF-kappaB DNA response element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irv Feldman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | | | - Charlotte Mobarak
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Women’s Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Jeffrey C. Dunkelberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Kimberly K. Leslie
- Reproductive Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Women’s Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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29
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Tiala I, Suomela S, Huuhtanen J, Wakkinen J, Hölttä-Vuori M, Kainu K, Ranta S, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Jiao H, Karvonen SL, Ikonen E, Kere J, Saarialho-Kere U, Elomaa O. The CCHCR1 (HCR) gene is relevant for skin steroidogenesis and downregulated in cultured psoriatic keratinocytes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:589-601. [PMID: 17221218 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The HCR gene, officially called Coiled-Coil alpha-Helical Rod protein 1 (CCHCR1), located within the major psoriasis susceptibility locus PSORS1, is a plausible candidate gene for the risk effect. Recently, CCHCR1 was shown to promote steroidogenesis by interacting with the steroidogenic acute regulator protein (StAR). Here, we examined the role of CCHCR1 in psoriasis and cutaneous steroid metabolism. We found that CCHCR1 and StAR are expressed in basal keratinocytes in overlapping areas of the human skin, and CCHCR1 stimulated pregnenolone production in steroidogenesis assay. Overexpression of either the CCHCR1*WWCC risk allele or the non-risk allele enhanced steroid synthesis in vitro. Furthermore, the cytochrome P450scc enzyme was expressed in human keratinocytes and was induced by forskolin, a known activator of steroidogenesis, and forskolin also upregulated CCHCR1. CCHCR1 has an altered expression pattern in lesional psoriatic skin compared to normal healthy skin, suggesting its dysregulation in psoriasis. We found that the expression of CCHCR1 is downregulated twofold at the mRNA level in cultured non-lesional psoriatic keratinocytes when compared to non-psoriatic healthy cells. Our results also suggest a connection between CCHCR1 and vitamin D metabolism in keratinocytes. The expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene was lower in non-lesional psoriatic keratinocytes than in healthy cells. Furthermore, Vdr expression was downregulated in the keratinocytes of mice overexpressing the CCHCR1*WWCC risk allele when compared to keratinocytes from mice with the non-risk allele of CCHCR1. Finally, we demonstrate that other agents relevant for psoriasis and/or the regulation of steroidogenesis influence CCHCR1 expression in keratinocytes, including insulin, EGF, cholesterol, estrogen, and cyclosporin A. Taken the role of steroid hormones, including vitamin D and estrogen, in cell proliferation, epidermal barrier homeostasis, differentiation, and immune response, our results suggest a role for CCHCR1 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via the regulation of skin steroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkeri Tiala
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lengi AJ, Phillips RA, Karpuzoglu E, Ahmed SA. Estrogen selectively regulates chemokines in murine splenocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:1065-74. [PMID: 17185357 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0606391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has striking effects on immunity and inflammatory autoimmune conditions. One potential mechanism of estrogen-induced regulation of immunity and inflammatory autoimmune conditions is by altering the secretion of chemokines by lymphocytes, an aspect not well addressed thus far. We found that estrogen has marked, but differential, effects on the secretion of chemokines from activated splenocytes. Estrogen treatment significantly increased the secretion of MCP-1, MCP-5, eotaxin, and stromal cell-derived factor 1beta from Con A-activated splenocytes when compared with placebo-treated controls, and it had no effects on the levels of RANTES, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) at 24 h. A kinetic analysis showed that chemokines tended to increase with stimulation time, but only MCP-1 and MCP-5 showed a biological trend of increasing in splenocytes from estrogen-treated mice, and KC was decreased significantly in estrogen-treated splenocytes at 18 h. Estrogen did not affect the protein levels of chemokine receptors CCR1 or CCR2 at 24 h. Estrogen-induced alterations in the levels of MCP-1 and MCP-5 are mediated, in part, by IFN-gamma, as estrogen treatment of IFN-gamma null mice, unlike wild-type mice, did not up-regulate these chemokines. However, addition of recombinant IFN-gamma resulted in markedly increased secretion of MCP-1 and MCP-5 only in the cells derived from estrogen-treated mice. These studies provide novel data indicating that estrogen may promote inflammatory conditions by altering the levels of chemokines, providing evidence for an additional mechanism by which estrogens can regulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Lengi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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31
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. Suppressive effects of antimycotics on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 production in human keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:463-73. [PMID: 16784723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antimycotic agents are reported to improve cutaneous symptoms of atopic dermatitis or psoriasis vulgaris. Keratinocytes in these lesions excessively produce chemokines, CCL27, CCL2, or CCL5 which trigger inflammatory infiltrates. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces production of these chemokines via activating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). We examined in vitro effects of antimycotics on TNF-alpha-induced CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 production in human keratinocytes. Antimycotics ketoconazole and terbinafine hydrochloride suppressed TNF-alpha-induced CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 secretion and mRNA expression in keratinocytes in parallel to the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity while fluconazole was ineffective. Anti-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) antiserum or antisense oligonucleotides against PGE2 receptor EP2 or EP3 abrogated inhibitory effects of ketoconazole and terbinafine hydrochloride on TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 production, indicating the involvement of endogenous PGE2 in the inhibitory effects. Prostaglandin H2, a precursor of PGE2 can be converted to thromboxane A2. Ketoconazole, terbinafine hydrochloride and thromboxane A2 synthase (EC 5.3.99.5) inhibitor, carboxyheptyl imidazole increased PGE2 release from keratinocytes and reduced that of thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2. Carboxyheptyl imidazole also suppressed TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 production. These results suggest that ketoconazole and terbinafine hydrochloride may suppress TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and CCL27, CCL2, and CCL5 production by increasing PGE2 release from keratinocytes. These antimycotics may suppress thromboxane A2 synthesis and redirect the conversion of PGH2 toward PGE2. These antimycotics may alleviate inflammatory infiltration in atopic dermatitis or psoriasis vulgaris by suppressing chemokine production.
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MESH Headings
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL27
- Chemokine CCL5
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Ketoconazole/pharmacology
- Male
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Terbinafine
- Thromboxane A2/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 11-1, Kaga-2, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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32
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Yang L, Hu Y, Hou Y. Effects of 17β-estradiol on the maturation, nuclear factor kappa B p65 and functions of murine spleen CD11c-positive dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:357-66. [PMID: 16310049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physiological gender differences in immune capabilities are now well recognized and suggest that sex steroid hormones such as estrogens may be involved in the regulation of the immunocompetence. In this paper, CD11c-positive murine spleen dendritic cells (SDCs) were treated with various concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) for 24h. The viability, phenotype, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-kappaBp65), endocytosis, stimulatory capacity and cytokine expression were analyzed. Our results showed that E2 increased the viability and MHC-II expression but decreased nuclear NF-kappaBp65 level and endocytosis of SDCs. E2 also increased the stimulatory capacity of SDCs from low-dose group but decreased it from middle- and high-dose ones. In addition, E2 increased the intracellular expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in SDCs, but no obvious change appeared in IL-12 and TNF-alpha. These data suggested that E2 might influence the immune responses by changing the viability, maturation, NF-kappaBp65, endocytosis, stimulatory capacity and cytokine expression of SDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Yang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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33
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Colombara M, Antonini V, Riviera AP, Mainiero F, Strippoli R, Merola M, Fracasso G, Poffe O, Brutti N, Tridente G, Colombatti M, Ramarli D. Constitutive activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs in epithelial cells of myasthenic thymus leads to IL-6 and RANTES overexpression: effects on survival and migration of peripheral T and B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7021-8. [PMID: 16272363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junctions where thymus plays a pathogenetic role. Thymectomy benefits patients, and thymic hyperplasia, a lymphoid infiltration of perivascular spaces becoming site of autoantibody production, is recurrently observed. Cytokines and chemokines, produced by thymic epithelium and supporting survival and migration of T and B cells, are likely to be of great relevance in pathogenesis of thymic hyperplasia. In thymic epithelial cell (TEC) cultures derived "in vitro" from normal or hyperplastic age-matched MG thymuses, we demonstrate by gene profiling analysis that MG-TEC basally overexpress genes coding for p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and for components of their signaling pathways. Immunoblotting experiments confirmed that p38 and ERK1/2 proteins were overexpressed in MG-TEC and, in addition, constitutively activated. Pharmacological blockage with specific inhibitors confirmed their role in the control of IL-6 and RANTES gene expression. According to our results, IL-6 and RANTES levels were abnormally augmented in MG-TEC, either basally or upon induction by adhesion-related stimuli. The finding that IL-6 and RANTES modulate, respectively, survival and migration of peripheral lymphocytes of myasthenic patients point to MAPK transcriptional and posttranscriptional abnormalities of MG-TEC as a key step in the pathological remodelling of myasthenic thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Colombara
- Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Italy
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34
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Glidewell-Kenney C, Weiss J, Lee EJ, Pillai S, Ishikawa T, Ariazi EA, Jameson JL. ERE-independent ERalpha target genes differentially expressed in human breast tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 245:53-9. [PMID: 16298037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The classical pathway for estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is mediated by ER binding to an estrogen response element (ERE) in DNA. ERalpha can also act via a nonclassical pathway by altering the activities of other transcription factors (e.g., Sp1, AP-1, or NF-kappaB) at their cognate sites on DNA. We previously generated a mutant form of ERalpha (E207A/G208A) that does not bind to EREs, and therefore lacks signaling via the classical pathway but retains signaling via the nonclassical pathway. In the current study, we introduce this mutant ERalpha into MDA-MB231 ERalpha-negative breast carcinoma cells to identify nonclassical pathway genes that respond to 17beta-estradiol (E2), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen (TAM) or raloxifene (RAL), or the estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI). Consistent with a role for nonclassical signaling in SERM action, microarray analyses identify 268 responsive nonclassical ERalpha pathway target genes. ICI elicits the largest number of nonclassical genes, followed by RAL, TAM, and E2. Custom microarrays containing identified nonclassical ERalpha responsive genes are used to compare gene expression in human breast tumor (n = 34) and normal mammary epithelial cell (n = 9) samples. A subset of nonclassical genes (n = 32) are differentially expressed in breast tumors. In summary, we show that nonclassical ERalpha pathway target genes exhibit a range of transcriptional responses to SERMs and identify targets of this pathway as potentially relevant to breast cancer. The identification of nonclassical ERalpha target genes offers new insight into estrogen receptor signaling and cross talk with pathways that mediate breast tumor response to SERM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Glidewell-Kenney
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron Street, Galter Pavilion Suite 3-150, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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35
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Abstract
Oestrogens have significant effects on different cell types important in skin physiology, including the epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and melanocytes. In addition, they can also modulate skin appendages such as the hair follicle, the sebaceous gland and the apocrine glands. Oestrogens may also have important modulatory roles in events such as skin ageing, pigmentation, hair growth, sebum production and skin cancer. It is now recognised that oestrogens can modulate their actions via two distinct intracellular receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) or via cell surface receptors, which activate specific second messenger signalling pathways. This paper highlights the effects of oestrogens on different components of the skin and reviews some of the more recent developments in terms of receptor expression and cell signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Thornton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.
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36
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Vestergaard C, Johansen C, Otkjaer K, Deleuran M, Iversen L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced CTACK/CCL27 (cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine) production in keratinocytes is controlled by nuclear factor kappaB. Cytokine 2005; 29:49-55. [PMID: 15598438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CTACK/CCL27 is pivotal in mediating the migration of lymphocytes into the skin, through the binding to the chemokine receptor CCR10. CCL27 is continuously expressed by keratinocytes, but highly upregulated in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. CCL27 can be induced in cultured keratinocytes by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is also known to induce activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB plays a vital role in controlling inflammation through its regulation of transcription of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We show here that inhibition of NF-kappaB with the non-specific NF-kappaB inhibitors SSC (sodium salicylate), DCIC (3,4-dichloroisocoumarin) and PAO (phenylarsine oxide) results in a downregulation of TNF-alpha-induced CCL27 production. To substantiate the result and to investigate the role of NF-kappaB we investigated if specific antisense oligonucleotides against the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB had the same effect. Inhibition of either p50 or p65 production with antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant downregulation of TNF-alpha-induced CCL27 production. These results indicate that CCL27 expression is under the control of NF-kappaB, and that NF-kappaB, as indicated by others, may be an attractive target for therapy in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vestergaard
- Department of Dermatology, Research Laboratory D, Marselisborg Centret, Aarhus Amtssygehus, University of Aarhus, PP Ørumsgade 11, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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37
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. Regulatory roles of sex hormones in cutaneous biology and immunology. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 38:1-7. [PMID: 15795118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that sex hormones manifest a variety of biological and immunological effects in the skin. Pregnancy, menstruation and the menopause modulate the natural course of psoriasis, indicating a female hormone-induced regulation of skin inflammation. Estrogen in vitro down-regulates the production of the neutrophil, type 1 T cell and macrophage-attracting chemokines, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL5, by keratinocytes, and suppresses IL-12 production and antigen-presenting capacity while enhancing anti-inflammatory IL-10 production by dendritic cells. These data indicate that estrogen may attenuate inflammation in psoriatic lesions. Estrogen, alone or together with progesterone, prevents or reverses skin atrophy, dryness and wrinkles associated with chronological or photo-aging. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate proliferation of keratinocytes while estrogen suppresses apoptosis and thus prevents epidermal atrophy. Estrogen also enhances collagen synthesis, and estrogen and progesterone suppress collagenolysis by reducing matrix metalloproteinase activity in fibroblasts, thereby maintaining skin thickness. Estrogen maintains skin moisture by increasing acid mucopolysaccharide or hyaluronic acid levels in the dermis. Progesterone increases sebum secretion. Estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing stimulating NGF production in macrophages, GM-CSF production in keratinocytes and bFGF and TGF-beta1 production in fibroblasts, leading to the enhancement of wound re-innervation, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. In contrast, androgens prolong inflammation, reduce deposition of extracellular matrix in wounds, and reduce the rate of wound healing. Estrogen enhances VEGF production in macrophages, an effect that is antagonized by androgens and which may be related to the development of granuloma pyogenicum during pregnancy. These regulatory effects of sex steroids may be manipulated as therapeutic or prophylactic measures in psoriasis, aging, chronic wounds or granuloma pyogenicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 11-1, Kaga-2, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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38
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McCarty MF. Targeting multiple signaling pathways as a strategy for managing prostate cancer: multifocal signal modulation therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2005; 3:349-80. [PMID: 15523106 DOI: 10.1177/1534735404270757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant behavior of cancer reflects upregulation of certain oncogenic signaling pathways that promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and enable the cancer to spread and evoke angiogenesis. Theoretically, it should be feasible to decrease the activity of these pathways-or increase the activity of pathways that oppose them-with noncytotoxic agents. Since multiple pathways are dysfunctional in most cancers, and cancers accumulate new oncogenic mutations as they progress, the greatest and most durable therapeutic benefit will likely be achieved with combination regimens that address several targets. Thus, a multifocal signal modulation therapy (MSMT) of cancer is proposed. This concept has already been documented by researchers who have shown that certain combinations of signal modulators-of limited utility when administered individually-can achieve dramatic suppression of tumor growth in rodent xenograft models. The present essay attempts to guide development of MSMTs for prostate cancer. Androgen ablation is a signal-modulating measure already in standard use in the management of delocalized prostate cancer. The additional molecular targets considered here include the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-kappaB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, hsp90, cyclooxygenase-2, protein kinase A type I, vascular endothelial growth factor, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, angiotensin II receptor type 1, bradykinin receptor type 1, c-Src, interleukin-6, ras, MDM2, bcl-2/bclxL, vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor-beta, and PPAR-. Various nutrients and phytochemicals suspected to have potential utility in prostate cancer prevention and therapy, but whose key molecular targets are still unknown, might reasonably be incorporated into MSMTs for prostate cancer; these include lycopene, selenium, green tea polyphenols, genistein, and silibinin. MSMTs can be developed systematically by testing various combinations of signal-modulating agents, in concentrations that can feasibly be achieved and maintained clinically, on human prostate cancer cell lines; combinations that appear promising can then be tested in xenograft models and, ultimately, in the clinic. Some signal modulators can increase response to cytotoxic drugs by upregulating effectors of apoptosis. When MSMTs fail to raise the spontaneous apoptosis rate sufficiently to achieve tumor stasis or regression, incorporation of appropriate cytotoxic agents into the regimen may improve the clinical outcome.
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39
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Thomas P, Pang Y, Filardo EJ, Dong J. Identity of an estrogen membrane receptor coupled to a G protein in human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2005; 146:624-32. [PMID: 15539556 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1038] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although nonclassical estrogen actions initiated at the cell surface have been described in many tissues, the identities of the membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) mediating these actions remain unclear. Here we show that GPR30, an orphan receptor unrelated to nuclear estrogen receptors, has all the binding and signaling characteristics of a mER. A high-affinity (dissociation constant 2.7 nm), limited capacity, displaceable, single binding site specific for estrogens was detected in plasma membranes of SKBR3 breast cancer cells that express GPR30 but lack nuclear estrogen receptors. Progesterone-induced increases and small interfering RNA-induced decreases in GPR30 expression in SKBR3 cells were accompanied by parallel changes in specific estradiol-17beta (E2) binding. Plasma membranes of human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with GPR30, but not those of untransfected cells, and human placental tissues that express GPR30 also displayed high-affinity, specific estrogen binding typical of mERs. E2 treatment of transfected cell membranes caused activation of a stimulatory G protein that is directly coupled to the receptor, indicating GPR30 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and also increased adenylyl cyclase activity. The finding that the antiestrogens tamoxifen and ICI 182,780, and an environmental estrogen, ortho,para-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p'-DDE), have high binding affinities to the receptor and mimic the actions of E2 has important implications for both the development and treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. GPR30 is structurally unrelated to the recently discovered family of GPCR-like membrane progestin receptors. The identification of a second distinct class of GPCR-like steroid membrane receptors suggests a widespread role for GPCRs in nonclassical steroid hormone actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thomas
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA.
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40
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Seo KH, Lee HS, Jung B, Ko HM, Choi JH, Park SJ, Choi IH, Lee HK, Im SY. Estrogen enhances angiogenesis through a pathway involving platelet-activating factor-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6482-8. [PMID: 15374958 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular events involved in estrogen-induced angiogenesis. Treatment of the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, HEC-1A, with estrogen up-regulated mRNA expression and protein synthesis of various angiogenic factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The estrogen-dependent induction of the expression was blocked by the platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists, WEB 2170. Estrogen treatment caused the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in HEC-1A cells and was also blocked by PAF antagonist. Inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation inhibited estrogen-induced mRNA expression and protein synthesis of the angiogenic factors. Estrogen led to a pronounced angiogenesis as assessed by a mouse Matrigel model in vivo and endothelial cell sprouting in vitro. PAF antagonists or NF-kappaB inhibitors significantly inhibited this estrogen-dependent angiogenesis. Estrogen caused phospholipase A2 (PLA2) gene and protein expression. Estrogen-induced vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and sprouting were significantly inhibited by PLA2 inhibitors, suggesting PLA2 expression is the upstream pathway in the estrogen-induced angiogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that estrogen induces the production of angiogenic factors via a mechanism involving PAF-mediated NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Heon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Basic Sciences, Hormone Research Center, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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41
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17beta-estradiol enhances the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:329-37. [PMID: 15245433 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is effective for impaired wound repair. Estrogen is known to enhance wound repair. We examined if 17beta-estradiol (E2) may in vitro enhance GM-CSF production in human keratinocytes. E2 and membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated E2 increased GM-CSF secretion, mRNA stability, and promoter activity. The element homologous to activator protein-1 (AP-1) on the promoter was responsible for the activation. E2 enhanced transcriptional activity and DNA binding of AP-1. E2 transiently generated c-Fos protein, and shifted AP-1 composition from c-Jun homodimers to c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers in keratinocytes. E2-induced enhancement of GM-CSF secretion, mRNA stability, and promoter activity were not suppressed by estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, however, suppressed by conventional protein kinase C inhibitor Gö6976 and PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Gö6976 and PD98059 suppressed E2-induced c-Fos expression and enhancement of DNA-binding and transcriptional activity at AP-1. E2 induced membrane translocation of protein kinase Calpha, which was suppressed by phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122. E2 stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which was suppressed by PD98059, Gö6976, and U73122. E2 transiently generated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate in keratinocytes, which was suppressed by U73122 and guanine nucleotide-binding protein inhibitor. These results suggest that E2 may enhance GM-CSF production via guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled membrane receptors and signaling cascade of PI-specific PLC/protein kinase Calpha/MEK/ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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42
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Ho E, Boileau TWM, Bray TM. Dietary influences on endocrine-inflammatory interactions in prostate cancer development. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:109-17. [PMID: 15234275 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. The focus of this review is to define the relationship between hormonal (testosterone/estrogens) stimulation of chronic inflammation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and uncontrolled prostate cell proliferation, and review putative dietary chemoprevention strategies that focus on these processes. It has been proposed that elevated estrogen in men who already have high blood testosterone are at high risk for prostate cancer. We hypothesized that elevated estrogen, in the presence of testosterone, causes prolonged activation of a redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B), that initiates and amplifies an inflammatory cascade within the prostate and results in sustained oxidative and nitrative damage. The inflammatory cascade is proposed to link with uncontrolled proliferation through up-regulated Wnt signal and abnormal catenin accumulation in the prostate. Finally, a strategy that emphasizes a "whole food" based approach to cancer prevention by selecting food products that bear anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties may be most promising as an effective dietary chemopreventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, OH 45338, USA
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43
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Verdier-Sevrain S, Yaar M, Cantatore J, Traish A, Gilchrest BA. Estradiol induces proliferation of keratinocytes via a receptor mediated mechanism. FASEB J 2004; 18:1252-4. [PMID: 15208259 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1088fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of estradiol on the proliferation of neonatal keratinocytes, the expression of estrogen receptor isoforms, and the signaling mechanisms by which estradiol mediates cell growth. We demonstrate that estradiol binds neonatal keratinocytes with high affinity (Kd=5.2nM) and limited capacity (Bmax of 14.2fmol/mg of protein), confirming the presence of estrogen binding sites. Using specific antibodies, we demonstrate that keratinocytes express both estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta. At physiological concentrations, estradiol up-regulates the level of ER-alpha receptors in keratinocytes and induces keratinocyte proliferation. The proliferative effect of estradiol requires the availability of functional estrogen receptors, as it is abrogated by anti-estrogen administration. Estradiol effect on keratinocyte proliferation is most likely mediated in part by activation of a nongenomic, membrane-associated, signaling pathway involving activation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 and in part by the genomic signaling pathway through activation of nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verdier-Sevrain
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA
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44
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17beta-estradiol inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes by promoting Bcl-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 121:1500-9. [PMID: 14675202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined in vitro effects of 17beta-estradiol on H2O2-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. 17beta-estradiol prevented the H2O2-induced apoptosis. H2O2 decreased, whereas 17beta-estradiol increased Bcl-2 protein and mRNA levels in keratinocytes, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal levels. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protected keratinocytes against H2O2-induced apoptosis, indicating the anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2. H2O2 suppressed, whereas 17beta-estradiol enhanced bcl-2 promoter activity, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal activity. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element on bcl-2 promoter was responsible for the effects of 17beta-estradiol and H2O2. Bcl-2 expression was enhanced by membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated 17beta-estradiol, indicating the effects via membrane 17beta-estradiol-binding sites. H2O2 decreased, whereas 17beta-estradiol increased the amount of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal levels. H-89, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, suppressed basal and 17beta-estradiol-induced cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. The cAMP analog, dibutyryl cAMP, enhanced cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. 17Beta-estradiol increased intracellular cAMP level and protein kinase A activity, whereas these were not altered by H2O2. Keratinocytes expressed mRNA for estrogen receptor beta and guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor, GPR30. GPR30 anti-sense oligonucleotide did, but anti-sense estrogen receptor beta did not suppress 17beta-estradiol-induced cAMP signal, cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. These results suggest that 17beta-estradiol may enhance Bcl-2 expression and prevent H2O2-induced apoptosis by phosphorylating cAMP response element-binding protein via cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in keratinocytes. These effects of 17beta-estradiol may be mediated via membrane GPR30.
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45
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Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK. Role of NGF and neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:433-7. [PMID: 14699978 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A contributing role of neurogenic inflammation has provided a new dimension in understanding the pathogenesis of various cutaneous and systemic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, urticaria, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and bronchial asthma. Several critical observations, such as (i) psoriasis resolves at sites of anaesthesia, (ii) neuropeptides are upregulated, and (iii) there is a marked proliferation of terminal cutaneous nerves in psoriatic plaques, encouraged us to search for a mechanism of neural influence in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. In immunohistochemical studies, we found that keratinocytes in lesional and nonlesional psoriatic tissue express high levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and that there is a marked upregulation of NGF receptors, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), in the terminal cutaneous nerves of psoriatic lesions. As keratinocytes of psoriatic plaques express increased levels of NGF, it is likely that murine nerves will promptly proliferate into the transplanted plaques on a severe combined immunodeficient mouse. Indeed, we have noted marked proliferation of nerve fibers in transplanted psoriatic plaques compared with the few nerves in transplanted normal human skin. By double label immunofluorescence staining, we have further demonstrated that in these terminal cutaneous nerves there is a marked upregulation of neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related protein. These observations, as well as recent findings about NGF-induced chemokine expression in keratinocytes, further substantiate a role of the NGF-p75NTR-TrkA system in the inflammatory process of psoriasis. Currently, we are evaluating antagonists to selected neuropeptides and NGF/receptors, with the expectation of identifying pharmacological agents to counter neurogenic inflammation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba P Raychaudhuri
- Psoriasis Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 510 Ashton Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17Beta-estradiol enhances the production of nerve growth factor in THP-1-derived macrophages or peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:771-80. [PMID: 14632195 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined in vitro effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on nerve growth factor production by macrophages derived from monocytic cell line THP-1-or periphereal blood monocytes. E2 and membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated E2 (E2-BSA) enhanced nerve growth factor secretion and mRNA expression in both types of macrophages E2 enhanced nerve growth factor promotor activity in THP-1-derived macrophages and two activator protein-1 binding sites on the promoter were responsible for the enhancement. E2 and E2-BSA enhanced transcriptional activity and DNA binding of activator protein-1. E2 and E2-BSA shifted the activator protein-1 composition from c-Jun homodimers to c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers. E2 and E2-BSA transiently induced c-Fos mRNA, which was constitutively undetectable in both types of macrophages. Adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 suppressed E2-induced nerve growth factor production and c-Fos expression. E2 and E2-BSA increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate level in both types of macrophages. Antisense oligonucleotide against guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor, GPR30 suppressed the E2-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal, c-Fos expression, and nerve growth factor secretion in both types of macrophages. These results suggest that E2 may enhance nerve growth factor production by inducing c-Fos expression via cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal in macrophages. These effects may be mediated via GPR30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
A chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), attracts macrophages. The production of MCP-1 is enhanced in keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions, which may contribute to macrophage infiltration into the lesions. It is known that estrogen regulates the course of psoriasis. We examined in vitro effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on MCP-1 production by human keratinocytes. E2 inhibited constitutive and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced MCP-1 secretion, mRNA expression, and promoter activity in keratinocytes, and these effects of E2 were counteracted by estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182 780. GC-rich Sp1 element and activator protein 1 (AP-1) element on MCP-1 promoter were required for constitutive and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced transcription, respectively, and involved in transrepression by E2. E2 inhibited constitutive Sp1 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced AP-1 transcriptional activities whereas it did not inhibit DNA binding of Sp1 or AP-1 c-Fos/c-Jun. E2 inhibited Sp1 and AP-1 transcriptional activities and MCP-1 promoter activity in estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) transfected SKBR3 cells. Deletion of the A/B region or mutation of activation function 2 in ERbeta abrogated E2-dependent transcriptional inhibition by ERbeta whereas mutation of DNA-binding domain retained the inhibitory effects. Transfection of ERbeta enhanced the inhibitory effects of E2 on Sp1 and AP-1 transcriptional activities and MCP-1 promoter activities in nontransfected keratinocytes. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed an E2-dependent association of ERbeta with Sp1 or AP-1 in ERbeta-transfected keratinocytes. These results suggest that E2-bound ERbeta may inhibit MCP-1 gene expression by inhibiting Sp1 and AP-1 transcriptional activities in keratinocytes. A/B region and intact activation function 2 of ERbeta may be responsible for the effects of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Jin C, Fu WX, Xie LP, Qian XP, Chen WF. SDF-1alpha production is negatively regulated by mouse estrogen enhanced transcript in a mouse thymus epithelial cell line. Cell Immunol 2003; 223:26-34. [PMID: 12914755 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
SDF-1/CXCR4 plays an important role in promoting survival, expansion, and differentiation of T cell progenitors. The present study investigates the mechanism by which estrogen inhibits SDF-1alpha expression in mouse thymus. Mouse estrogen enhanced transcript (mEET) is endogenously expressed in a mouse thymus epithelial cell line 1 (MTEC1). In MTEC1 cells that express the transfected sense mEET, the SDF-1alpha transcription and its chemotactic activity were profoundly inhibited. Conversely, in MTEC1 that express the transfected anti-sense mEET, the SDF-1alpha transcription and its chemotactic activity were substantially augmented. Moreover, we disclosed that mEET inhibited the production of SDF-1alpha by its suppression of NF-kappaB translocation into nucleus. Using a combinatorial induction of doxycycline (Dox) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the sense and anti-sense mEET transfectants, it was demonstrated that an increase of mEET expression enhanced E2-induced inhibition of SDF-1alpha production, while a blockade of mEET expression alleviated E2-induced inhibition of SDF-1alpha production. In conclusion, the E2-imposed suppression of SDF-1alpha production is partly mediated by mEET involved signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jin
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100083, China
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