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Fan Y, Xu Y, Huo Z, Zhang H, Peng L, Jiang X, Thomson AW, Dai H. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in kidney diseases: A biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1663-1673. [PMID: 38809056 PMCID: PMC11268828 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. As an amplifier of the inflammatory response, TREM-1 is mainly involved in the production of inflammatory mediators and the regulation of cell survival. TREM-1 has been studied in infectious diseases and more recently in non-infectious disorders. More and more studies have shown that TREM-1 plays an important pathogenic role in kidney diseases. There is evidence that TREM-1 can not only be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of disease but also as a potential therapeutic target to guide the development of novel therapeutic agents for kidney disease. This review summarized molecular biology of TREM-1 and its signaling pathways as well as immune response in the progress of acute kidney injury, renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, immune nephropathy, and renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Medical College of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhi Huo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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2
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Bhargavi G, Subbian S. The causes and consequences of trained immunity in myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365127. [PMID: 38665915 PMCID: PMC11043514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, immunity in humans has been classified as innate and adaptive, with the concept that only the latter type has an immunological memory/recall response against specific antigens or pathogens. Recently, a new concept of trained immunity (a.k.a. innate memory response) has emerged. According to this concept, innate immune cells can exhibit enhanced responsiveness to subsequent challenges, after initial stimulation with antigen/pathogen. Thus, trained immunity enables the innate immune cells to respond robustly and non-specifically through exposure or re-exposure to antigens/infections or vaccines, providing enhanced resistance to unrelated pathogens or reduced infection severity. For example, individuals vaccinated with BCG to protect against tuberculosis were also protected from malaria and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation and metabolic reprogramming (e.g. shift towards glycolysis) and their inter-linked regulations are the key factors underpinning the immune activation of trained cells. The integrated metabolic and epigenetic rewiring generates sufficient metabolic intermediates, which is crucial to meet the energy demand required to produce proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses by the trained cells. These factors also determine the efficacy and durability of trained immunity. Importantly, the signaling pathways and regulatory molecules of trained immunity can be harnessed as potential targets for developing novel intervention strategies, such as better vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious (e.g., sepsis) and non-infectious (e.g., cancer) diseases. However, aberrant inflammation caused by inappropriate onset of trained immunity can lead to severe autoimmune pathological consequences, (e.g., systemic sclerosis and granulomatosis). In this review, we provide an overview of conventional innate and adaptive immunity and summarize various mechanistic factors associated with the onset and regulation of trained immunity, focusing on immunologic, metabolic, and epigenetic changes in myeloid cells. This review underscores the transformative potential of trained immunity in immunology, paving the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for various infectious and non-infectious diseases that leverage innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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3
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Tsokos GC, Boulougoura A, Kasinath V, Endo Y, Abdi R, Li H. The immunoregulatory roles of non-haematopoietic cells in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:206-217. [PMID: 37985868 PMCID: PMC11005998 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of immune complexes, activation of complement and infiltration of the kidney by cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems have long been considered responsible for the induction of kidney damage in autoimmune, alloimmune and other inflammatory kidney diseases. However, emerging findings have highlighted the contribution of resident immune cells and of immune molecules expressed by kidney-resident parenchymal cells to disease processes. Several types of kidney parenchymal cells seem to express a variety of immune molecules with a distinct topographic distribution, which may reflect the exposure of these cells to different pathogenic threats or microenvironments. A growing body of literature suggests that these cells can stimulate the infiltration of immune cells that provide protection against infections or contribute to inflammation - a process that is also regulated by draining kidney lymph nodes. Moreover, components of the immune system, such as autoantibodies, cytokines and immune cells, can influence the metabolic profile of kidney parenchymal cells in the kidney, highlighting the importance of crosstalk in pathogenic processes. The development of targeted nanomedicine approaches that modulate the immune response or control inflammation and damage directly within the kidney has the potential to eliminate the need for systemically acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Vivek Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yushiro Endo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Hossen MM, Ma Y, Yin Z, Xia Y, Du J, Huang JY, Huang JJ, Zou L, Ye Z, Huang Z. Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198365. [PMID: 37497212 PMCID: PMC10367421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues and organs. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is majorly expressed in activated T cells and works as a critical regulator in the inflammatory response. In this review, we first describe the structure, expression, and how the signaling pathways of CTLA-4 participate in reducing effector T-cell activity and enhancing the immunomodulatory ability of regulatory T (Treg) cells to reduce immune response, maintain immune homeostasis, and maintain autoimmune silence. We then focused on the correlation between CTLA-4 and different ADs and how this molecule regulates the immune activity of the diseases and inhibits the onset, progression, and pathology of various ADs. Finally, we summarized the current progress of CTLA-4 as a therapeutic target for various ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Munnaf Hossen
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhao Xia
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jim Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jennifer Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Linghua Zou
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Department of Immunology, Biological Therapy Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Joint Research Laboratory for Rheumatology of Shenzhen University Health Science Center and Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Bhatia D, Choi ME. Autophagy and mitophagy: physiological implications in kidney inflammation and diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F1-F21. [PMID: 37167272 PMCID: PMC10292977 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous intracellular cytoprotective quality control program that maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling superfluous cytoplasmic components (lipid droplets, protein, or glycogen aggregates) and invading pathogens. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that by recycling damaged mitochondrial material, which can extracellularly act as damage-associated molecular patterns, prevents their release. Autophagy and mitophagy are indispensable for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis and exert crucial functions during both physiological and disease conditions. Impaired autophagy and mitophagy can negatively impact the pathophysiological state and promote its progression. Autophagy helps in maintaining structural integrity of the kidney. Mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial quality control is explicitly critical for regulating cellular homeostasis in the kidney. Both autophagy and mitophagy attenuate inflammatory responses in the kidney. An accumulating body of evidence highlights that persistent kidney injury-induced oxidative stress can contribute to dysregulated autophagic and mitophagic responses and cell death. Autophagy and mitophagy also communicate with programmed cell death pathways (apoptosis and necroptosis) and play important roles in cell survival by preventing nutrient deprivation and regulating oxidative stress. Autophagy and mitophagy are activated in the kidney after acute injury. However, their aberrant hyperactivation can be deleterious and cause tissue damage. The findings on the functions of autophagy and mitophagy in various models of chronic kidney disease are heterogeneous and cell type- and context-specific dependent. In this review, we discuss the roles of autophagy and mitophagy in the kidney in regulating inflammatory responses and during various pathological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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6
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Spinetti G, Mutoli M, Greco S, Riccio F, Ben-Aicha S, Kenneweg F, Jusic A, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Nossent AY, Novella S, Kararigas G, Thum T, Emanueli C, Devaux Y, Martelli F. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes: role of non-coding RNAs in the crosstalk between immune and cardiovascular systems. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:122. [PMID: 37226245 PMCID: PMC10206598 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose caused by insulin defect or impairment, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. Patients with diabetes experience a state of chronic or intermittent hyperglycemia resulting in damage to the vasculature, leading to micro- and macro-vascular diseases. These conditions are associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and accelerated atherosclerosis. Several classes of leukocytes have been implicated in diabetic cardiovascular impairment. Although the molecular pathways through which diabetes elicits an inflammatory response have attracted significant attention, how they contribute to altering cardiovascular homeostasis is still incompletely understood. In this respect, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a still largely under-investigated class of transcripts that may play a fundamental role. This review article gathers the current knowledge on the function of ncRNAs in the crosstalk between immune and cardiovascular cells in the context of diabetic complications, highlighting the influence of biological sex in such mechanisms and exploring the potential role of ncRNAs as biomarkers and targets for treatments. The discussion closes by offering an overview of the ncRNAs involved in the increased cardiovascular risk suffered by patients with diabetes facing Sars-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Spinetti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Mutoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Greco
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riccio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Soumaya Ben-Aicha
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Kenneweg
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Yaël Nossent
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Novella
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia - INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Omar FD, Phumratanaprapin W, Silachamroon U, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Sriboonvorakul N, Thaipadungpanit J, Pan-ngum W. Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Tropical Acute Febrile Illness. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030147. [PMID: 36977148 PMCID: PMC10056292 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical acute febrile illness (TAFI) is one of the most frequent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). The prevalence of AKI varies worldwide because there are limited reports available and different definitions are used. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of AKI associated with TAFI among patients. Patients with TAFI were classified into non-AKI and AKI cases based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Of 1019 patients with TAFI, 69 cases were classified as having AKI, a prevalence of 6.8%. Signs, symptoms, and laboratory results were significantly abnormal in the AKI group, including high-grade fever, dyspnea, leukocytosis, severe transaminitis, hypoalbuminemia, metabolic acidosis, and proteinuria. 20.3% of AKI cases required dialysis and 18.8% received inotropic drugs. Seven patients died, all of which were in the AKI group. Risk factors for TAFI-associated AKI were being male (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.1; 95% CI 1.3–7.4), respiratory failure (AOR 4.6 95% CI 1.5–14.1), hyperbilirubinemia (AOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.1–4.9), and obesity (AOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.4–6). We recommend clinicians investigate kidney function in patients with TAFI who have these risk factors to detect AKI in its early stages and offer appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardosa Dahir Omar
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu 2526, Somalia
| | - Weerapong Phumratanaprapin
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-354-9168
| | - Udomsak Silachamroon
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthida Sriboonvorakul
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wirichada Pan-ngum
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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8
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Bai S, Wei Y, Liu R, Chen Y, Ma W, Wang M, Chen L, Luo Y, Du J. The role of transient receptor potential channels in metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114074. [PMID: 36493698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the hallmark of failed tumor treatment and is typically associated with death due to cancer. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels affect changes in intracellular calcium concentrations and participate at every stage of metastasis. Further, they increase the migratory ability of tumor cells, promote angiogenesis, regulate immune function, and promote the growth of tumor cells through changes in gene expression and function. In this review, we explore the potential mechanisms of action of TRP channels, summarize their role in tumor metastasis, compile inhibitors of TRP channels relevant in tumors, and discuss current challenges in research on TRP channels involved in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Bai
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanling Ma
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yumei Luo
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen & The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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9
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Huang DL, He YR, Liu YJ, He HY, Gu ZY, Liu YM, Liu WJ, Luo Z, Ju MJ. The immunomodulation role of Th17 and Treg in renal transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113560. [PMID: 36817486 PMCID: PMC9928745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is an ultimate treatment of end-stage chronic kidney disease, which can meet a lot of complications induced by immune system. With under-controlled immunosuppression, the patient will obtain a good prognosis. Otherwise, allograft disfunction will cause severe organ failure and even immune collapse. Acute or chronic allograft dysfunction after KT is related to Th17, Treg, and Th17/Treg to a certain extent. Elevated Th17 levels may lead to acute rejection or chronic allograft dysfunction. Treg mainly plays a protective role on allografts by regulating immune response. The imbalance of the two may further aggravate the balance of immune response and damage the allograft. Controlling Th17 level, improving Treg function and level, and adjusting Th17/Treg ratio may have positive effects on longer allograft survival and better prognosis of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lei Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ran He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jing Liu
- Department of Nursing, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhun-Yong Gu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Mei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Min-Jie Ju, ; Zhe Luo,
| | - Min-Jie Ju
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Min-Jie Ju, ; Zhe Luo,
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10
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Estrogen Protects against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Th17/Treg Cell Immune Balance. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7812099. [PMID: 36246554 PMCID: PMC9560860 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7812099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical mediator of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI), and T lymphocytes exert a key role in the renal IRI-induced inflammation. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is related to the maintenance of T lymphocyte homeostasis. Various preclinical researches have reported that estrogen is a renoprotective agent based on its anti-inflammatory potential. The present research is aimed at studying the role of T lymphocytes activated by Cx43 in 17β-estradiol-mediated protection against renal IRI. Female rats were classified into six groups: control rats, I/R rats, ovariectomized rats, ovariectomized I/R rats, and ovariectomized rats treated with 17β-estradiol or gap27. Levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Paller scoring were dramatically increased in I/R rats, especially in ovariectomized rats. By contrast, these indicators were markedly decreased by administering estradiol or gap27. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that CD4+ T cells infiltrated kidney tissues in the early stage of IRI. In both peripheral blood and renal tissue, the proportion of CD3+CD4+ T cells and ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ were high in I/R rats, especially in ovariectomized rats. The proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells was low in peripheral blood but high in renal tissues. Administration of estrogen or Gap27 reversed these effects. IL-17 levels in both serum and tissue homogenate were significantly increased in ovariectomized rats subjected to I/R but significantly decreased in estrogen or gap 27 treated rats. The opposite trend was observed for IL-10 levels. Correlation analysis demonstrated that IL-17 was correlated positively with BUN, Scr, and Paller scores, while IL-10 was negatively correlated with these indicators. Western blot showed that Cx43 expression was markedly increased in the peripheral blood T lymphocytes of I/R rats, especially ovariectomized rats. After intervention with estrogen and gap27, Cx43 expression was significantly downregulated. These findings indicate that Cx43 may participate in the regulation of Th17/Treg balance by estrogen against renal IRI.
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11
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Lee J, Ahn SY, Le CTT, Lee DH, Jung J, Ko EJ. Protective and vaccine dose-sparing efficacy of Poly I:C-functionalized calcium phosphate nanoparticle adjuvants in inactivated influenza vaccination. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109240. [PMID: 36115278 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are required to increase the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccination and enable vaccine dose sparing. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a toll-like receptor 3 agonist, is a promising adjuvant candidate that can induce cell-mediated immune responses; however, it remains unlicensed owing to its low stability and toxicity. Calcium phosphate (CaP), a biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticle, is widely used in biomedicine for stable and targeted drug delivery. In this study, we developed Poly I:C-functionalized CaP (Poly-CaP) and evaluated its vaccine adjuvant efficacy in vitro and in vivo. A half dose of Poly-CaP nanoparticles showed similar efficacy to a full dose of soluble Poly I:C in stimulating bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages to secrete proinflammatory cytokines and express their activation markers. Immunization with a half dose of inactivated influenza vaccine in the presence of Poly I:C or Poly-CaP adjuvants induced sufficient antigen-specific humoral responses after boost immunization. Immunization with Poly I:C, CaP, or Poly-CaP-adjuvanted with a half dose of influenza vaccine showed comparable protective efficacy against lethal virus infection, with lower weight loss and virus titer than a full dose of influenza vaccine. The Poly-CaP adjuvant was effective in stimulating antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in the lungs. Collectively, our results showed that the Poly-CaP adjuvant enhanced antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity and humoral immune responses with vaccine dose-sparing effects, suggesting its potential as a novel vaccine adjuvant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Chau Thuy Tien Le
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Xu L, Guo J, Moledina DG, Cantley LG. Immune-mediated tubule atrophy promotes acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4892. [PMID: 35986026 PMCID: PMC9391331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Incomplete repair after acute kidney injury can lead to development of chronic kidney disease. To define the mechanism of this response, we compared mice subjected to identical unilateral ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury with either contralateral nephrectomy (where tubule repair predominates) or contralateral kidney intact (where tubule atrophy predominates). By day 14, the kidneys undergoing atrophy had more macrophages with higher expression of chemokines, correlating with a second wave of proinflammatory neutrophil and T cell recruitment accompanied by increased expression of tubular injury genes and a decreased proportion of differentiated tubules. Depletion of neutrophils and T cells after day 5 reduced tubular cell loss and associated kidney atrophy. In kidney biopsies from patients with acute kidney injury, T cell and neutrophil numbers negatively correlated with recovery of estimated glomerular filtration rate. Together, our findings demonstrate that macrophage persistence after injury promotes a T cell- and neutrophil-mediated proinflammatory milieu and progressive tubule damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jiankan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dennis G Moledina
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd G Cantley
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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13
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Potential Pro-Tumorigenic Effect of Bisphenol A in Breast Cancer via Altering the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123021. [PMID: 35740686 PMCID: PMC9221131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bisphenol A (BPA) is primarily used to produce polycarbonate plastics, such as water bottles. Exposure to BPA has been shown to increase the growth of breast cancer cells that depend on estrogen for growth due to its ability to mimic estrogen. More recent studies have suggested that BPA also affects the cellular and non-cellular components that compose tumor microenvironments (TMEs), namely the environment around a tumor, thereby potentially promoting breast cancer growth via altering the TME. The TME plays an essential role in cancer development and promotion. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the effect of BPA on breast TMEs to assess its role in the risk of breast cancer adequately. This review examines the potential effects of BPA on immune cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrices, and adipocytes to highlight their roles in mediating the carcinogenic effect of BPA, and thereby proposes considerations for the risk assessment of BPA exposure. Abstract BPA, a chemical used in the preparation of polycarbonate plastics, is an endocrine disruptor. Exposure to BPA has been suggested to be a risk factor for breast cancer because of its potential to induce estrogen receptor signaling in breast cancer cells. More recently, it has been recognized that BPA also binds to the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor and other nuclear receptors, in addition to estrogen receptors, and acts on immune cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts, potentially modulating the TME. The TME significantly impacts the behavior of cancer cells. Therefore, understanding how BPA affects stromal components in breast cancer is imperative to adequately assess the association between exposure to BPA and the risk of breast cancer. This review examines the effects of BPA on stromal components of tumors to highlight their potential role in the carcinogenic effect of BPA. As a result, I propose considerations for the risk assessment of BPA exposure and studies needed to improve understanding of the TME-mediated, breast cancer-promoting effect of BPA.
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14
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Krupa A, Krupa MM, Pawlak K. Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase 1-The Potential Link between the Innate Immunity and the Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6176. [PMID: 35682852 PMCID: PMC9181334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is of the most common causes of acute kidney injury (AKI); nevertheless, the mechanisms responsible for both early kidney injury and the reparative phase are not fully recognised. The inflammatory response following ischemia is characterised by the crosstalk between cells belonging to the innate immune system-dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). A tough inflammatory response can damage the renal tissue; it may also have a protective effect leading to the repair after IRI. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the principal enzyme of the kynurenine pathway (KP), has a broad spectrum of immunological activity from stimulation to immunosuppressive activity in inflamed areas. IDO1 expression occurs in cells of the innate immunity and RTECs during IRI, resulting in local tryptophan (TRP) depletion and generation of kynurenines, and both of these mechanisms contribute to the immunosuppressive effect. Nonetheless, it is unknown if the above mechanism can play a harmful or preventive role in IRI-induced AKI. Despite the scarcity of literature in this field, the current review attempts to present a possible role of IDO1 activation in the regulation of the innate immune system in IRI-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krupa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mikolaj M. Krupa
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
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15
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Wang R, Zhang J, Li D, Liu G, Fu Y, Li Q, Zhang L, Qian L, Hao L, Wang Y, Harris DCH, Wang D, Cao Q. Imbalance of circulating innate lymphoid cell subpopulations in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Immunol 2022; 239:109029. [PMID: 35525476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a newly identified heterogeneous family of innate immune cells. We conducted this study to investigate the frequency of circulating ILC subsets in various chronic kidney diseases (CKD). In DN, the proportion of total ILCs and certain ILC subgroups increased significantly. Positive correlations between proportion of total ILCs, ILC1s and body mass index, glycated hemoglobin were observed in DN. In LN, a significantly increased proportion of ILC1s was found in parallel with a reduced proportion of ILC2s. The proportions of total ILCs and ILC1s were correlated with WBC count and the level of C3. In all enrolled patients, the proportion of total ILCs and ILC1s was significantly correlated with the levels of ACR and GFR. In the present study, the proportion of circulating ILC subsets increased significantly in various types of CKD and correlated with clinico-pathological features, which suggests a possible role for ILCs in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guiling Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuqin Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Central Laboratory of Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deguang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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17
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Targeting AMPK signaling in ischemic/reperfusion injury: From molecular mechanism to pharmacological interventions. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Patel PM, Connolly MR, Coe TM, Calhoun A, Pollok F, Markmann JF, Burdorf L, Azimzadeh A, Madsen JC, Pierson RN. Minimizing Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681504. [PMID: 34566955 PMCID: PMC8458821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent dramatic advances in preventing "initial xenograft dysfunction" in pig-to-non-human primate heart transplantation achieved by minimizing ischemia suggests that ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) plays an important role in cardiac xenotransplantation. Here we review the molecular, cellular, and immune mechanisms that characterize IRI and associated "primary graft dysfunction" in allotransplantation and consider how they correspond with "xeno-associated" injury mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we describe potential genetic modifications as well as novel technical strategies that may minimize IRI for heart and other organ xenografts and which could facilitate safe and effective clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth M. Patel
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Margaret R. Connolly
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taylor M. Coe
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony Calhoun
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Franziska Pollok
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - James F. Markmann
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lars Burdorf
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Agnes Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard N. Pierson
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the most important mechanisms involved in delayed or reduced graft function after kidney transplantation. It is a complex pathophysiological process, followed by a pro-inflammatory response that enhances the immunogenicity of the graft and the risk of acute rejection. Many biologic processes are involved in its development, such as transcriptional reprogramming, the activation of apoptosis and cell death, endothelial dysfunction and the activation of the innate and adaptive immune response. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of complement activation in IRI cascade, which expresses a pleiotropic action on tubular cells, on vascular cells (pericytes and endothelial cells) and on immune system cells. The effects of IRI in the long term lead to interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, which contribute to chronic graft dysfunction and subsequently graft failure. Furthermore, several metabolic alterations occur upon IRI. Metabolomic analyses of IRI detected a “metabolic profile” of this process, in order to identify novel biomarkers that may potentially be useful for both early diagnosis and monitoring the therapeutic response. The aim of this review is to update the most relevant molecular mechanisms underlying IRI, and also to discuss potential therapeutic targets in future clinical practice.
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20
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Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM, Saleh AA. Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111671. [PMID: 33957562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected parasitic disease caused by a unicellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted through the bite of a female sandfly. The disease remains a major public health problem and is linked to tropical and subtropical regions, with an endemic picture in several regions, including East Africa, the Mediterranean basin and South America. The different causative species display a diversity of clinical presentations; therefore, the immunological data on leishmaniasis are both scarce and controversial for the different forms and infecting species of the parasite. The present review highlights the main immune parameters associated with leishmaniasis that might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenicity of the parasite and the clinical outcomes of the disease. Our aim was to provide a concise overview of the immunobiology of the disease and the factors that influence it, as this knowledge may be helpful in developing novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira A Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zgazig, Egypt
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21
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Seidel G, Kotchman H, Milner E, O'Donovan KJ. The Underlying Effects of Celiac Disease and Subsequent Implications on Deployment in the United States Army. Mil Med 2021; 187:e322-e328. [PMID: 33928388 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the etiology, pathology, and treatments for celiac disease (CD), as well as to provide context as to how CD impacts the U.S. military. MATERIALS AND METHODS To conduct this review, the authors surveyed recent epidemiology and immunology literature in order to provide a detailed summary of the current understanding of CD, its diagnosis, and the real-world impacts within the Department of Defense (DoD). RESULTS We described the gluten proteins and both the immune response in CD. We further describe the underlying genetic risk factors and diagnosis and pathogenesis of the disease and conclude the review with a discussion of how current DoD regulations impact U.S. military readiness. CONCLUSION Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the small intestine. Ingestion of gluten in a CD patient is usually followed by villous atrophy in the small intestine, often along with other gastrointestinal symptoms. Around 1% of patients diagnosed with CD can experience complications if gluten-free diet is not followed, including intestinal lymphoma and hyposplenism. Therefore, a patient showing possible symptoms should discuss the diagnostic process with their healthcare providers to ensure adequate understanding of serological and genetic tests along with the histological examination of intestinal biopsy. Patients should seek consults with registered dietitians to structure their diets appropriately. Considering the prevalence and incidence of CD and gluten intolerances are increasing, the military should consider providing gluten-free Meals Ready-to-Eat as an option for all service members. Given the retention of service members with CD, subsequent admission of personnel with mild CD that does not affect the duties will allow the DoD access to a growing population of fully capable service members with critical technical skills who are eager to serve the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Halle Kotchman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Erin Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA.,Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kevin J O'Donovan
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
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22
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Bagherifar R, Kiaie SH, Hatami Z, Ahmadi A, Sadeghnejad A, Baradaran B, Jafari R, Javadzadeh Y. Nanoparticle-mediated synergistic chemoimmunotherapy for tailoring cancer therapy: recent advances and perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:110. [PMID: 33865432 PMCID: PMC8052859 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a potent challenge in cancer treatment is considered the lack of efficacious strategy, which has not been able to significantly reduce mortality. Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) as a promising approach in both for the first-line and relapsed therapy demonstrated particular benefit from two key gating strategies, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy to cancer therapy; therefore, the discernment of their participation and role of potential synergies in CIT approach is determinant. In this study, in addition to balancing the pros and cons of CIT with the challenges of each of two main strategies, the recent advances in the cancer CIT have been discussed. Additionally, immunotherapeutic strategies and the immunomodulation effect induced by chemotherapy, which boosts CIT have been brought up. Finally, harnessing and development of the nanoparticles, which mediated CIT have expatiated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Hatami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, 5166-15731, Tabriz, Iran.
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23
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Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke GJ, Bosch DJ, Leuvenink HG. Molecular Aspects of Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Organ Protection and Its Potential in Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052727. [PMID: 33800423 PMCID: PMC7962839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable in kidney transplantation and negatively impacts graft and patient outcome. Reperfusion takes place in the recipient and most of the injury following ischemia and reperfusion occurs during this reperfusion phase; therefore, the intra-operative period seems an attractive window of opportunity to modulate IRI and improve short- and potentially long-term graft outcome. Commonly used volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane have been shown to interfere with many of the pathophysiological processes involved in the injurious cascade of IRI. Therefore, volatile anesthetic (VA) agents might be the preferred anesthetics used during the transplantation procedure. This review highlights the molecular and cellular protective points of engagement of VA shown in in vitro studies and in vivo animal experiments, and the potential translation of these results to the clinical setting of kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude J. Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-631623075
| | - Dirk J. Bosch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Henri G.D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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24
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Pseurotin D Inhibits the Activation of Human Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041938. [PMID: 33669259 PMCID: PMC7920033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseurotins, a family of secondary metabolites of different fungi characterized by an unusual spirocyclic furanone-lactam core, are suggested to have different biological activities including the modulation of immune response. Purpose: Complex characterization of the effects of pseurotin D on human lymphocyte activation in order to understand the potential of pseurotin to modulate immune response in humans. Methods: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells isolated from human blood were activated by various activators simultaneously with pseurotin D treatment. The effects of pseurotin were tested on the basis of changes in cell viability, apoptosis, activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways, production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by T cells, expression of activation markers CD69 and CD25 on T cells and Human Leukocyte Antigen–DR isotype (HLA-DR) on B cells, and the differentiation markers CD20, CD27, CD38, and immunoglobulin (Ig) D on B cells. Results: Pseurotin D significantly inhibited the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells complemented by the inhibition of TNF-α production without significant acute toxic effects. The Pseurotin D-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation was accompanied by the induction of the apoptosis of T cells. This corresponded with the inhibited phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. In human B cells, pseurotin D did not significantly inhibit their activation; however, it affected their differentiation. Conclusions: Our results advance the current mechanistic understanding of the pseurotin-induced inhibition of lymphocytes and suggest pseurotins as new attractive chemotypes for future research in the context of immune-modulatory drugs.
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Wang R, Wang Y, Harris DCH, Cao Q. Innate lymphoid cells in kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2020; 99:1077-1087. [PMID: 33387602 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that innate immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, contribute to pathogenesis and protection in various kidney diseases. The understanding of innate immunity has been advanced recently by the discovery of a new group of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs lack adaptive antigen receptors, yet can be triggered by various pathogens and rapidly provide an abundant source of immunomodulatory cytokines to exert immediate immune reactions and direct subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. ILCs play critical roles in immunity, tissue homeostasis, and pathological inflammation. In this review, we highlight the biological function of ILC subpopulations in the normal kidney, and their important roles in acute and chronic kidney diseases, thus demonstrating the emerging importance of ILC-regulated immunity in this special organ and providing insights for future research directions and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Zimmerman KA, Hopp K, Mrug M. Role of chemokines, innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109647. [PMID: 32325183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) triggers a robust immune system response including changes in both innate and adaptive immunity. These changes involve immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T cells) as well as cytokines and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1) that regulate the production, differentiation, homing, and various functions of these cells. This review is focused on the role of the immune system and its associated factors in the pathogenesis of PKDs as evidenced by data from cell-based systems, animal models, and PKD patients. It also highlights relevant pre-clinical and clinical studies that point to specific immune system components as promising candidates for the development of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to improve PKD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Polycystic Kidney Disease Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michal Mrug
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke GJ, Pischke SE, Berger SP, Sanders JSF, Pol RA, Struys MMRF, Ploeg RJ, Leuvenink HGD. Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation: Relevant Mechanisms in Injury and Repair. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010253. [PMID: 31963521 PMCID: PMC7019324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex pathophysiological phenomenon, inevitable in kidney transplantation and one of the most important mechanisms for non- or delayed function immediately after transplantation. Long term, it is associated with acute rejection and chronic graft dysfunction due to interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Recently, more insight has been gained in the underlying molecular pathways and signalling cascades involved, which opens the door to new therapeutic opportunities aiming to reduce IRI and improve graft survival. This review systemically discusses the specific molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of IRI and highlights new therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude J. Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-631623075
| | - Søren E. Pischke
- Clinic for Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Stefan P. Berger
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.B.); (J.S.F.S.)
| | - Jan Stephan F. Sanders
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.P.B.); (J.S.F.S.)
| | - Robert A. Pol
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.P.); (R.J.P.); (H.G.D.L.)
| | - Michel M. R. F. Struys
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.P.); (R.J.P.); (H.G.D.L.)
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Henri G. D. Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.P.); (R.J.P.); (H.G.D.L.)
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28
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Functional aspects of T cell diversity in visceral leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Zeidan N, Damen H, Roy DC, Dave VP. Critical Role for TCR Signal Strength and MHC Specificity in ThPOK-Induced CD4 Helper Lineage Choice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3211-3225. [PMID: 31036767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained TCR signaling is critical for ThPOK induction in MHC class II (MHCII)-signaled thymocytes leading to the CD4 helper lineage commitment. ThPOK suppresses the cytotoxic program in the signaled thymocytes and is shown to be necessary and sufficient for the CD4 helper lineage choice. Accordingly, loss and gain of ThPOK function redirects MHCII- and MHC class I (MHCI)-signaled thymocytes into the CD8 cytotoxic and CD4 helper lineage, respectively. However, the impact of a defined ThPOK level on the CD4 helper lineage choice of MHCII- and MHCI-specific thymocytes and the role of TCR signaling in this process is not evaluated. Equally, it is not clear if suppression of the cytotoxic program by ThPOK is sufficient in redirecting MHCI-restricted thymocytes into the CD4 helper lineage. In this study, we have investigated CD8 to CD4 helper lineage redirection in three independent ThPOK overexpressing transgenic mouse lines. Our analysis shows that one of the transgenic lines, despite overexpressing ThPOK compared with wild-type CD4 mature T cells and compromising cytotoxic program, failed to redirect all MHCI-signaled thymocytes into the CD4 helper lineage, resulting in the continued presence of CD8+ mature T cells and the generation of a large number of double negative mature T cells. Critically, the same ThPOK transgene completely restored the CD4 helper lineage commitment of MHCII-specific Thpok -/- thymocytes. Importantly, augmenting TCR signaling significantly enhanced the ThPOK-mediated CD4 helper lineage choice of MHCI-specific thymocytes but was still substantially less efficient than that of MHCII-specific thymocytes expressing the same amount of ThPOK. Together, these data suggest that the ThPOK-induced CD4 helper lineage commitment is strongly influenced by TCR signal strength and MHC specificity of developing thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Zeidan
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; and
| | - Hassan Damen
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vibhuti P Dave
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; and
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Surlis C, Earley B, McGee M, Keogh K, Cormican P, Blackshields G, Tiernan K, Dunn A, Morrison S, Arguello A, Waters SM. Blood immune transcriptome analysis of artificially fed dairy calves and naturally suckled beef calves from birth to 7 days of age. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15461. [PMID: 30337646 PMCID: PMC6194081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calves possess a very immature and naïve immune system and are reliant on the intake of maternal colostrum for passive transfer of immunoglobulins. Variation in colostrum management of beef and dairy calves is thought to affect early immune development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in gene expression and investigate molecular pathways involved in the immune-competence development of neonatal Holstein dairy calves and naturally suckled beef calves using next generation RNA-sequencing during the first week of life. Jugular whole blood samples were collected from Holstein (H) dairy calves (n = 8) artificially fed 5% B.W. colostrum, and from beef calves which were the progenies of Charolais-Limousin (CL; n = 7) and Limousin-Friesian beef suckler cows (LF; n = 7), for subsequent RNA isolation. In dairy calves, there was a surge in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression possibly due to the stress of separation from the dam. LF calves exhibited early signs of humoral immune development with observed increases in the expression genes coding for Ig receptors, which was not evident in the other breeds by 7 days of age. Immune and health related DEGs identified as upregulated in beef calves are prospective contender genes for the classification of biomarkers for immune-competence development, and will contribute towards a greater understanding of the development of an immune response in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Surlis
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland.
| | - B Earley
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - M McGee
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - K Keogh
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - P Cormican
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - G Blackshields
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - K Tiernan
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - A Dunn
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, BT26 6DR, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
| | - S Morrison
- Sustainable Livestock, Agri-food and Bio-sciences Institute, BT26 6DR, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
| | - A Arguello
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland
| | - S M Waters
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Grange, Dunsany, Meath, Ireland.
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31
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Zhang X, Ritter JK, Li N. Sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway in renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F752-F756. [PMID: 29631354 PMCID: PMC6230725 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00596.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is defined as the excessive deposition and modification of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the renal parenchyma in response to injury and inflammation, resulting in renal function loss. This condition is common to many chronic kidney diseases occurring under diverse pathological conditions, such as diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions and the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. S1P has also been considered an important regulator of fibrotic diseases, playing significant roles in the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and in the induction of inflammatory responses during the early stages of fibrotic diseases. This minireview summarizes recent research findings regarding the importance of the sphingosine kinase-1-S1P-S1P receptor axis and its interactions with other classic fibrotic signaling pathways and the immune inflammatory response to reveal novel therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia
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32
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Guo Y, Zhang J, Lai X, Chen M, Guo Y. Tim-3 exacerbates kidney ischaemia/reperfusion injury through the TLR-4/NF-κB signalling pathway and an NLR-C4 inflammasome activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:113-129. [PMID: 29570768 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has been shown to play a crucial role in host adaptive immunity and tolerance. However, its role in kidney ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of Tim-3 signalling after kidney IRI. In an established murine model of kidney IRI, we found that Tim-3 expression is enhanced on monocytes/macrophages. Anti-Tim-3 antibody RMT3-23 ameliorates biochemical and histological kidney injury, reduces apoptosis and decreases macrophage infiltration and cytokine production in ischaemic kidneys. Cell culture experiments also demonstrated that the role of Tim-3 in IRI-induced macrophage activation leads to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and Nod-like receptor (NLR) family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLR-C4) expression were enhanced after kidney IRI and decreased significantly by RMT3-23. Tim-3 not only promotes TLR-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and cytokine and chemokine release, but also participates in NLR-C4 inflammasome activation. Taken together, our data confirm that Tim-3 signalling enhances injury after kidney IRI and demonstrated that Tim-3 is involved in regulating TLR-4/NF-κB signalling and NLR-C4 inflammasome activation, which provide evidence that Tim-3 signalling is critical for kidney IRI and may provide a new means to ameliorate kidney tissue immune responses in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Ji'nan, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Lai
- Transplantation Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Anomalies, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Ji'nan, China
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33
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Kumar V. T cells and their immunometabolism: A novel way to understanding sepsis immunopathogenesis and future therapeutics. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:379-392. [PMID: 29773345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has always been considered as a big challenge for pharmaceutical companies in terms of discovering and designing new therapeutics. The pathogenesis of sepsis involves aberrant activation of innate immune cells (i.e. macrophages, neutrophils etc.) at early stages. However, a stage of immunosuppression is also observed during sepsis even in the patients who have recovered from it. This stage of immunosuppression is observed due to the loss of conventional (i.e. CD4+, CD8+) T cells, Th17 cells and an upregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This process also impacts metabolic processes controlling immune cell metabolism called immunometabolism. The present review is focused on the T cell-mediated immune response, their immunometabolism and targeting T cell immunometabolism during sepsis as future therapeutic approach. The first part of the manuscripts describes an impact of sepsis on conventional T cells, Th17 cells and Tregs along with their impact on sepsis. The subsequent section further describes the immunometabolism of these cells (CD4+, CD8+, Th17, and Tregs) under normal conditions and during sepsis-induced immunosuppression. The article ends with the therapeutic targeting of T cell immunometabolism (both conventional T cells and Tregs) during sepsis as a future immunomodulatory approach for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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34
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Organ-specific mechanisms linking innate and adaptive antifungal immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:78-90. [PMID: 29366628 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a significant global health problem in humans. Fungi infect millions of people worldwide and cause from acute superficial infections to life-threatening systemic disease to chronic illnesses. Trying to decipher the complex innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect humans from pathogenic fungi is therefore a key research goal that may lead to immune-based therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize how the cells and molecules of the innate immune system activate the adaptive immune system to elicit long-term immunity to fungi. We present current knowledge and exciting new advances in the context of organ-specific immunity, outlining the tissue-specific tropisms for the major pathogenic fungi of humans, the antifungal functions of tissue-resident myeloid cells, and the adaptive immune responses required to protect specific organs from fungal challenge.
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35
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Wu F, Zhou C, Zhou D, Ou S, Zhang X, Huang H. Structure characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus fruiting bodies and its immunomodulatory activities. Food Funct 2018; 9:294-306. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01389b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP-S) can significantly stimulate the immunomodulatory activity on murine macrophages and spleen lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Chunhui Zhou
- Guangdong Apollo Group Co
- Ltd
- Guangzhou 510665
- China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Guangdong Apollo Group Co
- Ltd
- Guangzhou 510665
- China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- Agrobiological Gene Research Center
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huihua Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
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36
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Winter L, Wong LA, Jerums G, Seah JM, Clarke M, Tan SM, Coughlan MT, MacIsaac RJ, Ekinci EI. Use of Readily Accessible Inflammatory Markers to Predict Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:225. [PMID: 29910771 PMCID: PMC5992400 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is a common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. Early detection of diabetic kidney disease will facilitate early intervention aimed at reducing the rate of progression to end-stage renal disease. Diabetic kidney disease has been traditionally classified based on the presence of albuminuria. More recently estimated glomerular filtration rate has also been incorporated into the staging of diabetic kidney disease. While albuminuric diabetic kidney disease is well described, the phenotype of non-albuminuric diabetic kidney disease is now widely accepted. An association between markers of inflammation and diabetic kidney disease has previously been demonstrated. Effector molecules of the innate immune system including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are increased in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Furthermore, renal infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes are observed in renal biopsies of patients with diabetic kidney disease. Similarly high serum neutrophil and low serum lymphocyte counts have been shown to be associated with diabetic kidney disease. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is considered a robust measure of systemic inflammation and is associated with the presence of inflammatory conditions including the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a link between high levels of the above inflammatory biomarkers and diabetic kidney disease. Further longitudinal studies will be required to determine if these readily available inflammatory biomarkers can accurately predict the presence and prognosis of diabetic kidney disease, above and beyond albuminuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Winter
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lydia A. Wong
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Jerums
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jas-mine Seah
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michele Clarke
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sih Min Tan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melinda T. Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J. MacIsaac
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent’s Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elif I. Ekinci
- Endocrine Centre of Excellence, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elif I. Ekinci,
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Singh R, Hussain MA, Kumar J, Kumar M, Kumari U, Mazumder S. Chronic fluoride exposure exacerbates headkidney pathology and causes immune commotion in Clarias gariepinus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:30-39. [PMID: 28917943 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to understand the effects of chronic fluoride exposure on fish immune system. African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were exposed to 73.45mg/L of fluoride corresponding to 1/10 96h LC50 for 30 d and the effects on general fish health and several immune parameters were studied. Chronic fluoride exposure led to significant alteration in serum biochemical parameters including alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, triglycerides, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen levels revealing the detrimental effect of fluoride on general fish health. Upregulation in cytochrome P450 1A expression, both at mRNA and protein level suggested that fluoride activates the detoxification machinery in headkidney (HK) of C. gariepinus. Histopathological analysis of HK from exposed fish further revealed fluoride-induced hypertrophy, increase in melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and the development of cell-depleted regions. Fluoride reduced headkidney somatic index (HKSI) and the phagocytic potential of headkidney macrophages (HKM). It induced caspase-3-dependent headkidney leukocyte (HKL) apoptosis, elevated superoxide generation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α besides suppressed T-cell proliferation in the exposed fish. We surmise the elevation in superoxide levels coupled with increased TNF-α production to be plausible causes of fluoride-induced HKL apoptosis. It is concluded that chronic fluoride exposure induces structure-function alterations in HK, the primary lymphoid organ in fish leading to impairment in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Jai Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.
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Hudzik B, Szkodziński J, Korzonek-Szlacheta I, Wilczek K, Gierlotka M, Lekston A, Zubelewicz-Szkodzińska B, Gąsior M. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts contrast-induced acute kidney injury in diabetic patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Biomark Med 2017; 11:847-856. [PMID: 28976786 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM There has been a rise in contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). We examined the role of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting CI-AKI episodes in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and diabetes. METHODS A total of 719 patients with diabetes and MI were enrolled. Study population was divided into: group 1 (n = 615) without CI-AKI and group 2 (n = 104) with CI-AKI. RESULTS Patients with CI-AKI had higher in-hospital mortality and a longer in-hospital stay. Median PLR was higher in patients with CI-AKI. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated PLR to be a good predictive tool in assessing the risk of CI-AKI. PLR was an independent predictor of CI-AKI (OR: 1.22; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION These results suggest potential role for PLR as a biomarker of CI-AKI among diabetic patients with MI who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Hudzik
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland.,Department of Nutrition-Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Janusz Szkodziński
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta
- Department of Nutrition-Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wilczek
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Gierlotka
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lekston
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Zubelewicz-Szkodzińska
- Department of Nutrition-Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- Third Department of Cardiology, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
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Raup-Konsavage WM, Gao T, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Reeves WB, Awad AS. Arginase-2 mediates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F522-F534. [PMID: 28515179 PMCID: PMC5582893 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00620.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic interventions for preventing or attenuating kidney injury following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remain a focus of significant interest. Currently, there are no definitive therapeutic or preventive approaches available for ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Our objective is to determine 1) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in renal IRI, and 2) whether arginase plays a role in development of renal IRI. The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in male C57BL/6J (wild type) and arginase-2 (ARG2)-deficient (Arg2-/- ) mice subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 28 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. ARG2 expression and arginase activity significantly increased following renal IRI, paralleling the increase in kidney injury. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of Arg2 conferred kidney protection in renal IRI. Arg2-/- mice had significantly attenuated kidney injury and lower plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels after renal IRI. Blocking arginases using S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine (BEC) 18 h before ischemia mimicked arginase deficiency by reducing kidney injury, histopathological changes and kidney injury marker-1 expression, renal apoptosis, kidney inflammatory cell recruitment and inflammatory cytokines, and kidney oxidative stress; increasing kidney nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, kidney peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression, and mitochondrial ATP; and preserving kidney mitochondrial ultrastructure compared with vehicle-treated IRI mice. Importantly, BEC-treated eNOS-knockout mice failed to reduce blood urea nitrogen and creatinine following renal IRI. These findings indicate that ARG2 plays a major role in renal IRI, via an eNOS-dependent mechanism, and that blocking ARG2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Raup-Konsavage
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - W Brian Reeves
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; .,Department of C&M Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Tuorkey MJ. Kidney remote ischemic preconditioning as a novel strategy to explore the accurate protective mechanisms underlying remote ischemic preconditioning. Interv Med Appl Sci 2017; 9:20-26. [PMID: 28932492 PMCID: PMC5598118 DOI: 10.1556/1646.9.2017.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study reports a novel strategy for investigating the key factors responsible for the protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, which remains the leading cause of the acute kidney injury that increase the morbidity and mortality in patients with renal impairment. METHODS The renal blood flow of the right kidneys in kidney remote ischemic preconditioning (KRIPC) group was occluded for 20 min. After 48 h, the renal blood flow of the left kidneys of both KRIPC and IPC groups was occluded for 30 min, and mice were dissected after 7 days of the last surgery. Blood samples were analyzed by an animal blood counter. The levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) were estimated in the plasma of mice. Kidney slices were stained with 2% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to estimate the renal infarction. RESULTS Unlike KRIPC group, data from IPC group revealed a massive reduction in neutrophils count, a significant increase in creatinine, urea nitrogen, and HDLs levels, and an increase in the renal infarction compared with control group. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating KRIPC as a novel and applicable model with the goal of defining the accurate protective mechanisms underlying RIPC against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muobarak J Tuorkey
- Zoology Department, Division of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Evensen Ø. Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles. Front Immunol 2016; 7:482. [PMID: 27917172 PMCID: PMC5114462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is a serious, infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, causing heavy losses to the salmonid industry. P. salmonis belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria, order Thiotrichales. SRS was first described in Chile in 1989, and infection with P. salmonis has since been described from a high number of fish species and in several geographic regions globally. P. salmonis infection of salmonids causes multifocal, necrotic areas of internal organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen. Histologically and immunologically, the tissue response is the formation of granulomas, often with central suppuration. The exact sequence of infection is not known, but bacteria likely gain access to internal organs through mucosal surfaces and when infected, fish carry bacteria in macrophages. It has not been fully determined if the bacterium resides in the cytosol or “hide” within vesicular structures intracellularly, although there are indications that in vitro infection results in actin reorganization and formation of actin-coated vesicle within which the bacterium resides. Protection against lethal challenge is well documented in lab scale experiments, but protection from vaccination has proven more difficult to attain long term under field conditions. Current vaccination protocols include whole cell, inactivated and adjuvanted vaccines for injection for primary immunization followed by oral boost where timing of boost delivery is followed by measuring circulating antibody levels against the pathogen. Documentation also exist that there is correlation between antibody titers and protection against mortality. Future vaccination regimes will likely also include live-attenuated vaccines or other technologies such as DNA vaccination. So far, there is no documentation available for live vaccines and, for DNA vaccines, studies have been unsuccessful under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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Wang W, Liu L, Jiang P, Chen C, Zhang T. Levodopa improves learning and memory ability on global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats in the Morris water maze test. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:233-240. [PMID: 27856221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that levodopa (L-dopa) for 1-7days improved the consciousness level of certain patients who suffered from ischemia-reperfusion injury and were comatose for a long time period after cerebral resuscitation treatment. It also has an awakening effect on patients with disorders of consciousness. This study aimed to investigate whether L-dopa, which is used clinically to treat Parkinson's disease, might also ameliorate the behavior of rats following global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Fifty-six healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: shamoperated, global cerebral ischemia mode, 25mg/kg/d L-dopa intervention, and 50mg/kg/d L-dopa intervention. The level of consciousness and modified neurological severity score (NSS) of the rats in each group were measured before reperfusion and 6, 24, and 72h and 1-4 weeks after reperfusion. The Morris water maze test was used to assess behavior of rats 1 week after reperfusion and 2 weeks after reperfusion in each group. The results showed that after global cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury, neurological deficits of rats are severe, and space exploration capacity and learning and memory capacity are significantly decreased. L-dopa can shorten the duration of coma in rats following global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve the symptoms of neurological deficits and advanced learning and memory. In the range of the selected doses, the relationship between L-dopa and improvement of the neurological behavior in rats was not dose-dependent. Dopamine may be useful for treating severe ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Wang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine of China, Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, PR China; Neural Injury and Repair Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lixu Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Peng Jiang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, PR China
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Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a pathophysiology view. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:757-70. [PMID: 27351940 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM IgA nephropathy is one of the leading causes of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and an important etiology of renal disease in young adults. IgA nephropathy is considered an immune complex-mediated disease. METHODS This review article summarizes recent evidence on the pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy. RESULTS Current studies indicate an ordered sequence of multi-hits as fundamental to disease occurrence. Altered glycan structures in the hinge region of the heavy chains of IgA1 molecules act as auto-antigens, potentially triggering the production of glycan-specific autoantibodies. Recognition of novel epitopes by IgA and IgG antibodies leads to the formation of immune complexes galactose deficient-IgA1/anti-glycan IgG or IgA. Immune complexes of IgA combined with FcαRI/CD89 have also been implicated in disease exacerbation. These nephritogenic immune complexes are formed in the circulation and deposited in renal mesangium. Deposited immune complexes ultimately induce glomerular injury, through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, secretion of chemokines and the resultant migration of macrophages into the kidney. The TfR1/CD71 receptor has a pivotal role in mesangial cells. New signaling intracellular mechanisms have also been described. CONCLUSION The knowledge of the whole pathophysiology of this disease could provide the rational bases for developing novel approaches for diagnosis, for monitoring disease activity, and for disease-specific treatment.
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RANTES mediates kidney ischemia reperfusion injury through a possible role of HIF-1α and LncRNA PRINS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18424. [PMID: 26725683 PMCID: PMC4698731 DOI: 10.1038/srep18424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), recruits circulating leukocytes and augments inflammatory responses in many clinical conditions. Inflammatory responses in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) significantly affect the unfavorable outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI), and that infiltrating immune cells are important mediators of AKI. However, the significance of RANTES in AKI and whether hypoxia-induced LncRNAs are involved in the regulatory process of AKI are not known. Here we show that, in the kidney IRI mice model, significant RANTES expression was observed in renal tubular cells of wild type mice. RANTES deficient (RANTES−/−) mice showed better renal function by reducing the acute tubular necrosis, serum creatinine levels, infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokine expressions compared to wild type. In vitro, we found that RANTES expression was regulated by NF-κB. Further, renal tubular cells showed deregulated LncRNA expression under hypoxia. Among HIF-1α dependent LncRNAs, PRINS (Psoriasis susceptibility-related RNA Gene Induced by Stress) was significantly up regulated in hypoxic conditions and had specific interaction with RANTES as confirmed through reporter assay. These observations show first evidence for RANTES produced by renal tubular cells act as a key chemokine in AKI and HIF-1α regulated LncRNA-PRINS might be involved in RANTES production.
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CD154-CD40 T-cell co-stimulation pathway is a key mechanism in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2015; 88:538-49. [PMID: 25993320 PMCID: PMC4558568 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion occurs in a great many clinical settings and contributes to organ failure or dysfunction. CD154-CD40 signaling in leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions or T-cell activation facilitates tissue inflammation and injury. Here we tested a siRNA anti-CD40 in rodent warm and cold ischemia models to check the therapeutic efficacy and anti-inflammatory outcome of in vivo gene silencing. In the warm ischemia model different doses were used, resulting in clear renal function improvement and a structural renoprotective effect. Renal ischemia activated the CD40 gene and protein expression, which was inhibited by intravenous siRNA administration. CD40 gene silencing improved renal inflammatory status, as seen by the reduction of CD68 and CD3 T-cell infiltrates, attenuated pro-inflammatory, and enhanced anti-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, siRNA administration decreased a spleen pro-inflammatory monocyte subset and reduced TNFα secretion by splenic T cells. In the cold ischemia model with syngeneic and allogeneic renal transplantation, the most effective dose induced similar functional and structural renoprotective effects. Our data show the efficacy of our siRNA in modulating both the local and the systemic inflammatory milieu after an ischemic insult. Thus, CD40 silencing could emerge as a novel therapeutic strategy in solid organ transplantation.
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Yang J, Wang X, Song S, Liu F, Fu Z, Wang Q. Near-term anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody administration protects murine liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury due to reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106892. [PMID: 25188007 PMCID: PMC4154778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4(+) T cell is acknowledged as a key factor in the initiation phase of liver ischemia reperfusion injury. The purpose of current study is to demonstrate the effect of antecedent near-term anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody treatment on IR-induced liver injury by modulation of CD4(+) T cells. METHODS 70% liver warm IR was induced in male C57BL/6 mice after anti-CD25 mAb or non-specific IgG administration. Liver function, histological damage, in vitro Proliferation, FACS, cytokine production, and immunofluorescence were assessed to evaluate the impact of antecedent near-term PC61 treatment on IR-induced liver injury. RESULTS After 70% liver ischemia, mice preconditioned with PC61 displayed significantly preserved liver function as characterized by less histological damage and reduced serum enzymes level. Mechanistic studies revealed that the protection effect of anti-CD25 mAb was associated with ameliorated intrahepatic inflammatory milieu and reduced CD4(+) T lymphocytes as manifested by the decrease of proinflammatory cytokine production (less expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6) and the lower CD4/CD8 proportion. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide first line of evidence indicating that near-term treatment with anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody might provide protection for livers against IR-induced injury by reducing CD4(+) T cells, but not influencing functional Treg population. Therefore, our results demonstrate a potential function of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody which was neglected in the past, and may be helpful in various clinical conditions, particularly in liver and kidney transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiren Fu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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The regulation of inflammatory mediators in acute kidney injury via exogenous mesenchymal stem cells. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:261697. [PMID: 24839354 PMCID: PMC4009277 DOI: 10.1155/2014/261697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains to be an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity. Inflammation is believed to play a major role in the pathophysiology of AKI. Exogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are now under extensive investigation as a potential therapy for AKI. Various preclinical studies indicated the beneficial effects of MSCs in alleviating renal injury and accelerating tissue repair. However the mechanisms responsible for these effects are incompletely understood. In the recent years, anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory properties of MSCs have become one of the important issues in the treatment of AKI. This review will summarize the current literature on the regulation of inflammatory mediators via exogenous MSCs contributing to the recovery from AKI.
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Virzì GM, Day S, de Cal M, Vescovo G, Ronco C. Heart-kidney crosstalk and role of humoral signaling in critical illness. Crit Care 2014; 18:201. [PMID: 24393300 PMCID: PMC4059499 DOI: 10.1186/cc13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ failure in the heart or kidney can initiate various complex metabolic, cell-mediated and humoral pathways affecting distant organs, contributing to the high therapeutic costs and significantly higher morbidity and mortality. The universal outreach of cells in an injured state has myriad consequences to distant organ cells and their milieu. Heart performance and kidney function are closely interconnected and communication between these organs occurs through a variety of bidirectional pathways. The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is often used to describe this condition and represents an important model for exploring the pathophysiology of cardiac and renal dysfunction. Clinical evidence suggests that tissue injury in both acute kidney injury and heart failure has immune-mediated inflammatory consequences that can initiate remote organ dysfunction. Acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS type 1) and acute renocardiac syndrome (CRS type 3) are particularly relevant in high-acuity medical units. This review briefly summarizes relevant research and focuses on the role of signaling in heart-kidney crosstalk in the critical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
- IRRIV – International Renal Resarch Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sonya Day
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
- IRRIV – International Renal Resarch Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
| | - Massimo de Cal
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
- IRRIV – International Renal Resarch Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vescovo
- Internal Medicine, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Via Giustiniani, Padua 35128, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
- IRRIV – International Renal Resarch Institute Vicenza, Via Rodolfi 37, Vicenza 36100, Italy
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Acute kidney injury is surprisingly common and a powerful predictor of mortality in surgical sepsis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75:432-8. [PMID: 24089113 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31829de6cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and often catastrophic complication in hospitalized patients; however, the impact of AKI in surgical sepsis remains unknown. We used Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End stage (RIFLE) consensus criteria to define the incidence of AKI in surgical sepsis and characterize the impact of AKI on patient morbidity and mortality. METHODS Our prospective, institutional review board-approved sepsis research database was retrospectively queried for the incidence of AKI by RIFLE criteria, excluding those with chronic kidney disease. Patients were grouped into sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock by refined consensus criteria. Data including demographics, baseline biomarkers of organ dysfunction, and outcomes were compared by Student's t test and χ test. Multivariable regression analysis was performed for the effect of AKI on mortality adjusting for age, sex, African-American race, elective surgery, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, septic shock versus severe sepsis, and sepsis source. RESULTS During the 36-month study period ending on December 2010, 246 patients treated for surgical sepsis were evaluated. AKI occurred in 67% of all patients, and 59%, 60%, and 88% of patients had sepsis, surgical sepsis, and septic shock, respectively. AKI was associated with Hispanic ethnicity, several baseline biomarkers of organ dysfunction, and a greater severity of illness. Patients with AKI had fewer ventilator-free and intensive care unit-free days and a decreased likelihood of discharge to home. Morbidity and mortality increased with severity of AKI, and AKI of any severity was found to be a strong predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio, 10.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-87.35; p = 0.03) in surgical sepsis. CONCLUSION AKI frequently complicates surgical sepsis, and serves as a powerful predictor of hospital mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level III.
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Hwang HS, Yang KJ, Park KC, Choi HS, Kim SH, Hong SY, Jeon BH, Chang YK, Park CW, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Yang CW. Pretreatment with paricalcitol attenuates inflammation in ischemia-reperfusion injury via the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1156-66. [PMID: 23229926 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of paricalcitol on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has not been investigated. We examined whether paricalcitol is effective in preventing inflammation in a mouse model of IRI, and evaluated the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathways as a protective mechanism of paricalcitol. METHODS Paricalcitol (0.3 μg/kg) was administered to male C57BL/6 mice 24 h before IRI. Bilateral kidneys were subjected to 23 min of ischemia, and mice were killed 72 h after IRI. The effects of paricalcitol on renal IRI were evaluated in terms of renal function, tubular necrosis, apoptotic cell death, inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines. The effects of paricalcitol on COX-2, PGE2 and its receptors were investigated. RESULTS Paricalcitol pretreatment improved renal function (decreased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels), tubular necrosis and apoptotic cell death in IRI-mice kidneys. The infiltration of inflammatory cells (T cells and macrophages), and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (RANTES, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ) were reduced in paricalcitol-treated mice with IRI. Paricalcitol up-regulated COX-2 expression, PGE2 synthesis and mRNA expression of receptor subtype EP4 in post-ischemic renal tissue. The cotreatment of a selective COX-2 inhibitor with paricalcitol restored functional injury and tubular necrosis in paricalcitol-treated mice with IRI. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that paricalcitol pretreatment prevents renal IRI via the inhibition of renal inflammation, and the up-regulation of COX-2 and PGE2 is one of the protective mechanisms of paricalcitol in renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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